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Selection of the Lusitano horse breed António Andrade Vicente Lusitano horse Feira, Enköping – Sweden, September 9th 2016 Portuguese Autochthonous Breeds 4 Equines 2 Donkeys Burro de Garrano Miranda Pónei da Burro da TiTerceira GiGraciosa Sorraia Lusitano Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • His name appear in 1942 for horses born in Portugal, with morphological and functional characteristics of the breed and with a pedigree which allowed his register (Monteiro, 1983). “Hot blooded, like the Arabian and Thoroughbred, the Lusitano horse is the ppy,roduct of a selection of thousands years, which guarantees an empathy with the rider suppyerior than any modern breed. "(in: http://www.cavalo-lusitano.com/cavalo-lusitano/historial/) Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Main equine native breed from Portugal . Others are the Sorraia, Terceira and Garrano poneys; • World's oldest saddle horse! • CnsidrdinncinttimsbConsidered in ancient times, by GrksndGreeks and Romans as the world's best saddle horse • HblddHotblooded horse . Unlike warmbloods and coldbloods • Selected by the “gineta” combat • Versatile, docile, agile, courageous Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Historically very particular conditions, favorable to horse breeding, in southwest Europe : . Last glaciation of Würm without full effect . Continued contact with man husbandry • Historical records with thousands of years confirming the presence in the IP of a fine horse, light, agile, hot-blooded . with continuity lines, with fine head, long, dry, slightly convex, ... • Always indicated as fast ((son“son of the wind" ) • Skilled for superior riding and masterly fighting ith“in the “gitineta”t” type comb a t. Cordeiro, 1989 Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Horse • Result of the selection of thousands years as an horse for hunting and fighting: . wars, cattle herding, fighting the gineta • It is the archetype of the Baroque horse . very typical and harmonious model, endowed with extreme courage, but at the same time, docility and sociability . recognized long ago as one of the world's best saddle horses • Combining good temper and mental with easy and light movements. Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano influence in world breeds • Almost all modern breeds of horses, all over the world, have their origins with Iberian blood . All breeds in the Americas (eg Mustang, Quarter Horse,,pp Appaloosa, Seminola,,y Cayuse, Mangggalarga Marchador, Criollo, Campolina, ...) . Thoroughbred foundation comes from Iberian mares covered by horses from Arabia, Turkey and Morocco . In the formation of famous Lipizzanners horses Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Distribution of the breed • Around 4000-5000 breeding mares all over the world , distributed by (APSL, 2011): . Portugal (1800-2000) . Brazil (1000-1200) . France (500-600) . The remaining in several other countries • Breed considered endangered by FAO (<5000 ♀) • Main export and promotion product of rural areas from Portugal, alongside with wine, olive oil and cork; Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Distribution of births • Total Births in Portugal over time: . 35206 animals (up to 2009) SANTAREM 40. 77 LISBOA 13.40 PORTALEGRE 11.70 EVORA 10.31 SETUBAL 7.87 BEJA 6.31 ento PORTO 1821.82 AVEIRO 1.55 CASTELOBRANCO 1.51 LEIRIA 1.27 COIMBRA 1.13 o de nascim FARO 0.72 tt ACORES 0.72 BRAGA 0.42 Distri VILAREAL 0.16 VISEU 0.13 VIANACASTELO 0.11 GUARDA 0.10 BRAGANCA 0.01 0 1020304050 % de nascimento/distrito Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano world dissemination • Births of Lusitano horses in 32 different countries . Presence and use much wider in the globe Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente World spread outside Portugal BRASIL FRANCA Births outside Portugal ESPANHA MEXICO 11.8 BELGICA ALEMANHA SPA 9.7 GB ITALIA MEX HOLANDA NICARAGU 3.3 BEL CANADA SUECIA 26.6 1.5 GER 1.5 GB SUICA TAILANDI FRA 0.9 0.6 NAMIBIA EUA GUATEMAL MONACO AUSTRIA AUSTRALI AFRICASU HAITI BRA EQUADOR COLOMBIA 42.7 BAHAMAS DINAMARC GRECIA BARBADOS • 4 main countries (BRA, FRA, SPA, MEX) ~91% FINLANDI HUNGRIA REPDOM Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Functional skills of the Lusitano • Outstanding versatility: . Bullfighting . Dressage . Carriage . Workinggq Equitation . Portuguese Equitation . Showjumping . Horse-bllball . Vaulting . Eventing . TREC . Equestrian art . Fieldwork . Cinema . Mdl&Model & ga its comp. Beauty comp. .... Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Functional skills of the Lusitano • An expert performer in: . Bullfighting . Equestrian art . Working Equitation . Fieldwork, leisure • Good performance in: . Cinema . Carriage . Dressage Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano horse in Bullfighting • Considered by many as the best bullfighting horse in the world! Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano horse in Bullfighting Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Working Equitation • Equestrian discipline which suites perfectly to this breed and fundamental in selection practices of breeding stock: . More obdbjective data . Comparison of results between animals / countries, etc. We can well evidenced the Lusitano horse characteristics . Important in countries where there is no bullfighting on horseback Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Working Equitation Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Working Equitation Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente WE - Lusitano presence in EC and WC • World Cup 2002 (POR) . 12/32 horses = 37. 5% • European Championship 2005 (ESP) . 5/22 horses = 22.7% • World Cup 2006 (POR) . Horses 10/27 = 37% • European Championship 2007 (GB) . Horses 10/25 = 40% • European Championship 2008 (ITA) . 19/32 horses = 59. 4% Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano presence in EC and WC • European Championship 2009 (POR) . 10/16 horses = 62. 5% • European Championship 2010 (ITA) . 10/24 horses = 41. 7% • World Championship 2011 (FRA) . Horses 15/25 = 60% • European Championship 2013 (ITA) . 12/19 horses = 63.2% •World Champppionship 2014 ( ()AUT) . 12/28 horses = 42.9% • European Championship 2016 (GER) . 15/33 horses = 45.45% Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano presence in EC and WC • Overall, and with the records available, between 2002 and 2016: . From a total of 283 horses in competition 130 were LUSITANOS • ~46% of Lusitanos in international competitions between all breeds Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Dressage Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Dressage Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Carriage Driving • 2 times 4-in-hand world champions Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano in Carriage Driving Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Studbook (SB) • First named as “Livro Genealógico Português de Equinos” – in 1967 by APCRS . Separation from Spain in 1942 with the foundation of the PRE/Andalusian SB • Initial register till 1989 – Open SB . Annex book (PRE, unknown origin) • December 1989 published Vol. I of Lusitano SB by APCRS: . SB was “closed” (artº18); . Creation of APSL; . APSL published Vols. II, III and IV . Actually online access: www.cavalo-lusitano.com Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Lusitano Studbook • Composition of the SB: . Births section (LN) Since 1992 with parentage testing by blood groups and from 1998 by genotype (DNA) . Breeders Section (LA) After grading / classification for males / females Till 1989 – 1st register - Annex Since 1990 only from LN . Merit section (LM) Recognized/lld progeny / curriculum qualities Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Selection phases • According to APSL 3 stages of selection: 1. Grading of breeders to LA 2. Recommended breeder (awards morphofunctional qualities) 3. Merit breeder (progeny and h2) •Model and ggmpaits competitions Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval • Necessary conditions of animals : . Registered on LN; . Name started by the letter of the year (A – 2005); EEgK,Wxcluding K, Y e W . With microchip and optionally hot iron branded; . Identi ty wi th breed standard characteri sti cs; . Three or more years of age; . Must not have any blemishes or defects whose inheritance is to be feared; . Morpho-functional integgyrity of the g