Reflexions Et Commentaires Sur Les Nécropoles Du Iie Millénaire Av

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Reflexions Et Commentaires Sur Les Nécropoles Du Iie Millénaire Av Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVI, 2001 LA REGION DE TEHERAN A L'AUBE DE L'AGE DU FER: REFLEXIONS ET COMMENTAIRES SUR LES NÉCROPOLES DU IIE MILLÉNAIRE AV. J.-C. PAR Ali MOUSAVI University of California, Berkeley* Un siècle s'est écoulé depuis que les premiers vestiges archéologiques ont été mis au jour à Téhéran, en 1900, mais l'endroit reste malconnu sur le plan archéologique. Les résultats des quelques rares travaux archéolo- giques réalisés à Téhéran ont été sommairement présentés1. Pour le Téhé- ran protohistorique, la situation est encore pire car cette période n'est connue qu'au travers de nécropoles qui n'avaient aucun autre intérêt que celui de fournir des «vases gris-noirs» en céramique. Pour éviter la redon- dance, il faut mentionner une fois pour toute que la documentation archéo- logique de Téhéran, bien que relativement abondante, est difficilement uti- lisable, soit en raison d'un enregistrement incomplet des données, soit en raison de l'absence de publication. C'est pourquoi il faut se réjouir de la publication récente des résultats des fouilles de la nécropole de Qeytariyeh par S. Kambakhsh Fard; elle fournit des outils pour une étude d'ensemble de la région (voir Kambakhsh Fard, 1990, désormais Qeytariyeh). Cepen- dant, une revue détaillée des résultats semble être nécessaire. Le livre de S. Kambakhsh Fard, et le rapport publié de la fouille belge de Khorvin, à 80 km à l'ouest de Téhéran, constituent la base de notre documentation sur la région au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Cette recension, bien qu'elle ne se borne pas à la ville de Téhéran, est limitée par les lacunes des publications. * Cet article est tiré de mon mémoire de Maîtrise d’archéologie orientale intitulé La région de Téhéran à l’aube de l’âge du Fer: état des questions, sous la direction du pro- fesseur Olivier Pelon, à l’Université Lyon II (juin 1996). Je dois vivement remercier Rémy Boucharlat (CNRS, Paris/Lyon) et Ernie Haerinck (Université de Gand) qui ont bien voulu lire la première version de cet article, et qui m’ont fait des suggestions constructives. Je remercie également S. Kambakhsh Fard pour m'avoir généreusement donné ses informa- tions ainsi que les documents qui lui restaient sur sa fouille à Qeytariyeh. 1 C'est le cas des deux sites importants de Pishvâ et de Mamurin qui ont été décou- verts et fouillés sous l'égide de l'Office National du Patrimoine Culturel de l'Iran. 152 A. MOUSAVI Le contexte géographique Située au pied de l'Alborz central, le piémont de Téhéran s'incline vers le sud de 1400 m à environ 800 m en direction du désert (fig. 1)2. La distance est d'environ 100 km entre les basses pentes du Towchâl (3970 m) et la bordure du désert, soit une pente moyenne de 5% (Dreche, 1961, p. 85). Du point de vue géographique, la région se divise en deux zones dis- tinctes: le piémont et la plaine. La zone de piémont est essentiellement constituée des contreforts méridionaux de l'Alborz ainsi que l'Anti-Alborz formant un angle droit avec la paroi sud du Towchâl. La plaine est consti- tuée par des formations détritiques et est irriguée par un réseau de rivières, dont le Karaj et le Jaj-Rud (Dreche, 1961). Toutes les eaux de la fonte des neiges du Towchâl et les précipitations tombées sur les hautes terres environnant la basseville coulent vers la plaine. La basse plaine du vieux Téhéran ainsi formée, avec son sol humide, attirait sans doute les premières populations en quête de terrains cultivables et de pâturages (Adle, 1992, p. 35-37). Quant à la ville elle-même, suffisamment loin de la montagne pour être dépourvue des sources pérennes, elle dépendait exclusivement de ses sources souterraines (qanat) jusqu'aux années 19403. La ville se trouve aujourd'hui coincée dans un cul-de-sac formée par la paroi du Towchâl, au nord, et les monts Anti-Alborz, au nord-est et à l'est. Sud de Téhéran Rey La plus ancienne occupation humaine dans la région de Téhéran a été reconnue à Rey (fig. 2), l'ancien Raga des inscriptions achéménides, qui joua un rôle important dans l'histoire de l'Iran depuis l'époque achéménide 2 Sur la quasi-totalité du plateau iranien, l'implantation humaine se trouve dans les régions situées à mi-chemin entre la montagne et la plaine, c'est-à-dire sur les piémonts de l'Alborz et le Zagros (Hourcade, 1997, p. 2). Ainsi, il n'est pas étonnant de voir que les premières cultures de la région de Téhéran se sont développées sur une bande étroite de quelques dizaines de kilomètres, entre le piémont de l'Alborz et la plaine avoisinante irri- guée par des eaux coulant de la montagne. La compréhension géographique de la région est déterminante pour l'étude archéologique de Téhéran car elle montre un cas typique de la «culture hivernante-estivante» dès le Néolithique; pour la carte géographique, voir Adle et Hourcade, 1992, carte no 5. 