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Home , Answer to History, Asadollah Alam, Ashraf Pahlavi, Cyrus Vance, Hossein Bashiriyeh, Manouchehr Ganji

Notes

Introduction

1. Cynthia Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in (: Dodd, Mead, 1981), 204–205. 2. Roham Alvandi, Nixon, Kissinger and the : The and Iran in the Cold War (Oxford: , 2014), 85–86. 3. Donald S. Spencer, The Carter Implosion: and the Amateur of Diplomacy (New York: Praeger, 1988), 76–77. 4. Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 4–5. 5. Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 273. 6. , The Shah and I: The Confidential Diary of Iran’s Royal Court, 1969–1977 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), 498. 7. Milani, Persian Sphinx, 280. 8. Alam, Shah and I, 486. 9. Alam, Shah and I, 500. 10. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004), 121. 11. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 23. 12. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 29. 13. Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 126. 14. Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 124. 15. Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran, 203. 16. See Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in the West’s War with Militant Islam (London: Atlantic Books, 2006). 17. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books 2001), 207–208. 18. See Mike Evans, Jimmy Carter, the Liberal Left and World Chaos: A Carter/Obama Plan That Will Not Work (Phoenix: TimeWorthy Books, 2009); Philip Pilevsky, I Accuse: Jimmy Carter and the Rise of Militant Islam (Durban House Press, 2007); and Ruthie Blum, To Hell in a Handbasket: Carter, Obama, and the Arab Spring (RVP Press, 2012). 200 Notes

Chapter 1

1. Scott Kaufman, Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Admin- istration (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008), 15. 2. Walter F. Mondale, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010), 199. 3. Scott Kaufman and Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 45. 4. Donald S. Spencer, The Carter Implosion: Jimmy Carter and the Ama- teur Style of Diplomacy (New York: Praeger, 1988), 24. 5. Jimmy Carter, Living Faith (New York: Times Books, 1998), 140. 6. Carter, Living Faith, 140. 7. See Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011). 8. James A. Bill, : Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Press, 1997), 220. 9. , Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown and Com- pany, 1982), 668–669. 10. , In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (New York: Times Books, 1995), 368. 11. Kaufman and Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr., 43. 12. Samuel Kernell and Samuel L. Popkin (eds.), Chief of Staff: Twenty-Five Years of Managing the Presidency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 160–161. 13. Walter F. Mondale, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010), 157–158. 14. Betty Glad, An Outsider in the : Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 22. 15. Mondale, Good Fight, 162. 16. Walter F. Mondale to Jimmy Carter, “The Role of the Vice President in the Carter Administration,” December 9, 1976, Vice Presidential Office File, Vice Presidential Papers, Walter F. Mondale Collection, Minnesota Historical Society Library (MHSL), St. Paul, MN. 17. Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 68. 18. Finlay Lewis, Mondale: Portrait of an American Politician (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1980), 250. 19. Lewis, Mondale, 260. 20. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 368. 21. Bill, George Ball, 88. 22. David S. McLellan, Cyrus Vance (New York: Rowman & Allanheld Pub- lishers, 1985), 24. 23. Jordan, Crisis, 45–46. 24. Kaufman and Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr., 43. Notes 201

25. Robert A. Strong, Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000), 12. 26. Kaufman, Plans Unraveled, 25–26. 27. , Chances of a Lifetime (New York: Scribner, 2001), 127. 28. McLellan, Cyrus Vance, 20–21. 29. Spencer, Carter Implosion, 30. 30. Glad, An Outsider in the White House, 25. 31. Lewis, Mondale, 250. 32. James W. Spain, In Those Days: A Diplomat Remembers (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1998), 131. 33. Tim Weiner, Legado de Cenizas: La Historia de la CIA (Barcelona: Debate, 2008), 371. 34. Spencer, Carter Implosion, 30–31. 35. Lewis, Mondale, 247. 36. Strong, Working in the World, 13. 37. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (London, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986), 23–24. 38. Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, 32. 39. Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, 195–200. 40. Gary Sick, October Surprise: America’s Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York: Times Books, 1992), 23–24. 41. Carter, Keeping Faith, 596. 42. John K. Singlaub, Hazardous Duty: An American in the Twentieth Cen- tury (New York: Summit Books, 1991), 382. 43. James Schlesinger, interview by William Burr, Washington, DC, June 27, 1986, Oral Collection (OHIC), Foundation for Iranian Studies (FIS), http://www.fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Schlesinger-James. 44. Carter, White House Diary, 425. 45. Bernard Gwertzman, “Vance Bids the U.S. Adjust to New Era; He and Brzezinski Counter Critics—American Decline Denied,” New York Times, May 2, 1978. 46. David J. Rothkopf, “Setting the Stage for the Current Era,” in Charles Gati (ed.), Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of (Bal- timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 68. 47. Carter, White House Diary, 364. 48. Christopher, Chances of a Lifetime, 127. 49. Carter, White House Diary, 425. 50. Carter, White House Diary, 288–189. 51. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 513. 52. Carter, White House Diary, 363. 53. Carter, White House Diary, 452. 54. Carter, White House Diary, 289. 55. Kernell and Popkin (eds.), Chief of Staff, 162–163. 202 Notes

56. Jordan, Crisis, 48. 57. Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institu- tion Press, 1994), 607–608.

Chapter 2

1. Paul B. Henze to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Is Susceptible to the Iranian Sickness?” December 15, 1978, Folder 14, Box 95, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (JCPL), Atlanta, GA. 2. A personal account of the coup can be found in Kermit Roosevelt, Coun- tercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979). The best scholarly researchers on the coup are Ervand Abraha- mian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA and the Roots of Modern U.S.–Iranian Relations (New York: The New Press, 2013); Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne (eds.), Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran (Syracuse: Press, 2004); and , All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Root of Middle East Terror (Hoboken: John Wiley, 2003). 3. Ehsan Naraghi, From Palace to Prison: Inside the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994), 144. 4. Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 226–227. 5. Fatemeh Pakravan, interview with Habib Ladjevardi, , March 3, 1983, Iranian Oral History Project (IOHP), Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES), Cambridge, MA, http://www.fas .harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html. 6. See Mohammad Gholi Majd, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and the Ulama in Iran (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). 7. Majd, Resistance to the Shah, 204–205. 8. Ashraf , Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 194–195. 9. , sermon at the Fayziya Madrasa, , March 22, 1963, in Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Decla- rations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 174–176. 10. , Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: Tauris, 1989), 24. 11. Richard N. Frye, interview with Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, April 25, 1989, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Frye-Richard-N. 12. Nazir Ahmad Zakir, Notes on Iran: Aryamehr to Ayatollahs (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1988), 85. 13. Aria Minu-Sepehr, We Heard the Heavens Then: A Memoir of Iran (New York: Free Press, 2012), 7. 14. Fakhreddin Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Strug- gle against Authoritarian Rule (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 290. Notes 203

15. P. M. Amini, “A Single Party State in Iran, 1975–1978: The : The Final Attempt by the Shah to Consolidate his Political Base,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2002, 132–133. 16. Alam, Shah and I, 522. 17. Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 108. 18. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, FIS, http://fis-iran .org/ en/ oralhistory/Metrinko-Michael. 19. Mehdi Zarghamee, interview with Shahla Haeri, February 28, 1985, IOHP, CMES, http://ted.lib.harvard.edu/ted/deliver/~iohp/Zargha mee, +Mehdi.05. 20. Ali M. Ansari, Modern Iran (Essex: Pearson, 2007), 234–235. 21. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 219. 22. Alam, Shah and I, 512. 23. CIA report, “Iran in the 1980s,” Secret, August 1977. JCPL, 31-45-12. 24. Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror, 185. 25. Yonah Alexander and Allan S. Nanes (eds.), The United States and Iran: A Documentary History (Frederick, MD: Aletheia Books, 1980), 425. 26. Cynthia Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1981), 169. 27. Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran, 170. 28. Manouchehr Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of the Resistance (Westport: Praeger, 2012), 4. 29. Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran, 171. 30. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center report, “The Opposition to the Shah,” November 3, 1978, CIA Records Search Tool (CREST), CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120002-8, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, MD. 31. Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution, 4. 32. Milani, Shah, 336. 33. William H. Sullivan, Obbligato: Notes on a Foreign Service Career (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980), 266. 34. National Census of Population and Housing, no. 186 (, 1981). Cited by Mohsen M. Milani, The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), 60–61. 35. Abrahamian, Radical Islam, 23. 36. Debra Johanyak, Behind the Veil: An American Woman’s Memoir of the 1979 (Akron, OH: The University of Akron Press, 2007), 36–37. 37. Manucher Farmanfarmaian, Blood & Oil: A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, From the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York: Random House, 2005), 438–439. 38. Naraghi, From Palace to Prison, 74–75. 39. US Embassy Tehran to State Department, “Iran Reaches for Power: Implications for U.S. Policy,” December 31, 1976, in Muslim Students 204 Notes

Following the Line of the Imam, Documents of the U.S. Espionage Den (DUSED) vol. 8 (Tehran: Center for the Publication of the US Espio- nage Den’s Documents), 103–109. 40. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: Norton, 1981), 119–120. 41. See Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011). 42. Mark J. Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 203–204. 43. Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 111. 44. Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah, 203–204. 45. CIA report, “Iran in the 1980s,” August 1977, Folder 12, Box 45, Staff Material: Defense/Security Collection, JCPL. 46. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 47. Senior Review Panel to the director of Central Intelligence, “Intel- ligence Estimates on Iran, in Senior Review Panel Report on Intel- ligence Judgments Preceding Significant Historical Failures: The Hazards of Single-Outcome Forecasting,” January 1984, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100100006-2, CREST, NARA. 48. Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), 17–18. 49. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 50. Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 77. 51. , An Enduring Love (New York: Miramax Books, 2005), 258–259. 52. Pahlavi, An Enduring Love, 261. 53. Memorandum of conversation, John D. Stempel and Dr. Guennady Kazankin, “Isfahan Religious Murders, Soviet–Iraq Relations and Sadat’s Visit to Iran,” DUSED, vol. 47, 72–74. 54. Alam, Shah and I, 484. 55. Alam, Shah and I, 500. 56. Mansur Rafizadeh, Witness: From the Shah to the Secret Arms Deal (New York: William Morrow, 1987), 248. 57. Alam, Shah and I, 519. 58. Ofira Seliktar, Failing the Crystal Ball Test: The Carter Administra- tion and the Fundamentalist Revolution in Iran (Westport: Praeger, 2000), 64. 59. Rafizadeh, Witness, 248. 60. Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976 (Bloom- ington: Indiana University Press, 1979), 483–484. Notes 205

61. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 47. 62. Jimmy Carter to the Shah, February 7, 1977, Box CO-31, Subject File, White House Central Files, JCPL. 63. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 317. 64. Richard W. Cottam, “Arm Sales and : The Case of Iran,” in P. Brown and D. Maclean (eds.), Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1979), 281–301. 65. Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah, 197. 66. David S. McLellan, Cyrus Vance (New York: Rowman & Allanheld Pub- lishers, 1985), 127. 67. Alam, Shah and I, 542. 68. Alfred L. Atherton Jr. to Cyrus Vance, “The Secretary’s Meeting with the Shah of Iran, May 13, 1977,” Secret, May 13, 1977, IR01164, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 69. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 319. 70. Alfred L. Atherton to Cyrus Vance, “The Secretary’s Meeting with the Shah of Iran, May 13, 1977,” Secret, May 13, 1977, IR01164, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 71. Cooper, Oil Kings, 375. 72. William Branigan, “Vance Indicates Rights Issue, Iranian Arms Are Not Linked,” The Washington Post, May 13, 1977. 73. Parsons, Pride and the Fall, 48. 74. Meter Tarnoff to Christine Dodson, “Request for Meeting with Vice President,” September 30, 1978, Box CO-31, Subject File, White House Central Files, JCPL. 75. The Religious Community of the City of Isfahan to Jimmy Carter, May 16, 1979, Box CO-31, Subject File, White House Central Files, JCPL. 76. to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Letter to the President from ‘The Religious Community of Isfahan,’” June 23, 1977, Box CO-31, Subject File, White House Central Files, JCPL.

