DOCSLIB.ORG

Clara Wing-Chung Ho FUSHI

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clara Wing-Chung Ho FUSHI Clara Wing-chung Ho FUSHI: THE SECOND SEX AND THE THIRD SEX IN TRADITIONAL CHINA* A Double Meaning of Fushi If we borrow the Western concept to describe women as the second sex in Chinese history,1 then eunuchs could certainly be understood as the third sex.2 The third sex was an artificial one. It was the first sex, male, aiming to ensure the chastity of the second sex, who created a third sex. In imperial families, castration of male attendants made it possible to prevent palace * The author gratefully acknowledges Professor Kwai-cheung Lo, who read the first draft of this article and offered many valuable comments. An earlier version of this article was presented at the workshop “The Future of Chinese Gender Studies in Europe, Asia and the United States” held in Luxembourg, June 24-26, 2005. The author also acknowledges all the constructive comments and suggestions given by the workshop participants, Professors Harriet Zurndorfer and Angela Ki Che Leung in particular. The author is also grateful to Professor Paolo Santan- gelo and Dr. Donatella Guida for their editorial assistance. The shortcomings of the final ver- sion are, of course, the author’s own. 1 Simone de Beauvior’s (1908-1986) Le Deuxième Sexe (The Second Sex) was first published in French in 1949. Employing biological, psychological and historical analysis, it explains how the men-women relation was compared to the master-slave relation. The book was soon trans- lated into many languages and became a major and well-known reference on gender studies in the second half of the 20th century. For the full text in English translation and a quick reference on related information, visit the website “Simone de Beauvoir Archive” at http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/zn. 2 The third sex here simply refers to eunuchs in ancient China. It has nothing to do with gays and lesbians, as the contemporary definition of the third sex (and/or fourth sex) may suggest. Taisuke Mitamura (三田村泰助) has termed eunuchs as the “artificial third sex” (Taisuke Mi- tamura 1963 & 2003). For an English translation of Mitamura’s book see Pomeroy 1970. For Chinese translations see Shi Kekuan 施克寬 1985 & 1988. A subtitle Renzao de disan xing 人 造的第三性 (The artificial third sex) was added to the second translation by Shi. Two similar works by another author highlighting eunuchs as the third sex were Wang Yude 王玉德 1994 & 1995. The above cited Japanese and Chinese works on eunuchs employed either the term huan- guan or taijian. But it should be pointed out that the two terms were not equivalent until the Qing Dynasty. For quick references see He Guanbiao 何冠彪 1989 & 1990. Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 04:18:01PM via free access Clara Wing-chung Ho women from having sex with men except the emperor.3 The existence of the eunuch system had, at least in principle, protected the chastity of every single palace woman. It supported the belief that all women in the palace were “properties” owned by the emperor, though a significant number of them might never have any sexual contact with the emperor. The term fushi 婦寺 was frequently used in Chinese historical narratives. The first character fu refers to women and the second character shi refers to eunuchs. Putting the two characters together, a new term was coined. It has a double meaning. Firstly, it refers either to women or eunuchs. Secondly, it means women and eunuchs. The word shi 寺 in the term fushi is equivalent to another Chinese charac- ter shi 侍 (servant).4 Shi 寺 has a different meaning when pronounced as si 寺.5 Shi means attendants serving in the inner palace (jinshi zhi ren 近侍之 3 G. Carter Stent had provided with a detailed account on the castration process of late Qing eunuchs. See G. Carter Stent 1877. More valuable first-hand narratives were given by eunuchs of the Qing court surviving until the 60s in the 20th century. Their oral histories were preserved in chapters of a book published in the 80s. See Li Guang 李光 and Zhou Chunhui 周春暉 1982. See also Jean Jacques Matignon 1899; Richard Millart 1908, and Chen Cunren 陳存仁 1977. 