DOCSLIB.ORG

CO2 Balance for Buildings and Transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CO2 Balance for Buildings and Transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region The volume before you results from the federal funded research project “Young Cities – Developing Urban Energy Efficiency”. It has been written by Technische Universität Berlin Technische Universität Berlin Zentrum Technik und Gesellschaft Department of Building Technology Bereich “Mobilität und Raum” and Architectural Design Hardenbergstraße 16–18, HBS 1 Straße des 17. Juni 152 10623 Berlin | Germany 10623 Berlin | Germany www.ztg.tu-berlin.de www.a.tu-berlin.de/gte Universität der Künste Berlin FG Versorgungsplanung und Versorgungstechnik Hardenbergstraße 33 10623 Berlin | Germany www.arch.udk-berlin.de/nytsch German-Iranian Research Project Young Cities Young Cities Research Briefs | 13 Developing Energy-Efficient Urban Fabric in the Tehran-Karaj Region www.youngcities.org CO2 Balance for Buildings and Transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region Wulf-Holger Arndt, Jörg Huber, René Kämpfer, Farshad Nasrollahi Table of Contents Imprint Abstract ................. 3 1 Framework Conditions and Assumptions ........ 5 2 Scenarios . .11 3 Modelling Approach ..............12 4 References .................30 Design/Typesetting büro-d | Communication Design Berlin Publisher Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin ISSN 2196-517X (Print) Universitätsbibliothek ISSN 2196-6583 (Online) Fasanenstr. 88 ISBN 978-3-7983-2583-8 (Print) 10623 Berlin | Germany ISBN 978-3-7983-2584-5 (Online) www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de Simultaneously published online on the Digital Repository of the Technische Universität Berlin URL http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2013/4064/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus-40640 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus-40640] All texts are based on scientific research performed within the Young Cities Project. All pictures, tables and graphics are courtesy of the respective article’s authors, unless otherwise mentioned. © 2013 All rights reserved by the Technische Universität Berlin. Abstract Due to the very high energy consumption in the Tehran region, CO2 emis- sions are also very high, with the residential and commercial buildings mak- ing up the largest share of 41 % by 2008 and for transportation up to 25 %. This publication tries to estimate the results of different planning fields in New Town Hashtgerd and Tehran-Karaj region in Iran regarding the de- velopment of CO2 emissions. Concerning this goal the expressiveness of the paper is limited to emissions caused by mixed-use-buildings, office-build- ings and transportation. In order to evaluate the project’s impact in terms of CO2 reduction, the emission savings through the implementation of Young Cities’ project find- ings and recommendations are estimated. The CO2 emissions of buildings and transportation are calculated based on their energy consumption, based on energy simulation, and the CO2 emission factors for different energy car- riers. First the specific CO2 emissions are balanced for the project area of Hashtgerd New Town and then they are extrapolated for the whole former Tehran province. The CO2 emissions per capita and year are estimated and compared us- ing two forecast scenarios for the year 2027 based on the preliminary results of the residential and office building as well as transport planning within the Young Cities project. The first scenario “business as usual 2027” visual- izes the CO2 emissions in 2027, with the development following the current trends in Iran. The second scenario “planning scenario 2027” forecasts the CO2 emissions for 2027 assuming that two per cent of all new buildings are built according to the results of the Young Cities project and the suggested transportation system is implemented. The comparison of these two scenarios indicates the possible reduc- tion of CO2 emissions for 2027 achieved through the implementation of the Young Cities’ research findings. All areas monitored show significant poten- tials of possible emission savings which have been developed in the Young Cities project. It therefore appears that the implementation of the developed measures could lead to eminent energy and emission savings in comparison with conventional planning, construction and behavior approaches. Anyway it needs to be born that the results provided