Chapter 3 1. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 16. 2. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 16. 3. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 25. 4. Amir Taheri, The Unknown Life of the Shah (London: Hutchinson, 1991), 265. 5. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 27. 6. William H. Sullivan, Obbligato: Notes on a Foreign Service Career (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980), 262. 7. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 58–59. 206 Notes

8. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 147–148. 9. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 20–23. 10. United States Congress’s Committee on International Relations- Subcommittee on International Organizations, “Transcript of Hearings on Human Rights in Iran,” September 8, 1976, IR01092, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 11. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “SFRC Investigation,” October 27, 1978, IR01622, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA; and William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “SFRC Investigation,” October 30, 1978, IR01631, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 12. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “SAVAK,” September 15, 1978, IR01522, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 13. State Department Report to the House Committee on International Relations, “Human Rights and U.S. Policy: Argentina, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Peru, and the Philippines,” Department of State Bulletin (DSB), December 31, 1976. 14. Asadollah Alam, The Shah and I: The Confidential Diary of Iran’s Royal Court, 1969–1977 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), 527. 15. Memorandum of conversation, Philip W. Pillsbury Jr., August 31, 1977, IR01222, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 16. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 134, 143. 17. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 151–152. 18. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 40–41. 19. David F. Schmitz and Vanessa Walker, “Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post-Cold War Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History, vol. 28, no. 1, January 2004, 113–144. 20. Cyrus Vance, “Human Rights,” February 2, 1977, Box 10-32, Brzezin- ski Material: Subject Files Collection, JCPL. 21. Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-28: Human Rights, July 7, 1977, Box 19, Donated Historical Material: Robert J. Lipshutz Collection, JCPL. 22. William B. Quandt, interview with Javier Gil, June 14, 2013; and Gary Sick, interview with Javier Gil, June 18, 2013. 23. Victor S. Kaufman, “The Bureau of Human Rights during the Carter Administration,” The Historian, vol. 61, no. 1, September 1998, 51–66. 24. Charles W. Naas, interview with William Burr, Bethesda, MD, May 31, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Naas-Charles. 25. Charles W. Naas, interview with William Burr, Bethesda, MD, May 31, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Naas-Charles. 26. John D. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 294, 298. 27. Russell Watson and David C. Martin, “Who ‘Lost’ Iran? The Postmor- tem Begins,” Newsweek, April 28, 1980. 28. SAO to Warren Christopher, September 15, 1978, Box 52, Entry 14, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, NARA. Notes 207

29. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Secu- rity Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), 396. 30. Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 102. 31. Gary Sick, interview with Javier Gil, June 18, 2013. 32. Tom Mathews and Elaine Sciolino, “A Foreign Policy in Disarray,” Newsweek, May 12, 1980. 33. William H. Sullivan to Cyrus Vance, “Department’s Human Rights Report on Iran,” April 1978, Box 52, Entry 14, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, NARA. 34. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 49. 35. Manouchehr Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of the Resistance (Westport: Praeger, 2012), 2. 36. Charles W. Naas Testimony before the House Subcommittee, DSB, December 19, 1977. 37. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Midge Constanza, Stu Eizenstat, Hamilton Jordan, Bob Lipshutz, Frank Moore, Jody Powell, and Jack Watson, “Human Rights Improvements,” May 16, 1977, Box 105, Congressio- nal Liaison Office Collection, JCPL. 38. State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, “Progress on Human Rights in Iran,” November 12, 1977, Box 38, Staff Material: Defense/Security Collection, JCPL. 39. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center, “Significant Developments Related to the US Stand on Human Rights 21–27 October 1977,” 1977, Box 38, Staff Material: Defense/Security Collection, JCPL. 40. Cited by Ray Takeyh, Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 37. 41. Mohsen M. Milani, The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Mon- archy to Islamic Republic (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), 110. 42. Abbas Milani, The Shah (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 390. 43. See Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2006). 44. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 91. 45. Benjamin Smith, “Collective Action with and without Islam,” in Quintan Wiktorowicz (ed.), Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 197. 46. Mohsen Sazegara and Maria J. Stephan, “Iran’s Islamic Revolution and Nonviolent Struggle,” in Maria J. Stephan (ed.), Civilian Jihad: Nonvio- lent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 192. 47. Mehdi Zarghamee, interview with Shahla Haeri, Arlington, MA, February 28, 1985, IOHP, CMES, http://ted.lib.harvard.edu/ted /deliver/~iohp/Zarghamee,+Mehdi.05. 208 Notes

48. Charles-Philippe David, Foreign Policy Failure in the White House: Reap- praising the Fall of the Shah and the Iran–Contra Affair (New York: Uni- versity Press of America, 1993), 52–53. 49. F. C. Collins Jr. to US Navy Office of the Chief of Information, “Speech Material Clearance,” April 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 63, 74–82. 50. Misagh Parsa, The Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (Rutgers Uni- versity Press, 1989), 209. 51. Jack Miklos, interview with William Burr, Oakland, CA, June 30, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Miklos-Jack. 52. Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 284–285. 53. Milani, Persian Sphinx, 285. 54. Milani, Persian Sphinx, 285. 55. Sidney Kraus (ed.), The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976 (Blooming- ton: Indiana University Press, 1979), 483–484. 56. George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs (New York: Nor- ton, 1982), 454. 57. Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 376. 58. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 324. 59. US Department of Defense, “Iranian Absorptive Capacity,” September 1976, IR01087, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 60. US Department of State report, “Iran Study,” February 28, 1978, IR013117, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 61. US Department of State report, “Iran Study,” February 28, 1978, IR01317, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 62. US Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary for Inter- national Security Affairs memorandum to US Department of Defense Office of the Secretary, “Foreign Military Sales Commitments to Iran,” Confidential, March 3, 1977, IR01152, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 63. See US Department of Defense report, “Iranian Absorptive Capacity,” September 1976, IR01087, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA; US Department of State report, “Iran Study,” February 28, 1978, IR01317, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA; and Farrell, Tip O’Neill and the Democratic Century, 444–448. 64. Vance, Hard Choices, 316. 65. Historical Division-Joint Secretariat of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, “The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Development of US Policy toward Iran 1946–1978,” March 31, 1980, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA; and Richard A. Ericson Jr. to Warren Christopher, “Request for Presidential Decisions on Conventional Arms Transfer Cases,” February 14, 1978, Box 52, Entry 14, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, NARA. Notes 209

66. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 41. 67. Warren Christopher to William H. Sullivan, “Ambassadors Goals and Objectives in Iran,” December 10, 1973, DUSED, vol. 12A, 5–7. 68. Richard Secord, Honored and Betrayed: Irangate, Covert Affairs and the Secret War in Laos (New York: Wiley, 1992), 133–134. 69. Alfred L. Atherton Jr. to Cyrus Vance, “The Secretary’s Meeting with the Shah of Iran, May 13, 1977,” May 13, 1977, IR01164, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 70. William H. Sullivan to Cyrus Vance, “NBC Television Interview with Shah,” October 1977, Box 52, Entry 14, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, NARA. 71. CIA memorandum, “Conventional Arms Transfers in US–Iran Rela- tions,” September 14, 1978. JCPL. 72. Presidential Directive/NSC-13, “Conventional Arms Transfer Policy,” May 13, 1977, JCPL, http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents /pddirectives/pd13.pdf. 73. Vance, Hard Choices, 319. 74. Presidential Directive/NSC-30, “Human Rights,” February 18, 1978, JCPL, http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/pddirectives /pd30.pdf. 75. to Warren Christopher, March 8, 1978, Box 52, Entry 14, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, NARA. 76. Vance, Hard Choices, 319. 77. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Message for the Shah from Presi- dent Carter,” Confidential, May 24, 1977, IR01177, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 78. Stephen McGlinchey, US Arms Policies towards the Shah’s Iran (New York: Routledge, 2014), 131. 79. McGlinchey, US Arms Policies towards the Shah’s Iran, 130. 80. See John A. Farrell, Tip O’Neill and the Democratic Century. 81. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 114–117. 82. Milani, Shah, 331. 83. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2010), 74–75. 84. McGlinchey, US Arms Policies towards the Shah’s Iran, 141.

Chapter 4

1. Cyrus Vance to Jimmy Carter, “Visit of the Shah and Shahbanou, November 15–16,” November 8, 1977, AF00256, Afghanistan Collec- tion, DNSA. 2. Peter Tarnoff to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “ Letter to the President about Iran,” November 14, 1979, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File Collection, JCPL. 210 Notes

3. Margaret Constanza to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Report to the President from Amnesty International on Violations of Human Rights in Iran,” November 11, 1979, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File Collection, JCPL. 4. Martin Ennals to Jimmy Carter, October 31, 1977, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File Collection, JCPL. 5. “Tears and Sympathy for the Shah,” New York Times, November 16, 1977. 6. Heidi Hanson to Jody Powell, November 16, 1977, Box 31, White House Central Files: Subject File, JCPL. 7. Manucher Farmanfarmaian, Blood & and Oil: A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, From the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York: Random House, 2005), 437. 8. Gary Sick to David Aaron, “Helicopter Support for Shah’s Visit,” October 20, 1977, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File, JCPL. 9. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 122. 10. Rosalynn Carter, First Lady from Plains (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 305. 11. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2010), 135. 12. Farah Pahlavi, An Enduring Love (New York: Miramax Books, 2005), 270. 13. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 122. 14. Jimmy Carter, “Visit of Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran, Remarks of the President and the Shah at the Welcoming Ceremony,” November 15, 1977. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wool- ley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu /ws/?pid=6934. 15. Carter, White House Diary, 136. 16. Pahlavi, An Enduring Love, 271. 17. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 436. 18. Carter, Keeping Faith, 436. 19. Carter, White House Diary, 137. 20. Carter, First Lady from Plains, 306. 21. Pahlavi, An Enduring Love, 271. 22. Gary Sick to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Human Rights in Iran,” November 30, 1979, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File, JCPL. 23. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Ardeshir Zahedi, November 26, 1977, Box CO-31, White House Central Files: Subject File, JCPL. 24. Amir Taheri, The Unknown Life of the Shah (London: Hutchinson, 1991), 247. 25. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 131. 26. Pahlavi, An Enduring Love, 272. Notes 211

27. Pierre Salinger, America Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations (New York: Doubleday, 1981), 1–5. 28. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 130–136. 29. Jimmy Carter, Tehran, December 31, 1977, PPJC 1977, vol. 2, 2217–2223. 30. Jimmy Carter, Tehran, December 31, 1977, PPJC 1977, vol. 2, 2217–2223. 31. Jimmy Carter, Tehran, December 31, 1977, PPJC 1977, vol. 2, 2217–2223. 32. , Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 198–199. 33. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 135–136. 34. Carter, White House Diary, 156.

Chapter 5

1. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Goals and Objectives in Iran,” January 11, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 16–20. 2. Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 285–286. 3. Manouchehr Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of the Resistance (Westport: Praeger, 2012), 10. 4. Joseph Kraft, “Letter from Iran,” The New Yorker, December 18, 1978. 5. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–-1979 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1984), 61. 6. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Serious Religious Dis- sidence in Qom,” January 11, 1978, IR01277, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 7. John D. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 91. 8. Baqer Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1999), 2. 9. Moin, Khomeini, 18. 10. Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (Oxford: One World, 2000), 227–229. 11. Roxanne L. Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (eds.), Princeton Reading in Islamic Thought: Texts and Contexts from al-Banna to Bin Laden (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 155–156. 12. Moin, Khomeini, 74–75. 13. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center research paper, “Islam in Iran,” August 31, 1979, Folder 7, Box 43, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 14. CIA Directorate of Intelligence research paper, “Khomeinism: The Impact of Theology on Iranian Politics,” November 1983, CIA- RDP84S00927R000100150003-5, CREST, NARA. 212 Notes

15. Moin, Khomeini, 75. 16. Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London: Pluto Press, 2009), 101–102. 17. Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 48. 18. See Ali Rahnema, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari’ati (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000). 19. Michael Cook, Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), 182–183. 20. Mehran Kamrava, Revolution in Iran: The Roots of Turmoil (London: Routledge, 1990), 74. 21. Crooke, Resistance, 94. 22. Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 49. 23. Ruhollah Khomeini, speech at the Fayziya Madrasa, Qom, June 3, 1963, in Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 174–176. 24. Mohsen M. Milani, The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Mon- archy to Islamic Republic (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), 52–53. 25. Fatemeh Pakravan, interview with Habib Ladjevardi, Paris, March 3, 1983, IOHP, CMES, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html. 26. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center research paper, “Islam in Iran,” August 31, 1979, Folder 7, Box 43, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 27. Fatemeh Pakravan, interview with Habib Ladjevardi, Paris, March 3, 1983, IOHP, CMES, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html. 28. Ruhollah Khomeini, Qom, October 27, 1964, in Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 181–188. 29. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 181–183. 30. Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 24. 31. Jean-Marie Xavière (ed.), Principes Politiques, Philosophiques, Sociaux et Religieux: Extraits de Trois Ouvrages Majeurs de l’Ayatollah, Le Roy- aume du Docte (Valayaté-Faghih), La Clé des Mystèrer (Kachfol-Asrar), L’Explication des Problèmes (Towzihol-Masaël) (Paris: Libres-Hallier, 1979), 19. 32. Euben and Zaman (eds.), Princeton Reading in Islamic Thought, 173. 33. Arzoo Osanloo, “What a Focus on ‘Family’ Means on the Islamic Repub- lic of Iran,” in Maaike Voorhoeve (ed.), Family Law in Islam: Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim World (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 59–60. 34. Euben and Zaman (eds.), Princeton Reading in Islamic Thought, 163. 35. Xavière (ed.), Principes Politiques, 21. 36. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 79. 37. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 80. Notes 213

38. Euben and Zaman (eds.), Princeton Reading in Islamic Thought, 176–177. 39. Ruhollah Khomeini, Islamic Government. 40. Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 25. 41. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Bethesda, MD: Adler & Adler, 1986), 163. 42. Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, 162. 43. Erik Durschmied, Blood of Revolution: From the Reign of Terror to the Rise of Khomeini (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2002), 325. 44. Kamrava, Revolution in Iran, 68–72. 45. Najibullah Lafraie, Revolutionary Ideology and Islamic Militancy: The Iranian Revolution and Interpretations of the Quran (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2009), 59. 46. Lafraie, Revolutionary Ideology and Islamic Militancy, 63. 47. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 209. 48. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center memorandum, “Iran: Kho- meini Aims to Defeat President Carter,” April 18, 1980, Folder 3, Box 32, Brzezinski Material: Country File Collection, JCPL. 49. Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 31. 50. Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), 18. 51. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution, 48. 52. Ashraf Pahlavi, Time for Truth (N.p.: In Print Publishing, 1995), 82–83. 53. Richard Falk, “Trusting Khomeini,” New York Times, February 16, 1979.