4 When Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (127-200) defined shiren 寺人, he argued that shi 寺 means shi 侍, the character shi 寺 shared the pronunciation and meaning of the character shi 侍. See Zhouli zhushu 周禮注疏, juan 1, “tianguan 天官”, “Zhongzai 冢宰”1, p. 18. See also Maoshi zhengyi 毛詩正義, juan 613, “guofeng 國風,” “Qin 秦,” “Julin 車鄰,” p.233. On the other hand, a term fushi 婦侍 instead of fushi 婦寺 was already used in a pre-Han publication, Yanzi chunqiu 晏子 春秋. The book records Yan Ying’s 晏嬰 (?-500) advices to rulers of his age and he once men- tioned that negative influence of women and eunuchs should be avoided. See Wu Zeyu (1962), juan 1, “neibian jianshang diyi 內篇諫上第一,” “Jinggong tan chang youguo zhi le Yanzi jian di shiliu 景公貪長有國之樂晏子諫第十六”, p. 60. A few famous scholars in the Tang Dynasty had pointed out respectively that shi 寺 can be an ancient alternative of shi 侍 which carries the some meaning. See Lu Deming 陸德明 (556-627), Jingdian shiwen 經典釋文, juan 7, 38a; Kong Yingda 孔穎達 (574-648), Maoshi zhengyi 毛詩正義, juan 18, “daya 大雅,” “dang zhi shi 蕩之什,” “zhanang 瞻卬,” p. 578; Li Shan 李善 (?-689, annot.), Wenxuan 文選 (compiled by Xiao Tong 蕭統 [501-531]), juan 50, “shilun 史論,” “Huanzhe zhuan lun 宦者傳論” (by Fan Weizong 范蔚宗 [ Fan Ye 范曄], 398-445), p. 1093. Moreover, a Ming scholar Yang Shen 楊慎 (1498-1559) has made it clear that shiren 寺人 means shiren 侍人, see his Dangqian yulu 丹鉛 餘錄, “zonglu 總錄,” juan 14, “shiren ji shiren 寺人即侍人,” 9a. A Qing famous philologist Zhu Junsheng 朱駿聲 (1788-1858) also stated that shi 寺 is a loan character (jiajie 假借) of shi 侍. See Zhu Junsheng 1984, “yibu 頤部” 5, 2a (p. 162). 5 Gu Yanwu 顧炎武 (1613-1682) has given three definitions to the word shi/si 寺, including eunuch, court, and temple. See his Rizhi lu 日知錄 (Huang Rucheng 黃汝成 [1799-1837, an- 36 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 04:18:01PM via free access The Second Sex and the Third Sex in Traditional China 人). Shi also means shiren 寺人 or nei xiaochen 內小臣 (palace attendant).6 However, it must be pointed out that in early China, not all shiren or nei xiaochen were eunuchs. As Yan Shigu 顏師古 (581-645) has remarked, only those nei xiaochen who served at the inner palace were eunuchs.7 According to a famous collection of last names published in the Tang Dynasty, shiren in ancient times had descendants, because there was a last name called Shiren 寺人 in Chinese history.8 However, shi in the term of fushi refers to eunuchs only. A famous historian of the Song Dynasty, Hu Hong 胡宏 (1105-1155), stated that the term fushi began when Zhou Youwang 周幽王 (Ji Gongnie 姬 宮涅, ?-771 B.C., r. 782 B.C. – 771 B.C.) was in favour of the concubine Bao Si 褒姒 and the concubine led to the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty.9 Here Hu Hong was clearly referring to a famous poem in the Shijing 詩經 (The book of songs), “Zhanang 瞻卬.” It was this poem that began using the term fushi and since then it became very fashionable to quote this poem to blame women and eunuchs in later dynasties. The following verses are from the poem: A wise man builds up the wall [of a city] (Zhefu chengcheng 哲夫成城), But a wise woman overthrows it (Zhefu qingcheng 哲婦傾城). Admirable may be the wise woman (Yique zhefu 懿厥哲婦). But she is [no better than] an owl (Weixiao weichi 為梟為鴟). not.], Rizhi lu jishi 日知錄集釋), juan 28, “shi/si,” 9b-10a. However, Gu’s definition is not complete. When the word 寺 is pronounced as si, there are some more meanings. For a quick reference see Zhongwen da cidian 中文大辭典 v.10, p. 207 and Hanyu da cidian 漢語大辭典, v.2, p. 1249. See also Chen Baoqin 陳寶勤 2005. 