in this paper is based on simu- lation algorithms trying to represent real conditions as far as possible. As long as those estimations are based on various assumptions meanderings can 3 therefore not be excluded. To fulfill the requirements of an overall CO2 bal- ance in Hashtgerd additional energy intensive fields like industry, agricul- ture and power plant need to consider as well. Nonetheless the results of this paper underline the effectiveness of the developed approaches and empha- size ways of future development in the Tehran-Karaj region. Conceptual Formulation The aim is to calculate the CO2 emissions per capita caused by mixed-use- buildings, office-buildings and transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region. Thereby different scenarios should be compiled and com- pared with each other. 4 CO2 Balance for Buildings and Transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region 1 Framework Conditions and Assumptions 1.1 Region The calculation applies to the former Tehran Province, which has been di- vided in new Tehran and Alborz Provinces in August 2010 (Figure 1, the red colored space represents the former Tehran Province). The Region cov- ers 18,909 km² including the Tehran-Karaj region with nearly 13.2 million inhabitants, which is the area with the highest population density in Iran. Approximately 86.5 % of the population lives in cities and 13.5 % in rural parts of the Region. Ardebil Azarbayejan-e Sharqi Khorasan-e Gilan Golestan Shomali Azarbayejan-e Zanjan Gharbi Mazandaran Qazvin Kordestan Khorasan-e Razavi Tehran Semnan Hamedan Qom Kermanshah Markazi Lorestan LLam Isfahan Khorasan-e Jonubi Chaharmahal Yazd va Bakhtiyari Khuzestan Kohgiluyeh va – Boyerahmad – Kerman – Fars Bushehr – Sistan va Baluchestan – Hormozgan – – > Cartography: N. Döge GIS map base: http://thematicmapping.org/downloads/ world_borders.php and National Cartographic Center of Iran Fig. 1: Regions and Population Density in Iran Thematic data source: Wikipedia.org 5 County Area km2 2008 Population 2008 Population density Shahrestan inhabitants/km2 2008 ² Tehran-Karaj Region with all Counties Tehran-Karaj Region with all Counties Tehran-Karaj Region with all Counties Tehran Region with Counties inh./km² 1,000 above Tehran Region with Counties inh./km² 1,000 above Tehran Region with Counties inh./km 1,000 above Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 200 inh./km² Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 200 inh./km² Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 200 inh./km² Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 600 inh./km² Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 600 inh./km² Tehran-Karaj Region with Counties above 600 inh./km² D) D) C) C) D) D) A) B) C) C) D) D) A) B) A) B) C) Islamshahr 205 205 205 205 437,300 437,300 437,300 437,300 2,133.17 2,133.17 2,133.17 2,133.17 Pakdasht 670 670 268,900 268,900 401.34 401.34 Tehran 1,601 1,601 1,601 1,601 7,300,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 7,300,000 4,559.65 4,559.65 4,559.65 4,559.65 Damavand 1,997 87,998 44.07 Robat Karim 549 549 549 549 613,000 613,000 613,000 613,000 1,116.58 1,116.58 1,116.58 1,116.58 Shahre Rey 2,295 2,295 640,000 640,000 278.87 278.87 Savojbolag 2,258 210,600 93.27 Shemiranat 1,111 1,111 335,100 335,100 301.62 301.62 Shahriar 1,321 1,321 1,321 949,400 94,9400 949,400 718.70 718.70 718.70 Firouzkoh 2,261 40,000 17.69 Karaj 2,466 2,466 2,466 1,586,299 1,586,299 1,586,299 643.27 643.27 643.27 6 Nazarabad 576 576 136,700 136,700 237.33 237.33 1: 4 differentTab constraints of Tehran-Karaj Region based on populationdensity (own calculation based on Tehran Municipality, Tehran Statistical BookYear 2008–09, p. 48) Varamin 1,775 1,775 594,900 594,900 335.15 335.15 total 2,355 6,142 12,569 19,085 8,350,300 10,885,999 12,861,599 13,200,197 4,622.50 1,772.39 1,023.28 691.65 CO2 Balance for Buildings and Transportation in Hashtgerd New Town and Tehran Region This spatial scale was chosen because the area includes the whole function- al Region around the 2 linked Megacities Tehran and Karaj. Furthermore the availability of data for this area is much better than on other spatial scales. The Region also includes areas with very low density near the Alborz mountains in the north and the east as well as in the desert in the south and the west. A calculation of inhabitants, space and density based on the different settlement densities in the 13 old and new counties (“Shahrestan”) is visu- alized in table 1. Constrain A) and B) don’t include Hashtgerd New Town and the oth- er New Towns which are aimed at discharging the Urban Growth Center Tehran-Karaj. Therefore the following descriptions refer to a constraint be- tween Tehran and Karaj Provinces (shortened as “Tehran Region”). 