Chapter 6

1. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “More Reactions to Qom Demonstrations,” January 18, 1978, IR01284, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 2. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Dissidence: Qom After- math and Other Events,” January 16, 1978, IR01282, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 3. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 61–62. 4. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domes- tic Crisis, mid-1977— 7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 5. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “More Reactions to Qom Demonstrations,” January 18, 1978, IR01284, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 6. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Religion and Pol- itics: Qom and Its Aftermath,” January 26, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 24–30. 214 Notes

7. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Threat Letter Received by Grumman Iran Limited,” January 11, 1978, IR01278, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 8. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Dissidence: Qom After- math and Other Events,” January 16, 1978, IR01282, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 9. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “The Iranian Opposition,” February 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 31–38. 10. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Religion and Politics: Qom and Its Aftermath,” January 26, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 24–30. 11. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Dissidence: Qom After- math and Other Events,” January 16, 1978, IR01282, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 12. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 142. 13. Memorandum of conversation, John D. Stempel, “Student Demon- strations, Iran’s Development, and Middle Class Unease,” February 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 16–18. 14. Memorandum of conversation, Roger C. Brewin, “Mullahs, Corruption, Savak,” February 15, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 70–71. 15. US Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research report, “Iranian Dissidence on the Increase,” January 29, 1978, IR01294, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 16. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran: Understanding the Shiite Islamic Movement,” February 3, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 39–46. 17. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, June 14, 1988, 89–93, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Metrinko-Michael. 18. Memorandum of conversation, David McGaffey, “Tabriz Riots of [Feb- ruary] 23, 1978,” March 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 61, 93–94. 19. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, June 14, 1988, 89–93, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Metrinko-Michael. 20. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, June 14, 1988, 89–93, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Metrinko-Michael. 21. Michael M. J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Madi- son: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 195. 22. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 35. 23. Sick, All Fall Down, 35. 24. Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 228–230. 25. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 212–227. Notes 215

26. Farah Pahlavi, An Enduring Love (New York: Miramax Books, 2005), 278. 27. Joanna W. Martin, “Country Team Minutes,” February 22, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 70–71. 28. Charles W. Naas and Mark Johnson briefing paper, “Iran: Weekly Status Report,” March 3, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 76. 29. William J. Butler to the Shah, “[Judicial Treatment of Dissidents in Iran],” April 25, 1978, IR01372, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 30. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” April 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 87–88. 31. Jack C. Miklos to the State Department, “Five New Provincial Gover- nors Named: Administration to Tighten Up,” March 5, 1978, IR01327, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 32. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “GOI Breaks Up Student Demonstration Roughly; Resistance Corps Has 72 People Arrested for Various Offenses; Courts Reportedly Investigating Roughness of Arrests,” April 24, 1978, IR01366, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 33. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “British View of Situation in Iran,” April 25, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 91–93. 34. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, November 17, 1978, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 35. Jack C. Miklos to the State Department, “Five New Provincial Gover- nors Named: Administration to Tighten Up,” March 5, 1978, IR01327, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 36. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Views on Iranian Internal Devel- opments,” April 24, 1978, IR01367, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 37. William H. Sullivan to Warren Christopher, “GOI Discouragement of Dissident Political Action,” April 25, 1978, IR01369, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 38. Warren Christopher to William H. Sullivan, “GOI Discouragement of Dissident Political Action,” April 26, 1978, IR01373, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 39. Harold H. Saunders to Warren Christopher, “Approaching Iranian Gov- ernment on Its Reaction to Opposition,” April 26, 1978, IR01374, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 40. John D. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 104. 41. William H. Sullivan cable to State Department, “Iran: Why the Sudden Quiet?” May 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 110–113. 42. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, August 29, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Metrinko-Michael. 43. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran: Why the Sudden Quiet?” May 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 110–113. 44. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 64. 216 Notes

45. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” April 19, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 89–90. 46. Memorandum of conversation, “Internal Politics and Religion,” May 23, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 31–33. 47. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 65–66. 48. Sick, All Fall Down, 41–42. 49. Sick, All Fall Down, 37. 50. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 51. CIA report, “Iran: Increase in Religious Dissidence,” June 1978, IR01404, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 52. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Public Reaction to Shah’s Interview,” May 21, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 105–109. 53. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 54. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 325. 55. Charles W. Naas, interview with William Burr, Bethesda, MD, May 31, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Naas-Charles. 56. David H. Blee to Edgard S. Little, “Part I Reporting Assessment—Focus Iran,” November 4, 1976, DUSED, vol. 8, 135–147. 57. Earnest R. Oney, interview with Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Washington, DC, May 29, 1991, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Oney-Earnest-R. 58. Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), 18. 59. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 40. 60. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 88. 61. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 92. 62. Massoumeh Ebtekar, Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979 U.S. Embassy Capture (Vancouver: Talon, 2000), 61. 63. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 64. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 65. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “The Iranian Opposition,” February 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 31–38. 66. George Lambrakis, interview with Charles Stuart Kennedy, June 5, 2002, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (FAOHP), Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST), Arlington Virginia. 67. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 146. 68. Christian Emery, US Foreign Policy and the Iranian Revolution: The Cold War Dynamics of Engagement and Strategic Alliance (New York: Pal- grave Macmillan, 2013), 74–75. Notes 217

69. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, June 12, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 34–38. 70. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, “Meeting with Oppositionist Lawyer,” June 20, 1978, DUSED, vol. 23, 37–39. 71. Memorandum of conversation, “Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI)— Uncertainty over Iranian Politics, Reticence in American Contact,” July 18, 1978, DUSED, vol. 24, 16–20. 72. Gholam Reza Afkhami, The Life and Times of the Shah (Berkeley: Univer- sity of California Press, 2009), 546. 73. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Shariatmadari Reportedly Sees U.S. Support,” January 17, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 43–45. 74. William H. Sullivan to Abbas Hoveyda, February 19, 1978, DUSED, vol. 11, 62–69. 75. Ashraf Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 190. 76. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, “Religious Situa- tion,” May 24, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 23–26. 77. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Shariatmadari Reportedly Sees U.S. Support,” January 17, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 43–45. 78. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, “Religious Situa- tion,” May 24, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 23–26. 79. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, “Latest Develop- ments on the Religious Front,” June 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 39–42. 80. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Reported SAVAK Reforms,” July 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 136. 81. Memorandum of conversation, George B. Lambrakis, “Latest Develop- ments on the Religious Front,” June 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 39–42. 82. Hussein Fardust (ed. by Ali Akbar Dareini), The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi : Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998), 384. 83. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Shariatmadari Reportedly Sees U.S. Support,” January 17, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 43–45. 84. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Uncertain Political Mood: Religious Developments, Tougher Royal Line on Demonstrators,” August 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 50–53. 85. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 67. 86. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 146. 87. See Jack Miklos, The Iranian Revolution and Modernization: Way Stations to Anarchy (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1983). 88. Charles W. Naas to Henry Precht, June 6, 1978, DUSED, vol. 24, 14–15. 89. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Inspection Memoran- dum,” May 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 1–6, 544–546. 90. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran in 1977–78: The Internal Scene,” June 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 114–124. 91. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran’s Internal Problems: Need for Information,” June 7, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 129–130. 218 Notes

92. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, November 17, 1978, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 93. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, November 17, 1978, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 94. CIA report, “Iran: Increase in Religious Dissidence,” June 1978, IR01404, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 95. Sick, All Fall Down, 43. 96. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 147. 97. Gary Sick, interview with Javier Gil, New York, June 18, 2013. 98. Gary Sick, interview with Javier Gil, New York, June 18, 2013. 99. “Country Team Minutes,” July 30, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 143. 100. Joanna W. Martin, “Country Team Minutes,” August 2, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 148–149. 101. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Rumors Regarding Health of Shah,” July 26, 1978, IR01449, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 102. “Country Team Minutes,” July 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 137–138. 103. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, June 14, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Metrinko-Michael. 104. Meeting minutes, July 16, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-A, 125–128. 105. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Implications of Iran’s Reli- gious Unrest,” August 2, 1978, IR01460, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 106. David McGaffey, “Popular Attitude toward the Central Government: Reactions to Current Disturbances,” August 4, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 58–59. 107. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Shah’s Constitution Day Speech Calls for Full Political Liberalization, Free Elections,” August 7, 1978, IR01464, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 108. Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror, 200. 109. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Shah’s Constitution Day Speech Calls for Full Political Liberalization, Free Elections,” August 7, 1978, IR01464, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 110. CIA report, “Iran: A Political Assessment,” August 9, 1978, CIA- RDP80T00634A00400010058-9, CREST, NARA. 111. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” August 9, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 1–2. 112. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Iranian Political Situation—Overt Violence Gives Way to Quiet Rumbling,” August 13, 1978, IR01467, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 113. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Anti-Semitic Campaign by Religious Extremists,” August 16, 1978, IR01471, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 114. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” August 16, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 7–8. Notes 219

115. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Increase in Religious Pres- sure on the Government,” August 17, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 19–23. 116. Harold H. Saunders to Cyrus Vance, “Assessment of Internal Political Scene in Iran,” August 17, 1978, IR01476, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA.

Chapter 7

1. Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 231–232. 2. Desmond Harney, The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 14. 3. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Shah Gives Warning and Promises to Dissidents,” August 21, 1978, IR01479, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 4. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 152–153. 5. John D. Stempel to William H. Sullivan, “While You Were Away,” August 22, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 24–25. 6. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Recommendation for President to Shah Letter,” August 29, 1979, IR01493, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 7. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Ex-Prime Minister Reenters the Political Lists,” August 3, 1978, IR01462, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 8. Farah Pahlavi, An Enduring Love (New York: Miramax Books, 2005), 281–282. 9. W. Gregory Perett, “Internal Politics,” November 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 20, 88–90. 10. Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 288. 11. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 223. 12. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center intelligence memorandum, “The Situation in Iran: Key Judgments,” September 7, 1978, CIA- RDP80T00634A000400010015-6, CREST, NARA. 13. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 67. 14. William R. Crawford to Warren Christopher, “Tear Gas and Other Police Equipment for Iran,” August 28, 1978, IR01492, Iran Revolution Col- lection, DNSA. 15. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 148–150. 16. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 155. 220 Notes

17. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Secu- rity Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), 360. 18. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 54. 19. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 156–157. 20. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 158. 21. Charles W. Naas to Michael J. Metrinko, September 6, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 31–32. 22. John D. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 115. 23. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center intelligence memorandum, “The Situation in Iran: Key Judgments,” September 7, 1978, CIA- RDP80T00634A000400010015-6, CREST, NARA. 24. CIA memorandum, “Analysis of NFAC’s Performance on Iran’s Domestic Crisis, mid-1977—7 November 1978,” June 15, 1979, CIA- RDP86B00269R001100110003-4, CREST, NARA. 25. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “National Front (INF) Rejection of Reported Tudeh Party Demarche,” September 7, 1978, DUSED, vol. 24, 103–104. 26. George B. Lambrakis, “Internal Situation,” September 15, 1978, DUSED, vol. 63, 10–11. 27. John D. Stempel memorandum, September 7, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 41–42. 28. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 165. 29. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 233–236. 30. W. Gregory Perett, “Country Team Minutes,” September 10, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 37–40. 31. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 161. 32. Nastaran Akhavan, Spared (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Plat- form, 2012), 125–127. 33. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 168. 34. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Need for Crowd Control Equipment in Iran,” September 14, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 54–57. 35. Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution, 14–15. 36. Sick, All Fall Down, 84–85. 37. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution, 117–118. 38. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 158–159. 39. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 168. 40. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 325. 41. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 438. 42. Vance, Hard Choices, 325. 43. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 360. 44. Sick, All Fall Down, 51. Notes 221

45. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “President’s Telephone Call to the Shah,” September 10, 1978, IR01508, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 46. Vance, Hard Choices, 326. 47. William O. Beeman, The “Great Satan” vs. the “Mad Mullahs”: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 64. 48. Victor Tomseth to Charles W. Naas, “The Security of American Citi- zens Living in Southern Iran,” September 17, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 49–51. 49. Robert T. Curran to Office of the Director of the US International Com- munications Agency, “Weekly Report: Iran: The Psychological Problem and Some Solutions,” February 9, 1979, DUSED, vol. 1-VI, 558–559. 50. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 71. 51. Harney, The Priest and the King, 25. 52. Victor Tomseth to Charles W. Naas, “The Security of American Citi- zens Living in Southern Iran,” September 17, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 49–51. 53. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “Prominent Visitor,” Sep- tember 9, 1978, IR01506, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 54. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Business Situation in Tehran,” September 17, 1978, IR01524, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 55. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” September 13, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 52–53. 56. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Military Law Report Sep- tember 18,” September 18, 1978, IR01527, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 57. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 231. 58. Pahlavi, An Enduring Love, 283–284. 59. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran and the Shah: A Rocky Road Ahead,” September 21, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 65–71. 60. W. Gregory Perett, “Internal Politics,” November 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 20, 88–90. 61. Ralph L. Boyce Jr., “Country Team Minutes,” September 13, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 52–53. 62. Ashraf Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 201. 63. Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror, 201–202. 64. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 77. 65. US Defense Intelligence Agency report, “Assessment of the Political Sit- uation in Iran,” September 1978, IR01497, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 66. CIA National Intelligence Estimate, “Iran,” September 1978, DUSED, vol. 34, 97–103. 222 Notes

67. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 74–75. 68. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution, 127. 69. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 165. 70. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 80. 71. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 237–238. 72. Pierre Salinger, America Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations (New York: Doubleday, 1981), 135. 73. W. Gregory Perett, “Internal Politics,” November 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 20, 88–90. 74. Sick, All Fall Down, 54–55. 75. Manucher Farmanfarmaian, Blood & and Oil: A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, From the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York: Random House, 2005), 448. 76. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 3,” October 3, 1978, IR01568, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 77. US Treasury Department, “Crude Oil Production,” September 30, 1978, IR01563, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 78. James Lawson, Evacuate! (London: Athena Press, 2010), 70. 79. US Central Intelligence report, “International Energy Biweekly Review,” October 4, 1978, IR01570, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 80. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Possible Religious Deal with GOI,” October 11, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 67–71. 81. Harney, The Priest and the King, 40. 82. Arthur A. Hartman to the State Department, “Khomeini Declaration,” October 13, 1978, IR01588, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA.

