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Chinese Architecture and Metaphor Song Culture in the Yingzao Fashi Building Manual Jiren Feng University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu Hong Kong University Press © 2012 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved First published in North America by University of Hawai‘i Press ISBN 978-0-8248-3363-3 Published in China by Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978-988-8139-01-9 Printed in Hong Kong, China 17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feng, Jiren. Chinese architecture and metaphor : Song culture in the Yingzao fashi building manual / Jiren Feng. p. cm.—(Spatial habitus) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3363-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Architectural writing—China—History. 2. Architecture—China—History—Song-Yuan dynasties, 960‒1368. 3. Li, Jie, 1035‒1110. Ying zao fa shi. 4. Architecture, Chinese—Early works to 1800. I. Title. II. Series: Spatial habitus (Series) NA2540.F38 2012 720.951—dc23 2011032949 Printed on acid-free paper and meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Carrie Yu Printed and bound by Paramount Printing Co., Ltd., Hong Kong, China Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 The Historical Tradition of Writing on Architecture: 14 From Antiquity to the Mid-Tenth Century 2 From the Mujing to the Yingzao Fashi: 60 The Rise of Building Manuals and the Construction of Architectural Knowledge 3 The Yingzao Fashi: 100 The Making of Widespread Legitimated Building Knowledge 4 The Yingzao Fashi Architectural Terminology (I) 138 Bracketing Likened to Flowers, Branches, and Foliage: Architectural Metaphors and Conceptualization in Tenth to Twelfth Century China 5 The Yingzao Fashi Architectural Terminology (II): 181 The Interplay of Literature, Arts, and Craftsmanship Conclusion 213 vi ConTEnTs Appendix 1. Previous Scholarship on the YZFS 215 Appendix 2. Architectural Types Glossed in the Erya and 220 in the Shiming Appendix 3. Structural Elements Glossed in the Erya and 222 in the Shiming Appendix 4. Entries on Architecture in the Taiping Yulan 223 Appendix 5. Quotations of Classical Texts for Gong in the 225 Erya Shu, the YZFS, and the Taiping Yulan Appendix 6. Architectural Terms in the Terminology 227 Section of the YZFS as Compared with the Taiping Yulan and the Yiwen Leiju Appendix 7. Classics and Historical Sources Cited in the 230 YZFS Notes 239 Bibliography 279 Index 297 About the Author 305 Illustrations Figures I.1. Shaoding edition of the YZFS 4 I.2. YZFS illustration of bracketing 5 I.3. Bracketing of the Soul-Sleeping Hall (973) at the Shrine for the God of the Ji 5 River I.4. YZFS illustration of a revolving sutra library 6 I.5. YZFS illustration of a carved stone platform 6 I.6. YZFS illustration of wood-carving motifs 6 I.7. YZFS illustrations of the color-painting system 7 1.1. YZFS illustration of a six-rafter-span wood-framed structure 21 1.2. Illustration of rammed-earth technology in the Erya yintu 23 1.3. YZFS illustrations of orientation technology 30 1.4. YZFS illustration of leveling technology 30 1.5. Eight grades of a cai module of the YZFS 33 1.6. Tanaka Tan’s reconstruction drawing of the wood-framed structure of a pre- 41 Qin palatial building 1.7. YZFS illustrations of a wutou gate and of suspended fish and seaweed as roof 57 decorations 2.1. Dunhuang document containing measurements of the building materials for 69 a grotto wood eave 2.2. Proposed reconstruction of the grotto eave as described in the Dunhuang 69 document collected at Kyushu University viii IllustratIons 2.3. Classical system of palaces illustrated in Nie’s Xinding Sanlitu 78 2.4. Classical system of the king’s city in Nie’s Xinding Sanlitu 78 2.5. Song-period hand-copied Taiping yulan 83 2.6. Southern Song edition of the Yiwen leiju 83 2.7. Format of the terminology section of the YZFS 83 2.8. Tang-period hand-copied fragment of an earlier reference work found in 84 Dunhuang 2.9. Jin-period illustrations of early-period leveling technologies as recorded in the 89 Dili xinshu 2.10. Ming-period illustration of leveling technologies and tools in the Song 92 treatise Wujing zongyao 2.11. Illustration of system of cities in the Wujing zongyao 95 2.12. Illustration of defense structures in the Wujing zongyao 95 3.1. YZFS illustration of the color-painting system 113 3.2. Clouds carved on an entwining-dragon stone column as illustrated in the 124 YZFS 3.3. Carved clouds and dragons on the horse-mounting stone of the Yongyu 124 Mausoleum 3.4. Wan-character