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ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement No. 1/2021 173 the ROLE OF
ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement no. 1/2021 THE ROLE OF ULUSES AND ZHUZES IN THE FORMATION OF THE ETHNIC TERRITORY OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE Aidana KOPTILEUOVA1, Bolat KUMEKOV1, Meiramkul T. BIZHANOVA2 1Department of Eurasian Studies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Department of History of Kazakhstan, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the pressing issues of Kazakh historiography – the problems of the formation of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people. The ethnic territory of the Kazakh people is the national borders of today’s Republic of Kazakhstan, inherited from the nomadic ancestors – the Kazakh Khanate. Uluses are a distinctive feature of the social structure of nomads, Zhuzes are one of the Kazakh nomads. In this regard, our goal is to determine their role in shaping the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people. To do this, a comparative analysis will be made according to different data and historiographic materials, in addition, the article will cover the issues of the appearance of the zhuzes system in Kazakh society and its stages. As a result of this work, the authorial offers are proposed – the hypothesis of the gradual formation of the ethnic territory and the Kazakh zhuzes system. Keywords: Kazakh historiography, Middle ages, the Mongol period, Kazakh Khanate, gradual formation. The formation of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people is closely connected not only with the political events of the period under review, but with ethnic processes. Kazakhs consist of many clans and tribes that have their hereditary clan territories. -
The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan
Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 5; 2013 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan Saiden Zholdasbaev1 & Moldir Aldabergenova1 1 Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan Correspondence: Moldir Aldabergenova, Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan. Tel: 7-702-370-3047. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 28, 2013 Accepted: April 5, 2013 Online Published: April 27, 2013 doi:10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 Abstract Medieval towns and settlements on the territory of Kazakhstan is amounted by hundreds and most of them remained in the form of yellow hills that require a deep study by archaeologists. Of course one needs to consider that not every city became the political center for five centuries of a State. Syganak in this area is isolated from other territories and its archaeological study may decide to Kazakhstan's history the most key issues at the moment. Keywords: medieval Kazakhstan, commercial and political center, medieval town, Syganak 1. Introduction Speaking about trade relations in South Kazakhstan, one can specify two areas on which they were performed. On one hand there was an intensive exchange of goods in the markets of cities lying "along the caravan route from Islamic world to China", it was a number of cities, including Syganak which was a capital of the Kipchak Khanate in XI-XIII centuries, became a center of White (Blue) Horde in XIV-XV centuries, and became a political center of the Kazakh Khanate in XV-XVI centuries. -
Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time. -
Études Mongoles Et Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques Et Tibétaines, 47 | 2016 Were the Historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? an Examination of Their Uniquen
Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines 47 | 2016 Everyday religion among pastoralists of High and Inner Asia, suivi de Varia Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols Les Oïrats historiques étaient-ils des “Mongols occidentaux”? Un examen de leur singularité par rapport aux Mongols Joo-Yup Lee Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2820 DOI: 10.4000/emscat.2820 ISSN: 2101-0013 Publisher Centre d'Etudes Mongoles & Sibériennes / École Pratique des Hautes Études Electronic reference Joo-Yup Lee, “Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols”, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines [Online], 47 | 2016, Online since 21 December 2016, connection on 20 September 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/emscat/2820 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.2820 This text was automatically generated on 20 September 2021. © Tous droits réservés Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniquen... 1 Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols Les Oïrats historiques étaient-ils des “Mongols occidentaux”? Un examen de leur singularité par rapport aux Mongols Joo-Yup Lee I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends Metin Bezikoğlu and Shuntu Kuang for helping me obtain and read relevant texts in the Başbakanlık arşivi Name-i hümâyûn defteri and the Qing Shilu, respectively. Introduction 1 The Kalmyks, a Buddhist Mongolic people residing in the Republic of Kalmykia (Khalmg Tangch), a constituent republic of the Russian Federation 1, the Torghud (Cl. -
Mamai and Shibanids.Pdf
