The Castrum of BURNUM: Between OLD Excavations and NEW

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The Castrum of BURNUM: Between OLD Excavations and NEW alessandro campedelli (post PhD) — Università udk: 904(398 Burnum):902.3 di Bologna, Dipartimento di archeologia, Piazza S. Giovanni Pregledni članak, Review paper in Monte, 2, I-40124 Bologna (BO) Primljeno / Received: 2008-04-22 [email protected] thE cAStRUM Of BURNUM: KAStRUM BURNUM: BEtWEEN OLD IZMEĐU StARIh ExcAVAtIONS AND NEW ISKOPAVANJA I NOVIh RESEARchES IStRAŽIVANJA the remains of Roman Burnum are located on the right bank Ostaci rimskog Burnuma nalaze se na obali rijeke Krke, unu- of the river Krka, an area today part of the Krka National Park. tar istoimenog Nacionalnog parka. Prva sustavna arheološka the information available about the site is mostly based on the istraživanja u Burnumu vršio je Austrijski arheološki insti- excavation campaigns carried out by the Austrian Archaeologi- tut iz Beča: 1912. i 1913. godine te opet 1973. i 1974. godi- cal Institute of Vienna between 1912 and 1913, and between ne. kada su započela i istraživanja vodovoda za Burnum pod 1973 and 1974. In latter years, the Burnum’s acqueduct was in- vodstvom Arheološkog muzeja u Zadru. Godine 2003. započela vestigated also by the Archaeological museum of Zadar. In 2003 su istraživanja amfiteatra koja provole Sveučilište u Zadru i archaeologists from the University of Zadar and Municipal Gradski muzej u Drnišu. Između 2005. i 2007. godine u Bur- Museum of Drniš started to excavate amphitheatre in Burnum. numu su provedene i tri istraživačke kampanje Laboratori- Between 2005 and 2007, Laboratory of Archaeological Survey ja za istraživanje arheoloških struktura Odjela za arheologiju of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Bologna Sveučilišta u Bolonji prilikom kojih su se koristile neinvazivne (Laboratorio di Rilievo delle Strutture Archeologiche del Dipar- metode. temeljem tih istraživanja, članak donosi opću sliku timento di Archeologia dell’Università di Bologna) conducted povijesno-urbanističkog razvoj Burnuma u širem kontekstu po- three campaigns using non-invasive methods. vijesti rimske provincije Dalmacije. key words: Burnum, Roman military, Dalmatia, non-invasive ključne riječi: Burnum, rimska vojska, Dalmatia, neinvazivne archaeological methods arheološke metode INTRODUCTION UVOD Anyone who undertakes the study of the Roman site tko god da se primi istraživanja rimskog nalazišta of Burnum faces an objective problem: the shortage Burnum susreće se s objektivnim problemom koji of archaeological sources. the information available se odnosi na nedostatak arheoloških izvora. Po- about the site is in fact almost exclusively based on daci kojima raspolažemo o ovom nalazištu zapra- the excavation campaigns carried out by the Aus- vo mahom potječu s iskopavanja Austrijskog trian Archaeological Institute of Vienna between arheološkog instituta iz Beča 1912.–1913. i 1973.– 1912 and 1913, and between 1973 and 1974.1 If we 1974.1 Štoviše, ako uzmemo u razmatranje da se 1 Towards the end of the 19th century a large part of northern Dalmatia 1 Krajem 19. stoljeća proveden je terenski pregled velikog dijela was subject to surveys aimed at documenting the presence of sjeverne Dalmacije kako bi se zabilježila prisutnost antičkih antiquities. the data collected on that occasion were quite important nalaza. Podaci koji su tom prilikom prikupljeni su bili tako in determining the start of the archaeological investigations at the važni da su potaknuli početak arheoloških istraživanja na Roman site of Burnum, carried out by the Archaeological Institute rimskom nalazištu Burnum koja je vodio Arheološki institut iz of Vienna. Actually, even before the Austrians showed a scientific Beča. Zapravo je nalazište Burnum bilo zanimljivo i prije nego interest in the archaeological aspect, the site of Burnum had što su Austrijanci pokazali znanstveni interes za arheološke already been the subject of particular attention. the extraordinary ostatke. Jedinstven dalmatinski krajolik, sa svojim prirodnim Dalmatian landscape, with its natural and cultural potentials, i kulturnim potencijalima zamjetnim već prije tristo godina, already evident three centuries ago, had caught the intellectual privukao je pažnju jednog od najvažnijih predstavnika mletačkog curiosity of one of the most important exponents of the Venetian prosvjetiteljstva – padovanskog opata Alberta fortisa (1741- Enlightenment: the Paduan abbot Alberto fortis (1741-1803). the 1803). Njegova putna iskustva pružila su najvažnije podatke travel experiences of Alberto fortis produced the most important o dalmatinskom teritoriju u djelu Viaggio in Dalmazia (Put po Alessandro campedelli: the castrum of burnum: between old excavations... / kastrum burnum: između starih... 