Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(2) 974-985 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2019.120646 Diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) genera in Taleghan River, Alborz Province, Iran

Houri Parvin H.1; Yousefi Siahkalroudi S.1*; Kheradpir N.2

Received: July 2017 Accepted: October 2017

Abstract Chironomidae is one of the most important elements of the aquatic benthos all over the world, which has its own ecological and biological importance in different aspects. The present study has been conducted to investigate the chironomid diversity in Taleghan River in two seasons, spring and summer 2016 for six sampling points (Asfaran, Varkesh, Mir, Jostan, Barikan and Gooran). The sampling procedure was done by applying a simple dredge in five replications for each sampling point. The results have showed that there was a great diversity of Chironomidae in Taleghan River which composed of four sub-families and 21 different genera; Chironominae (Chironomus, Robackia, Stenochironomus, Omisus, Cryptochironomus, Saetheria, Cryptotendipes, Microtendipes, Paratendipes, Constempellina and Neozavrelia), Orthocladiinae (Bryophaenocladius, Comptocladius, Echinocladius, Smittia, Botryocladius, Symbiocladius, Psectrocladius and Gymnometriocnemus), Tanypodinae (unidentified genera in Pentaneurini tribe) and Diamesinae (Potthastia and Diamesa). Ten genera have been reported for the first time in Iran. Diversity on abundance of each genus in different months and sampling points might be the result of the environmental conditions and water pollution.

Keywords: Fauna, Chironomidae, Taleghan River, Alborz, Iran

1-Department of Biology, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Tehran, Iran 2-Department of Plant Protection, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected]

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Introduction to Chironominae (Armitage et al., Studying the biological and ecological 1995). In Iran, most of the studies have aspects in aquatic resources make the been taxonomic inventories in different basis of natural resource researches aquatic habitats like southern coastline which is started by identification the of Caspian Sea (Ahmadi and Mousavi biodiversity of the ecosystem (Mayer, Nanekaran, 2002), Marbor River in 1963). Invertebrates are the most Isfahan province (Ebrahimnezhad and abundant animal taxa in different Nikoo, 2004), Haji Abad River in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems Hormozgan province (Khosravani et (Barnes and Callow, 2001) which need al., 2014), Ghazal Ozan River in Zanjan more investigation in Iranian aquatic province (Navan Maghsoodi, 2013), habitats, especially for ecological, Zayandehrood River in Isfahan biological and economical important province (Ebrahimnezhad and Fakhri, family like Chironomidae. Bloodworm 2005; Shayeghi et al., 2014), from the family of Chironomidae Golpaygan River (Ebrahimnezhad and comprise a family of Dipteran flies Allahbakhshi, 2013; Allahbakhshi, which its larval stage is the main active 2005) and different rivers in Tehran developmental stage by bio-filtering province (Alvari, 1997; Arkia et al., and predation in aquatic habitats 2016, 2017, 2019). Karami et al. (2014) (Henriques-Oliveira et al., 2003). The provided a checklist and key family has been reported as the most identification of Chironomidae Larvae abundant group of aquatic insect count in Marbor River (Isfahan, Iran) and has and compromised more than 30% of its reported 39 genera from four biomass (King and Wrubleski, 1998). subfamilies: Chironominae (15 genera), Some of the species having considered Diamesinae (2 genera), Orthocladiinae as a very considerable food resource for (17 genera) and Tanypodinae (5 fish and other aquatic animals (Hamid genera). From these, 13 genera have et al., 2015; Milakovic et al., 2001). reported for the first time in Iran. The Chironomidae typically have Sharifinia (2015) reviewed the been shunned by many benthologists macroinvertebrates of the Iranian because of perceived difficulties in running waters through 15 years of specimen preparation, identification, recent studies until 2015 and showed taxonomy, morphology and literature that Arthropoda comprised the most (Epler, 2001); this led to the point that taxa with 34 described genera of most of the recent studies have ended to Chironomidae as the dominant family. identification of genus. On the other In a study on the macroninvertebrates hand, as Chironomidae resemble other of Karaj and Jajroud rivers, insects, so the documentation of this Chironomidae has been reported as one fauna throughout the world is not of the main ecological member of the complete (Armitage et al., 1995). aquatic systems in the area, but there is Chironomidae has been divided into 11 no genera identification (Taban et al., subfamilies; most of the species belong 2019).