Chapter 8

1. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Explaining Democracy to Iranian Public,” October 18, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 84–85. 2. US Embassy Tehran, “Meeting with the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedom (CDHRF),” October 23, 1978, IR01613, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 3. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Possible Visit to Tehran,” Septem- ber 19, 1978, IR01533, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 4. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Shah’s Speech to Parlia- mentary Leaders,” October 22, 1978, IR01611, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 5. Desmond Harney, The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 36–37. 6. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 81. 7. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “More on Iranian Oil Sec- tor Strike,” October 30, 1978, IR01629, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. Notes 223

8. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 18, 1978,” October 8, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 135–139. 9. John D. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 119. 10. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 22,” October 22, 1978, IR01610, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 11. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 18, 1978,” October 18, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 135–139. 12. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Security of Personnel,” October 24, 1978, IR01616, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 13. Ashraf Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 204–205. 14. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 84. 15. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “GOI Conciliation Effort with Bazaaris,” October 24, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 91–92. 16. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Elements of GOI Agree- ment with Religious Opposition,” October 24, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 93–97. 17. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Elements of GOI Agree- ment with Religious Opposition,” October 24, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 93–97. 18. W. Gregory Perett, “Internal Politics,” November 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 20, 88–90. 19. Arthur A. Hartman to US Embassy Tehran, “Ayatollah Khomeini Inter- view with AFP,” October 25, 1978, IR01618, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 20. US International Communication Agency, “Iran’s Political Crisis,” October 25, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 155–156. 21. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 170. 22. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Air Travel to Iran,” November 27, 1978, IR01807, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 23. Stansfield Turner to National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia, “Iranian Dissidents,” October 17, 1978, CIA- RDP80B01554R003400090035-2, CREST, NARA. 24. Stansfield Turner to Deputy Director for National Foreign Assessment, “Meeting with Dr. Brzezinski, 27 October 1978,” October 30, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120002-8, CREST, NARA. 25. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), 355–356. 26. Stansfield Turner to Deputy Director for National Foreign Assessment, “Meeting with Dr. Brzezinski, 27 October 1978,” October 30, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120002-8, CREST, NARA. 224 Notes

27. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center report, “The Opposition to the Shah,” November 3, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120002-8, CREST, NARA. 28. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 55. 29. Sick, All Fall Down, 60–61. 30. See Mohamed Heikal, Iran: the Untold Story: An Insider's Account of America's Iranian Adventure and Its Consequences for the Future (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982), 158–159; and Public Papers of Jimmy Carter, 1978, vol. II (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1978–1982), 1954. 31. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 30,” October 30, 1978, IR01633, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 32. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 31,” October 31, 1978, IR01640, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 33. See PPJC 1978, vol. II. 34. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Press Guidance,” October 31, 1978, IR01638, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 35. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Looking Ahead: Shift- ing Iranian Public Attitudes,” October 30, 1978, DUSED, vol. 12-B, 166–174. 36. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, October 31,” October 31, 1978, IR01640, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 37. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “First Meeting with National Front Leader Karim Sanjabi,” January 14, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 34–39. 38. Harney, The Priest and the King, 50–52. 39. “A New Perspective on Mysticism and Sufism: ‘Abdollah Entezam,’” in Lloyd Ridgeon (ed.), Religion and Politics in Modern Iran: A Reader (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 150. 40. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 85–88. 41. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 362. 42. Sick, All Fall Down, 59. 43. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2010), 255. 44. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 439–440. 45. Sullivan had written in a cable, as late as October 27, that “our destiny is to work with the Shah” and that the Shah was able to both control the military and lead the country in a transition toward a constitutional democracy; see Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 359. 46. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 359. 47. Sick, All Fall Down, 67–68. Notes 225

48. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library. 49. National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia to Stans- field Turner, “PRC Meeting on Iran, 6 November 1978,” November 3, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120001-9, CREST, NARA. 50. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 170–171. 51. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 363–364. 52. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 332–333. 53. Carter, White House Diary, 257. 54. Benson Lee Grayson, United States–Iranian Relations (Lanham: Univer- sity Press of America, 1981), 159. 55. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 171–172. 56. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 365–366. 57. Vance, Hard Choices, 328–329. 58. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 59. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Looking Ahead: The Military Option,” November 2, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 12–20. 60. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 61. David E. Mark to Cyrus Vance, “The Gathering Crisis in Iran,” Novem- ber 2, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 9–12. 62. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, November 17, 1978, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 63. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, November 17, 1978, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 64. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 366–367. 65. David Mitchell, Making Foreign Policy: Presidential Management of the Decision-Making Process (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2005), 80–81. 66. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 67. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 366–367. 68. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Cyrus Vance, “Summary of Conclusions, PRC Meeting on Iran, November 6, 1978,” November 7, 1978, JCPL. 69. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 70. Harney, The Priest and the King, 61. 71. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 355. 72. “Policy Review Committee Meeting,” November 6, 1978, JCPL. 73. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Cyrus Vance, “Summary of Conclusions, PRC Meeting on Iran, November 6, 1978,” November 7, 1978, JCPL. 74. “Policy Review Committee Meeting,” November 6, 1978, JCPL. 75. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 174. 76. Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 79. 226 Notes

77. Harney, The Priest and the King, 58. 78. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 176. 79. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution, 120. 80. Harney, The Priest and the King, 59. 81. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 93–95. 82. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 83. See Sepehr Zabir, The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (New York: Routledge, 2011). 84. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 96. 85. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 97–98. 86. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 87. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Organization of Pro-Shah Countermeasures,” November 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 63, 12–15. 88. CIA Report, “Shah Addresses Nation, Stresses Need for Peace, Order,” November 6, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120006-4, CREST, NARA. 89. Deputy Director for National Foreign Assessment to Stans- field Turner, “Strategy for the Shah,” November 6, 1978, CIA- RDP81B00401R002000120006-4, CREST, NARA. 90. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 91. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 366. 92. See Sepehr Zabir, The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (New York: Routledge, 2011). 93. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 103. 94. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 100. 95. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, November 1,” November 1, 1978, IR01649, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 96. See Sepehr Zabir, Iranian Military in Revolution and War.

Chapter 9

1. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 185. 2. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “More on Iranian Oil Sec- tor Strike,” November 4, 1978, IR01668, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 3. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iranian Oil Sector Situa- tion,” November 2, 1978, IR01656, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 4. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 5. US Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs to US Treasury Department, “Economic Impact of Recent Domestic Notes 227

Events in Iran,” November 15, 1978, IR01739, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 6. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Iran’s Economy: Damage Assessment,” November 16, 1978, IR01745, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 7. Desmond Harney, The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 61. 8. Harney, The Priest and the King, 94–95. 9. Peter Tarnoff to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Consequences of an Iranian Oil Interruption,” November 4, 1978, IR01678, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 10. CIA Report, “Iran: Potential Recovery of Oil Production and Impact of Oil Shortfall on World Markets,” January 10, 1979, IR02055, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 11. CIA Report, “[Energy and Oil Concerns Resulting from Developments in Iran],” January 18, 1979, IR02128, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 12. National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia to Stans- field Turner, “PRC Meeting on Iran, 6 November 1978,” November 3, 1978, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000120001-9, CREST, NARA. 13. Peter Tarnoff to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Consequences of an Iranian Oil Interruption,” November 4, 1978, IR01678, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 14. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Kuwait Contribution to Make- Up of Iranian Shortfall Doubtful for the Present,” November 10, 1978, DUSED, vol. 39, 29–31. 15. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center, “Uncertainties in Iranian Oil Exports and Their Implications,” November 21, 1978, IR01787, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 16. Farah Pahlavi, An Enduring Love (New York: Miramax Books, 2005), 288. 17. , Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), 167. 18. US Embassy report, “Political/Security Report, November 5, 1978,” November 5, 1978, IR01685, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 19. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center, “The Politics of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini,” November 20, 1979, CIA- RDP80T00634A000500010002-9, CREST, NARA. 20. to the State Department, “Tudeh Leader Praises Iranian Religious Opposition to Shah,” November 16, 1978, DUSED, vol. 24, 106–108. 21. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political Security Situa- tion: National Front Leaders Arrested,” November 11, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 118–119. 22. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Karim Sanjabi,” Novem- ber 6, 1978, DUSED, vol. 25, 121. 228 Notes

23. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, November 1,” November 1, 1978, IR01649, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 24. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, November 11,” November 11, 1978, IR01718, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 25. Sandra Mendyk, “Religious Intolerance in Iran,” November 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 37, 23–24. 26. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Status of Bahais,” Novem- ber 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 37, 3–5. 27. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Status of the Bahais,” November 23, 1978, IR01795, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 28. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Status of Bahais,” Novem- ber 28, 1978, DUSED, vol. 37, 3–5. 29. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Looking Ahead: The Military Option,” November 2, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 12–20. 30. US Embassy cable, November 1, 1978, IR01652, Iran Revolution Col- lection, DNSA. 31. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 182. 32. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Thinking the Unthink- able,” November 9, 1979, IR01711, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 33. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Thinking the Unthink- able,” November 9, 1979, IR01711, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 34. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 203–204. 35. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Secu- rity Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), 368. 36. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 329. 37. Cyrus Vance, “Political Reporting,” November 17, 1978, IR01754, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 38. Stanely T. Escudero, “What Went Wrong in Iran?” , DUSED, vol. 63, 70–73. 39. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Ambassador’s Meetings with Sharif-Emami and Ali Amini,” November 25, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 5–9. 40. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 206. 41. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 92. 42. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 194. 43. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 193–194. 44. Peter Bridges, Safirka: An American Envoy (Kent: Kent State University Press, 2000), 52–53. 45. W. Michael Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington: A Memoir of Leader- ship in the Twentieth Century (New York: Over Look Press, 2013), 357. 46. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 195–196. Notes 229

47. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 307. 48. Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington, 357. 49. Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington, 358. 50. David Farber, Taken Hostage: The Iranian Hostage Crisis and America’s First Encounter with Radical Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 96–97. 51. Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), 15. 52. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 197–198. 53. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 367. 54. US House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intel- ligence report, Iran: Evaluation of U.S. Intelligence Performance Prior to November 1978 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, ). 55. Sick, All Fall Down, 92–93. 56. Cyrus Vance, press conference, Washington, DC, January 11, 1979, American Foreign Policy Basic Documents (AFPBD), document 334, 728–730. 57. Carter, press conference, January 17, 1979, Public Papers of Jimmy Carter, 1979, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1978–1982), 52. 58. Sick, All Fall Down, 88. 59. Gary Sick to Jimmy Carter, Folder 5, Box 37, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 60. Jimmy Carter, interview with Bill Moyers, November 13, 1978, PPJC 1978, vol. 2, 2019–2020. 61. Carter, press conference, November 30, 1978, PPJC 1978, vol. 2, 2102. 62. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 442. 63. Cyrus Vance, “Press Statement by the Secretary,” November 19, 1978, IR01769, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 64. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran and US Embassy Moscow, “Brezhnev Letter,” November 22, 1978, IR01794, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 65. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Another Look Ahead,” November 21, 1978, IR01719, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 66. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report November 28,” November 28, 1978, IR01813, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 67. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 190. 68. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report November 26,” November 26, 1978, IR01804, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 230 Notes

69. CIA Directorate of Intelligence research paper, “Khomeinism: The Impact of Theology on Iranian Politics,” November 1983, CIA- RDP84S00927R000100150003-5, CREST, NARA. 70. William O. Beeman, The “Great Satan” vs. the “Mad Mullahs”: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 65. 71. A good illustration on how Khomeini used the religious sentiments to advance his own image can be found in Peter Chelkowski and Hamid Dabashi, Staging a Revolution: The Art of Persuasion in the Islamic Republic of Iran (London: Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2002). 72. Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Bethesda: Adler & Adler, 1986), 321–322. 73. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Policy of Iranian Gov- ernment during Moharram,” November 27, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 61–62. 74. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Ambassador’s Meetings with Sharif-Emami and Ali Amini,” November 25, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 5–9. 75. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “On the Eve of Moharram,” December 1, 1978, IR01835, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 76. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2010), 263. 77. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Reduction in Size of American Community in Iran,” December 3, 1978, IR01849, Iran Rev- olution Collection, DNSA. 78. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Reduction in Size of American Community in Iran,” December 3, 1978, IR01849, Iran Rev- olution Collection, DNSA. 79. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Reduction in Size of American Community in Iran,” December 4, 1978, IR01854, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 80. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Reduction in Size of American Community in Iran,” December 4, 1978, IR01856, Iran Rev- olution Collection, DNSA. 81. US Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research to Jimmy Carter, “Item for President’s Evening Reading: Iran,” December 5, 1978, IR01868, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 82. Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington, 358–359. 83. Jean-Charles Brotons, U.S. Officials and the Fall of the Shah (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010), 68. 84. Carter, Keeping Faith, 449. 85. George W. Ball, Diplomacy for a Crowded World: An American Foreign Policy (New York: Little, Brown, 1976), 458. 86. James A. Bill, George Ball: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 91. Notes 231

87. George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1982), 457. 88. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 458. 89. Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advi- sors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell Uni- versity Press, 2009), 171. 90. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 462. 91. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 459–460. 92. Sick, All Fall Down, 107–108. 93. Bill, George Ball, 91. 94. James Schlesinger, interview with William Burr, Washington, DC, June 27, 1986, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Schlesinger-James. 95. Bill, George Ball, 91. 96. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 460–461. 97. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 371. 98. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 371. 99. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy London, “Iran’s Opposition and Foreign Policy,” December 1, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 73–77. 100. Vance, Hard Choices, 331. 101. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 191. 102. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 105. 103. Pahlavi, Answer to History, 161. 104. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 1,” December 1, 1978, IR01836, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 105. Harney, The Priest and the King, 102. 106. Ehsan Naraghi, From Palace to Prison: Inside the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994), 86. 107. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 1,” December 1, 1978, IR01836, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 108. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 2,” December 2, 1978, IR01843, Iran Revolution Collection DNSA. 109. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 5,” December 5, 1978, IR01862, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 110. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Mood among Tehran Rioters: Emboffs Observation,” December 2, 1978, IR01844, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 111. CIA report, “International Energy Biweekly Overview,” December 13, 1978, IR01915, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 112. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 8, 1978,” December 8, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 55–58. 232 Notes