motif used in a single-layer stone balustrade as illustrated in 125 the YZFS 3.5. Wan-character motif in the YZFS illustrations of the color-painting system 125 3.6. Remnants of brick railings in wan-character motif excavated from the 127 imperial Northern Song mausoleums in Gongyi 3.7. Stone balustrade with wan-character motif at the Shrine for the God of the Ji 127 River 3.8. Soul-Sleeping Hall at the Shrine for the God of the Ji River 128 3.9. Bracketing under front eave of the Soul-Sleeping Hall at the Shrine for the 128 God of the Ji River 3.10. Corner bracket sets in the Soul-Sleeping Hall at the Shrine for the God of 129 the Ji River 3.11. Bracket set of the Sanqing Hall at the Yuanmiao Daoist Monastery in Putian 129 3.12. Bracket sets imitating timber structure on the western pagoda of the Kaiyuan 129 Monastery in Quanzhou 3.13. Angled protruding bracket arms of the Moni Hall, Longxing Monastery, 129 Zhengding 3.14. YZFS illustration of the carving system of “background-indented relief- 131 sculptured” scrolled-leaf flowers IllustratIons ix 3.15. Difference between stone-carving technique of “background-indented relief 132 sculpture” and that of “background-recessed low relief” in the YZFS 3.16. Flowers carved on platform of the Sarira Dagoba of the Qixia Monastery, 132 Nanjing 3.17. Exotic pomegranate flowers carved on the Po Pagoda, Kaifeng 133 3.18. Two “background-indented relief-sculptured” exotic pomegranate flowers 134 carved on the Po Pagoda 3.19. Exotic pomegranate flowers carved on the stone columns of the main hall of 135 the Chuzu’an Nunnery in Dengfeng, Henan 3.20. Peonies carved on the stone pillar of the Yongyu Mausoleum for Emperor 136 Shenzong 4.1. Beam structure of the Sanqing Hall at Yuanmiao Daoist Monastery in Putian 139 4.2. Architectural image on Spring and Autumn–period lacquerware fragment 144 excavated at Linzi, Shandong 4.3. Architectural images on Han-period pictorial stones and masonry 145 watchtowers 4.4. Han-period bracketing with protruding arms 145 4.5. Sketch of the making of a flower-shaped bracket set 146 4.6. Sketch of bracketing with no protruding arms 146 4.7. Tang-period mural on the southern wall of Cave No. 172 at Dunhuang 146 4.8. Wuyue-period masonry at the White Pagoda at Zhakou, Hangzhou 147 4.9. Brackets in the main hall of the Chuzu’an Nunnery 147 4.10. Two special bracket constructions, doukoutiao and batou jiaoxiangzuo 148 4.11. Sketch of doukoutiao and batou jiaoxiangzuo bracket constructions 148 4.12. Protruding arms likened to branches 150 4.13. Cross arms likened to leaves on “branches” 152 4.14. Protruding arms likened to flower sprays 153 4.15. Flower sprays in nature 154 4.16. Tang-period examples of bracketing at Dunhuang 155 4.17. Song-period examples of bracketing at Zhengding, Hebei, and Huqiu, 155 Suzhou 4.18. YZFS illustration of mortises in brackets 156 4.19. YZFS illustration of color-painting styles for brackets 156 4.20. Sketch of bracketing “flower hearts” 157 4.21. Sketch of bracketing likened to flowers 160 4.22. Sketch of bracket sets on columns likened to rows of flowering trees 160 x IllustratIons 4.23. Big block as a popular form of bracketing from the Zhou to Han periods 161 4.24. “Flower head” in a bracket set 165 4.25. “Little flower chin-erased” bracket arm 165 4.26. Coffer of stone chamber of Han-period tomb at Yi’nan, Shandong 167 4.27. Sketch of cantilevers likened to flower sprays with “petals” (cross arms) 167 4.28. Architectural remains of Neolithic residences at Banpo, Xi’an 170 4.29. Two images of curved brackets on pictorial stones excavated at 172 Liangchengshan, Shandong 4.30. Curved brackets represented in Han-period architectural remains in Sichuan 173 5.1. Shengong resembling a kidney 186 5.2. Same-length mud-line arm and “melon-seed arms” 188 5.3. YZFS illustration of mortises of mangong and linggong 188 5.4. YZFS illustration of mortises of huagong 193 5.5. Anzhi as illustrated in the YZFS 193 5.6. Cao-style halls of tenth to eleventh centuries 197 5.7. Cao-style hall as seen from the Dragon Pavilion of the Shrine for the God of 197 the Ji River 5.8. Wu-style hall at the Yongle Daoist Monastery 197 5.9. YZFS illustrations of color-painting styles used on filling board between 198 bracket sets 5.10. Rising clouds and palaces depicted in wall painting of the tomb for Empress Li 199 5.11. Rising clouds depicted on north side of pictorial stone column base in the 199 tomb of Empress Cao tables 1. Numbers of Historical Texts Quoted in the Entries for Selected Building 82 Types in the Taiping Yulan 2.
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