Anadolu'da Roma Lejyonlari Ve Askeri Birlikleri

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Anadolu'da Roma Lejyonlari Ve Askeri Birlikleri T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI KLASİK ARKEOLOJİ BİLİM DALI ANADOLU’DA ROMA LEJYONLARI VE ASKERİ BİRLİKLERİ Mehmet Bülent ŞENOCAK DOKTORA TEZİ Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ KONYA – 2014 iii iv T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Mehmet Bülent Numarası 134103011003 ŞENOCAK Ana Bilim / Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dalı Öğrencinin Danışmanı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ Tezin Adı Anadolu’da Roma Lejyonları ve Askeri Birlikleri ÖZET Anadolu’nun Roma İmparatorluğu sınırlarına dahil edilmesinden sonra doğu sınırlardan gelebilecek saldırılara karşı ve Anadolu’da güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla Roma’nın, Doğu sınırlarına kuzeyden güneye olacak şekilde Legio I Pontica’yı Trapezus’ta, Legio XV Apollinaris ve Legio II Armeniaca’yı Satala’da, Legio XII Fulminata’yı Melitene’de, Legio I Armeniaca’yı Claudia’da, stratejik konumunun öneminden dolayı Legio I Adiutrix, Legio I Italica, Legio II Adiutrix, Legio IV Scythica ve Legio VII Claudia’yı Zeugma’da konuşlandırdığı görülür. Ayrıca Isaura bölgesinde güvenliği sağlamak amacıyla bölge halkından kurulan Legio I Isaura Sagittaria, Legio II Isaura ve Legio III Isaura’yı bölgenin merkezindeki Isaura’da konuşlandırılmıştır. Ayrıca Homanad savaşlarından dolayı Legio V Macedonica, Legio VII Macedonica ve Legio XXII Deiotariana da Psidia bölgesinde Roma’nın en önemli koloni şehirlerinden olan Antiocheia’da konuşlandırılmıştır. Elbette bu lejyonlardan bazıları belirtilen kentlerde zaman zaman konuşlandırılmışlar ve amaçlarını gerçekleştirdikten sonra Roma’nın farklı eyaletlerine gönderilmişlerdir. Lejyonlara ilave olarak Anadolu’nun çeşitli kentlerine ya da bölgelerinde konuşlandırılmış Ala’lar, Cohors’lar ve Equitesler de söz konusudur. Karadeniz bölgesinde özellikle Karadeniz’e kıyısı olan kentlerden Amastris’te Ala Gallorum Veteranorum, Sinope’de Cohors Campanorum, Trapezus’ta Cohors Cypriae, Ala Felix Theodosiana ve Cohors Apuleia Civium Romanarorum konuşlandırılmıştır. Ayrıca doğu sınırlarında konuşlandırılmış olan lejyonlara destek sağlamak ve Strata Diocletiana’yı v oluşturabilmek amacıyla kuzeyden güneye Cohors Mochora Zigana’da, Cohors Secunda Valentiana Domana civarında, Cohors Secunda Armeniaca Aladaleariza’da, Ala Rrizena Analiba’da, Cohors Quarta Raetorum Sabus’ta, Equites Sagittaria Sabbu ve Ala Auriana Chiaca’da, Ala Prima Augusta Colonorum, Cohors Commagenorum ve Cohors I Bosponorum Melitene’nin güneybatısında konuşlandırılmıştır. Yol güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla Amaseia’da Ala Claudia Nova, Ala Flavia Augusta Britannica, M. C. R. ve Leg. V Mac. Cohors X; hemen güneyinde Sebastepolis’te Cohors Prima Claudia Equitata; Ancyra’da Cohors II Hispanorum ve Cohors Maximiana, Phrygia Apameiası’nda Cohors I Praetorum, Ala I Gaetulorum ve Gordion’da Cohors VII Breucorum konuşlandırılmıştır. Yukarıda konuşlandırıldıkları belirtilen askeri birlikler, zaman zaman farklı görevleri yerine getirmek amacıyla bulundukları kentlerden ayrılmışlar, bazı birlikler tekrar geriye dönerken bazıları da bir daha geri dönmemişler, görev bitiminde yine bulundukları yerlerde konuşlandırılmışlardır. vi T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Mehmet Bülent Numarası 134103011003 ŞENOCAK Ana Bilim / Arkeoloji / Klasik Arkeoloji Bilim Dalı Öğrencinin Danışmanı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ Tezin İngilizce Adı Roman Legions and Military Units In Anatolia SUMMARY After being captured the Anatolia Peninsula by Romans, against the attacks which might be came from the east borders of Roman Empire and to provide the security in Anatolia, from north to south Rom settled these Legions and the other military forces. Legio I Pontica was in Trapezus, Legio XV Apollinaris and Legio II Armeniaca were in Satala, Legio XII Fulminata was in Melitene, Legio I Armeniaca was in Claudia, due to its stratetic location, Legio I Adiutrix, Legio I Italica, Legio II Adiutrix, Legio IV Scythica ve Legio VII Claudia were settled in Zeugma. In order to provide the security in Isaura region, some new legions were founded. These Legions, Legio I Isaura Sagittaria, Legio II Isaura and Legio III were settled which has been in the centre of Isaura. Because of the Homanad wars, Legio V Macedonica, Legio VII Macedonica and Legio XXII Deiotariana, most important colonial city in Psidia region was Antiocheia, were settled to this city. When Rom encounter any security problems in different regions, these military forces were sent there. In addition to Legions, there were some different military forces that support the Legions and provide the security in different regions and roads which spread in Anatolia. In Blacksea region, Ala Gallorum Veteranorum, Cohors Campanorum were settled in Amastris, Cohors Cypriae in Sinope, Ala Felix Theodosiana and cohors Apuleia Civium Romanarorum were in Trapezus. İn addition to this, in order to keep the east borders and realise the “Strata Diocletina”, Cohors Mochora was in Zigana, Cohors Secunda Valentiana was around Domana, Cohors Secunda Armeniaca was in Aladaleariza, Ala vii Rrizena was in Analiba, cohors Quarta Raetorum was in Analiba, Equites Sagittaria Sabbu and Ala Auriana were in Sabus, Ala Prima Augusta Colonorum was in Chiaca and Cohors Commagenorum ve Cohors I Bosponorum were in the southwest of Melitene. In order to keep the security of the Roman roads, Ala Claudia Nova and Ala Flavia Augusta Britannica M.C. R. and Leg. V Mac. Cohors X were Amaseia, just South of Amaseia, in Sebastepolis was located cohors Prima Claudia Equitata, Cohors II Hispanorum ve Cohors Maximiana were in Ancyra, Cohors I Praetorum and Ala I Gaetulorum were in Phrygia’s Apameia, as a last one Cohors VII Breucorum was in Gordion. The military forces which mentioned above, they had to leave the cities, to realise another duty in different sections of Anatolia and after realising their duties, some of them returned, some settled the same cities. ÖNSÖZ Antik dönemden başlayarak Batı dünyasında, döneminin en büyük imparatorluğu haline gelen Roma’nın dünya devleti olmasında ve bu konumunu yüzyıllarca sürdürmesinde son derece önemli bir yere sahip olan lejyonlar ve diğer askeri birlikler, oldukça geniş bir çalışma konusudur. Roma Askeri Sistemi üzerine çalışan uzmanlar genel olarak iki bölüme ayrılmıştır. Bir grup, bütün bir Roma askeri sistemi üzerine çalışırken diğer grup, o dönem Roma’nın sınırları içerisindeki farklı eyaletlerdeki askeri birlikler üzerine çalışmayı tercih etmişlerdir. “Anadolu’da Roma Lejyonları ve Askeri Birlikleri” adlı bu doktora tezi de yukarıda belirtildiği gibi bölgesel olarak sadece Anadolu sınırları göz önüne alınarak, Anadolu eyaletlerindeki lejyonlar ve askeri birlikler üzerine hazırlanmıştır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun bütün toprakları göz önüne alındığında Anadolu Yarımadası, küçük sayılabilecek sınırlara sahip olmasına rağmen, birçok eyaleti