34 consider, moreover, that the second campaign was druga kampanja temeljila isključivo na provjera- limited to the verification, through trial excavations, vanju prethodno prikupljenih podataka kroz of previously collected data, we understand that our probna iskopavanja, vidjet ćemo da se naše znanje knowledge of these ancient remains still refers to the o ovim antičkim ostacima temelji na dokumen- documentation dating back to the beginning of the taciji s početka 20. stoljeća.2 Međutim, nemoguće 20th century.2 So it is objectively impossible to make je objektivno u modernom znanstvenom i kvali- a scientific and qualitatively modern assessment of tativnom smislu iskoristiti podatke iz arheološke the data presented in the archaeological documenta- dokumentacije iz vremena austrijske dominacije tion dating back to the Austrian rule over the eastern na istočnoj jadranskoj obali, a pri tome moramo Adriatic coast. Moreover, we have to consider that imati na umu da se materijalni ostaci još uvijek the evidence still visible today at the site of Burnum vidljivi na nalazištu Burnum svode na dva luka od is limited to the two-arched structure made of blocks lokalnog kamena koji stoje na gotovo ravnom tlu, of local stone standing on nearly level ground, char- u području s raštrkanom vegetacijom i niskim hr- acterised by scattered maquis vegetation and low pama kamenja između obrađenih polja. heaps of stones among the cultivated fields. Problemima u vezi s nedostatkom arheoloških the problems relating to the lack of archaeo- istraživanja moramo dodati duboke i tragične logical studies and surveys are only increased by the znakove koje je nemirna povijest ostavila na pros- profound and tragic signs left on the territories of torima istočne jadranske obale, pa i u novije vri- the eastern Adriatic coast by its stormy history – also jeme. Dokumentacija s nalazišta Burnum prošla from recent times. the documentation for the site je ne samo ratna zbivanja nego i birokratske pro- of Burnum experienced in fact not merely the war cedure: arheološka i arhivska građa iz muzeja u events but also bureaucratic developments that fol- Kninu i Drnišu (gdje su čuvani nalazi s Burnuma) lowed: the museum and archives of Knin and the Ar- bile su rasparčavane i preseljavane te su pritom chaeological Museum of Drniš (where the finds from izgubljeni mnogi podaci o nalazima s tog loka- Burnum were kept) were dismembered and trans- liteta. Zahvaljujući takvim okolnostima za većinu ferred from one place to another, and so the histori- pokretnih nalaza nedostaju pouzdani podaci o cal record of important finds was lost. Due to all this, okolnostima nalaza kao i druge informacije korisne most of the mobile finds lack reliable data relating u određivanju mjesta i konteksta otkrića.3 to the excavation and other information required to Sagledavajući probleme proizašle iz povijesti determine the site and the context of the discovery.3 lokaliteta, ovaj rad nastoji prikazati sadašnje stanje to fully understand the issues deriving from the poznavanja Burnuma kroz predstavljanje sinteze history of the site, this text aims at illustrating in a dosadašnjih spoznaja uz korištenje informacija s comprehensive way the actual knowledge about the istraživanja amfiteatra, koja se trenutno provode site, presenting a synthesis of the previously obtained pod vodstvom arheologa sa Sveučilišta u Zadru i iz results, information on the current surveys and exca- muzeja u Drnišu. Izvijestiti će se i o programu koji vations carried out by the archaeologists of the Uni- Laboratorij za arheološka i topografska istraživanja versity of Zadar and of the Museum of Drniš on the (Laboratorio di Rilievo del Dipartimento di Ar- amphitheatre, and a report on the programme which cheologia) Odjela za arheologiju Sveučilišta u Bo- the Laboratory of Archaeological and topographic lonji provodi u suradnji s hrvatskim partnerima. evidence for the Dalmatian territory: Viaggio in Dalmazia (travels Dalmaciji) koji je tipaldo objavio u Veneciji u dva sveska 1774. into Dalmatia), published in two volumes by tipaldo in Venice in Preciznost i akribičnost predstavljanja (fortis je uveo upotrebu 1774. the precision of the representation and the sound science metričke skale) uz upotrebu metoda koje podsjećaju na suvremeni with which it was presented (fortis introduced the use of a metric arheološki pristup, doveli su do razmatranja znanstvene važnosti scale), with methods recalling ante litteram modern archaeological ovih podataka u arheologiji. O djelima Alberta fortisa vidi: O. surveying, lead one to take into consideration the scientific validity OStI, 2007, 154-156. of this evidence for archaeology. About the works of Alberto fortis, 2 Posebice se referira na opći raspored zidnih struktura koje je see: O. OStI, 2007, 154-156. prepoznao Reisch još u prvoj istraživačkoj kampanji. 2 In particular, reference
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