Selection of the Lusitano Horse F Breed

Selection of the Lusitano horse breed António Andrade Vicente

Lusitano horse Feira, Enköping – Sweden, September 9th 2016 Portuguese Autochthonous Breeds 4 Equines 2 Donkeys

Burro de Garrano Miranda

Pónei da Burro da TiTerceira GiGraciosa

Sorraia

Lusitano Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • His name appear in 1942 for horses born in Portugal, with morphological and functional characteristics of the breed and with a pedigree which allowed his register (Monteiro, 1983). “Hot blooded, like the Arabian and Thoroughbred, the Lusitano horse is the ppy,roduct of a selection of thousands years, which guarantees an empathy with the rider suppyerior than any modern breed. "(in: http://www.cavalo-lusitano.com/cavalo-lusitano/historial/)

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Main equine native breed from Portugal . Others are the Sorraia, Terceira and Garrano poneys; • World's oldest saddle horse! • CnsidrdinncinttimsbConsidered in ancient times, by GrksndGreeks and Romans as the world's best saddle horse • HblddHotblooded horse . Unlike warmbloods and coldbloods • Selected by the “gineta” combat • Versatile, docile, agile, courageous

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Historically very particular conditions, favorable to horse breeding, in southwest Europe : . Last glaciation of Würm without full effect . Continued contact with man husbandry • Historical records with thousands of years confirming the presence in the IP of a fine horse, light, agile, hot-blooded . with continuity lines, with fine head, long, dry, slightly convex, ... • Always indicated as fast ((son“son of the wind" ) • Skilled for superior riding and masterly fighting ith“in the “gitineta”t” type comb at .

Cordeiro, 1989 Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Result of the selection of thousands years as an horse for hunting and fighting: . wars, cattle herding, fighting the gineta

• It is the archetype of the Baroque horse . very typical and harmonious model, endowed with extreme courage, but at the same time, docility and sociability . recognized long ago as one of the world's best saddle horses • Combining good temper and mental with easy and light movements.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano influence in world breeds

• Almost all modern breeds of horses, all over the world, have their origins with Iberian blood . All breeds in the Americas (eg Mustang, Quarter Horse,,pp Appaloosa, Seminola,,y Cayuse, Mangggalarga Marchador, Criollo, Campolina, ...)

. Thoroughbred foundation comes from Iberian mares covered by horses from Arabia, Turkey and Morocco . In the formation of famous Lipizzanners horses

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Distribution of the breed

• Around 4000-5000 breeding mares all over the world , distributed by (APSL, 2011): . Portugal (1800-2000) . Brazil (1000-1200) . France (500-600) . The remaining in several other countries • Breed considered endangered by FAO (<5000 ♀) • Main export and promotion product of rural areas from Portugal, alongside with wine, olive oil and cork; Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Distribution of births

• Total Births in Portugal over time: . 35206 animals (up to 2009)

SANTAREM 40.77 LISBOA 13.40 PORTALEGRE 11.70 EVORA 10.31 SETUBAL 7.87 BEJA 6.31 ento PORTO 1821.82 AVEIRO 1.55 CASTELOBRANCO 1.51 LEIRIA 1.27 COIMBRA 1.13

o de nascim FARO 0.72 tt ACORES 0.72 BRAGA 0.42

Distri VILAREAL 0.16 VISEU 0.13 VIANACASTELO 0.11 GUARDA 0.10 BRAGANCA 0.01 0 1020304050 % de nascimento/distrito

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano world dissemination

• Births of Lusitano horses in 32 different countries . Presence and use much wider in the globe

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente World spread outside Portugal

BRASIL FRANCA Births outside Portugal ESPANHA MEXICO

11.8 BELGICA ALEMANHA SPA 9.7 GB ITALIA MEX HOLANDA NICARAGU 3.3 BEL CANADA SUECIA 26.6 1.5 GER 1.5 GB SUICA TAILANDI FRA 0.9 0.6 NAMIBIA EUA