3 Apparemment, les qanâts de Téhéran sont trop profonds pour être atteints directe- ment, ou du moins le furent-ils durant l’antiquité (voir Clapp, 1933, pp. 78-79). LA RÉGION DE TÉHÉRAN À L'AUBE DE L'ÂGE DU FER 153 jusqu'à sa destruction totale par les Mongols, au XIIIe siècle. A Rey, l'in- térêt exclusif des archéologues pour les époques préhistoriques et histo- riques a malheureusement causé de grandes lacunes dans la documentation sur les périodes protohistoriques, c'est-à-dire les âges du Bronze et du Fer. La plaine de Rey n'a jamais été sérieusement prospectée (voir cependant Adle, 1990; Kleiss, 1994). Trois sites de Rey ont révélé du matériel archéologique daté approximativement de la deuxième moitié du IIe mil- lénaire avant J.-C. En 1934, Erich F. Schmidt fouilla deux sites principaux de Rey, Chesh- meh-Ali et la Citadelle (Citadel Hill), sans avoir donné d'indications pré- cises. A Cheshmeh-Ali, il a trouvé essentiellement des couches préhisto- riques du IVe et Ve millénaires avant J.-C., tandis qu'à la Citadelle, il a découvert une séquence archéologique datant du IVe millénaire avant J.-C. jusqu'aux époques islamiques. A l'exception de très brefs comptes rendus, E. F. Schmidt n'a jamais publié les résultats de ses fouilles à Rey4. Sur la partie est de la Citadelle, qui aurait été, selon Schmidt, le noyau d'un système défensif, une aire de 400 m2 a été fouillée. A 15 m au-des- sous de la surface du tépé a été découverte la base de la forteresse en briques crues. Schmidt n'a pas établi de véritable stratigraphie pour ce site. Cependant, d'après ses rapports, on peut distinguer cinq niveaux d'occu- pation (voir Schmidt, 1936, pp. 133-136) ainsi définis: 1. La strate supé- rieure constituée des vestiges épars d'une période islamique récente que le fouilleur appelle «Islam III», sans donner de précision; 2. Un niveau du XVe siècle avec une monnaie datée de l'an 1432/33 du regne de Shah Rokh, roi timuride; 3. Un niveau architectural du milieu du XIe siècle; 4. L'augmentation des tessons de la poterie gris-noir du IIe millénaire avant J.-C.; 5. La céramique d'Hissar IB (fin du IVe millénaire). Le tableau suivant résume cette séquence chronologique. 4 En dépit de l'existence d'une documentation (carnets de notes, croquis, dessins, pho- tos) conservée en grande partie dans les archives du musée de l'Université de Pennsylva- nie, aucun effort n’est entrepris pour exploiter cette documentation et la rendre accessible. Sur les fouilles, voir Schmidt, 1934, 1935, 1936, ainsi que Matney, 1995. Aujourd'hui, après soixante ans, on souhaiterait avoir une publication complète, qui serait le seul témoin de la richesse archéologique de Rey car la ville ancienne est actuellement sous le réseau urbain moderne. 154 A. MOUSAVI DATES PÉRIODE 1450 A.D. post-timuride, safavide 1400-1450 A.D. timuride 900 A.D. deylamite ——— hiatus? c. 2000-1000 B.C. Hissar IIIC? — âge du Fer I ——— hiatus? c. 4000-3000 B.C. Hissar I B Tableau 1. Chronologie relative de la Citadelle de Rey d'après les rapports de Schmidt. Schmidt effectua également un sondage à l'intérieur d'un vieux fort isla- mique appelé Qal‘eh Morteza-Kord (Morteza-Gerd), construit en briques crues, qui se trouve au sud-est de la plaine de Rey. Dans ses rapports de fouille, il ne mentionne que brièvement ce site indiquant qu'un niveau contenant de la poterie grise était superposé au niveau d'Hissar IB; il le date du début de l'âge du Fer (Schmidt, 1937, p. 323; Majidzadeh, 1981, pp. 142, 145-146). Tepe Mamurin Situé à 40 km au sud de la ville de Téhéran (fig. 2), près du futur aéroport international de Téhéran, Tepe Ma‘murin est d'une hauteur de 4 m envi- ron couvrant une superficie de 12 hectares. Le tépé a été découvert lors des travaux de construction de l'aéroport international de Téhéran, et a fait l'objet d'une trentaine de sondages en hiver 1989 (Meherekiyan, 1995, 1996; voir aussi Sarkhosh-Curtis et St. John Simpson, 1997, p. 143)5. Deux campagnes de fouilles ont été effectuées par l'Office national du Patri- moine Culturel de l'Iran en hiver 1991 et 1995. Le rapport de fouille publié ne donne rien sur le matériel trouvé; en revanche, le fouilleur traite des vestiges architecturaux. Faute de plan, il est difficile d'avoir un schema général de l'architecture, mais d'après les photographies publiées (ibid., pp.
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