1.2 Spatial Scale of Calculation First of all the CO2 emissions are balanced for Shahre Javan Community (building sector) and Hashtgerd New Town (transportation) because of better database. Following this there is an upscaling to the whole Tehran Province based on relative emissions per capita calculated in the first step. 1.3 Demographic Development It is estimated that the present 13,5 million inhabitants of Province Tehran and Province Alborz (2006) will grow up to 23,2 million in 2027 (Figure 2). The forecast is based on the average growth rates for Tehran Region from 1996 to 2006. 1996 2006 Growth 2020 2027 1375 1385 Rate ( %) 1399 1406 Iran 60,055,488 70,472,846A 1.48B 86,578,178 95,962,546 Tehran Province 10,343,000 13,413,348B 2.63C 19,301,192 23,153,018 Tehran City 6,758,845 7,705,036D 1.32C 9,56,306 10,145,402 Tab.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effect of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
    Effect of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Baraghan Village - Savojbolagh County) Jomehpour M. Associated professor in social and regional planning, Allameh TabaTabaii University Ahmadi Sh. M.A. in Tourism Management, Allameh Tabatabaii University Received: 21/11/2010 Accepted: 27/04/2011 Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism has recently been introduced and recognized as one of the strategies for rural development and poverty reduction especially in developing countries and been implemented and proved successful in some areas. Tourism development in rural areas is seen as an agent both for rural economic regeneration and as a way of contributing to cultural and environmental conservation. These researchers contend that tourism has many advantages over other economic sectors, making it an effective tool for poverty alleviation. These advantages include: providing opportunities for linkages with other local industries and livelihood activities, thus increasing the scope of local participation, being able to build upon a wide resource base especially on natural and cultural capital which are assets to the poor despite the few export and diversification options usually they access to, being labor intensiveArchive and small scale and opportunities to employ of women andSID addressing gender inequality. Given this comparative advantage, it is recommended that the poverty ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Responsible Author: Mahjom43 @ gmail.com
    [Show full text]
  • See the Document
    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
    [Show full text]
  • CSR Report 2018.Pdf
    About the Report The Sustainability Report for 2016, « Value Creation for All: A 360-Degree Ap- proach,» is the first of its kind report by MAPNA Boiler & Equipment Engineering and Manufacturing Co., which is based on the 2016 GRI standard and at Com- prehensive Requirements level. The set of indicators considered by the report is available in the table of indicators in the appendix. There is no external warranty for this report; it has been prepared in a completely volunteer manner and was made publicly available on the Corporate Responsibility page of the Mapna Boiler Co. website (www.Mapnabe.com). Value Creation for All: A 360-Degree Approach This report is bi-annual and each report focuses on strate- gic areas of MAPNA Boiler›s social responsibility during the reporting period to reflect on the achievements and changes made over that period in comparison with the previous pe- riod. The present report describes the approaches taken by the company towards social responsibility during the period 2015-2017. The first year of systematic social responsibility practices at Mapna Boiler Co. was 2015, when strategies and strategic plans for social responsibility were first devised to create a broader approach to value creation for all. Al- though the value creation approach for all stakeholders has MAPNA Boiler & Equipment Engineering & Manufacturing Co. always been the focus and support of corporate executives, in the past two years, systematic and strategic view of stake- holders and the values they create has been in the focus of the company, which is to be addressed Sustainable Development Goals in the current report.