6 See Zheng Xuan’s annotation incorporated in Maoshi zhengyi, juan 613, “guofeng,” “Qin,” “Julin,” p. 233. For the differences between shiren and nei xiaochen, see Kong Yingda’s anno- tation on p. 234. For an explanation of nei xiaochen see Charles O. Hucker 1985, p. 345. How- ever, Hucker assumed that all nei xiaochen were eunuchs. As we shall see, this observation may not be true. 7 Yan Shigu 1985, juan 4, “shiren,” pp. 34-35. 8 Lin Bao 林寶, Yuanhe xingzuan 元和姓纂 listed Shiren 寺人 as a surname. According to Cen Zhongmian’s 岑仲勉 (1885-1961) annotation, another listed surname Xiren 徙人 should be the error of Shiren. See Lin Bao 1994, juan 8, p. 1190 and juan 3, pp. 309-310. 9 Hu Hong, Huangwang daji 皇王大紀, juan 40, 6b-7a. See also Hu Hong ji 胡宏集, juan 4, “Huangwang daji lun 皇王大紀論,” “Qi yong Shu Diao 齊用豎貂, “ pp. 271-272. 37 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 04:18:01PM via free access Clara Wing-chung Ho A woman with a long tongue (Fuyou changshe 婦有長舌). Is [like] a stepping-stone to disorder (Weili zhi jie 維厲之階). [Disorder] does not come down from heaven (Luan fei jiangzi tian 亂匪降自天); It is produced by the woman (Shengzi furen 生自婦人). Those from whom come no lessons, no instruction (Feijiao feihui 匪教匪誨), Are women and eunuchs (Shiwei fushi 時維婦寺). They beat men down, hurtful, deceitful (Juren zhite 鞫人忮忒).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation
    Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation A/L Krishnan Thiinash Bachelor of Information Technology March 2015 A/L Selvaraju Theeban Raju Bachelor of Commerce January 2015 A/P Balan Durgarani Bachelor of Commerce with Distinction March 2015 A/P Rajaram Koushalya Priya Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Hiba Mohsin Mohammed Master of Health Leadership and Aal-Yaseen Hussein Management July 2015 Aamer Muhammad Master of Quality Management September 2015 Abbas Hanaa Safy Seyam Master of Business Administration with Distinction March 2015 Abbasi Muhammad Hamza Master of International Business March 2015 Abdallah AlMustafa Hussein Saad Elsayed Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Abdallah Asma Samir Lutfi Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdallah Moh'd Jawdat Abdel Rahman Master of International Business July 2015 AbdelAaty Mosa Amany Abdelkader Saad Master of Media and Communications with Distinction March 2015 Abdel-Karim Mervat Graduate Diploma in TESOL July 2015 Abdelmalik Mark Maher Abdelmesseh Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Master of Strategic Human Resource Abdelrahman Abdo Mohammed Talat Abdelziz Management September 2015 Graduate Certificate in Health and Abdel-Sayed Mario Physical Education July 2015 Sherif Ahmed Fathy AbdRabou Abdelmohsen Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdul Hakeem Siti Fatimah Binte Bachelor of Science January 2015 Abdul Haq Shaddad Yousef Ibrahim Master of Strategic Marketing March 2015 Abdul Rahman Al Jabier Bachelor of Engineering Honours Class II, Division 1
    [Show full text]
  • Parte I €“ Dilema éTico Y Virtud
    Virtud y consecuencia en la literatura histórica y filosófica pre-Han y Han: el dilema ético en la filosofía y sociedad china César Guarde Paz ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • APA NEWSLETTER on Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies
    NEWSLETTER | The American Philosophical Association Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies SPRING 2020 VOLUME 19 | NUMBER 2 FROM THE GUEST EDITOR Ben Hammer The Timeliness of Translating Chinese Philosophy: An Introduction to the APA Newsletter Special Issue on Translating Chinese Philosophy ARTICLES Roger T. Ames Preparing a New Sourcebook in Classical Confucian Philosophy Tian Chenshan The Impossibility of Literal Translation of Chinese Philosophical Texts into English Dimitra Amarantidou, Daniel Sarafinas, and Paul J. D’Ambrosio Translating Today’s Chinese Masters Edward L. Shaughnessy Three Thoughts on Translating Classical Chinese Philosophical Texts Carl