113. Frank E. Maestrone to the State Department, “Iranian Request for Supplies of Kerosene and Gas Oil,” December 12, 1978, DUSED, vol. 39, 65. 114. Parsons, The Pride and the Fall, 110. 115. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI) Views of Recent Events,” December 14, 1978, DUSED, vol. 24, 39–40. 116. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center intelligence memorandum, “Opposition Demonstrations in Iran: Leadership, Organization, and Tactics,” December 21, 1978, CIA-RDP80T00634A000500010038-0, CREST, NARA. 117. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “17 Point Opposition Program,” December 11, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 70–71. 118. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Where Are We Now: Opposition Program and the Future,” December 13, 1978, IR01913, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 119. Manucher Farmanfarmaian, Blood & and Oil: A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, From the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York: Random House, 2005), 445. 120. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Opposition Proposals for Departure of Shah,” December 4, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 23–28. 121. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “More Stirring among Moderate Leaders,” December 5, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 29–33. 122. David McGaffey to the State Department, “Lost Chances: The Mood of Despair Grows,” December 6, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 80–82. 123. Jimmy Carter, question-and-answer session at a breakfast with members of the White House Correspondents Association, December 7, 1978, PPJC 1978, vol. 2, 2173. 124. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Situation in Iran,” December 3, 1978, DUSED, vol. 13-A, 78–79. 125. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “Regency Council,” December 12, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 72. 126. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Regency Council,” December 13, 1978, DUSED, vol. 26, 75. 127. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Where Are We Now: Opposition Program and the Future,” December 13, 1978, IR01913, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 128. Stansfield Turner, “Conversation with Dr. Brzezinski, Secretary Vance, Secretary Brown and Mr. Aaron, 8 December 1978, re US Position on Iran,” December 8, 1978, CIA-RDP81M00980R001800010008-4, CREST, NARA. 129. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Cottam on Khomeini, Liberation Movement (LMI), and National Front (INF),” January 2, 1979, DUSED, vol. 24, 44–46. 130. Henry Precht, December 13, 1978. DUSED, vol. 18, 115–119. 131. Henry Precht, December 13, 1978. DUSED, vol. 18, 115–119. Notes 233

132. Henry Precht, December 13, 1978, DUSED, vol. 18, 115–119. 133. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “Approach [to the] National Front,” December 15, 1978, DUSED, vol. 21, 1–2. 134. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 16,” December 16, 1978, IR01932, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 135. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 14,” December 14, 1978, IR01923, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 136. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 17,” December 17, 1978, IR01933, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 137. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 16,” December 16, 1978, IR01932, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 138. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 20, 1978,” December 20, 1978, IR01943, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 139. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Attitudes and Troubles in the Iranian Military,” December 21, 1978, IR01950, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 140. Richard N. Cooper to US Embassy Tehran, “Attitudes and Troubles in the Iranian Military,” December 23, 1978, IR01958, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 141. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 22,” December 22, 1978, IR01954, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 142. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 23,” December 23, 1978, IR01956, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 143. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 24,” December 24, 1978, IR01959, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 144. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 218–219. 145. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 28, 1978,” December 28, 1978, IR01969, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 146. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Iran Sitrep No. 58, 12/2978,” December 29, 1978, IR01980, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA, and William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/ Security Report, December 30, 1978,” December 30, 1978, IR01981, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 147. Harney, The Priest and the King, 134–135. 148. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Student Visa Requests Up Sharply,” December 28, 1978, IR01970, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 234 Notes

149. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Alleged Plots to Kill U.S. Citizens in Iran,” December 29, 1978, DUSED, 13-B, 27–28. 150. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 30, 1978,” December 30, 1978, IR01981, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 151. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Further Measures to Reduce Official Population,” December 28, 1978, IR01965, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA.

Chapter 10

1. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report December 1,” December 1, 1978, IR01836, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 2. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Answer to History (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), 168. 3. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, December 22,” December 22, 1978, IR01954, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 4. William H. Sullivan, Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton & Com- pany, 1981), 190. 5. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 332. 6. Jonathan Kandell, “Iran’s Affluent, Indebted to Shah, Give Him Little Support in Crisis,” New York Times, November 18, 1978. 7. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 212. 8. Manucher Farmanfarmaian, Blood & and Oil: A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, From the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York: Random House, 2005), 450. 9. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2010), 268. 10. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Secu- rity Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983), 375. 11. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, December 28, 1978, IR01972, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 12. Anthony Parsons, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1979 (London: Jon- athan Cape, 1984), 114. 13. Carter, White House Diary, 268. 14. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “,” December 30, 1978, DUSED, vol. 20, 93. 15. Farmanfarmaian, Blood and Oil, 451. 16. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Proposed Press Statement,” January 1, 1979, IR01998, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 17. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Meeting on January 4,” January 2, 1979, IR02003, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. Notes 235

18. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 376–378. 19. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 376–378. 20. Vance, Hard Choices, 335. 21. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 443. 22. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 229. 23. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 376–378. 24. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 376–378. 25. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 378–379. 26. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 223–226. 27. Carter, White House Diary, 272. 28. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 223–226. 29. Theodore Eliot, interview with William Burr, July 30, 1986, OHIC, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Elliot-Theodore. 30. Vance, Hard Choices, 337. 31. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Briefing General Huyser,” January 5, 1979, IR02012, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 32. Carter, White House Diary, 273. 33. Robert E. Huyser, Mission to Tehran (London: André Deutsch, 1986), 27. 34. Huyser, Mission to Tehran, 31–32. 35. Chapour Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982), 130–131. 36. Arthur A. Hartman to the State Department, “French Meet Khomeini,” January 1, 1979, IR01992, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 37. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Political Developments,” January 1, 1979, DUSED, vol. 26, 99. 38. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Proposed Press Statement,” January 1, 1979, IR01995, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 39. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Press Guidance,” January 1, 1979, IR1994, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 40. Carter, White House Diary, 271. 41. Jean-Charles Brotons, U.S. Officials and the Fall of the Shah (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010), 66. 42. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 302–303. 43. State Department to US Embassy Tehran, “Message for Prime Minis- ter Bakhtiar,” January 15, 1979, IR02090, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 44. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report January 10, 1979,” January 10, 1979, IR02050, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 45. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Bazaari Views on Bakhtiar Candidacy and on Continuing Confrontation,” January 3, 1979, DUSED, vol. 26, 106–107. 46. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 236–237. 236 Notes

47. David McGaffey to the State Department, “Forecast: Cloudy for Iran,” January 6, 1979, DUSED, vol. 63, 32–36. 48. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 154–160. 49. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Liberation Movements (MI) Near Future Posture,” January 8, 1979, DUSED, vol. 18, 69–71. 50. Laetitia Nanquette, Orientalism versus Occidentalism: Literary and Cultural Imaging between France and Iran since the Islamic Revolution (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 58. 51. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 139. 52. Christian Chapman to the State Department, “Khomeini’s Camp Reac- tion to Visit of Bakhtiar to Paris,” January 28, 1979, DUSED, vol. 18, 120–121. 53. Christian Chapman to the State Department, “Khomeini’s Camp Reac- tion to Visit of Bakhtiar to Paris,” January 28, 1979, DUSED, vol. 18, 120–121. 54. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 154–160. 55. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Intermediary Seeks Bakhtiar and Goes to Meet Khomeini,” January 8, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 1–4. 56. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Failure of a Mission to Khomeini,” January 17, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 49. 57. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Personnel, E and E,” January 1, 1979, IR01996, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 58. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Latest on Opera- tions,” January 1, 1979, IR01993, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 59. Lowell R. Fleisher, “Iran: New Government Faces Difficult Situation,” January 10, 1979, IR02046, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 60. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Death of ARMISH- MAAG Colonel,” January 16, 1979, IR02104, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 61. David D. Newsom to US Embassy Tehran, “Press Guidance,” January 1, 1979, IR1994, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 62. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Visit of Von Marbod,” January 17, 1979, IR02119, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 63. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 17,” January 17, 1979, IR02117, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 64. Hossein Bashiriyeh, The State and Revolution in Iran, 1962–1982 (New York: Routledge, 2011), 118. 65. Sepehr Zabir, The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (New York: Routledge, 2011), 52–53. 66. Cyrus Vance, “Iran Sitrep Number 91, January 13, 1979 1600,” January 13, 1979, DUSED, vol. 13-B, 60–62. 67. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Clergy Organizing to Help Stabilize Public Order,” January 8, 1979, DUSED, vol. 26, 113–115. Notes 237

68. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “LMI on Present Events,” January 14, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 121–122. 69. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Religious Leaders Fear Departure of the Shah,” January 10, 1979, DUSED, vol. 13-B, 56–57. 70. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Another Moderate Oppo- sitionist Opposes Bakhtiar,” January 7, 1979, DUSED, vol. 26, 111. 71. Lowell R. Fleisher, “Iran: New Government Faces Difficult Situation,” January 10, 1979, IR02046, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 72. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report January 10, 1979,” January 10, 1979, IR02050, Iran Revolution Collec- tion, DNSA. 73. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Shah Supporters Ready to Switch Sides,” , 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 32–33. 74. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report January 13,” January 13, 1979, IR02075, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 75. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Two Oppositionist Views—Backing Off Confrontation,” January 9, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 123–125. 76. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “LMI on Present Events,” January 14, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 121–122. 77. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Meeting with Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari,” January 10, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 24–25. 78. Lowell R. Fleisher, “Iran: New Government Faces Difficult Situation,” January 10, 1979, IR02046, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 79. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 382. 80. Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, “General Huyser’s Report,” January 13, 1979, Folder 3, Box 41, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 81. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Further Report of Richard Cot- tam,” January 7, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 126–127. 82. Robert E. Huyser to Harold Brown, January 1979, Folder 3, Box 41, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 83. Harold Brown to Jimmy Carter, “Conversation with General Huyser,” January 13, 1979, Folder 3, Box 41, Staff Material: Middle East Collec- tion, JCPL. 84. At the time, Warren Zimmermann, chief of Paris embassy’s political sec- tion, was meeting Ibrahim Yazdi. 85. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 381. 86. Carter, White House Diary, 276. 87. Carter, White House Diary, 277. 88. Robert E. Huyser to Harold Brown, January 1979, Folder 3, Box 41, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, JCPL. 89. Ibid. 90. Stansfield Turner, “Conversation with Secretary of State, 12 January 1979,” January 15, 1979, CIA-RDP81B00401R002300210001-6, CREST, NARA. 238 Notes

91. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 154–160. 92. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Proposed Meeting between Iranian Military and Khomeini Supporters,” January 14, 1979, IR02083, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 93. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Proposed Meeting between Iranian Military and Khomeini Supporters,” January 14, 1979, IR02087, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 94. Pahlavi, Answer to History, 173–174. 95. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 150–153. 96. Pahlavi, Answer to History, 173–174. 97. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 150–153. 98. Pahlavi, Answer to History, 189–191. 99. Houshang Asadi, “The Day the Shah Left,” Wall Street Journal, Janu- ary 24, 2013. 100. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 18, 1979,” January 18, 1979, IR02125, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 101. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 313. 102. Cyrus Vance, “Iran Sitrep no. 100, All Posts Take Action Immediate, Political/Security,” January 18, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 55–56. 103. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 31, 1979,” January 31, 1979, IR02210, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 104. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 18, 1979,” January 18, 1979, IR02125, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 105. Carter, press conference, January 17, 1979, PPJC 1979, vol. 1, 51–52. 106. Carter, press conference, January 17, 1979, PPJC 1979, vol. 1, 52. 107. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 23, 1979,” January 23, 1979, DUSED, vol. 13-B, 70–74. 108. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 17,” January 17, 1979, IR02117, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 109. Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 247–248. 110. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 247–248. 111. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 249–251. 112. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 27, 1979,” January 27, 1979, IR02178, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 113. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report as of 1500, January 19,” January 19, 1979, IR02129, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 114. Carter, White House Diary, 278. 115. Carter, White House Diary, 280. Notes 239

116. Cyrus Vance, “Iran Sitrep Number 91, January 13, 1979 1600,” Janu- ary 13, 1979, DUSED, vol. 13-B, 60–62. 117. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Khomeini’s Return to Iran Postponed,” January 16, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 120. 118. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Religious Moderates,” January 23, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 90–92. 119. US Embassy Tehran to the State Department, “Plans Set for Khomeini Arrival in Tehran,” January 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 97–99. 120. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political Security Report, January 22, 1979,” January 22, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 73–76. 121. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Opposition Views,” January 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 100. 122. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Visit to the U.S.,” Janu- ary 21, 1979, IR02141, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 123. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Another Moderate Oppo- sitionist Group Gets in Touch,” January 20, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 17. 124. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report as of 1500, January 19,” January 19, 1979, IR02129, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 125. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 24,” January 24, 1979, IR02167, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 126. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security SitRep Supplement, January 25,” January 25, 1979, IR02171, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 127. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security SitRep Supplement, January 25,” January 25, 1979, IR02171, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 128. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security SitRep Supplement, January 25,” January 25, 1979, IR02171, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 129. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report as of 1500, January 19,” January 19, 1979, IR02129, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 130. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Supplement to Sitrep of Jan- uary 20,” January 20, 1979, IR02137, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 131. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 27, 1979,” January 27, 1979, IR02178, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 132. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 29, 1979,” January 29, 1979, IR02192, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 133. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 27, 1979,” January 27, 1979, IR02178, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 240 Notes

