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Stemmatology of a 16th Century Chronicle – A comparison of traditional and computer-assisted methods for creating stemmata of Paulus Juusten’s Catalogus et Ordinaria Successio Episcoporum Finlandensium Marko Halonen/013044150 Master’s thesis Tutors: Dr. Tuomas Heikkilä & Dr. Laura Kolbe General History Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki Tiedekunta/Osasto ҟ Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos ҟ Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos TekijäҏҟҏFörfattare – Author Marko Kalevi Halonen Työn nimiҏҟ Arbetets titel – Title Stemmatology of a 16th Century Chronicle – a comparison of traditional and computer-assisted methods for creating stemmata of Paulus Juusten’s Catalogus et Ordinaria Successio Episcoporum Finlandensium Oppiaine ҟ Läroämne – Subject Yleinen historia Työn lajiҏҟ Arbetets art – Level Aikaҏҟ Datum – Month and year Sivumääräҏҟ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma 6.3.2012 127 Tiivistelmäҏҟ Referat – Abstract Tutkielma tutkii Turun piispa Paulus Juustenin 1500-luvulla kirjoitettaman kronikan, Catalogus et Ordinaria Successio Episcoporum Finlandensium, käsikirjoitushistoriaa. Kronikka on yksi harvoista keskiajan Suomea käsittelevistä teoksista ja se esittelee järjestyksessä kaikki Turun piispat alkaen legendaarisesta Pyhästä Henrikistä ja päättyen 1500-luvulle. Samalla se sisältää ensiarvoisen tärkeää tietoa keskiajan Suomesta. Teos on säilynyt ainoastaan kopioina (13 käsikirjoitusta, yksi kadonneesta käsikirjoituksesta tehty 1700-luvun editio sekä katkelmia), jotka poikkeavat toisistaan sisällöllisesti. Nämä kopiot muodostavat eräänlaisen sukupuun, stemman, jota tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan: se pyritään rekonstruoimaan mahdollisimman todenmukaisesti. Kronikkaa ovat aiemmin tutkineet H. G. Porthan (1799), Wolfgang Schmidt (1942) ja Simo Heininen (1988), jotka myös julkaisivat kronikasta editioita ja käännöksiä. Ne kaikki edustivat aikansa parasta tutkimusta aiheesta, mutta perustuvat nykynäkökulmasta katsottuna puutteellisiin ja osin virheellisiinkin metodeihin. Tällä tutkielmalla on kaksi päätavoitetta: tutkia Juustenin kronikan tutkimushistoriaa sekä luoda uusia stemmoja käsikirjoitustraditiosta käyttäen useita stemmatologisia metodeja. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa luodaan kokonaiskatsaus Juustenin kronikan aikaisempaan tutkimukseen, stemmatologiseen metodologiaan ja esitellään kaikki kronikan säilyneet käsikirjoitukset, mukaan lukien tämän tutkimuksen aikana löydetty uusi käsikirjoitus sekä aikaisemmin vain vähän tutkitut katkelmat. Tämän katsauksen aikana osoitetaan selvästi, miksi aikaisempia Porthanin, Schmidtin ja Heinisen tulkintoja Juustenin kronikan stemmasta ei voida pitää oikeellisina. Ne kaikki ovat paitsi metodologisesti vanhanaikaisia, myös stemmatologisessa mielessä puutteellisia. Työn toisessa osassa rakennetaan stemmoja Juustenin kronikan käsikirjoitustraditiosta käyttäen sekä perinteisiä tekstikritiikin metodeja (Lachmann–Maas) että moderneja, tietokoneavusteisia metodeja. Sitten viimeisen Juustenin kronikan stemmatologisen tutkimuksen (Heininen 1988), stemmatologiassa on tapahtunut merkittävä paradigman muutos, joka edellyttää myös tietokoneavusteisten metodien käyttöä stemmojen luomisessa. Tietokoneavusteisia metodeja ei olekaan koskaan aiemmin käytetty luomaan stemmoja Juustenin kronikan traditiosta, mikä asettaa aikaisempien tutkijoiden tulokset entistä kyseenalaisemmaksi ja subjektiivisemmaksi. Stemmoja rakennettaessa vertaillaan eri käsikirjoitusten katkelmia toisiinsa ja pyritään päättelemään käsikirjoitusten väliset kopiointisuhteet. Eri metodein aikaansaatuja stemmoja verrataan toisiinsa ja tehdään johtopäätöksiä stemmojen välisistä eroavaisuuksista. Tutkimuksessa käytetään perinteisen, tutkijan manuaalisesti tekemän stemman lisäksi kuutta tietokoneavusteista metodia (PAUP maximum parsimony, PAUP neighbour-joining, RHM, Splitstree, Roelli–Bachmann ja Semstem). Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että tietokoneavusteisilla metodeilla on mahdollista saada aikaan yhtä tarkkoja tai jopa tarkempia tuloksia kuin perinteisillä metodeilla, käyttäen vain murto-osan perinteisten metodien viemästä ajasta. Tämä avaa aivan uusia ulottuvuuksia Juustenin kronikan sekä yleisesti vanhojen tekstien tutkimukseen. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Stemmatologia, käsikirjoitukset, kronikat, Paulus Juusten Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Index 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Background ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Paulus Juusten ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.2. The Chronicle ............................................................................................................................. 8 4. Methods ...........................................................................................................................................11 4.1. Stemmatology ...........................................................................................................................11 4.1.1. Traditional textual criticism (Lachmann-Maas) ...................................................................14 4.1.2. Other approaches to textual criticism ..................................................................................17 4.1.3. Modern computer-assisted stemmatology ...........................................................................20 4.2. Palaeography, codicology and philology ....................................................................................25 4.5. Creating stemmata of Juusten’s chronicle ...................................................................................29 5. Manuscripts of the Chronicle .........................................................................................................33 5.1. Manuscript B .............................................................................................................................34 5.2. Manuscript D.............................................................................................................................36 5.3. Manuscript Eo ...........................................................................................................................38 5.4. Manuscript Ec ...........................................................................................................................40 5.5. Manuscript G.............................................................................................................................41 5.6. Manuscript Gb ...........................................................................................................................43 5.7. Manuscript L .............................................................................................................................44 5.8. Manuscript Lb ...........................................................................................................................46 5.9. Manuscript M ............................................................................................................................47 5.10. Manuscript P ...........................................................................................................................49 5.11. Manuscript Q ...........................................................................................................................50 5.12. Manuscript R ...........................................................................................................................51 5.13. Manuscript S ...........................................................................................................................52 5.14. Manuscript V ...........................................................................................................................53 5.15. Manuscript X ...........................................................................................................................54 6. Editions and Translations of the Chronicle ....................................................................................56 6.1. Christian von Nettelbladt ...........................................................................................................56 6.2. Henrik Gabriel Porthan ..............................................................................................................56 6.3. Wolfgang Schmidt .....................................................................................................................58 6.4. Simo Heininen ...........................................................................................................................61 7. Stemma using non-computer-assisted methods ..............................................................................68 7.1. The group GbQRSV under hyparcherype γ ................................................................................74 7.1.1. Manuscripts S and V in the stemma ....................................................................................79
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