Parte I €“ Dilema éTico Y Virtud

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Parte I €“ Dilema éTico Y Virtud Virtud y consecuencia en la literatura histórica y filosófica pre-Han y Han: el dilema ético en la filosofía y sociedad china César Guarde Paz ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. 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Universidad de Barcelona Facultad de Filosofía Departamento de Filosofía Teorética y Práctica Programa de doctorado: Ética, Política y Racionalidad en la Sociedad Global, (2007-2009) Virtud y consecuencia en la literatura histórica y filosófica pre-Han y Han: el dilema ético en la filosofía y sociedad china César Guarde Paz Director de Tesis: Antoni Prevosti Monclús 1 2 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 6 I. El dilema ético en Occidente: perspectivas de estudio ............................................ 13 1.1. Definición de dilema moral ........................................................................................ 14 1.2. La antítesis trágica ...................................................................................................... 18 1.3. Obligationes non colliduntur ..................................................................................... 29 1.4. ¿Qué obligaciones? ¿Qué moral? ............................................................................... 36 II. La articulación del concepto de “virtud” en la filosofía pre-Han ............................ 38 2.1. Marco histórico–cultural ............................................................................................ 41 2.2. Marco lingüístico ........................................................................................................ 51 2.3. Lo secular como sagrado: conceptos morales del pensamiento chino pre–Han ........ 57 2.3.1. Los orígenes de la ritualidad Zhou y la deferencia filial (xiao ᆍ) ................. 61 2.3.2. Ritualidad (li ⿞) y justicia/significación del agente moral (yi 㗙) ................ 67 2.3.3. Deferencia filial (xiao ᆍ) y justicia/significación del agente moral (yi 㗙) ............ 76 2.3.4. ᗧ de: metáfora de carisma moral .................................................................. 82 2.3.5. La actuación material de ᗧ de en el mundo (1): el componente cosmológico ..... 87 2.3.6. La actuación material de ᗧ de en el mundo (2): el componente antropológico .... 90 2.3.7. La materialidad de las pasiones físicas: vergüenza y culpa ........................... 101 2.3.8. Ren ӱ: modelo de ética de la virtud y ars contextualis ................................ 129 2.3.9. Sumario .......................................................................................................... 150 III. Tensión trágica y conflicto moral en el Shijing .................................................. 158 3.1. Los tres escritos rituales o Sanli й⿞ ..................................................................... 163 3.1.1. Ritos de Ceremonia o Yili ܰ⿞ ..................................................................... 163 3.1.2. Clásico de Ritos o Liji ⿞䁈 .......................................................................... 166 3.1.3. Ritos de Zhou o Zhouli ઘ⿞ ......................................................................... 169 3 3.2. Clásico de Ritos de Dai el Mayor o Da Dai Liji བྷᡤ⿞䁈 .................................... 171 3.3. El Clásico de Poesía o Shijing ................................................................................. 174 3.4. Poesía como narración dramática y épica ................................................................ 179 3.5. Una interpretación poética de la funcionalidad dionisíaca ....................................... 188 3.5.1. Confucio: vitae interpres ................................................................................ 207 3.6. Poesía himenea: observancia y transgresión de los rituales ..................................... 214 3.6.1. Observancia ritual .......................................................................................... 216 3.6.2. Transgresión poética ....................................................................................... 220 IV. El dilema moral en el tejido filosófico chino ...................................................... 257 4.1. El conflicto entre lo civil y lo privado en el confucianismo .................................... 260 4.2. Intermezzo: Platón, Eutifrón, 4a ss. .......................................................................... 271 4.3. El conflicto interpersonal en el confucianismo ........................................................ 275 4.4. Segundo intermezzo: algunos casos particulares de elección filial .......................... 282 4.5. El conflicto intraestatal en el confucianismo ........................................................... 286 4.6. Tercer intermezzo: algunos casos particulares de conflicto civil ............................. 288 4.7. Colofón ..................................................................................................................... 292 V. Dilema y elección moral en la historiografía Han ................................................ 296 5.1. Antecedentes ideológicos del ethos youxia .............................................................. 298 5.2. Naturaleza y contexto social de los xia .................................................................... 307 5.3. Sima Qian y la exteriorización del ethos youxia ...................................................... 311 5.4. Yurang: un Áyax oriental ......................................................................................... 314 5.5. La hermana de Nie Zheng: una Antígona oriental ................................................... 322 5.6. Agentes de virtud y destrucción: la imagen de la mujer en la sociedad china ......... 327 5.7. Biografías de Mujeres Ejemplares ........................................................................... 330 5.8. Conflicto entre lo público y lo privado en el Lienüzhuan ........................................ 335 5.9. Conflictos privados interpersonales en el Lienüzhuan ............................................. 347 VI. Conclusión ..................................................................................................... 358 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................. 368 4 㚢а❑㚭ˈ⢙а❑᮷ˈણа❑᷌ “En una sola nota no hay qué escuchar, en una sola textura no hay ornamentación, en un solo sabor no hay fruto a saborear”. Guoyu, 5.1/98/19–20. 5 INTRODUCCIÓN El presente estudio pretende profundizar en los motivos de elección y conflicto (dilema) filosófico a través del análisis sistemático e interrelacional de las tensiones presentes en –pero también entre los diversos componentes de– el triple texto confuciano: filosofía, poesía e historiografía. Ya en el Medievo chino fue apreciada la profunda contradicción existente entre dos efectos importantes del conjunto de obras clásicas atribuidas a Confucio: los textos rituales y el Clásico de Poesía o Shijing 䂙㏃, pero que igualmente resultan extensibles a otras obras como las Analectas de Confucio o el Mencio. Si en aquellos se establecía el complejo entramado de las normas rituales, en los poemas cuya recopilación la tradición reivindica al mismo Confucio esos mismos mores se violan habitualmente. Dicho esto, no sólo existe una aparente contradicción entre el texto filosófico, en el que incluiríamos estas
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