    [Show full text]
  • Row Company Name Activity Telephone Address Website The
    The 8th Int,l. Exhibition of Cement, Concerte, Manufacturing Technology & Related Services- 10 to 13 January 2016 Row Company Name Activity Telephone Address WebSite Foundry Of Grinding Balls , Wear Resistance Cast No.1 , Alley No.13 (Shahid Khoshab) , 1 Iran Zob Co Iron , Heat Resistance Steels For Cement , Mining 983136260893-7 www.iranzob.com Daneshgah St. , Esfahan, Iran. And Steel Industry. Shiraz industrial city South Ebtekar BLV 2 Alsat Novin Pars co. Dust collector filter bags 071- 37743014 257 Alley . no D8 HARDFACING – SUPPLYING WEAR PLATES No.20, Azadegan Alley, Qaem maghame St, 3 ASSYABAN 88701300 WWW.ASSYABAN.COM AND PARTS Beheshti Ave., Supplying widest range of flux cored and metal cored welding weirs for hard facing. Automated No.20, Azadegan Alley, Qaem maghame St, 4 ALIAJ JOOSH 88701300 www.welding.alloys.ir welding equipment for hard facing and rebuilding Beheshti Ave., Tehran,Iran applications. 5 Tak Akam 88701300 www.cetechco.com producing ADStar bags, PP and PE bags and jumbo 2end floor , No.1 , north parvaneh Ave, west 6 para plastic group 44156598 www.paraplastic.ir bags ferdous blve , sattari highway, Tehran, Iran No. 3/11 – 4 Asia , Foreign investment os , 7 Polymer bag Tabriz cement & bag Packing 4132466321 www.polymerbag.com 20 km Tabriz-Sofian road , Tabriz , Iran No 6, Shadi Alley, Satarkhan st., Tohid sq., 8 Rikhtehaye Nasooz-e Mehr Casting and Fabricating Industrial Parts 66594644 www.nasoozmehr.com Tehran Cement Investment and No. 20, West Nahid Street, Vali-e-asr 9 Cement Industry 2122024895 www.cidco.ir Development Co Avenue, Tehran, Iran. 10 RISTAB RAVANKAR IRANIAN :provides industrial and automotive lubricants 02166782030 18/fateh 21street/old karaj road/Tehran/iran www.rrioil.com NO5-Anoshirvani al.Taghavi st .
    [Show full text]
  • Scorpion Fauna of Alborz Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones)
    Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 9 (2): 83-85, 2015 ISSN: 1307-1130, E-ISSN: 2146-0108, www.nobel.gen.tr Scorpion Fauna of Alborz Province, Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones) Najmeh JAFARI¹ Mohammad MORADI1* Pooyan MORADI GHRAKHLOO2 Abolfazl AKBARI3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences 3 Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author: Received: July 13, 2015 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: August 30, 2015 Abstract In this study, scorpion fauna of Arborz province (Northwestern of Iran) was investigated which has not previously studied in detail. Total of 139 scorpion specimens have been collected as a result of the field studies in 2015. and Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Odontobuthus doriae (Thorell, 1876), Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839), Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) and Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758 taxa were identified. Identified all species were detected from Arborz province for the first time. Keywords: Fauna, Scorpions, Buthidae, Scorpionidae, Arborz, Iran INTRODUCTION Although Iran has very reach scorpion fauna, scorpion fauna has been rather poorly known until now. Recently Mirshamsi et al. [1-2], Navidpour et al. [3] and Teruel et al. [4] listed 55 species (among them 34 species are endemic). Arborz Province located on the north western Iran and partly Arborz mountain range. Although some records were given from Arborz Mountains, there is no scorpion record from Alborz province. The purpose of this study is to introduce the scorpion species which live in Alborz province as a contribution to increasing our knowledge of Iranian scorpion fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Plans to Stage Massive War Game in Southern Waters 240 Km of Metro Line Built in Tehran