GUATEMAL MONACO

AUSTRIA AUSTRALI

AFRICASU HAITI BRA EQUADOR COLOMBIA 42.7 BAHAMAS DINAMARC

GRECIA BARBADOS

• 4 main countries (BRA, FRA, SPA, MEX) ~91% FINLANDI HUNGRIA REPDOM

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Functional skills of the Lusitano • Outstanding versatility: . Bullfighting . Dressage . Carriage . Workinggq Equitation . Portuguese Equitation . Showjumping . Horse-bllball . Vaulting . Eventing . TREC . Equestrian art . Fieldwork . Cinema . Mdl&Model & ga its comp. . Beauty comp. .... Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Functional skills of the Lusitano

• An expert performer in: . Bullfighting . Equestrian art . Working Equitation . Fieldwork, leisure • Good performance in: . Cinema . Carriage . Dressage

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano horse in Bullfighting

• Considered by many as the best bullfighting horse in the world!

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano horse in Bullfighting

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Working Equitation

• Equestrian discipline which suites perfectly to this breed and fundamental in selection practices of breeding stock: . More obdbjective data . Comparison of results between animals / countries, etc. . We can well evidenced the Lusitano horse characteristics . Important in countries where there is no bullfighting on horseback

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Working Equitation

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente WE - Lusitano presence in EC and WC

• World Cup 2002 (POR) . 12/32 horses = 37. 5% • European Championship 2005 (ESP) . 5/22 horses = 22.7% • World Cup 2006 (POR) . Horses 10/27 = 37% • European Championship 2007 (GB) . Horses 10/25 = 40% • European Championship 2008 (ITA) . 19/32 horses = 59. 4%

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano presence in EC and WC

• European Championship 2009 (POR) . 10/16 horses = 62. 5% • European Championship 2010 (ITA) . 10/24 horses = 41. 7% • World Championship 2011 (FRA) . Horses 15/25 = 60% • European Championship 2013 (ITA) . 12/19 horses = 63.2% •World Champppionship 2014 ( ()AUT) . 12/28 horses = 42.9% • European Championship 2016 (GER) . 15/33 horses = 45.45% Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano presence in EC and WC

• Overall, and with the records available, between 2002 and 2016: . From a total of 283 horses in competition  130 were LUSITANOS

• ~46% of Lusitanos in international competitions between all breeds

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Dressage

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Carriage Driving • 2 times 4-in-hand world champions

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Carriage Driving

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Studbook (SB) • First named as “Livro Genealógico Português de Equinos” – in 1967 by APCRS . Separation from Spain in 1942 with the foundation of the PRE/Andalusian SB • Initial register till 1989 – Open SB . Annex book (PRE, unknown origin) • December 1989 published Vol. I of Lusitano SB by APCRS: . SB was “closed” (artº18); . Creation of APSL; . APSL published Vols. II, III and IV . Actually online access: www.cavalo-lusitano.com Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Studbook • Composition of the SB: . Births section (LN)  Since 1992 with parentage testing by blood groups and from 1998 by genotype (DNA) . Breeders Section (LA)  After grading / classification for males / females  Till 1989 – 1st register - Annex  Since 1990 only from LN . Merit section (LM)  Recognized/lld progeny / curriculum qualities

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Selection phases • According to APSL 3 stages of selection: 1. Grading of breeders to LA 2. Recommended breeder (awards morphofunctional qualities) 3. Merit breeder (progeny and h2) •Model and ggmpaits competitions

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval • Necessary conditions of animals : . Registered on LN; . Name started by the letter of the year (A – 2005);  EEgK,Wxcluding K, Y e W . With microchip and optionally hot iron branded; . Identi ty wi th breed standard characteri sti cs; . Three or more years of age; . Must not have any blemishes or defects whose inheritance is to be feared; . Morpho-functional integgyrity of the g enitals; . Carrying out a semen analysis . Presentation offD ID docum ent . Cryptorchidism (unilateral or bilateral) not registered