içinde barındırması nedeniyle hiç de küçük sayılamayacak sınırlara sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında; müzelerde çalışma ve araştırma izni veren T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Kültür varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müd., Akşehir, Ereğli, Konya, Yalvaç, Aydın, Denizli-Pamukkale, Afyon Arkeoloji Müzeleri’ne teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarımda bana yardım ve yol göstericiliğini esirgemeyen Hocam Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ’a, Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü’ndeki öğretim üyesi değerli hocalarıma, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Klasik Arkeoloji Bölümü’nden Sayın Prof. Dr. Musa KADIOĞLU’na, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Bölümü, Latin Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölüm Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Gül ÖZAKTÜRK’e, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Eski Yunan Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölüm Başkanı Sayın Prof. Dr. Mustafa ADAK’a ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü’nden Sayın Doç. Dr. Veli KÖSE’ye saygı ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışma ve araştırmalarım süresince beni destekleyen ve bana sabırla katlanan eşim Şenel ve oğlum Ahmet’e teşekkür ederim. İÇİNDEKİLER 1. Giriş 7 1.1. Tezin Konusu 7 1.2. Tezin Amacı 7 1.3. Araştırma Soruları 7 1.4. Yöntem 8 2. Roma Ordusu 10 3. Askeri Yazıtlar 28 4. Anadolu’da Roma Lejyonları ve Askeri Birlikleri 38 1. Bölüm: Lejyon’lar 38 4.1. Legio I Adiutrix 39 4.2. Legio I Armeniaca 41 4.3. Legio I Isaura Sagittaria 42 4.4. Legio I Italica 43 4.5. Legio I Parthica 44 4.6. Legio I Pontica 46 4.7. Legio II Adiutrix 47 4.8. Legio II Armeniaca 48 4.9. Legio II Isaura 50 4.10. Legio III Augusta 50 4.11. Legio III Gallica 51 4.12. Legio III Isaura 52 4.13. Legio IV Flavia 52 4.14. Legio IV Scythica 54 4.15. Legio V Macedonica 63 4.16. Legio VII Claudia 66 4.17. Legio VII Paterna 68 4.18. Legio VII Macedonica 69 4.19. Legio X Gemina 69 4.20. Legio XII Fulminata 70 4.21. Legio XIV Gemina 73 4.22. Legio XV Apollinaris 74 4 4.23. Legio XVI Flavia Firma 77 4.24. Legio XIIX (XVIII) Cornelei Spinteri 80 4.25. Legio XXII Deiotariana 82 2. Bölüm – Auxilia Birlikleri: Ala’lar 85 4.26. Ala I Flavia Augusta Britannica Miliaria C. R. 86 4.27. Ala I Gaetulorum 87 4.28. Ala I Scubulorum 89 4.29. Ala I Vinimiciae 90 4.30. Ala VII Phrygum 90 4.31. Ala Antiochiensium 91 4.32. Ala Augusta Germaniciana 93 4.33. Ala Auriana 94 4.34. Ala Claudia Nova 95 4.35. Ala Felix Theodosiana 96 4.36. Ala Gallorum Veteranorum 96 4.37. Ala Prima Augusta Colonorum 97 4.38. Ala Rizena 98 4.39. Ala Secunda Armeniaca 98 3. Bölüm – Auxilia Birlikleri: Cohors’lar 101 4.40. Cohors… Mochora 102 4.41. Cohors I Bosporiana 102 4.42. Cohors I Breucorum 104 4.43. Cohors I Flavia Numidarum 105 4.44. Cohors Milliaria Maurorum 107 4.45. Cohors I Milliaria Thracum 108 4.46. Cohors I Musulamiorum 109 4.47. Cohors I Praetoriae 111 4.48. Cohors I Raetorum 112 4.49. Cohors II Hispanorum 114 4.50. Cohors II Luciensıum 116 4.51. Cohors Apula 116 4.52. Cohors Apuleia Civium Romanorum 117 5 4.53. Cohors Augusta 118 4.54. Cohors Bosporanorum 119 4.55. Cohors Campanorum 121 4.56. Cohors Commagenorum 122 4.57. Cohors Cypriae 123 4.58. Cohors Luna 124 4.59. Cohors Maximiniana 125 4.60. Cohors Prima Augusta Cyrenaica Antoniana 126 4.61. Cohors Prima Claudia Equitata 127 4.62. Cohors Quarta Raetorum 128 4.63.
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