    Health Ministry Spokeswoman Head of Civil Aviation Organization Sima Sadat-Lari Said on Wednesday Of Iran (CAOI) Said New Round of That 127 More Iranians Have Lost Talks on Payment of the Damages Their Lives to Coronavirus Disease Inflicted on the Families of the Over the Past 24 Hours Bringing the Downed Ukrainian Boeing 737 Total Deaths to 22,669 Will Be Held on October 18 VOL. XXVI, No. 7039 TEHRAN Price 40,000 Rials www.irannewsdaily.com THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 10, 2020 - SHAHRIVAR 20, 1399 2 4 8 DOMESTIC 3 DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SPORTS 240 km of Metro Line Tehran, Ankara Belarusian Protest Leader Ronaldo at the Mull Over Ways of Detained, As Lukashenko Double, France Built in Tehran Targeting $30b Trade Rejects Dialogue See Off Croatia > SEE PAGE 2 > SEE PAGE 3 > SEE PAGE 4 > SEE PAGE 8 Another Defeat Army Plans to Stage Massive War Iran Non-Oil Awaiting U.S. Exports Growth This Month Game in Southern Waters Hit 43% in 7 Years IRAN NEWS NATIONAL DESK TEHRAN (MNA) –In spite of U.S. sanctions imposed against the Islamic Republic of Iran, the country’s TEHRAN - President Hassan Rouhani said on export volume of non-oil commodities registered a Wednesday that the U.S. administration will fail to 43 percent hike over the past seven years. achieve its goal to revive UN sanctions lifted in 2015 in Goods export is one of the ways of introducing the context of the UN Security Council Resolution 2231 Iranian products to global markets. Despite US and will face another defeat this month.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of American Science 2012;8(9)
    Journal of American Science 2012;8(9) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Building new towns in Iran Hamid Reza Varesi 1, Mohammad Ghanbari 2 1 Associate professor, University of Isfahan, department of geography and urban planning 2 (Corresponding Author) Postgraduate Student University of Isfahan, department of geography and urban planning Email: [email protected] Abstract: The increase in urban population and the need to plan new urban centers in order to accommodate the added population in big cities has been one of the influential factors in building new towns. Regarding the growth in urbanism during the century, the idea of building new cities as a necessity in absorbing the surplus urban population and decentralization in population and worldwide employment and Iran has been introduced and implemented. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of new towns in Iran in absorbing population, and the research method employed in this article is “descriptive-analytical” method of research. This article has assessed the realization of the population of new towns of Iran. The results from surveys indicate that the new towns of Iran are in different positions regarding attracting population. Andisheh New Town has a better stature among these towns regarding population attraction, but the total average of realization index in attracting population in new towns of Iran based on the predictions of the comprehensive plan equals 21.49 percent, which means they have an unfavorable condition in terms of attracting population. Therefore, a revision in the new towns comprehensive plans, especially their population predictions seems necessary. [Hamid Reza Varesi, Mohammad Ghanbari.