Gene Fordham Introducing Premodern Text Translation: A New Field at the Crossroads of Sinology and Translation Studies SUBMISSION GUIDELINES AND INFORMATION VOLUME 19 | NUMBER 2 SPRING 2020 © 2020 BY THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN 2155-9708 APA NEWSLETTER ON Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies BEN HAMMER, GUEST EDITOR VOLUME 19 | NUMBER 2 | SPRING 2020 Since most of us reading this newsletter have at least a FROM THE GUEST EDITOR vague idea of what Western philosophy is, we must understand that to then learn Chinese philosophy is truly The Timeliness of Translating Chinese to reinvent the wheel. It is necessary to start from the most basic notions of what philosophy is to be able to understand Philosophy: An Introduction to the APA what Chinese philosophy is. Newsletter Special Issue on Translating In the West, religion is religion and philosophy is Chinese Philosophy philosophy. In China, this line does not exist. For China and its close East Asian neighbors, Confucianism has guided Ben Hammer the social and spiritual lives of people for thousands of EDITOR, JOURNAL OF CHINESE HUMANITIES years in the same way the Judeo-Christian tradition has [email protected] guided people in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanization in the Field of Classical Chinese Dictionaries
    Title Japanization in the Field of Classical Chinese Dictionaries Author(s) Ikeda, Shoju Citation Journal of the Graduate School of Letters, 6, 15-25 Issue Date 2011-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/44945 Type bulletin (article) File Information JGSL6-2.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Journal of the Graduate School of Letters,Hokkaido University Vol.6;pp.15-25,March 2011 15 Japanization in the Field of Classical Chinese Dictionaries Shoju IKEDA Abstract:How did dictionaries arranged by radical undergo Japanization?In the following I shall take up for consideration the Tenrei bansh썚omeigi,Shinsenjiky썚o,and Ruiju my썚ogi sh썚oand consider this question by examining in particular their relationship with the original version of the Chinese Yupian,compiled in 543 by Gu Yewang of the Liang.There is much that needs to be said about early Japanese dictionaries.In this paper I have focused on their relationship with the Yupian and have discussed questions such as its position as a source among Buddhist monks and its connections with questions pertaining to radicals,in particular the manner in which the arrangement of characters under individual radicals in the Yupian was modified. (Received on December 7,2010) 1.Dictionaries Arranged According to the Shape,Sound and Meaning of Chinese Characters and the Compilation of Early Dictionaries in Japan When considered in light of extant dictionaries,it would seem that dictionaries arranged by radical or classifier(shape)appeared first,followed by dictionaries arranged by meaning,and that dictionaries arranged by pronunciation(sound)came some time later.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbols and Abbreviations
    Symbols and Abbreviations CWZ Chu Wenzi bian 楚文字編 (Li Shoukui 2003) EP equivalent phonophoric GD Guodian Chumu Zhujian 郭店楚墓竹簡 (Jingmenshi Bowuguan 1998) Cheng “Cheng zhi wen zhi 成之聞之” Liu “Liu de 六德” Lu “Lu Mu Gong wen Zi Si 魯穆公問子思” LZ-A, B, C “Laozi 老子 jia 甲, yi 乙, bing 丙” Qiong “Qiong da yi shi 窮達以時” Tang “Tang Yu zhi dao 唐虞之道” Tai “Tai yi sheng shui 太一生水” Wu “Wuxing 五行” Xing “Xing zi ming chu 性自命出” Yu-1, 2, 3, 4 “Yu cong 語叢 yi 一, er 二, san 三, si 四” Zhong “Zhong xin zhi dao 忠信之道” Zi “Ziyi 緇衣” Zun “Zun de yi 尊德義” E.g., (Cheng 12) means strip number 12 of the “Cheng zhi wen zhi” manuscript in the Guodian Chumu zhujian. Fuyang “Zhouyi” The “Zhouyi” manuscript in Fuyang Hanjian Zhouyi Yanjiu 阜陽漢簡周易研究 by Han Ziqiang 韓自強 (2004) GSR (# no.) Grammata Serica Recensa phonophoric series number (Karlgren 1957) Hex. (no.) hexagram chapter number in the Zhouyi Houma