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Similar researches around the globe, Due to the lack of information about especially in Middle East countries Chironomidae diversity in Iran, this have been done about diversity of study was conducted to investigate the Chironomidae in rivers and coastlines. family genera in Taleghan River, in Findik and Aras (2016) studied the Alborz Province. Chironomid limnofauna of Kizilirmak River in Turkey and reported 11 genera Materials and methods in three subfamilies. Butakka et al. Sampling area (2014) has studied the relationship The study area is situated in the western between Chironomidae diversity and part of Alborz Province, on the snowy habitat features in Sepotuba River foothills of Alborz Mountains, in basin, Brazil and showed that feeding Taleghan County. The county is habit of Chironomidae larvae, surrounded by Alborz Mountains, collectors, filterers and predators, had Ramsar and Tonekabon cities to the direct relation to habitat condition. One north, Karaj County to the east, study in Iraq considered the Hashtgerd and Savojbolagh to the south morphology of Chironomus species and Ghazvin to the west and western (Jabrial and Ahmad, 2012). south. Taleghan River was selected as Arslan et al. (2010) studied the density the main sampling point which passes and species composition of the southern edge of Taleghan and ends Chironomidae larvae fauna from twelve to Shahrood River. Six sampling points sampling sites of Lake Uluabat and have been considered according to showed that chironomid larvae were the availability, plant growth, the earth third dominant group consisting 12.3% slope, branches and main river, and the of the total zoobenthos density, as river bed as Jostan, Gooran, Varkesh, Chironomus tentans Fabricius was the Barikan, Mir and Esfaran (Table. 1). most abundant species contributing The features of sampling stations such with about 66.2% of the total as longitude, latitude and height above chironomid populations. In a similar the sea level are given in Table 1. study in Yuvarlakcay stream in Turkey, 18 genera of Chironomidae were collected (Tasdemir et al., 2010).

Table 1: geographical features of sampling stations through Taleghan River. Station latitude longitude Height (m) Jostan 50.893° 36.187° 1992 Gooran 50.869° 36.190° 1920 Varkesh 50.783° 36.365° 2010 Barikan 50.735° 36.156° 2050 Mir 50.729° 36.190° 1800 Esfaran 50.726° 36.180° 1720

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Sampling and preservation method and season; then one way Kruskal- Samples of larvae were taken monthly Wallis variance analysis and F test have through spring and summer 2016, applied to find any difference among resulting in five replicates for each treatments. For subfamilies with less station. Samples have been taken by than three genera, student T test has use dredge sampler and kept in 70% to compare the mean frequency of the Ethanol until the laboratorial collected genera. After identification, identification. For better systematic the slides have deposited in the identification, permanent mounts were Entomology Laboratory Collection of prepared. For this purposes, samples Islamic Azad University, Varamin- were soaked in a 10% solution of Pishva branch. potassium hydroxide (KOH) on a hot plate at the temperature of 70°C. Ten Results minutes in acetic acid was followed by Systematic identification: transfer to absolute alcohol. The Twenty-one genera belonged to four dehydration process has performed to subfamilies Chironominae, (eleven prepare the samples transferring to genera), Orthocladiinae (seven genera), slide. Samples were glutted by a drop of Tanypodinae (unidentified genera) and Canada balsam. Diamesinae (two genera) have been identified in this study. Subfamilies, Systematic identification genera and tribes have shown in Table To identify the samples, valuable and 2 in which ten genera have reported for available identification keys such as, the first time from Iranian fauna Epler (2001), Ebrahimnezhad and (marked by star). Fakhri (2005), Madden (2010), Ebrahimnezhad and Allahbakhshi Statisctical analysis (2013) and Karami et al. (2014) have Mean and standard deviation of used to the generic level. The features chironomid genera abundance from six of the head capsule have used for sites in two seasons are shown in Table chironomid larvae. In order to identify 3. Mean frequency difference by the genera, head capsules and body student T analysis method showed that characteristics of the larvae have there was no significant difference studied under the microscope and between the total frequency of according the collected genera, shorts Diamesine genera (df=1, F.=1.216, keys have provided for each subfamily. Sig.= 0.299). For Orthocladinae, totally 41 samples in seven genera were Statistical analysis collected and the result of mean In order to determine whether any difference analysis was similar (df=6, significant differences existed in larval F=1.088, Sig.=0.389). abundance of the sites and seasons, mean and SD of larval abundance have calculated for each sample in each site

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Table 2: Taxonomic diagram of chironomid larvae identified in five sites from Taleghan River, Iran, 2015-2016. Family Subfamily Tribe Genera Chironomus Meigen Robackia Saether* Stenochironomus Kieffer* Omisus Townes* Chironomini Cryptochironomus Kieffer Chironomidae Saetheria Jackson Cryptotendipes Lenz Microtendipes Kieffer Paratendipes Kieffer Constempellina Brundin* Tanytarsini Neozavrelia Goetghebuer Chironomidae Bryophaenocladius Thienemann Comptocladius Goetghebuer* Echinocladius Cranston* Smittia Holmgren Orthocladiinae Orthocladini Botryocladius Cranston and Edwards * Symbiocladius Kieffer* Psectrocladius Kieffer Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebuer * Tanypodinae Pentaneurini unidentified genera Potthastia Kieffer* Diamesinae Diamesini Diamesa Meigen