    [Show full text]
  • Genera in Taleghan River, Alborz Province, Iran
    Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(2) 974-985 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2019.120646 Diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) genera in Taleghan River, Alborz Province, Iran Houri Parvin H.1; Yousefi Siahkalroudi S.1*; Kheradpir N.2 Received: July 2017 Accepted: October 2017 Abstract Chironomidae is one of the most important elements of the aquatic benthos all over the world, which has its own ecological and biological importance in different aspects. The present study has been conducted to investigate the chironomid diversity in Taleghan River in two seasons, spring and summer 2016 for six sampling points (Asfaran, Varkesh, Mir, Jostan, Barikan and Gooran). The sampling procedure was done by applying a simple dredge in five replications for each sampling point. The results have showed that there was a great diversity of Chironomidae in Taleghan River which composed of four sub-families and 21 different genera; Chironominae (Chironomus, Robackia, Stenochironomus, Omisus, Cryptochironomus, Saetheria, Cryptotendipes, Microtendipes, Paratendipes, Constempellina and Neozavrelia), Orthocladiinae (Bryophaenocladius, Comptocladius, Echinocladius, Smittia, Botryocladius, Symbiocladius, Psectrocladius and Gymnometriocnemus), Tanypodinae (unidentified genera in Pentaneurini tribe) and Diamesinae (Potthastia and Diamesa). Ten genera have been reported for the first time in Iran. Diversity on abundance of each genus in different months and sampling points might be the result of the environmental conditions and water pollution. Keywords: Fauna, Chironomidae, Taleghan River, Alborz, Iran 1-Department of Biology, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Tehran, Iran 2-Department of Plant Protection, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 975 Houri Parvin et al., Diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) genera in… Introduction to Chironominae (Armitage et al., Studying the biological and ecological 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Building Magazine: Recessions Create the Perfect Opportunity for Successful Managers to Shine
    MANUFACTURER OF HOLLOW STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS (HSS) IN RANGE OF 4.5 MM UP TO 16 MM THICKNESSES مصنع ألمقاطع الهیکلیة المجوفة الی سماکة 16 ملم (mm) The Best SOLUTION For Construction State-of-the-art Technology • SQUARE • International Standards: CE (EN-10219) 125 x 125 ~ 320 x 320 mm • Various applications in different industries • Many advantages and benefits RECTANGULAR 200 x 120 ~ 400 x 200 mm Foulad Gostar Atena (SJC) ▪ Head Office: Tehran, IRAN. Tel:+98-21-88652048-9, PIPE ▪ 86083792, Fax: +98-21-88652047 6 ~ 16 inches ▪ Factory: Shabab Industrial Town, ILAM, IRAN. (168.3 ~ 406.4 mm) www.fgatena.com The CEO of Saytal Sakht in an interview with Iran Building magazine: Recessions create the perfect opportunity for successful managers to shine The country’s growing need for modern construction material for windows, doors and façade was what encouraged a group of experts to join forces in 2002 and incorporate Saytal Sakht Company in vision of a bright future in the construction industry. Now with over 17 years of brilliant experience in the industry, Saytal Sakht is proud to manufacture windows, doors and façade materials; using only the finest and most up to date technologies in construction and a highly capable and talented design and manufacturing team. Saytal Sakht is also the representative of outstanding Turkish Company KURTOG- LU (Lorenzo line brand); Top German manufacturing firm Schuco, Italy‘s exclusive aluminum wood doors and windows, as well as the representative of Spanish com- pany, The Size for dry façade cladding. As the leading company specializing in construction and building façades, the timeless efforts of eve- ryone in the team, has helped to take great strides in introducing new modern technologies in the construction industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflexions Et Commentaires Sur Les Nécropoles Du Iie Millénaire Av