Mengshu Houma Mengshu 侯马盟书 by Shandong sheng wenwu gongzuo weiyu- anhui 山东省文物工作委员会 (1976) JC (no.) Yin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng 殷周金文集成 (1984-1994) inscription number Jiagu wen bian Jiagu wen bian 甲骨文編 by Zhongguo kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo 中國科學院考古研究所 (1965) Jingdian Shiwen Jingdian Shiwen 經典釋文 by Lu Deming (CE 6th century), reprint 1985 JWB Jinwen bian 金文編 (Rong Geng 1985) Mao (no.) Shijing 詩經 poem sequence in Maoshi Zhengyi 毛詩正義 by Mao Heng 毛亨 (Han dynasty), 鄭玄 Zheng Xuan (Han dynasty), and 孔穎達 Kong Yingda (Tang dynasty) in Shisanjing Zhushu 十三經注疏 by Ruan Yuan 阮元 (Qing dynasty); reprint, Li Xueqin 李學勤 et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Zheng and Identity Politics in Taiwan A
    CHINESE ZHENG AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN TAIWAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MUSIC DECEMBER 2018 By Yi-Chieh Lai Dissertation Committee: Frederick Lau, Chairperson Byong Won Lee R. Anderson Sutton Chet-Yeng Loong Cathryn H. Clayton Acknowledgement The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Frederick Lau, for his professional guidelines and mentoring that helped build up my academic skills. I am also indebted to my committee, Dr. Byong Won Lee, Dr. Anderson Sutton, Dr. Chet- Yeng Loong, and Dr. Cathryn Clayton. Thank you for your patience and providing valuable advice. I am also grateful to Emeritus Professor Barbara Smith and Dr. Fred Blake for their intellectual comments and support of my doctoral studies. I would like to thank all of my interviewees from my fieldwork, in particular my zheng teachers—Prof. Wang Ruei-yu, Prof. Chang Li-chiung, Prof. Chen I-yu, Prof. Rao Ningxin, and Prof. Zhou Wang—and Prof. Sun Wenyan, Prof. Fan Wei-tsu, Prof. Li Meng, and Prof. Rao Shuhang. Thank you for your trust and sharing your insights with me. My doctoral study and fieldwork could not have been completed without financial support from several institutions. I would like to first thank the Studying Abroad Scholarship of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan and the East-West Center Graduate Degree Fellowship funded by Gary Lin.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideophones in Middle Chinese
    KU LEUVEN FACULTY OF ARTS BLIJDE INKOMSTSTRAAT 21 BOX 3301 3000 LEUVEN, BELGIË ! Ideophones in Middle Chinese: A Typological Study of a Tang Dynasty Poetic Corpus Thomas'Van'Hoey' ' Presented(in(fulfilment(of(the(requirements(for(the(degree(of(( Master(of(Arts(in(Linguistics( ( Supervisor:(prof.(dr.(Jean=Christophe(Verstraete((promotor)( ( ( Academic(year(2014=2015 149(431(characters Abstract (English) Ideophones in Middle Chinese: A Typological Study of a Tang Dynasty Poetic Corpus Thomas Van Hoey This M.A. thesis investigates ideophones in Tang dynasty (618-907 AD) Middle Chinese (Sinitic, Sino- Tibetan) from a typological perspective. Ideophones are defined as a set of words that are phonologically and morphologically marked and depict some form of sensory image (Dingemanse 2011b). Middle Chinese has a large body of ideophones, whose domains range from the depiction of sound, movement, visual and other external senses to the depiction of internal senses (cf. Dingemanse 2012a). There is some work on modern variants of Sinitic languages (cf. Mok 2001; Bodomo 2006; de Sousa 2008; de Sousa 2011; Meng 2012; Wu 2014), but so far, there is no encompassing study of ideophones of a stage in the historical development of Sinitic languages. The purpose of this study is to develop a descriptive model for ideophones in Middle Chinese, which is compatible with what we know about them cross-linguistically. The main research question of this study is “what are the phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic features of ideophones in Middle Chinese?” This question is studied in terms of three parameters, viz. the parameters of form, of meaning and of use.