Eighteen samples of Tanypodinae have subfamily in Taleghan River which found which was unidentified and showed significant difference with statistical analysis was not applied for. other genera of Chironominae (df=10, Chironominae had the most abundant F.=6.352, Sig.=0.000). There was not samples among the collected genera any difference among other member of and Chironomus spp. was considered as the same subfamily. the most frequent genera of the

Table 3: Mean number ±SE of different genera of Chironomidae larvae in Taleghan River subfamily Genera Mean Std. deviation SE Mean Bryophaenocladius 0.833 0.983 0.401 Comptocladius 0.333 0.516 0.210 Echinocladius 0.500 0.547 0.223 Orthocladiinae Smittia 0.333 0.816 0.333 Botryocladius 0.333 0.516 0.210 Symbiocladius 0.166 0.408 0.166 Gymnometriocnemus 0.333 0.594 0.0859 Chironomus 3.550 2.588 2.056 Robackia 0.333 0.514 0.210 Stenochironomus 0.166 0.408 0.166 Omisus 0.166 0.408 0.166 Cryptochironomus 0.166 0.408 0.166 Chironominae Saetheria 0.166 0.408 0.166 Cryptotendipes 0.166 0.408 0.166 Microtendipes 0.166 0.408 0.166 Paratendipes 1.166 0.752 0.175 Constempellina 0.500 0.836 0.341 Neozavrelia 0.667 1.032 0.421 Diamesa 0.333 0.816 0.333 Diamesinae Pottastia 0.834 0.757 0.307

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Mean frequency difference for significant effect on the number of Diamesinae samples in different months collected samples; two genera of this showed no significant difference in the subfamilies have been collected from frequency of the genera (df =3, Chi Sq. Barikan, Mir, Jostan and Esfaran, which =4, Sig. =0.261), most of this subfamily the most number collected from Jostan samples were collected in August. (df=3, Chi Sq.=3.20, Sig.=0.362). However, no statistical analysis has Tanypodinae have been collected from done for Tanypodinae, most of the Barikan, Mir, Varkesh and Esfaran and samples were collected through June. Kruskal Wallis one-way variance Time of sampling had significant effect analysis showed significant difference on the frequency of Orthocladiinae among the sampling points (df=3, Chi genera (df=3, Chi Sq. =2.493, Sig. Sq.=2.50, Sig.=0.475) which Varkesh =0.477); the least number of the had the lowest number of collected samples have been collected in August Tanypodinae. Orthocladiinae have been and most in May. Chironominae collected from all the six sampling samples mostly have collected through points with significant difference June, however, there was significant among the mean number of samples difference among different sampling collected in each sampling station months on the frequency of the (df=5, Chi Sq.=5.362, Sig.=0.373) subfamily (df.=3, Chi Sq.=0.379, which Jostan had the most Sig.=0.379), the lowest number of Orthocladiinae samples. Significant samples of Chironominae have been difference has observed among collected in July. collected Chironominae samples from Subfamilies have found in different six sampling stations (df =5, Chi sq. sampling stations is given in Table 4. =6.454, Sig. =0.265) which Esfaran had The result for Diamesinae genera the most and Jostan had the least showed that sampling station had number of Chironominae.

Table 4: The effect of sampling stations of Taleghan River on the presence of different subfamilies of Chironomidae. month Jostan Mir Varkesh Esfaran Barikan Gooran Chironominae + + + + + + Orthocladiinae + + + + + + Tanypodinae + + + + Diamesinae + + + +

Discussion Talesh Mountains (Aubert et al., 2017) Among the genera belonged to and Marbor River (Karami et al., 2014); Orthocladiinae, three genera have been and five genera are new to Iranian reported previously for the Iranian Chironomidae checklist which have fauna such as Bryophaenocladius and been reported from other parts of the Smittia from Talesh Mountains (Aubert world. Comptocladius was at first et al., 2017), Psectrocladius from considered to be a Nearctic region