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval

•Males: . Public presentations for approval  Group of 3 judges (except outside Portugal) . Presented ridden on the 3 gaits . Evaluation of morphology without saddle . Height at w ithers measurement . Digital photo • Females: . Approved at breeder/owner place . By 1 or 2 judges of APSL (Techn. Sec. ) . Presented in hand . Some public approvals

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders grading

• APSL Document to register breeders to SB

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders grading

• Evaluation grid for breeders section: . Not approved with one 4, two 5 or three 6.  Animal not approved com be reanalyzed

TRAITS Coef. Head and Neck 1 Shoulders and withers 1 Chest and ribcage 1 BkBack an dld loin 1,5 Croup 1 Legs 151,5 Overall impression 1,5 Gaits 1,5 NOTE: With new SB rul es (2016) there will be a subdivision of the marks given TOTAL 10

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval

• Since 2010 animals approval in two different phases: 1st Mandatory (as explained before):  Animalbls subjecte d to morpho-fllfunctional approval and scored by APSL grid by members of the Registration Committee (judges)

2nd Optio na l:  For animals approved in 1st phase  Min imum age o f 6 years  Performing 4 different tests

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval – 2nd Phase

• 4 different tests: 1. APSL morphological grid evaluation test  Evaluation of gaits in freedom 2. Dressage test  Dressage C1 FEP; or  Debutants test of Working Equitation 3. Free test  Choice of the owner at different equestrian areas 4. Ridden test  By professional riders previously selected by APSL

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Different levels of breeders

• Distribution of approved breeders by different levels: . Breeder < 72 pts – 1st phase . Breeder * ≥ 72pts – 1st phase . Breeder ** > 65% e < 80% – 2nd phase . Breeder *** ≥ 80% – 2nd phase • Recommended breeder (****): . Approved to LA . Minimum of 6 yr age . EhiEmphasis on diff diffterent areas o fftilitf functionality:  Equestrian art, carriage, eventing, dressage, Portuguese equitat ion, work i ng equi tati on, horse-ball, endurance, showjumping and bullfighting  suffix added to the name of the animal Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Different levels of breeders

• Recommended breeder (****) in Model and Gaits (from 2016): . Requirements  at least breeder* and HW >1,55

- FEIRA NACIONAL DO CAVALO FESTIVAL INTERNACIONAL do CAVALO -EXPOÉGUA Approval as LUSITANO OR SIMILAR (ABROAD) - FEIRA NAC. DA AGRICULTURA breeder (mares with foals) - FEIRA CAVALO – PONTE DE LIMA

2 MEDALS (GOLD OR SILVER) IN 2 YEARS OR OR 3 GOLD MEDALS IN 3 YEARS OR DIFFERENT EVENTS* DIFFERENT EVENTS* > 72 PTS

and 1 GOLD MEDAL AND 2 GOLD MEDALS

> 1551,55 m * Obtained in a ridden class. For females only mandatory after 2019.

Note: changes from last rules in places, nb of medals and mandatory ridden classes. classes.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Different levels of breeders

• Merit breeder (*****): . Animal that passes his/her superior qualities to the offspring . Minimum of 12 registered offspring (♂) or 4 (♀) on LN and 6 (♂) or 2 (♀) on LA . Males:  If Recommended **** having 3 sons with level of Recommended**** (from 2 ≠♀);  If not Recommended**** must have 4 sons with level of Recommended**** (from 3 ≠♀); . FlFemales:  If Recommended **** having 2 sons with level of Recommended**** (from 2 ≠♂);  If not Recommended**** must have 3 sons with level of Recommended**** (from 2 ≠♂);