    [Show full text]
  • Strain-Induced Self Organization of Metal−Insulator
    NANO LETTERS 2006 Strain-Induced Self Organization of Vol. 6, No. 10 Metal−Insulator Domains in 2313-2317 Single-Crystalline VO2 Nanobeams Junqiao Wu,†,‡ Qian Gu,†,‡ Beth S. Guiton,‡ Nathalie P. de Leon,‡ Lian Ouyang,‡ and Hongkun Park*,‡,§ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Physics, HarVard UniVersity, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Received August 5, 2006; Revised Manuscript Received September 14, 2006 ABSTRACT We investigated the effect of substrate-induced strain on the metal−insulator transition (MIT) in single-crystalline VO2 nanobeams. A simple nanobeam−substrate adhesion leads to uniaxial strain along the nanobeam length because of the nanobeam’s unique morphology. The strain changes the relative stability of the metal (M) and insulator (I) phases and leads to spontaneous formation of periodic, alternating M−I domain patterns during the MIT. The spatial periodicity of the M−I domains can be modified by changing the nanobeam thickness and the Young’s modulus of the substrate. Many unique properties of transition metal oxides, including scanned probe investigations reveal that a simple adhesive ferroelectricity,1,2 colossal magnetoresistivity,3-5 and high- interaction between the nanobeam and the substrate leads to 6 TC superconductivity, originate from the interplay between a coherent uniaxial strain on the nanobeam. The resulting structural phase transitions and nanoscale electronic and strain causes spontaneous formation of alternating nanoscale magnetic ordering. Lattice strain, which affects the relative metal (M)-insulator (I) domains along the nanobeam length stability of competing structural phases, thus has a profound and thus produces nanoscale M-I heterostructures within a influence on the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties compositionally homogeneous material.24 The present study 1-6 of these oxides.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf More Experiment Studies Showing Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Activity of TCM Or Its Components Will Be Published Acknowledgement in the Near Future
    Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2020, Vol. 16 1708 Ivyspring International Publisher International Journal of Biological Sciences 2020; 16(10): 1708-1717. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45538 Review Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective Yang Yang*, Md Sahidul Islam*, Jin Wang, Yuan Li and Xin Chen State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China *These authors have contributed equally to this work. Corresponding author: Prof. Xin Chen, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China. Tel.: (853) 8822 4513; Fax: (853) 2884 1358. E-mail address: [email protected]; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-4027 © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2020.03.02; Accepted: 2020.03.08; Published: 2020.03.15 Abstract Currently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly known as 2019-nCoV, the causative pathogen of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)) has rapidly spread across China and around the world, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. No specific anti-virus drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment of this sudden and lethal disease. The supportive care and non-specific treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of the patient are the only options currently. At the top of these conventional therapies, greater than 85% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in China are receiving Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • From Tone to Accent
    This page intentionally left blank Matthew Chen’s landmark study offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of the rich and complex patterns of tone used in Chinese languages. Chinese has a wide repertoire of tones which undergo often surprising changes when they are connected in speech flow. The term tone sandhi refers to this tonal alternation. Chen examines tone sandhi phenomena in detail across a variety of Chinese dialects. He explores a range of important theoretical issues such as the nature of tonal representation, the relation of tone to accent, the prosodic domain of sandhi rules, and the interface between syntax and phonology. His book is the culmination of a ten-year research project and offers a wealth of empirical data not previously accessible to linguists. Extensive references and a bibliography on tone sandhi complete this invaluable resource which will be welcomed as a standard reference on Chinese tone. Having taught for many years at the University of California, San Diego, is Professor and chair of Linguistics and Dean of the Humanities and Social Sciences faculty at the City University of Hong Kong. He has written numerous articles on linguistics and is Associate Editor of the Journal of Chinese Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley. In this series 52 . and . : English focus constructions and the theory of grammar 53 : Linguistic realities: an autonomist metatheory for the generative enterprise 54 : From etymology to pragmatics: metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure 55 : Relevance relations in discourse: a study with special reference to Sissala 56 : On definiteness: a study with special reference to English and Finnish 57 and : The syntax of Noun Phrases: configuration, parameters and empty categories 58 : Conditions on phonological government 59 .