134. Huyser, Mission to Tehran, 228–229. 135. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 30, 1979,” January 30, 1979, IR02203, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 136. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Liberation Movement Will Try Again for Deal with GOI,” January 29, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 104–106. 137. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 29, 1979,” January 29, 1979, IR02192, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 138. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security SitRep Supplement, January 25,” January 25, 1979, IR02171, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 139. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 385–386. 140. William L. Eagleton Jr. to the State Department, “Qaddafi, Khomeini, and the Imam Musa Al-Sadr,” January 23, 1979, DUSED, vol. 13-B, 75–78. 141. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center intelligence memorandum, “Iran: Khomeini’s Prospects and Views,” January 19, 1979, IR02131, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 142. William H. Sullivan, February 2, 1979, Folder 2, Box 12, Donated Historical Material: Zbigniew Brzezinski Collection, JCPL. 143. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 389. 144. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Khomeini Return Set; Confrontation Apparently Deferred,” January 31, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 101. 145. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Khomeini Return Awaits Air France OK,” January 30, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 102–103. 146. US Embassy Tehran to the State Department, “Plans Set for Khomeini Arrival in Tehran,” January 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 97–99. 147. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Religious Moderates,” January 23, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 90–92. 148. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Liberation Movement of Iran Forms Strike Committee, Oppositionists Discussing Next Steps,” January 17, 1979, DUSED, vol. 10, 118–119. 149. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Khomeini’s Arrival: Military Talk Going Well, Final Arrangements Solidifying,” January 31, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 118–119. 150. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 24,” January 24, 1979, IR02167, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 151. Geri M. Joseph to the State Department, “Dutch Pilots Union Deems Flying to Iran Too Risky,” January 31, 1979, IR02207, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 152. US Embassy Tehran to the State Department, “Plans Set for Khomeini Arrival in Tehran,” January 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 97–99. Notes 241

153. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Khomeini’s Arrival: Military Talk Going Well, Final Arrangements Solidifying,” January 31, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 118–119. 154. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report, January 31, 1979,” January 31, 1979, IR02210, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 155. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 1, 1979,” February 1, 1979, IR02215, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 156. Carole Jerome, The Man in the Mirror: A True Inside Story of Revolu- tion, Love and Treachery in Iran (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 94. 157. Simin Redjali, A Symphony of Life: A Persian-American Woman’s Journey through War, Love Revolution and Freedom (N.p.: Xlibris, 2013), 348. 158. Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution, 252–253. 159. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 2, 1979,” February 2, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 120–121. 160. William H. Sullivan, February 2, 1979, Folder 2, Box 12, Donated Historical Material: Zbigniew Brzezinski, JCPL. 161. Donné Raffat, The Prison Papers of Bozorg Alavi (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985), 223. 162. Lowell R. Fleisher, “Iran to Leave CENTO,” February 7, 1979, IR02253, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 163. CIA National Foreign Assessment report, “Military Weekly Review— Iran,” February 2, 1979, IR02222, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 164. Erich F. von Marbod and J. T. Tavakoli, “Revisions of Foreign Mili- tary Sales (FMS) Letters of Offer and Acceptance,” February 3, 1979, IR02231, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 165. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 4, 1979,” February 4, 1979, IR02236, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 166. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 2, 1979,” February 2, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 120–121. 167. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 4, 1979,” February 4, 1979, IR02236, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 168. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 3, 1979,” February 3, 1979, IR02230, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 169. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going?” February 6, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 125–127. 170. Itai Nartzizenfield Sneh, The Future Almost Arrived: How Jimmy Carter Failed to Change U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2008), 177. 171. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 6, 1979,” February 6, 1979, IR02251, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 242 Notes

172. Vance, Hard Choices, 341. 173. Jerome, Man in the Mirror, 48. 174. “Transcript of an Interview with Director Turner,” Washington, DC, February 4, 1979, CIA-RDP99-00498R000300010011-9, CREST, NARA. 175. Carter, White House Diary, 288. 176. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Fardust Reportedly Swimming with Tide,” February 7, 1979, DUSED, vol. 27, 130. 177. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 8, 1979,” February 8, 1979, IR02262, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 178. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 7, 1979,” February 7, 1979, IR02257, Iran Revolu- tion Collection, DNSA. 179. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Trouble at Dowshan Tappeh,” February 10, 1979, IR02273, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 180. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Current Situation in Tehran,” February 11, 1979, IR02285, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 181. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 180–181. 182. Bakhtiar, Ma Fidélité, 187. 183. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 392–393. 184. Huyser, Mission to Tehran, 283–284. 185. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, 253–254. 186. Vance, Hard Choices, 342. 187. CIA National Foreign Assessment Center intelligence assessment, “Iran: The Mujahedin,” August 1981, CIA-RDP06T00412R000 200380001- 2, CREST, NARA. 188. Charles W. Naas, interview with William Burr, Bethesda, MD, July 26, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://www.fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Naas-Charles. 189. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Athens, “Possible Deployment of Marines,” February 12, 1979, IR02289, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA; and Lars H. Hydle to Cyrus Vance, March 20, 1979, AF00523, Afghanistan Collection, DNSA. 190. Charles W. Naas, interview with William Burr, Bethesda, MD, July 26, 1988, OHIC, FIS, http://www.fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory /Naas-Charles. 191. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Relations with Iran,” February 12, 1979, IR02291, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 192. US Defense Department, “Potential Evacuees—Iran,” Confidential, February 12, 1979, IR02295, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 193. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political/Security Report February 12, 1979,” February 12, 1979, DUSED, vol. 14, 1–4. 194. See Ken Follett, On Wings of Eagles (New York: Signet, 1984). Notes 243

195. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Political Roundup,” February 25, 1979, IR02336, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 196. Jack Shellenberger, interview with G. Lewis Schmidt, April 21, 1998, FAOHP, ADST, http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Shellenberger, %20Jack.toc.pdf. 197. Lars H. Hydle to Cyrus Vance, March 20, 1979, AF00523, Afghanistan Collection, DNSA. 198. Stempel, Inside the Iranian Revolution, 184–186. 199. Tim Wells, 444 Days: The Hostages Remember (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), 13. 200. William H. Sullivan to the State Department, “Acceptance of Respon- sibility for Damages Sustained during Feb. 14 Attack on the U.S. Embassy,” March 11, 1979, DUSED, vol. 18, 15. 201. Michael J. Metrinko to US Embassy Tehran, “The Attack on the Amer- ican Consulate Tabriz,” March 19, 1979, DUSED, vol. 14, 42–52.

Epilogue

1. State Department to US Embassy Tehran, “Suggested Press Guidance,” February 11, 1979, IR02286, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 2. Richard Secord, Honored and Betrayed: Irangate, Covert Affairs and the Secret War in Laos (New York: Wiley, 1992), 139. 3. CIA memorandum, “Implications of Iran for Middle East Peace Nego- tiations,” February 16, 1979, CIA-RDP81B00401R002000090002-2, CREST, NARA. 4. Jimmy Carter, press conference, February 22, 1979, PPJC 1979, vol. 1, 311–312. 5. “American Approve Non-Intervention in Iran; Blame Shah for His Own Collapse, but Put Some Onus on the President,” March 14, 1979, IR02379, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 6. Jimmy Carter, press conference, February 27, 1979, AFPBD, Document 339, 735–736. 7. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 452. 8. CIA to the National Security Council, “Iran—Prospects for Bazargan Government,” March 1, 1979, IR02356, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 9. Cyrus Vance to US Embassy Tehran, “Statement on Iran,” May 12, 1979, DUSED, vol. 15, 15. 10. Victor L. Tomseth to the State Department, “Departing Impressions of Iran,” March 5, 1979, DUSED, vol. 14, 12–22. 11. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “The Anti-American Syn- drome,” April 18, 1979, DUSED, vol. 14, 82–85. 12. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “Meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Yazdi,” April 12, 1979, DUSED, vol. 34, 45–46. 244 Notes

13. Charles W. Naas to the State Department, “USG-PGOI Relations,” June 4, 1979, IR02643, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 14. Warren Christopher to US Embassy Tehran, “USG-PGOI Relations,” June 1, 1979, IR02633, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 15. US Embassy Tehran to the State Department, “The American Posture in Iran I: Changing Circumstances,” May 30, 1979, DUSED, vol. 15, 59–63. 16. CIA Tel Aviv, September 25, 1979, DUSED, vol. 36, 236–247. 17. State Department, press briefing, Washington, DC, May 21, 1979, DUSED, vol. 15, 24. 18. State Department, press briefing, “Question Taken at October 23 Noon Briefing,” October 23, 1979, Iran Revolution Collection, DNSA. 19. Christian Emery, US Foreign Policy and the Iranian Revolution: The Cold War Dynamics of Engagement and Strategic Alliance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 105. 20. W. Taylor Fain, American Ascendance and British Retreat in the Persian Gulf Region (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). 21. Leon Panetta, Worthy Fights: A Memory of Leadership in War and Peace (New York: Penguin Press, 2014). 22. , Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 284–289. 23. Thomas L. Friedman, “Obama Makes His Case,” New York Times, July 15, 2015. 24. Thanassis Cambanis, “Are We Witnessing the Birth of a New Mideast Order?” Foreign Policy, July 21, 2015, http://foreign policy.com / 2015/07/21/are-we-witnessing-the-birth-of-a-new-mideast-order/. 25. David Rothkopf, “President Obama Is Wrong—The Iran Deal Is Transformational,” Foreign Policy, July 20, 2015, https:// foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/20/obama-is -wrong- the-iran- deal-is -transformational-israel-middle-east/. Sources and Bibliography

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A Aryamehr University, 39 Aaron, David, xiii, 50, 121, 122, Ashraf, Princess, 16, 79, 115 127, 171 controversies surrounding her Abadan, 158 private life, 85 cinema fire, 95–97, 99–101 disapproves handling of the crisis counterdemonstrations by Shah by the Shah, 91, 92, 108 loyalists, 156, 157 mistrust of Carter, 57 curfew in, 106 Asia, 1, 55, 88, 114 ABC, 181, 183 Associated Press, 73 Afshar, Amir Khosrow, xiv, 110 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 13, 14, Ahmad, Jalal Al-e, 62 Atherton, Alfred, xiii, 41 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 195, 196 Australia, 45 Ahwaz, 106, 157 AWACS (Airborne Surveillance AI (Amnesty International), 33, 49, System), 46, 47 77 Azhari, Gholam Reza, xiv, 130–133, Air France, 181 136–137, 143–146, 151, 157, Alam, Amir Asadollah, xiv, xx, 39, 159–160 40, 60, 64 Azores, deployment of marines in, criticism of Carter, xxi, 26 186 Algiers, 192 Al-Kadhim, Musa, 60 B Amini, Ali, xiv, 15, 96, 120, 139, Babol, 79 159 Badrei, Abdol Ali, 165, 185 Amir-Entezam, Abbas, xv, 110, 159, Baez, Joan, 34 180 Baghdad, 193–195, 197 Amouzegar, Jamshid, xiv, 18, 39, Bakhtiar, Shapour, xiv, 38, 165, 71, 78, 92, 96, 107 172–173, 175, 186, 190 Ansary, Hushang, xiv, 90, 133 appointed Prime Minister, 159, Arak, 61, 156, 161–162, 166 Argentina, 113 attempts of negotiation with ARMISH-MAAG (United States Khomeini, 168 Military Mission in Iran), exile of, 185 42–46, 126, 151, 169, 178, isolation of, 170, 183 180–181, 185, 189 and Khomeini’s return, 176, Arsanjani, Hassan, 15 179–180 254 Index

Bakhtiar, Shapour (Continued) and possibility of a military and the military, 163–164, 169, government in Iran, 122 171, 181, 184 and , 5 reforms and concessions set forth Brzezinski, Zbigniew, xiii, xxiv, 9, by, 167–168, 174, 177, 182 13, 54, 104, 128, 155, 158, and Sullivan, 167 161, 177 Bandar Abbas, 159 backs a military coup in Bani-Ahmad, Ahmad, 90, Tehran, 163, 164, 171, 172, Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, xv, 109, 153, 180, 185 168 and Ball, 5, 147, 148 Barber, Benjamin, xxv and Carter, 4 Bazargan, Mehdi, xv, 110, 115, 116, cautioned over disturbances in 154, 167, 168, 173, 184, 185 Iran, 76, 88, 89 contacts with American officials, complains about poor intelligence 84, 85, 156, 183, 186, 187 regarding Iran, 117, 141 as Prime Minister, 190, 191, 192 on human rights, 36–37 BBC, 34, 157 on implications of Khomeini’s criticized by Shah, 110 triumph, 179 criticized by Sullivan, 146 on Kissinger, 1 Beaupuy, Alain De, 100 meeting with Bazargan, 192 Beglari, Amin, 184 meeting with the Shah, 53 Behbahanian, Mohammad Jaafar, plans trip to Tehran, 149 85, 87 supports an “iron fist” policy in Behesti, Ayatollah Seyyed Iran, 118, 121–124, 131, 141, Mohammad Hossein, xv, 110, 150, 162 139, 173, 185 and Vance, 6, 10–12, 125–127 Bell Helicopter (Textron Company), and Vietnam War, 7 106, 114, and Zahedi, 99, 119, 140, Blumenthal, W. Michael, xiii, 148 148 suggests consulting Ball, 147 Burrington, David, 45 travel to Iran, 140, 141 Bush, George H. W., 194 Bonn, 174 Bush, George W., 195–196 Borujerdi, Grand Ayatollah Butler, William J., 33, Mohammad Hossein, 61, 62 Byrd, Robert C., 141–142 Bowie, Robert (Bob), 141, Boyandor, Darious, 100 C Brewin, Roger C., 73 California, 9, 24 Brezhnev, Leonid, 2 , 4 Brown, George, 122 Carter’s focus on, xxiii, 36, 104, Brown, Harold, xiii, 9, 10, 44, 121, 119 125, 158 Canberra, 174 and Ball’s proposal, 148 Carter Doctrine, 192–193 and Huyser’s mission, 163, 164, Carter, Jimmy, xiii, 31, 81, 84, 172, 174 92–93, 96, 99–100, 103, 105, and possibility of a military coup 125–127, 129, 135, 145–147, in Iran, 171 155, 170–171, 177, 196 Index 255

