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Muscari Neglectum Guss. E M. Atlanticum Boiss. Et Reuter (Hyacinthaceae)

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Muscari Neglectum Guss. E M. Atlanticum Boiss. Et Reuter (Hyacinthaceae) INFORMATORE BOTANICO ITALIANO, 35 (2) 329-336, 2003 329 Muscari neglectum Guss. e M. atlanticum Boiss. et Reuter (Hyacinthaceae). Tipi, caratteristiche e considerazioni sulle due specie F. GARBARI ABSTRACT - Muscari neglectum Guss. and M. Atlanticum Boiss. et Reuter (Hyacinthaceae). Types, characters and com- ments on the two species - On the basis of morphological, anatomical and cytological investigations and of the re-examina- tion of the nomenclatural types of Muscari neglectum (NAP) and M. atlanticum (G), it was assumed that the latter species is not present in the Italian flora. All the specimens previously referred to as M. atlanticum for Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) must be included in M. neglectum, an extremely polimorphic unit with a wide range of ploidy levels through the whole Mediterranean basin. Some taxonomic and nomenclatural aspects of the complex remain to be solved by adequate modern biosystematic investigations. Key words : Italian flora, Muscari Ricevuto il 30 Settembre 2002 Accettato il 21 Gennaio 2003 INTRODUZIONE La identificazione dei Muscari della flora italiana endemita dei dintorni del Lago di Garda ed ora noto viene abitualmente effettuata con la chiave analitica anche per i Colli Berici (SCORTEGAGNA, 1998), erro- di Garbari in PIGNATTI (1982) o di un aggiornamen- neamente - a nostro giudizio - riportabile a M. to pubblicato successivamente (GARBARI, 1984). In macranthum Freyn come di recente proposto da ogni caso due unità sono state tenute distinte e con- RAVENNA (2002b); a M. parviflorum, segnalato in siderate autoctone per il nostro Paese: M. neglectum e Puglia e in altre regioni (cfr. MELE et al., 2001, per i M. atlanticum , dentro le quali sono state circoscritte riferimenti del caso); a M. botryoides, presente in entità subspecifiche, sulla base di caratteri morfologi- Veneto (GARBARI, 1984; TORNADORE, 1996), ma ci e distributivi al tempo considerati attendibili. non riportato per la regione in PIGNATTI (1982), ecc. Molti tuttavia i casi di incerta attribuzione, segnalati Questa nota si limita a registrare le osservazioni fatte da vari Colleghi per diversi ambiti geografici, in Italia dal 1995 in poi su campioni coltivati nell’Orto e all’estero; difficile se non impossibile la identifica- Botanico di Pisa - tutti raccolti in stazioni naturali, zione di campioni d’erbario, via via inviati nel tempo dalla Turchia alla Spagna, da Colleghi o direttamen- alla attenzione di chi scrive: con l’essiccamento ven- te da chi scrive - e assegnati ai due binomi che pon- gono perduti diversi caratteri (colore e profumo dei gono i problemi più controversi: M. neglectum e M. fiori; forma, consistenza e struttura degli organi vege- atlanticum. tativi; presenza eventuale di bulbilli). Per ciascuna specie sono stati esaminati i tipi nomen- Le specie citate presentano un’elevata variabilità claturali, la morfologia, l’anatomia degli organi, la fenotipica ma nel contempo assenza di caratteri mor- cariologia e la distribuzione in Italia, incluse le Isole. fometrici o comunque diagnostici tali da permettere A conclusione, si ritiene di poter affermare che nel una loro immediata e chiara circoscrizione; esse ven- nostro Paese M. atlanticum non è presente e che tutte le segnalazioni al riguardo si devono riferire a M. gono spesso poste in sinonimia (DAVIS,STUART, neglectum. 1984; KARLÉN, 1991; RAVENNA, 2002a). Tutto il quadro dei Muscari d’Italia andrebbe rivisto I TIPI NOMENCLATURALI ed aggiornato, sulla base di recenti contributi dedica- ti a M. longifolium (FRATTINI et al., 1996), presunto Muscari neglectum Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 441 (1842). 330 GARBARI E’ probabilmente il taxon più complesso. Dato per stampe nel gennaio 1842, data che appare nel fron- un’area geografica molto estesa, dall’Europa sud- tespizio; a pag. 575 si legge “finis voluminis primi. occidentale e Africa nord-occidentale fino all’Asia Februar. An. 1843 absoluti”. Non è possibile stabili- centrale (STUART, 1985), in Italia sembra specie pre- re in “termini assoluti” se la pag. 411 relativa a M. valentemente antropocora, propria di habitat arven- neglectum sia del 1842 o del 1843 e se il protologo di si, margini stradali, orti e vigneti, ma che si spinge GUSSONE preceda la pubblicazione di TENORE del anche a quote montane. Nel nostro Paese è sempre 1842, anche se è più che probabile che l’opera, stam- poliploide, con biotipi pentaploidi percentualmente pata a fascicoli come altre del periodo, sia stata pron- superiori alla somma dei tetra- ed esaploidi ta per la fine del 1842, almeno per la pagina citata e (GARBARI, 1984). Per definire le caratteristiche della le precedenti. Anche STAFLEU,COWAN (1976) avver- pianta, si è ritenuto necessario identificarne il tipo tono che “It is possible that the book came out in nomenclaturale. parts in view of the difference in dates between the t. In una recente nota, RAVENNA (2002a) indica come p. [title page ] and the last pages”. Resta il fatto che lectotypus un campione in NAP raccolto presso il binomio è di GUSSONE e che le diagnosi sono tal- Reggio Calabria da Gussone, ripetendo sostanzial- mente simili che sembra evidente che GUSSONE mente quanto riferito da RECHINGER (1982) - abbia fornito o ispirato a TENORE le frasi. Se que- “Castel di Sangro a Reggio, G. Gussone, NAP” - ma st’ultimo non avesse avuto tali indicazioni, il nome il procedimento di tipificazione non sembra sia stato della specie sarebbe stato attribuito ugualmente a corretto. Infatti, non solo il binomio specifico è stato Gussone, ma il protologo sarebbe stato probabil- validamente pubblicato da GUSSONE (1842), per cui mente diverso. A tale proposito, è utile trascrivere le l’uso dello stesso nome da parte di TENORE (1842) si indicazioni autografe di Gussone di alcune etichette evidenzia come un omonimo posteriore ai sensi in NAP. Il punto di domanda (?) segna una difficol- dell’Art. 53 del I.C.B.N. (GREUTER et al., 2000), ma tà d’interpretazione della grafia o una parola man- il materiale d’erbario citato non è menzionato nel cante. protologo di GUSSONE (1842) e pertanto non è eleg- Per un campione raccolto il 23 maggio 1837 a Castel gibile a typus. di Sangro (camicia GG15), è detto: “Corollae cylin- Il nome M. neglectum è assegnato a Gussone da draceo-oblongae, subuniformes, confertae apice den- TENORE nella Ad Florae Napolitanae Syllogem ticulatae, denticulis recurvis! albis, ideoque fauces (?) Appendix Quinta (1842), ma nello stesso anno perviae superiores vel nobiles amethystinae inferiores GUSSONE (1842) inizia la stampa del primo volume atro coerulae; fructiferae dependentes (?) cylindricae della Florae Siculae Synopsis nella quale l’Autore sexsulcatae. Stamina omnino atrocoerulea capsula introduce il binomio M. neglectum riferendolo ad profonde trigona, emarginata. Species inter M. com- una sua opera precedente rimasta inedita. Per chia- mutatum, et racemosum; cum illo foliis !, cum hoc rezza, viene riportato il protologo di GUSSONE, Fl. corollis convenit. Folia lata (?) virentia, canaliculata, Sic. Syn. 1: 411 (1842): nec striata, hac (?) tantum exsarata”. “ 5. Muscari neglectum Guss. in act. Soc. Borb. ined. Per la raccolta della camicia GG19, che non porta racemo denso brevi cylindraceo, corollis ovalis- indicazioni di località, la descrizione è ancora più oblongis demum deorsum-imbricatis apice denticu- dettagliata: “Muscari neglectum Nob. Scapus teres, latis, et ob denticulos obtusus recurvos perviis, sum- laevis, strictus, glaber, foliatus (?), viridis vel rube- mis sterilibus, foliis anguste linearibus (1-2 lin. latis) scens viridi-punctatus. Pedunculi a faveola (?) late canaliculatis erecto-patentibus demum laxis. Ic. insculptae prodentus (?), teretes, glabri inferiores 1. Guss. l.c. ined. In collibus apricis et inter segetes; lin. longi superiores lin. 1/2, sub floribus fertilibus Menfrici, Palmi nelle colline argilloso-calcari triste coerulescentes, et coerulei (?) sub fl. sterilibus, (Gasparrini); Catania (Cosentini) . Martio, Aprili. uti ac pars scapi quibus inseruntur (?); sustulti brac- Bulbi proliferi: folia et habitus praecedentis [ M. com- teis binis linearibus brevissimis albidis, vel unica mutatum Guss. ]; flores vero sequentis [ M. racemosum bipartita. Flores laxiuscule imbricati, racemosi, ferti- Willd. ].” les anthae (?) anthesi laete coerulei, et horizontale, A comparazione, si riporta il testo di TENORE, Fl. sub anthesi nigro-violacei, cernui, in fructificatione Nap. Syll. App. Quinta : 13 (1842): scapo adpressi; steriles semper laete coerulei horizon- “*Muscari neglectum Guss. M. Floribus dense race- tales, vel erectiusculi. Corollae fertiles oblongo-glo- mosis, corollis ovali-oblongis demum deorsum bosae, teretes, apice vix angulare, glabrae 2. lin. lon- imbricatis apice denticulatis et ob denticulos obtusos gae 1. lin. latae (interne-basi dilaeta (?) coerulea luri- recurvos perviis, summis sterilibus, foliis angusto- de) ora sexdenticulata, denticulis albidis recurvis tri- linearibus (1-2 lin. latis) late canaliculatis erecto- bus alternis canaliculatis, reliquis planis, steriles patulis demum laxis. In cultis passim, tam in elatio- oblongae vel tubulosae semper supremes semper ribus quam in demissis, da Castel di Sangro a Reggio”. minores. Staminum filamenta brevissima, corolla L’asterisco fa riferimento a “Plantae nuperrime lectae, concoloria, tribus alternis brevioribus; anthaerae vel omissae”. nigro-violaceae, sulcatae oblongae. Germen vire- Come si può notare, la differenza tra i due testi è scens, stylus albus staminibus aequalis. N.B. In fl. lieve e non varia nella elencazione
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