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeding possibilities • Nb of mares that can be served by a stallion/year: . Until December 2003:  40♀/ma le w ith an y level of bree der . From 2004 to 2006:  10♀ for a breeder  40♀ for a Recommended breeder  80♀ for a Merit breeder  + 10 ♀ for a son of a merit breeder

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeding possibilities (II)

• Nb of mares that can be served by a stallion/year: . From 2007 to 2009:  40♀ for a breeder  no limmfit for reco mmended and m erit breeders  + 10 ♀ for a son of a merit breeder (50♀) . FFmrom 2010:  20♀ for a breeder with zero or 1*  40♀ for a breeder of 2 or 3*  no limit for recommended and merit breeders  + 10 ♀ for a son of a recommended or a merit breeder (50♀) until 10 yr o f age or un til c la ssifie d a s Reco mmen de d or Mer it.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Reproduction practices allowed

• Until 1997 only registered offspring from natural mating . In hand or in freedom • Since 1997 authorized the use of AI . In the beginning only with fresh or cooled semen . From 2001 also with frozen semen • Since 2010 embryo transfer authorized . OlOnly 3 pro ducts /year from a same donor mare, even after dead . AliitdbfbAn unlimited number of embryos can bfbe frozen an d preserved

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Demographic parameters •Objective . Demographic characterization of the Lusitano

• Why and importance? . Estimate indicators of genetic variability based on pedigree information (Caballero and Toro, 2000)

. Studyyy evolution and dynamic of breed structure, census, animals, etc (Gutiérrez et al., 2003)

. Fundamental and basic aspect, essential for the development of a correct strategy of conservation and improvement of animal genetic resources (FAO, 1998; Gama, 2002)

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Demography in the Lusitano • Material and methods: . DtbDatabase f rom thPthe Port uguese N Ntiationa l horse Reggy()istry (RNE) Managed by Fundação Alter Real (FAR)  DldihAPSLifData completed with APSL info. . Informati on edi ted and vali dated  Big Pedigree file – 53417 animals born between 1824 and 2009

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Material and methods (cont.)

• Demographic parameters estimated based on a reference population . All animals born between 2005 and 2009 (n=9712) • Demographic analysis . software developed specifically for this purpose (Carolino and Gama, 2002) . ENDOG software, v4.8 (Gutierrez e Goyache, 2005). • Inbreeding calculated based on the relationship matrix between all individuals (Van Vleck, 1993) . F/year: regression coef. of individual inbreeding in the year of birth

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Evolution of registrations on SB

3000 900

800 Poldros 2500 Garanhões 700

2000 Éguas 600

Coudelarias 500 nimals studs aa 1500 400

1000 300 Nb of Nb of

200 500 100

0 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Year

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Registration of males to LA

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % de Garanhões Aprovados ao LA % de Machos Reprovados ao LA • Overall mean failure rate of 11.0% Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Registration of females to LA

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%

55%

50% 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 % de Fêmeas Aprovadas ao LA % de Fêmeas Reprovadas ao LA • Overall mean failure rate of 1.3% Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Age of sires and dams with offspring

6000

Garanhões Éguas 5000 Mean: 11. 33±5235.23; 919.71±4484.48 4000

fspring ± ± ff 3000 1st son: 7.30 3.62 ; 5.44 2.04

2000 Nb of o

1000

Age at the birth of offspring (years)

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Reproductive use of stallions

• 44% with 1 son and 83% with 5 or less

2500 µ = 13.13 ± 22.53 9000 Nº Garanhões 8000 Nº Poldros 2000 7000

6000 1500 tallions

5000 oals ss ff

4000

Nb of 1000 Nb of 3000

2000 500

1000

0 0

Nb of offspring per stallion

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Dispersion of coat color in Lusitano SB

23,98%

Ruça Castanha 4,98% Baia Preta 4,63% 16,12% Lazã Isabel 3,39% Rucilha 1,41% Palomina 0,76% 59,90% Rosilha 0,48% Rata 0,26% Branca 0,14% Malhada 0,06% 0,00%