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(2) 2020 980 genus (Tucker, 1906), but has reported province (Ebrahimnezhad and Fakhri, from Portugal (Coro et al., 2001). 2005; Shayeghi et al., 2014), Ghazal Echinocladius has been reported Ozan River in Zanjan Province (Navan previously from Australia (Krosch, Maghsoodi, 2013), ponds around 2011) and Korea (Kim et al., 2012). Tehran province (Alvary, 1997) and Botryocladius has been reported from Caspian Sea shore (Mousavi, 1995) and Australia (Krosch, 2011), Argentina it is reported for the first time for (Donato et al., 2008) and New Zealand Taleghan River. Cryptochironomus has (Boothroyd, 2004). Different species of been reported from Marbor River Symbiocladius have been reported as an (Karami et al., 2014), Golpayegan ectoparasite of Ephemeroptera taxa River (Ebrahimnezhad and from Peru (Prat et al., 2013), Ukraine Allahbakhshi, 2013), Zayandehrood (Gilka et al., 2007) and Australia River (Ebrahimnezhad and Fakhri, (Krosch, 2001). Gymnometriocnemus 2005) in Isfahan province and it is has been reported from Holarctic region reported for the first time for Taleghan and is considered to have worldwide River fauna. Saetheria and Neozavrelia distribution as Norwey (Stur and have been previously reported from Ekrem, 2015) and Australia (Krosch, Marbor River (Karami et al., 2014). 2001). Neozavrelia has been recently reported Two genera from Diamesinae from Talesh Mountains (Aubert et al., subfamily have been collected which 2017). Cryptotendipes has been Diamesa has been previously reported reported from Golpayegan River from Marbor River (Karami et al., (Ebrahimnezhad and Allahbakhshi, 2014) and Golpayegan River 2013). Paratendipes has been reported (Ebrahimnezhad and Allahbakhshi, from Talesh Mountain (Aubert et al., 2013); the other genus, Potthestia is 2017), Golpayegan River new to Iranian fauna as has been (Ebrahimnezhad and Allahbakhshi, reported from Russia as the closest area 2013), Marbor River (Karami et al., in Palearctic region to Iran (Ermolaeva, 2014) and Zayandehrood River 2009). (Ebrahimnezhad and Fakhri, 2005). The Among the genera collected from four remained genera reported in table 2 Chironominae subfamily, seven genera from Chironominae have been reported have been reported previously from once for the Iranian fauna which have Iran and the rest are introduced for the been reported from other parts of the first time for Iranian fauna. Chironomus world also; Robackia has been reported has been reported from Talesh as a European genus from Netherlands Mountains (Aubert et al., 2017), Lar (Balzer, 1997) which then its different river (Arkia et al., 2019), Hablehrood species were reported from Turkey River (Arkia et al., 2017), Jajrood River (Ozkan, 2002). Stenochironomus has (Arkia et al., 2016) in Tehran province, been reported from Brazil (Parise and Marbor River (Karami et al., 2014) and de Pinho, 2016), China (Qi et al., 2015) Zayandehrood River in Isfahan and Russia (Zarina, 2001). Omisus has

981 Houri Parvin et al., Diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) genera in… been reported in many species from Orthocladiinae to growth and adult many rivers and pools of Europe and removing from the water. In addition, North America (Mousavi, 2002) and egg-laying period in August would Finland (Passivirta, 2012). limit the sampling procedure (Garbary Constempellina has been reported from et al., 2009). In a similar study, Russia (Zorina, 2013), the United States seasonal changes of Chironomid (Rufer and Ferrington, 2007) and communities at three subfamilies level, Finland (Grimas and Wiederholm, Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and 1979) Tanypodinae were studied and it was According to the geographical shown that Chironominae community features of the sampling stations increased by decreasing temperature through Taleghan River, especially the through August to October, on the other height, it could be assumed that there hand, Orthocladiinae were more would be a great difference between abundant in April-July which some stations such as Barikan as the environmental temperature increased highest point and Esfaran as the lowest monthly which admitted the effect of (Table 1). As it shown in Table 2, these temperature on Chironomidae two stations on the two limits of height populations (Hirabayashi et al., 2004). had all the Chironomid subfamilies, so Arslan et al. (2010) reported it could be concluded that not only Chironomus, Cryptochironomus and height above the sea level could not be Microchironmus as the positive an effective factor on the abundance environmental indices, which are and distribution of Chironomidae, but tolerant to pollutants. also there would other factors such as The result of the abundance of the rural pollution, plant growth along the collected genera through different river, mean temperature of water, etc. stations (Table 3) showed different As the result showed some subfamilies effect of the sampling points on the such as Orthocladiinae and collected genera. As it has seen, Chironomonae have distributed in all sampling points had no significant the sampling points, which would be effect on the genera of Diamesinae, considered more resistant than other Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. subfamilies to abiotic factors of the Although, Chironominae had similar environment. As the result of the effect distribution among different stations of the month on the genera frequency except for Chironomus spp. which was showed, Orthocladiinae genera were significantly different in number and affected by the month, which would be distribution. the result of the environment According to the obtained results, temperature and water pollution. The more investigation about Chironomidae area in May is cooler and less polluted diversity in other branches of Taleghan where would be more suitable for River and other aquatic ecosystems of Orthocladiinae, on the other hand, high Iran is suggested. Further study to temperature in August would lead identify the species would be so helpful

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