Notes Introduction 1. Cynthia Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1981), 204–205. 2. Roham Alvandi, Nixon, Kissinger and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 85–86. 3. Donald S. Spencer, The Carter Implosion: Jimmy Carter and the Amateur Style of Diplomacy (New York: Praeger, 1988), 76–77. 4. Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 4–5. 5. Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 273. 6. Asadollah Alam, The Shah and I: The Confidential Diary of Iran’s Royal Court, 1969–1977 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), 498. 7. Milani, Persian Sphinx, 280. 8. Alam, Shah and I, 486. 9. Alam, Shah and I, 500. 10. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004), 121. 11. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 23. 12. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne, 29. 13. Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 126. 14. Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 124. 15. Helms, An Ambassador’s Wife in Iran, 203. 16. See Mark Bowden, Guests of the Ayatollah: The First Battle in the West’s War with Militant Islam (London: Atlantic Books, 2006). 17. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books 2001), 207–208. 18. See Mike Evans, Jimmy Carter, the Liberal Left and World Chaos: A Carter/Obama Plan That Will Not Work (Phoenix: TimeWorthy Books, 2009); Philip Pilevsky, I Accuse: Jimmy Carter and the Rise of Militant Islam (Durban House Press, 2007); and Ruthie Blum, To Hell in a Handbasket: Carter, Obama, and the Arab Spring (RVP Press, 2012). 200 Notes Chapter 1 1. Scott Kaufman, Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Admin- istration (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008), 15. 2. Walter F. Mondale, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010), 199. 3. Scott Kaufman and Burton I. Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 45. 4. Donald S. Spencer, The Carter Implosion: Jimmy Carter and the Ama- teur Style of Diplomacy (New York: Praeger, 1988), 24. 5. Jimmy Carter, Living Faith (New York: Times Books, 1998), 140. 6. Carter, Living Faith, 140. 7. See Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011). 8. James A. Bill, George Ball: Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 220. 9. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown and Com- pany, 1982), 668–669. 10. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (New York: Times Books, 1995), 368. 11. Kaufman and Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr., 43. 12. Samuel Kernell and Samuel L. Popkin (eds.), Chief of Staff: Twenty-Five Years of Managing the Presidency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 160–161. 13. Walter F. Mondale, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics (New York: Scribner, 2010), 157–158. 14. Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 22. 15. Mondale, Good Fight, 162. 16. Walter F. Mondale to Jimmy Carter, “The Role of the Vice President in the Carter Administration,” December 9, 1976, Vice Presidential Office File, Vice Presidential Papers, Walter F. Mondale Collection, Minnesota Historical Society Library (MHSL), St. Paul, MN. 17. Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 68. 18. Finlay Lewis, Mondale: Portrait of an American Politician (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1980), 250. 19. Lewis, Mondale, 260. 20. Dobrynin, In Confidence, 368. 21. Bill, George Ball, 88. 22. David S. McLellan, Cyrus Vance (New York: Rowman & Allanheld Pub- lishers, 1985), 24. 23. Jordan, Crisis, 45–46. 24. Kaufman and Kaufman, Presidency of James Earl Carter Jr., 43. Notes 201 25. Robert A. Strong, Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000), 12. 26. Kaufman, Plans Unraveled, 25–26. 27. Warren Christopher, Chances of a Lifetime (New York: Scribner, 2001), 127. 28. McLellan, Cyrus Vance, 20–21. 29. Spencer, Carter Implosion, 30. 30. Glad, An Outsider in the White House, 25. 31. Lewis, Mondale, 250. 32. James W. Spain, In Those Days: A Diplomat Remembers (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1998), 131. 33. Tim Weiner, Legado de Cenizas: La Historia de la CIA (Barcelona: Debate, 2008), 371. 34. Spencer, Carter Implosion, 30–31. 35. Lewis, Mondale, 247. 36. Strong, Working in the World, 13. 37. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (London, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1986), 23–24. 38. Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, 32. 39. Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, 195–200. 40. Gary Sick, October Surprise: America’s Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan (New York: Times Books, 1992), 23–24. 