    [Show full text]
  • International Monetary Review October 2015, Vol
    May 2014 Volume 1, Number 1 International Monetary Review October 2015, Vol. 2, No. 4 International Monetary Institute RMB Internationalization Report 2015 Press Release Yaseen Anwar One Belt One Road, Gateway to the Future Juan Carlos Martinez Oliva A New Approach to the Estimation of Equilibrium Exchange Rates among East-Asian Economies Alicia Garcia-Herrero and Xia Le RMB Bilateral Swap Agreements: How China Chooses its Partners? Special Column on Chinese Economy Instability in China by Steve H. Hanke China Turns to "Real Assets" by David Marsh Reflections on China's Growth by Juan Carlos Martinez Oliva 1 ADVISORY BOARD Edmond Alphandery Yaseen Anwar International Monetary Steve H. Hanke Review RobertIMI A. Mundell Li Ruogu 李若谷 Li Yang 李 扬 Pan Gongsheng 潘功胜 Su Ning 苏 宁 Wang Zhaoxing 王兆星 Xia Bin 夏 斌 Joseph C.K. Yam 任志刚 ACADEMIC COMMITTEE Introduction to the International Chairman Monetary Institute ( IMI ) Chen Yulu 陈雨露 (In alphabetical order of last name) Ben Shenglin 贲圣林 Cao Tong 曹 彤 Established on December 20, 2009, IMI is a non- Chen Weidong 陈卫东 Ding Zhijie 丁志杰 profit academic institution affiliated to China Robert Elsen Financial Policy Research Center and the School of Tomoyuki Fukumoto Guo Qingwang 郭庆旺 Finance of Renmin University. Hu Xuehao 胡学好 Il Houng Lee 李一衡 Ji Zhihong 纪志宏 Following the "general theory of macro-finance", Jiao Jinpu 焦瑾璞 IMI aims to become a world-class think tank, Rainer Klump Liu Jun 刘 珺 focusing on the studies of international finance, in Lu Lei 陆 磊 particular the international monetary system and David Marsh Juan Carlos Martinez Oliva RMB internationalization.
    [Show full text]
  • Excerpts of Remarks by Di Dongsheng
    Excerpts of remarks by Di Dongsheng, associate dean, School of International Relations at Renmin University of China on Nov 28, 2020 in Shanghai on the television program “The Answers.” The topic for a panel discussion was “Will China’s Opening Up in the Financial Sector Attract Wall Street Wolves?” Trump waged a trade war with us. Why couldn’t we handle him? Why is it that between 1992 and 2016 we always resolved issues with US? Did you guys know? All the crisis, the Yinhe incident, bombing of the embassy or the mid-air collision, everything was taken care of swiftly, in no more than two months. Why? Now, I’m going to drop a bomb - because we had people up there [laughter] inside America’s core circle of power, we had our old friends. Due to time constraint, I won't expand on that, but let me very quickly tell you a short story. Director General Zhang Zhixiang spoke well with some amazing stories. So here is my story. Well,… it was… because we are on live streaming, millions of people are watching, I have to be careful how many details I go into, I can’t turn them in. (a literal and more direct translation: I can't sell out these people )[laughter] Let me just put it this way: It was in 2015, before the second last visit to the U.S. by Secretary General Xi [Jinping[. As we all know, everybody in the system must warm things up for his visit. The way one organization in the Party did the warm-up was to boost some publicity, i.e.
    [Show full text]