enitals; . Carrying out a semen analysis . Presentation offD ID docum ent . Cryptorchidism (unilateral or bilateral) not registered Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval •Males: . Public presentations for approval Group of 3 judges (except outside Portugal) . Presented ridden on the 3 gaits . Evaluation of morphology without saddle . Height at w ithers measurement . Digital photo • Females: . Approved at breeder/owner place . By 1 or 2 judges of APSL (Techn. Sec. ) . Presented in hand . Some public approvals Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders grading • APSL Document to register breeders to SB Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders grading • Evaluation grid for breeders section: . Not approved with one 4, two 5 or three 6. Animal not approved com be reanalyzed TRAITS Coef. Head and Neck 1 Shoulders and withers 1 Chest and ribcage 1 BkBack an dld loin 1,5 Croup 1 Legs 151,5 Overall impression 1,5 Gaits 1,5 NOTE: With new SB rul es (2016) there will be a subdivision of the marks given TOTAL 10 Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval • Since 2010 animals approval in two different phases: 1st Mandatory (as explained before): Animalbls subjecte d to morpho-fllfunctional approval and scored by APSL grid by members of the Registration Committee (judges) 2nd Optio na l: For animals approved in 1st phase Min imum age o f 6 years Performing 4 different tests Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Breeders approval – 2nd Phase • 4 different tests: 1. APSL morphological grid evaluation test Evaluation of gaits in freedom 2. Dressage test Dressage C1 FEP; or Debutants test of Working Equitation 3. Free test Choice of the owner at different equestrian areas 4. Ridden test By professional riders previously selected by APSL Sweden, 9/9/2016 A. Vicente Different levels of breeders • Distribution of approved breeders by different levels: . Breeder < 72 pts – 1st phase . Breeder * ≥ 72pts – 1st phase . Breeder ** > 65% e < 80% – 2nd phase . Breeder *** ≥ 80% – 2nd phase • Recommended breeder (****): . Approved to LA . Minimum of 6 yr age .
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  • Explicit Evidence for a Missense Mutation in Exon 4 of SLC45A2 Gene Causing the Pearl Coat Dilution in Horses

    Explicit Evidence for a Missense Mutation in Exon 4 of SLC45A2 Gene Causing the Pearl Coat Dilution in Horses

    SHORT COMMUNICATION doi: 10.1111/age.12784 Explicit evidence for a missense mutation in exon 4 of SLC45A2 gene causing the pearl coat dilution in horses N. Sevane , C. R. Sanz and S. Dunner Departamento de Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain. Summary Four loci seem responsible for the dilution of the basic coat colours in horse: Dun (D), Silver Dapple (Z), Champagne (CH) and Cream (C). Apart from the current phenotypes ascribed to these loci, pearl has been described as yet another diluted coat colour in this species. To date, this coat colour seems to segregate only in the Iberian breeds Purebred Spanish horse and Lusitano and has also been described in breeds of Iberian origin, such as Quarter Horses and Paint Horse, where it is referred to as the ‘Barlink Factor’. This phenotype segregates in an autosomal recessive manner and resembles some of the coat colours produced by the champagne CHCH and cream CCr alleles, sometimes being difficult to distinguish among them. The interaction between compound heterozygous for the pearl Cprl and cream CCr alleles makes SLC45A2 the most plausible candidate gene for the pearl phenotype in horses. Our results provide documented evidence for the missense variation in exon 4 [SLC45A2: c.985G>A; SLC45A2:p.(Ala329Thr)] as the causative mutation for the pearl coat colour. In addition, it is most likely involved as well in the cremello, perlino and smoky cream like phenotypes associated with the compound CCr and Cprl heterozygous genotypes (known as cream pearl in the Purebred Spanish horse breed). The characterization of the pearl mutation allows breeders to identify carriers of the Cprl allele and to select this specific coat colour according to personal preferences, market demands or studbook requirements as well as to verify segregation within particular pedigrees.