41. Carter, Keeping Faith, 596. 42. John K. Singlaub, Hazardous Duty: An American in the Twentieth Cen- tury (New York: Summit Books, 1991), 382. 43. James Schlesinger, interview by William Burr, Washington, DC, June 27, 1986, Oral History of Iran Collection (OHIC), Foundation for Iranian Studies (FIS), http://www.fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Schlesinger-James. 44. Carter, White House Diary, 425. 45. Bernard Gwertzman, “Vance Bids the U.S. Adjust to New Era; He and Brzezinski Counter Critics—American Decline Denied,” New York Times, May 2, 1978. 46. David J. Rothkopf, “Setting the Stage for the Current Era,” in Charles Gati (ed.), Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski (Bal- timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 68. 47. Carter, White House Diary, 364. 48. Christopher, Chances of a Lifetime, 127. 49. Carter, White House Diary, 425. 50. Carter, White House Diary, 288–189. 51. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 513. 52. Carter, White House Diary, 363. 53. Carter, White House Diary, 452. 54. Carter, White House Diary, 289. 55. Kernell and Popkin (eds.), Chief of Staff, 162–163. 202 Notes 56. Jordan, Crisis, 48. 57. Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institu- tion Press, 1994), 607–608. Chapter 2 1. Paul B. Henze to Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Is Turkey Susceptible to the Iranian Sickness?” December 15, 1978, Folder 14, Box 95, Staff Material: Middle East Collection, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (JCPL), Atlanta, GA. 2. A personal account of the coup can be found in Kermit Roosevelt, Coun- tercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979). The best scholarly researchers on the coup are Ervand Abraha- mian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA and the Roots of Modern U.S.–Iranian Relations (New York: The New Press, 2013); Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne (eds.), Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004); and Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Root of Middle East Terror (Hoboken: John Wiley, 2003). 3. Ehsan Naraghi, From Palace to Prison: Inside the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1994), 144. 4. Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 226–227. 5. Fatemeh Pakravan, interview with Habib Ladjevardi, Paris, March 3, 1983, Iranian Oral History Project (IOHP), Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES), Cambridge, MA, http://www.fas .harvard.edu/~iohp/pakravan.html. 6. See Mohammad Gholi Majd, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and the Ulama in Iran (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). 7. Majd, Resistance to the Shah, 204–205. 8. Ashraf Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror: Memoirs from Exile (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 194–195. 9. Ruhollah Khomeini, sermon at the Fayziya Madrasa, Qom, March 22, 1963, in Hamid Algar (ed.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Decla- rations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981), 174–176. 10. Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: Tauris, 1989), 24. 11. Richard N. Frye, interview with Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, April 25, 1989, FIS, http://fis-iran.org/en/oralhistory/Frye-Richard-N. 12. Nazir Ahmad Zakir, Notes on Iran: Aryamehr to Ayatollahs (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1988), 85. 13. Aria Minu-Sepehr, We Heard the Heavens Then: A Memoir of Iran (New York: Free Press, 2012), 7. 14. Fakhreddin Azimi, The Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Strug- gle against Authoritarian Rule (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 290. Notes 203 15. P. M. Amini, “A Single Party State in Iran, 1975–1978: The Rastakhiz Party: The Final Attempt by the Shah to Consolidate his Political Base,” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2002, 132–133. 16. Alam, Shah and I, 522. 17. Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 108. 18. Michael Metrinko, interview with William Burr, FIS, http://fis-iran .org/ en/ oralhistory/Metrinko-Michael. 19. Mehdi Zarghamee, interview with Shahla Haeri, February 28, 1985, IOHP, CMES, http://ted.lib.harvard.edu/ted/deliver/~iohp/Zargha mee, +Mehdi.05. 20. Ali M. Ansari, Modern Iran (Essex: Pearson, 2007), 234–235. 21. Parviz C. Radji, In the Service of the Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), 219. 22. Alam, Shah and I, 512. 23. CIA report, “Iran in the 1980s,” Secret, August 1977. JCPL, 31-45-12. 24. Pahlavi, Faces in a Mirror, 185.