administration of, xvii–xviii, on animosity between Vance and xxi–xxiv, 2, 6, 7, 12, 42, 74, 81, Brzezinski, 6 89, 108, 116, 122, 139, 155, and Ball’s proposal, 148 163, 182–183, 189, 191–193 denies American involvement in ambivalent regarding Vance and Iranian protests, 104, 105 Brzezinski’s postures, 150, 164 and human rights, 34, 45, 46, 78 and Ball, 147–148 on Huyser’s mission, 164, 185 and Bazargan’s Provisional opposes a military government in Government, 191–192 Iran, 122, 123, 144, 149 blamed for Iranian revolution, CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), xvii–xxv, 189 xi, xiv, xvii–xxiii, 81, 117–118, and Camp David negotiations, 104 125, 127, 135, 148 changes discourse on Iran, on arms exports to Iran, 45 143–144, 154 Carter’s attempt to curb complains about reports on Iran, controversial practices, 4, 8–9 138, 142 failures in intelligence gathering disliked by Shah’s entourage, and analysis regarding Iran, 69, 26–27, 160–161 82–83, 92, 100, 142 foreign policy and worldview of, involvement in 1953s coup in 1–12, 190 Iran, 14 at Guadeloupe Summit, 164 on Khomeini’s Iran and its hosts the Crown Prince of Iran, implications, 179, 189 119 predictions on Iran, 24–25, 74, and human rights, 28–28–29, 89, 93, 108 32–39, 73, 77, 89, 101, 113, on Shah’s chances, 122, 141, 137 152–153 and Huyser’s mission, 163, Clinton, Bill, 195 179–180 Cold War, xxiv, xxv, 83 and military sales to Iran, 40–47 Carter’s approach to, 1–2, 6, 7 mistrust of Sullivan, 139–140, Salt II negotiations, 4, 104 162, 172, 183–184 Cooper, Andrew Scott, xviii and Persian Gulf, 192–193 Cooper, Richard N., 114, 120–121, and Shah’s visit to the White 126, 163–164, 179, 185 House, 49–54 supports Bakhtiar, 166, 175–176 D supports Shah, 121, 123–124, Damascus, 174, 197 141 Derian, Patricia, xiii, 35–36, 50, 98 visits Tehran, 55–59, 72 Diplomacy for a Crowded World, 5 Carter, Rosalynn, 2, 3, 6, 51–53, Dowshan Tappeh (military base), 56–58 114 CENTO (Central Treaty Duncan, Charles, xiii, 114 Organization), 27, 182 Chase Manhattan Bank, 5 E , 104, 197 Ebtekar, Massoumeh, 82 Christopher, Warren, xiii EDS (Electronic Data Systems), 186 advises Carter to call the Shah, 104 Eghbal, Manouchehr, 40 256 Index

Egypt, 104, 120, 145, 174, 189 Gast, Philip C., xiii, 126, 145, 180, Eisenhower, Dwight D., xxiii 185 Ellsberg, Daniel, 8 Gelb, Leslie, 7, 8 Ennals, Martin, 33, 49 , 197 Entezam, Abdollah, 120 Gharabaghi, Abbas, xiv, 165, 169, Eqbal, Khosrow, 168 186 Eslaminia, Hedayat, 86–87 Ghotbzadeh, Sadegh, xv, 110 Ettela’at, 59–60 Golpayegani, Ayatollah, 63, 93, 144 , 195 , 135, 186 Grim, Paul, 157 F Falk, Richard A., 69, H Farah, Empress, xiv, 25, 31, 34, Ha’iri, Abd al-Karim, 61 51–53, 55–56, 77, 88, 96, 135, Habiballahi, Kamaladdin Mir, 165 145, 173 Halperin, Morton, 7 Fardust, Hussein, 86–87, 184, Hanson, Heidi, 50 Farmanfarmaian, Manucher, xiv, Harney, Desmond, xiv, 105, 111, 153, 162 114, 120, 134, 151, 158 Farschi, Ali, 107 Hashemi, Sayyed Mehdi, 25–26 Ford, Gerald, xviii–xx, 5, 7, 10, 23, Hassan II, King of Morocco, 11 26, 33, 179 Heinhott, Arthur, 169 arms sales to Iran, 40–41, 43–45 Helms, Cynthia, xvii, 19, Shah’s preference of Ford over Helms, Richard, xiii, xvii, xviii, xxi, Carter, xxi, xxii, 2, 27 27, 81, 90 Foreign Policy, 7 Henze, Paul B., 13–14 Forouhar, Dariush, 38, 136, 152 Holbrooke, Richard, 5, 7 France, 197 Holmes, Julius, 15 French embassy in Iran, 129 Homayoun, Darioush, 18, 60 French West Indies, 164 Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, xiv, xx, 39, imitation of legal principles by 60, 71–72, 96, 108, 120, 132 Iran, 33 Hussein, Saddam, 109, 193–195 Iranian oil exports to, 135 Huyser, Robert E., 178 Islamic Republic compared to the abrupt termination of his mission, French republic, 166 179, 180 Khomeini settled in, 109–110, asked by Brzezinski to lead a 176 military takeover in Tehran, 185 mediation between Washington confusion about his mission, and Khomeini, 172 163–165, 172 wealthy Iranians in, 24 object to the assessment of Fraser, Antonia, 34 Sullivan, 183 Fraser, Donald M., 77 persuades Iranian generals to remain in the country, 166 G works for an understanding Ganji, Manouchehr, xiv, 36 between Iranian military and Gardner, Richard, 5 the opposition, 176, 177 Gasiorowski, Mark, 27, 43 works to avoid a military coup, 171 Index 257

I development plans of, 23 IAS (Iran-America Society), 92 economic situation, xix, xx–xxi, ICA (International Communications 19–24, 121, 133–135 Agency), 186 exodus of wealthy Iranians, ICJ (International Commission of 23–24, 91, 114–115 Jurists), 33, 77–78 hostage crisis, xvii, xxiv, 2, Illinois, 26 191–193 Imperial Guard, 165, 184 human rights, xxiii, 28, 32–38, Imperial Iranian Air Force, 72, 165, 49–50, 53, 57, 101 184 Jewish community, 16–17, 63, 92 Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, xiv, liberalization process, xxiii, 39, 40, 44, 116, 127, 132, 152, 73, 80, 91–92, 101, 114–115 155, 169, 176, 182–183 modernization/westernization Washington’s concerns over the process, xx, 13, 15–16, 18, integrity of, 138, 146, 149, 74–75, 97 150, 157, 160, 163–165, 172 nuclear program, 195–198 Conscripts of, 82, 90, 101, 103, oil exports, 23, 110–111, 113, 157, 171, 184 121, 133–135, 151–152, 156, Imperial Iranian Army, 165, 184 158 Imperial Iranian Navy, 159, 165, and Persian Gulf, xix, xxii, xxv, 174, 182 135, 141, 159, 179, 182, Iran, 4, 11, 27, 29, 31, 51–52, 55, 192–194, 198 59, 83–84, 86–87, 90, 117, Shia Islam in, xxv, 17, 61–70, 77, 123, 125, 155, 159, 190–192 153 1953 coup, xxii, 14, 124 Twin Pillars Policy, xix, 192 American citizens in, 72, 81–82, unrest in, xviii, 13, 25–26, 54, 88, 106, 114, 126–128, 56, 60, 71–73, 76–80, 95–96, 157–158, 168–169 98–99, 102–105, 119–120, arms imports of, xix, 40–47, 169 129–132, 138–141, 143–144, Bahai community of, 17, 63, 92, 146–147, 149–151, 161–167, 95, 97, 137, 157 171–182, 184–186 CIA estimates on, 24–25, 89, war with Iraq, 24, 193–194 92–93, 100, 108, 118, 142, , 15, 59, 63, 152–153 73, 107 clergy, 7, 64–68, 73, 136, 145, women’s status in, 16–17, 73, 97 170, 183 Iraq, 119, 135, 179, 196 communist opposition in, 14, 24, invasion of Kuwait and Gulf War, 59, 74, 76, 83–84, 90, 138, 195 148, 150, 156, 160, 162, 168, Khomeini’s exile in, 65, 109–110 172–173, 177, 183, 186 rise of the Islamic State in, 197 corruption, xx, 16, 22, 25, 38, war with Iran, 24, 193–194 44, 78, 88, 97, 107–108, Isfahan, 25, 28 115–116, 122, 131–132, 137, American plane crash in, 181 177 evacuation of Americans from, democracy in, xvii, 14, 114, 116, 168, 178 148, 154, 160, 189 martial law, 92, 170 258 Index

Isfahan (Continued) contacts between his entourage unrest in, 60, 71, 106, 114, 151, and American officials, 148, 156, 178, 184 155–156, 164, 171–172, 177 US consulate, xiii, 91, 98, 154 designates a Provisional Islamic Revolutionary Council, xv, Government, 183, 190 175, 180, 190 exile of, 16, 65, 79, 114 Khomeini’s announcement of, gains control of the opposition, 169, 170, 182 xxiii, 74, 80, 100, 111, 120, Israel, 5, 8, 27, 45, 61, 92, 136, 152–153, 175 103–104, 138, 189, 194 as icon of the opposition, 54, concerns over the Shah’s stability, 108, 137 80 ideological and religious evacuation of Israelis from Iran, propositions of, xxiv, 62–63, 127 65–70, 166, 179–182 Iranian oil exports to, 19, 113, and the Iran-Iraq war, 193–194 134, 156, 158, 166 mobilization of Iranians, 25, 39, and Iran’s nuclear program, 75, 77, 95, 124, 151, 176 196–198 moves to France, 109–110 Khomeini’s hatred of, 63, 68 refuses any compromise with the Pahlavis, 116, 120, 154, J 167–169 Japan, 5, 19, 22, 45, 102, 135 return to Iran, xxv, 148, 173, Jennings, Peter, 181 176, 178 Jervis, Robert, 69 and Shariatmadari, 86–87, 96 Johnson, Lyndon B., 5–7 use of religious imagery against Jones, David, 121, 148, 163 the Shah, 101, 111, 144–145 Jordan, Hamilton, xiii, 5–6, 12, 143 and White Revolution, 16–17, 63–64 K Khomeini, Mostafa, 60 Kennan, George F., 7 Khonsari, Ayatollah, 86 Kennedy, John F., xxii, 8, 15 Khorasan, earthquake in, 106 Kharg Island, 111 King, Martin Luther, 7 Khatami, Mohammad, 195 Kissinger, Henry, 5, 26, 90, 133 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, xv, advises Carter on Brzezinski, 4 xx, 14, 40, 59, 84–85, 115, blamed for the Iranian revolution, 126, 129, 131, 138–139, 146, xviii 170, 174, 184, 186, 189, 191 blames Carter for the Iranian anti-Americanism of, xxii, 64–65, revolution, xviii 68, 77, 103, 169, 175–176, and Brzezinski, 6, 147, 179 191 Carter’s attempt to mark a background and family of, 60–61 departure from, 1–2 calls for general strikes, 128, 150, criticises Carter’s foreign policy, 2–3 156 role in the increase of arms consolidates power in Iran, exports to Iran, xix, 40 190–192 and William Simon, 23 Index 259

Kraft, Joseph, 60 Moghaddam, Nasser, 86–87, 113 Kurds, 178, 192 Moghaddam-Maraghei, Kuwait, 8, 109, 134–135, 152, 195 Rahmatollah, 84, 113 Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran, L xiv, 41–44, 61–62, 64, 71–73, Lajes (military base), 186 75, 79, 82–83, 88–89, 106, Lajevardi, Qassem, 21 109–111, 113, 118, 127, 135, Lake, Anthony, 5, 7 137–138, 140–143, 145–148, Lambrakis, George, xiii, 83–86, 187 151–152, 155–158, 176–178, Latin America, 1 180, 182–185, 189–191, Le Monde, 85, 110, 167 193–194, 198 London, 14, 24, 34, 107, 174 ambitions and vast designs of, xx, López Portillo, José, 2 17–19, 21–22 Louis XIV, King of France, 56 and Bakhtiar, 161–162, 166–167, Louis XVI, King of France, 56 169 Lubriani, Uri, 80 blames Carter for his downfall, xvii, 99, 104–105 M and Carter, xviii, xxi–xxii, xxiv, Majlis (National Consultative 26–27, 45–47, 104 Assembly), 14, 17, 37, 64, 86, compared to Louis XIV, 56 90, 92, 94, 107–108, 114, 116, concerns over his health, 90, 132, 136, 166, 173–175, 177, 98–99 182 dismisses officials and names new Marbod, Erich von, 169 prime ministers, 39, 76, 78, Marcos, Ferdinand, 31, 113 86–87, 96–97, 107, 131 Marcos, Imelda, 31–32 and Ettela’at’s article, 59–60 Mariashi, Ayatollah, 93, exile of, xxv, 159–160, 163–165, Mashad, 25, 80, 110, 144 166–168, 171, 173–175 counterdemonstrations by Shah’s hosts Carter in Tehran, 55–58 loyalists, 156–157 incoherent and hesitant response Matin Daftari, Hedayatollah, 84 to revolution, xxiii, 80–81, 84, McGaffey, David, xiii, 91, 154 153 McGlinchey, Stephen, 46 liberalization process and McGovern, George, 6–7 concessions to opposition, McNamara, Robert, 5, 7, 9 36–39, 78, 80, 91–92, Metrinko, Michael, xiii, 75–76, 79, 107–108, 114, 131–132, 90, 187–188 144, 170 , 31 loses support of Iranians, 25 Miklos, Jack, xiii, 39, 88, 114 and martial law, 101–102, 104 Milani, Abbas, xxi meets Vance, 27–29 Miller, Arthur, 34 and military government, Minatchi, Nasser, xv, 110, 113, 116, 119–125, 129–131 154, 180 modernization and westernization Minu-Sepehr, Aria, 18 reforms launched by, 14–16, Mirfendereski, Ahmad, 182 20, 63 260 Index

Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran Nasseri, Touraj, 73, (Continued) Nassiri, Nematollah, 27, 64, 86–87, and Nixon Doctrine, xix, 40 115, 132 and oil crisis, 23–24 National Bank of Iran, 107 opposed by Western NGO’s, National Front, xv, 54, 85, 100, intellectuals and Carter 111, 120, 124, 136, 152, 156, administration officials, 33–36, 159, 161, 167 98 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty reluctance to order a crackdown of Organization), 45 the protests, 74, 103, 131, 149 Neauphle-le-Château, 109–110, seeks American advice and 168 support, 100–101, 123–124, , 135 126, 150, 161 New Delhi, 174 and Sullivan, 31–32, 139 New York, xvii, 22, 34, 40, 133, tries to negotiate with the 174, 192 moderate opposition, 77, New Yorker, 60 85–87, 93, 95–96, 115–117, New York Review of Books, 34 136, 154 New York Times, 50, 69 visits Carter in Washington, New Zealand, 45, 135 49–54 Newsom, David, xiii, 90, 127, 185 Mondale, Walter F., xiii, 53, 171 NIOC (National Iranian Oil and Carter, 3–4 Company), xiv, 21, 133 and CIA, 8 Nitze, Paul, 7 contacted by Iranian dissidents, Nixon Doctrine, xix, xxi, xxv, 40 28–29 Nixon, Richard, xvii–xxi, xxv, 1, 5, opposes a crackdown in Iran, 23, 26, 193 149–150, 164 attempts to visit Iran, 106 questions Sullivan’s reliability, 139 closeness to the Shah, 52, 57 and Trilateral Commission, 5 Increases military assistance to and Vietnam War, 7 Iran, 40, 41, 43–45 Montazeri, Grand Ayatollah Hussein North Carolina, 26 Ali, xv, 38, 105, 154 Nouri, Ayatollah Allameh Yahya, Morocco, 11, 193 92 Mosaddeq, Mohammad, xxii, xxiii, Nye, Joseph, 7 14, 38, 61–62, 83–85, 159, 161, 166, 177 O Mubarak, Hosni, 196 Obama, Barack, 196–198 OPEC (Organization of the N Petroleum Exporting Naas, Charles, xiii, 35, 37, 81, Countries), 23, 39, 54, 134 87–88, 90, 92–93, 191 OSCO (Oil Service Company of Nahvandi, Hushang, 96 Iran), 157 Najafabad, 157, 178 Oveisi, Gholam Ali, xiv, 102–103, Najafi, Hossain, 144, 115, 129–130, 132, 145, 165, Naraghi, Ehsan, xiv, 22, 151 167–168 Index 261

P Rastakhiz Party, 18, 39, 60, 73, 75, Pahlavi Foundation, 96, 97, 107, 79, 90, 92, 107 166 Regency Council, 154–155, 159, Pahlavi, Ali Reza, 135 161, 169, 175, 177, 180 Pahlavi, Farahnaz, 135 Reza Azhari, Gholam, xiv, 130–133, Pakravan, Hassan, 64 136–137, 143–146, 151, 157, Paris, xv, 69, 109, 110, 116, 120, 159–160 128, 152–155, 168, 169, 171, Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince, 24, 88, 173–175, 179 119 Parsons, Anthony, xiv, 60, 71, , 13–14, 174 97, 109, 114–115, 120, , 4 124–125, 129–130, 132, 136, Rockefeller, David, 5 150, 152 Rome, 14, 174 advises the Shah, 120, 122 Rosenfeld, Stephen, 69 and BBC controversy, 110, 146 Roth, Philip, 34 on Carter’s election impact in Rothkopf, David, 198 Iran, 27–28 Rouhani, Hassan, 196–197 failure to foresee revolution, . See 79–80, 87–99 on the Shah’s depressive mood, S 105, 108 Sadeghi, Gholam, 159 Pennsylvania, 26 Saeed, Javad, 107 Perot, Ross, 186 Sahmsabadi, Ayatollah, 25–26 Persepolis, 17 Sahnaz, Princess, 32 Philippines, 113 Salinger, Pierre, 56 Sullivan and, 31–32 Sanjabi, Karim, xv, 38, 84, 100, Pieczenik, Steve, 45–46 120, 136, 152, 159, 167–168 Powell, Jody, 50 Saudi Arabia, 70, 155, 160–161, Precht, Henry, xiii, 36, 69, 88, 179, 189 155–156 oil exports of, xxi, 23, 55, 134–135, 152 Q and Twin Pillars Policy, xix–xx, Qazvin, 92 192 Qom, 25, 60–61, 63, 71–74, Saunders, Harold, xiii, 93, 95, 127, 76–77, 80, 86–88, 180, 191 148 SAVAK, 27, 38–39, 64, 78, 115, R 187 Rabii, Amir Hossein, 165, 171 blamed for brutal and treacherous Radical Movement, 84, 113 practices, 76, 130 Radio France, 110 change in leadership and reforms, Radio Peace and Progress, 186 86, 87, 132, 166, 177 Radji, Parviz C., xiv, 107 intelligence sharing with the Raein, Parviz, 73, United States, 24, 25, 81 Rafsanjani, Akbar Hashemi, 154 operations inside the United Rasputin, Grigori, 173 States, 33 262 Index

Schlesinger, James, xiii; 10, 121, Soviet Union, 1–3, 6–7, 11, 59, 69, 164 138, 150, 197 Schneider, Mark, 35 invasion of Afghanistan, 192–193 Seabury, Paul, 7 Iran as barrier to Soviet Secord, Richard, xiv, 44, 189 expansionism, xviii–xix, 23, 44, Sefarty, Simon, xviii 189 Seyyed Javadi, Ali Asghar Haj, 38 Spain, 135 Shafiqat, Jaafar, 76, Sullivan, William H., xiv, xxiii–xxiv, Shariati, Ali, xv, 62–63 59, 80, 98, 115, 119, 144, Shariatmadari, Mohammad Kazem, 153, 159, 179, 181 xv, 59, 63–64, 72, 76, 84–87, and arms sales to Iran, 42, 44–45, 93, 96, 100, 115, 125, 131, 47 136, 144, 167, 180 and assaults on the US Embassy, Sharif-Emami, Jafar, xiv, 96–97, 158, 187 100–101, 103, 107, 109, and Bakhtiar, 162, 167 111, 115–116, 119–120, 122, and Ball, 147–148 130–132, 136, 139, 154 and Carter, 103 Shiraz, xiv, 33, 98, 105, 184 and Carter’s visit to Tehran, anti-American disturbances in, 55–56, 58 92 and Emami, 101, 109, 130 cancellation of festival in, 97 and evacuation of American concerns of the Jewish civilians, 146, 158 community, 137 and human rights in Iran, 36, 50 counterdemonstrations by Shah and Huyser, 176–177, 180 loyalists in, 156, 157 on Iranian anti-Americanism, 72, curfew in, 106 84, 151, 157 martial law in, 170 and Iranian Bahais, 137 riots in, 60, 71 on Iranian oil production, 133 Shirvan, 157 and Iranian opposition, 72–74, Shriver, Sargent, 5 81–84, 105, 111, 136, 160, Sick, Gary, xiv, 50, 125, 126, 131, 183 155 and liberalization process in Iran, and Ball, 147 39, 74 attempts to draw Brzezinski’s loses Carter’s confidence, on Iran’s troubles, 54, 76, 80, 139–140, 163, 172, 184 88–89, 93 loses the trust of the Shah, 149 reviews Sullivan’s reports and meetings with the Shah, 99–100, memorandums, 140, 142 102, 104, 120–122, 124–125, urges Brzezinski to go to Tehran, 130, 150, 161, 165, 171 121 on protests and the crackdown, Simon, William E., xix, 23 60, 78–79, 106–107, 110, Solarz, Stephen J., 113 116–118, 124, 128–129, 141, Sorensen, Theodore, 8 145, 164, 178, 185–186 , 4 on Regency Council, 154–155 reliance on Iranian oil, 134–135, and Shah, 31 156 summer leave of, 87–90, 96 Index 263

“Thinking the Unthinkable” martial law in, 63–64, 97–98, cable of, 138–139 102, 107, 124, 132 and Zahedi, 32, 123 Qasr prison, 79 Sweden, 135 unrest in, 16, 54, 71–72, 80, 101, 106, 114, 119, 129–130, 137, T 151, 157, 167, 178, 184–186 Tabas, 106, 107 Vance’s visit, 27–28, 46 Tabriz, xiii, 98 Tehran University, 54, 71, 80, 114, counterdemonstrations by Shah 157, 178 loyalists in, 71, 156, 157, 177, Texas, 26, 88, 119, 186 178 Time magazine, 73, crackdown of protests in, 88 Tomseth, Victor, xiv, 105–106, 190 discontent of young and Toufanian, Hassan, xiv, 98, unemployed in, 75 165–166, 171 opposition takes charge of security Trilateral Commission, 5–6 in, 170 Tudeh Party, 14, 24, 62, 100, 136 riots in, 60, 74–77, 79, 90, 92, Turkey, 13–14, 182, 186, 106 Turner, Stansfield, xiv, 8–9, troop mutiny in, 157 117–118, 121–122, 125, 127, troops removed from the streets 138, 142, 148, 155, 173, 183 in, 86 US consulate assault in, 158, 187 U Taheri, Hassan, 91 , 135 Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmood, xv, , 14, 110, 135 110, 128, 154, alleged British involvement in the Tarnoff, Peter, 29 Iranian protests, 99, 110 Tehran, xiv, xviii, xix–xx, 17, 31, attacks on British citizens in Iran, 33, 35–36, 38–39, 42, 45, 100, 130 69, 73, 78, 81, 85–88, 96, British embassy in Iran, 23, 97, 99, 115, 117, 121, 127, 134, 129 136, 139–140, 148, 153, 170, British imperialism, 59 173–174, 191–194, 197–198 British withdrawal from the bazaar, 14, 16, 69, 71, 80, 86 Persian Gulf, 192 93, 115, 124, 140, 149, exports to Iran, 22 156–157 military sales to Iran, 47 blackouts and power shortages in, security assistance to the Shah, 24, 128, 143, 152, 158, 168 102, 126 Blumenthal’s visit, 141 , 7, 8, 174, 195 Brzezinski’s aborted trip to, 149 United States, 14, 49, 54–56, 109, Carter’s visit, 55–56 133, 137 curfew in, 106, 145 arms sales to Iran, 42–47, 182 growth of, 20–22 and CENTO, 182 Huyser dispatched to, 163–165 focus on Iranian human rights Jaleh Square massacre, 102–105 record, 32–36 Khomeini’s return to, 176, foreign policy of, xxiv, 1–2, 6–9, 179–182 147, 190 264 Index

United States (Continued) and Regency Council, 155 Iranian students in, 50, 53, 158 and Sullivan, 30, 104, 139 and Iran’s nuclear program, and Trilateral Commission, 5 195–198 and Vietnam War, 7 and Persian Gulf, 192–194 Vietnam War, 5, 106, 190 oil imports from Iran, 134–135, impact on the United States’ foreign 156 policy, xxiii, xxiv, 6–8, 34, 190 Shah’s family in, 88, 173 protests against, 52, 101 US-Iran relations, xvii–xix, xxii, used by Carter to justify stance on 13, 23–24, 27, 29, 39–40, 74, Iran, 143, 175 84, 89, 91–93, 96, 99–100, 103, 105–106, 108, 113, 116, W 119, 121–127, 138, 143–144, Wall Street Journal, 69 148–150, 155, 162–167, 172, Warnke, Paul, 5, 7 175, 177, 179–180, 183, 187, Washington Post, 69, 85 189–192 West Germany, 135 US-Saudi relations, 160–161, 189 Western , 1, 5, 18–19, US Air Force, xiv, 10, 44, 178 22, 33, 38, 55, 68, 74, 91, US Armed Forces, 40, 44 101–102, 105, 109–110, US Navy, 194 134–135 160, 168, 180 Wisconsin, 26 V World War II, 13, 129 Vance, Cyrus, xiv, xxiv, 29, 36, 41, 50, 93, 122–123, 127, 135 Y and arms sales to Iran, 42, 44, 46 Yamani, Zaki, 23 on Bakhtiar, 162, 183, 190 Yazdi, Ibrahim, xv, 110, 153, 168, and Ball, 147–148 191 and Brzezinski, 6, 10–12, helps Americans officials in final 117–118, 125–126, 142 days of revolution, 185, 187 on “bypassing” Shah, 149 meeting with Henry Precht, and Carter, 10–12, 138, 142, 150 155–156 and contacts with the Iranian meeting with Vance, 192 opposition, 81, 105, 160, Young, Andrew, 7–8, 69 171–172, 177, 183 and evacuation of Americans from Z Iran, 146, 158 Zahedi, Ardeshir, xiv, 46, 166 and human rights, 34, 78, 87, 98 accuses Washington of fostering on Huyser’s mission, 163–165 unrest in Iran, 104–105 and Iran non-interference policy, and Brzezinski, 54, 99, 118–119, 143–144 123, 148 meeting Shah, 27–28, 53 disliked by Sullivan, 32, 140 meeting Yazdi, 192 Zarghamee, Mehdi S., 18, 39