Ches- Creme Palomi- Red Black Dun Grey Bay Bay roan Sorel Piebald White nut llo no Roan

% Total 4,63 3,39 1,41 0,48 4,98 59,90 23,98 0,26 0,76 0,14 0,00 0,06 %>1989 4,69 3,15 1,65 0,63 5,80 60,64 22,25 0,26 0,78 0,12 0,01 0,05 Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Generations interval in Lusitano

Generation Interval (years) L L mean

Stallions 11.33 ± 5.23 10.52 Mares 9.71 ± 4.48

Sires of stallions 10.79 ± 5.45

Dams of stallions 10.98 ± 5.23 10.28 Sires of mares 9.76 ± 4.50

Dams of mares 9.59 ± 4.46

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Pedigree completeness

Animals born between 2005 and 2009 (Ref. populations)

GGP: 100 .0 GP: 100.0 GGM: 100.0 FhFather: 100 1000.0 GGP : 100.0 GM: 100.0 Nb animals GGM : 100.0 9712 GGP : 100.0 GP: 100.0 GGM : 100.0 Mother: 100.0 GGP : 100.0 GM: 100.0 GGM : 100 . 0

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Number of known generations

11 10 • Nger = 11.35 9 (2008) s nn 8

eratio 6 nn 5

Nb Ge 3

0 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 1850 1854 1858 1862 1866 1870 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934

Year of birth

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Inbreeding and relationship

In 2008: Fx=11,6%; AR=17,6% e ARstuds=37,1%

31 % 26 Consanguinidade

21 Relação de Parentesco Média RlRelaç ão de Paren tesco den tro de Cou dldelar ias 16

6 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990

Year of birth

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Inbreeding evolution since 1989

10 %

From 9,0% in 1989 to 11,6% in 2008 8

6 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Year of birth

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Inbreeding distribution

100%

90%

80% >25 class

70% 20-25 60%

mals per 15-20 ii 50% 10-15 40%

ion of an 5-10 tt 30%

20% 0-5 Propor 110%0%

0% 50 60 70 80 90 00 Decade of birth

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Inbreeding and effective Pop. size

RfReference Pop. Studied parameters (n=9712, 2005-09)

Nb known generations 11.20 ± 0.71

MIbdiMean Inbreeding coef. (%) 11. 34 ± 7487.48

Animals with Fx ≠ 0 (%) 100.00

F/year (%) 0.1728 ± 0.0701

F/generation (%) 1781.78

Effective population size 28.15

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Genetic Contributions

100

80 Fundadores

(%) 70 ss Ascendentes 60

ribution 50 2 studs tt Coudelarias fundadoras

40 6 Ancestors

etic con 30 nn

Ge 14 Founders 20

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

Nb of animals / studs

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Main ancestors of the breed

Name Year of birth Marginal contribution (%) Accumulated (%) AGARENO 1931 25.26 25.26 SOLO 1893 7.71 32.97 PRINCIPE VIII 1943 6106.10 39.07 GEREZ 1905 5.96 45.03 CAROCHA III 1927 4.41 49.44 Agareno Barreto, 1999 CCUJOARTUJANO 1928 3.1 6 55.62.61 BARQUEIRA I 1913 2.65 55.26 PRIMOROSO 1927 2.39 57.65 DESTINADO IV 1930 2.34 59.99 SEGURA 1943 2.13 62.12 PríncipeVIII Andrade, 1954 FEHRAN 1895 1.84 63.96 MACHAQUITO 1900 1.82 65.77 VISCAINA 1933 1601.60 67.37 WHISKY 1947 1.57 68.94 SULTAO I 1942 1.34 70.28 MARIALVA II 1930 1.31 71.59 Solo Andrade, 1954 REGEDOR 1923 1.24 72.83 RECELOSO 1900 1.20 74.03 ALMIRANTE 1870 1.07 75.10 VENTERA I 1933 1021.02 76.13 ROLA 1915 0.92 77.04 DIPLOMATICA 1900 0.88 77.93 Cartujano Andrade, 1954 Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Evol. of ancestors contributions