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVI, 2001 LA REGION DE TEHERAN A L'AUBE DE L'AGE DU FER: REFLEXIONS ET COMMENTAIRES SUR LES NÉCROPOLES DU IIE MILLÉNAIRE AV. J.-C. PAR Ali MOUSAVI University of California, Berkeley* Un siècle s'est écoulé depuis que les premiers vestiges archéologiques ont été mis au jour à Téhéran, en 1900, mais l'endroit reste malconnu sur le plan archéologique. Les résultats des quelques rares travaux archéolo- giques réalisés à Téhéran ont été sommairement présentés1. Pour le Téhé- ran protohistorique, la situation est encore pire car cette période n'est connue qu'au travers de nécropoles qui n'avaient aucun autre intérêt que celui de fournir des «vases gris-noirs» en céramique. Pour éviter la redon- dance, il faut mentionner une fois pour toute que la documentation archéo- logique de Téhéran, bien que relativement abondante, est difficilement uti- lisable, soit en raison d'un enregistrement incomplet des données, soit en raison de l'absence de publication. C'est pourquoi il faut se réjouir de la publication récente des résultats des fouilles de la nécropole de Qeytariyeh par S. Kambakhsh Fard; elle fournit des outils pour une étude d'ensemble de la région (voir Kambakhsh Fard, 1990, désormais Qeytariyeh). Cepen- dant, une revue détaillée des résultats semble être nécessaire. Le livre de S. Kambakhsh Fard, et le rapport publié de la fouille belge de Khorvin, à 80 km à l'ouest de Téhéran, constituent la base de notre documentation sur la région au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Cette recension, bien qu'elle ne se borne pas à la ville de Téhéran, est limitée par les lacunes des publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikivoyage Iran March 2016 Contents
    WikiVoyage Iran March 2016 Contents 1 Iran 1 1.1 Regions ................................................ 1 1.2 Cities ................................................. 1 1.3 Other destinations ........................................... 2 1.4 Understand .............................................. 2 1.4.1 People ............................................. 2 1.4.2 History ............................................ 2 1.4.3 Religion ............................................ 4 1.4.4 Climate ............................................ 4 1.4.5 Landscape ........................................... 4 1.5 Get in ................................................. 5 1.5.1 Visa .............................................. 5 1.5.2 By plane ............................................ 7 1.5.3 By train ............................................ 8 1.5.4 By car ............................................. 9 1.5.5 By bus ............................................. 9 1.5.6 By boat ............................................ 10 1.6 Get around ............................................... 10 1.6.1 By plane ............................................ 10 1.6.2 By bus ............................................. 11 1.6.3 By train ............................................ 11 1.6.4 By taxi ............................................ 11 1.6.5 By car ............................................. 12 1.7 Talk .................................................. 12 1.8 See ................................................... 12 1.8.1 Ancient cities
    [Show full text]
  • 11668050 01.Pdf
    ABBREVIATION AND LOCAL TERMS A. ABBREVIATION OF MEASURES (1) Length mm = millimeter cm = centimeter m = meter km = kilometer (2) Area m2 = square meter ha = hectare = 104 m2 km2 = square kilometer = 106 m2 (3) Volume lit. = liter = 1,000 cm3 cu.m = cubic meter = m3 MCM = million cubic meter = 106 m3 (4) Weight mg = milligram g = gram kg = kilogram = 1,000 gram t, ton = ton = 1,000 kg (5) Time s = second min = minute h, hr = hour d = day yr = year (6) Currency Rls = Rial US$ = US Dollar ¥ = Japanese Yen (7) Electricity kv = kilovolt kw = kilowatt MW = megawatt = 1,000 kw kwh = kilowatt-hour MWh = megawatt-hour = 1,000 kwh GWh = gigawatt-hour = 1,000 MWh (8) Discharge cu.m/sec = cubic meter per second = m3/sec (9) Others mmho = micromho = conductance ppm = parts per million % = percent pH = scale of acidity ‘ = minute “ = second ℃ = Celsius B. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS GDP = gross domestic product GRP = gross regional product GBP = gross basin product El. = elevation HWL = high water level LWL = low water level FOB = free on board CIF = cost, insurance and freight M/P = National and Regional Water Resources Master Plan C. ABBREVIATION OF ORGANIZATIONS EOJ = embassy of Japan IMO = Iranian Meteorological Organization JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency MOE = Ministry of Energy PBO = Planning and Budget Organization TRWB = Tehran Regional Water Board D. Local Terms Far = Farvardin = 21 March to 20 April Ord = Ordibehesht = 21 April to 21 May Khr = Khordad = 22 May to 21 June Tir = Tir = 22 June to 22 July Mor = Mordad = 23 July to 22 August
    [Show full text]