70 SEGURA

60 DESTINADO IV

PRIMOROSO 50 on (%) BARQUEIRA I

40 CARTUJANO ntributi oo CAROCHA III 30

GEREZ netic c

ee 20 PRINCIPE VIII G

SOLO 10

AGARENO

0 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09

Years in study

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Conclusions Demography • Demographic parameters . Increase in Lusitano census in Portugal and abroad . Ddiifti(100)Deep pedigree information (>100 years) . High number of stallions used  Low number of offsppgpring per stallion – Low selection intensity – Can reduce increase in inbreeding . Longgg generation interval ( ~10 y r) • Genetic variability . Intermediate levels of inbreedingg( (~11%) . All animals are inbreed . High F  0. 173%/yr  1.78%/gen. . Low effective population size (~28) . Genetic contribution of founders and ancestors progressively higher and higher Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Acknowledgements

•Fundaçç()ão Alter Real (FAR) •APSL • Portuguese Equestrian Federation

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente References I

• APSL (2011) – Catálogo’11. Ed. Associação Portuguesa de Criadores do Cavalo Puro Sangue Lusitano. • BldBoldman, KLKiK., L. Kriese, LVL. Van VlkCVVleck, C. Van T assell lldSKh and S. Kachman S . (1995). A Manual for Use of MTDFREML. A set of programs to obtain estimates of variances and covariances. USA. • Caballero A. and Toro M. 2000. Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations . Genetical Research 75, 331-343. • Carolino, N. e Gama, L. T. (2002) – Manual de Utilização de Software para a Gestão de Recursos Genéticos Animais, Estação Zootécnica Naci ona l, In stitu to Nac iona l de Inve stigaç ão Agr ár ia e Pe sca s, Portugal (policopiado). •FAO (()1998) -Secondaryyp Guidelines for Development of National Farm Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans: Management of small populations at risk, FAO. Rome. • Gama, L . T . (2002) – Melhoramento genético animal. Escolar Editora . 306pp.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente References II

• Gama, L. T, Matos, C. P. e Carolino, N. (2004). Modelos Mistos em Melhoramento Animal. Arquivos Veterinários, Nº7, Direcção Geral de Veterinária - Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e Pescas, Portugal. • Gutierrez J.P., and Goyache F. 2005. A note on ENDOG: a computer program flidiiftifor analysing pedigree information. JlfAilJournal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 122, 172-176. • Gutiérrez,,, J.P., Altarriba,,, J., Díaz,,,Q C., Quintanilla ,,, R., Cañón, J. Piedrafita, J. (2003) - Pedigree analysis of eight Spanish beef cattle breeds. Genetics, Selection and Evolution, 35: 43-63. • Molina, A ., Valera , M., dos Santos, R. and Rodero, A. (1999). Genetic parameters of morphofunctional traits in Andalusian horse. Livestock Production Science. 60: 295-303. • SAS Institute 2004. SAS® 9.1.2 ffdfor Microsoft Windows. SAS International, Heidelberg, Germany.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente References III

• Saatamoinen, M. e Barrey, E. (2000) Genetics of conformation. locomotion and physiological traits. In: The genetics of the horse. Eds Bowling, A. T. e Ruvinsky, ACABIA. CABI Publishing. Pp 439 -472. • Van Vleck, L.D. (1993). Selection Index and Introduction to Mixed Model Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. • Viklund, A., Näsholm, A., Strandberg, E. e Philipsson, J. (2011). Genetic trends for performance of Swedish Warmblood horses. Livestock Science . 141: 113 -122.

Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Selection in Lusitano

Obrigado

FCULisboa, 18 de Setembro de 2008 Vicente et al.