Казачья сословная утопия: замечания хоперских депутатов 43 Вестник Томского государственного университета. История. 2018. № 55 УДК 94(47).031 DOI: 10.17223/19988613/55/7 Е.И. Сорогин, В.В. Менщиков МАМАЙ И ШИБАНИДЫ Представлен анализ взаимоотношений Мамая и представителей династии Шибанидов в период «Великой Замятни». Анализ проводится на основании восточных источников, русских летописей, нумизматического материала, а также историографии. В результате исследования делаются выводы о бесконфликтных взаимоотношениях Мамая и большинства Шибанидов (за ис- ключением взаимоотношений с Мюридом), а также отдельный вывод о взаимоотношениях с Азиз-шейхом. Причины конечного поражения Мамая также рассматриваются через призму взаимоотношений с Арапшей. Ключевые слова: Мамай; Шибаниды; «Великая Замятня»; Азиз-шейх. Золотая Орда в 60–70-е гг. XIV в. погрузилась в пе- исходя из сообщений Утемиш-ходжи и «Анонима Ис- риод многокомпонентного кризиса, вошедшего в исто- кандера», был приглашен на престол. Утемиш-ходжи рию как «Великая Замятня». В ходе «Великой Замятни» описывает события следующим образом: «Тай-Туглы- на ключевые политические позиции в 1361–1378 гг. вы- бегим, которая была знаменита, жена Узбек-хана [и] двинулись, с одной стороны, представители династии мать Джанибек-хана – была жива в то время, [когда] не Шибанидов, с другой – Мамай. Данная статья ставит осталось никого из потомства Саин-хана. Сказала [то- своей целью рассмотреть взаимоотношения, сложив- гда] упомянутая бегим: “Теперь ханство и юрт доста- шиеся между Мамаем и представителями династии нутся потомству Шайбан-хана”. Был в то время сын Шибанидов. Мангутая из потомства Шайбан-хана, [которого] звали Исследователи выделяют несколько причин, по кото- Хызр-оглан. Юрт Мангутая, назначенный [ему] Саин- рым Шибаниды вышли за пределы своего улуса и вклю- ханом, находился в [местности] под названием Ак-Куль. -
Uli Schamiloglu University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, USA [email protected]
GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 2 325 УДК 94(47).031 DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-2.325-343 THE IMPACT OF THE BLACK DEATH ON THE GOLDEN HORDE: POLITICS, ECONOMY, SOCIETY, CIVILIZATION Uli Schamiloglu University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, USA [email protected] Research objectives and materials: This essay offers an overview of the political, economic, social, and cultural consequences of the Black Death (the epidemic of bubonic plague cause by the bacteria Yersinia pestis) in the territories of the Golden Horde in the 14th–15th centuries. It considers the framework which has been developed for medieval Europe and the Middle East. It considers whether there was a medieval growth in population in the Golden Horde prior to the arrival of the Black Death in the mid-14th century. It considers the level of depopulation and how it led to political instability. It notes how bubonic plague was used as a weapon by the Mongol armies. It considers economic consequences such as the decline in certain professions and crafts, the threat to the food supply, and the rising cost of labor which led to inflation. It also considers the social crisis brought about by the sudden death of substantial portions of the population. Results and novelty of the research: The rise in urbanization in the 13th to mid-14th century was followed by a collapse in the population and decline in urban centers beginning in the second half of the 14th century. The Black Death also led to population pressure as most sedentary centers declined, while at the same time certain sedentary areas escaped the plague, as could many nomadic populations who were less susceptible to disease. -
Sources and History of the Kazakh Statehood: to a Question of Institutes of Management in the Kazakh Khanate
© Kamla-Raj 2016 Anthropologist, 26(1,2): 18-24 (2016) Sources and History of the Kazakh Statehood: To a Question of Institutes of Management in the Kazakh Khanate Zhambyl Artykbaev1, Tengesh Kalenova2, Gauhar Abdrakhmanova3 Maira Dyussembekova4 and Kargash Zhanpeiissova5 L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000 1E-mail:[email protected] KEYWORDS Golden Horde. Kazakh Statehood. Oral Tradition ABSTRACT The origin and development of statehood in the territory of Kazakhstan dates back to a long time. Alasha the Khan is certainly the nominal, generalized image of that era. Horse-breeding tribes created the very first nomadic civilization in the world which were far ahead compared to the others on labor productivity level, on benefit to the individual and as a way of improving the economy, it is as well in harmony with nature. In this environment, there was a feeling of statehood among the people and this subsequently made far and close neighbours stick together. The formation of Kazakh khanate is connected with the political disintegration of the Golden Horde at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. The events connected with the falling of the Golden Horde and the formation of the Kazakh Khanate have found a reflection in the Kazakh historical legends and in monuments. INTRODUCTION One of the great historians of the east, Rasheed-ad-dyne (1952) wrote a great book: In an ancient phase of development, nomads “Zhami At-tavarikh” which has a story about dominated the Eurasian world and their contri- Alasha khan, the first legendary Kazakh khan: bution in the formation of the society was ex- “Noy–God bless him! – have divided the earth tremely huge. -
The Mohammedan Dynasties
TH E A\ohammadan Dynasties S. Lane- Poole 3.S-. //. the ®Jjeologtr 0{ a/ PRINCETON, N. J Division 3 • Section ... Life THE MOHAMMADAH DYNASTIES THE MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES CHRONOLOGICAL AND GENEALOGICAL TABLES WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONS STANLEY LANE - POOLE ©Westminster ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE 14 PARLIAMENT STREET MDCCCXCiV HERTFORD PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SON PREFACE The following Tables of Mohammadan Dynasties bare grown naturally out of my twenty years’ work upon the Arabic coins in the British Museum. In preparing the thirteen volumes of the Catalogue of Oriental and Indian Coins I was frequently at a loss for chronological lists. Prinsep’s Useful Tables, edited by Edward Thomas, was the only trustworthy English authority I could refer to, and it was often at fault. I generally found it necessaiy to search for correct names and dates in the Arabic historians, and the lists of dynasties prefixed to the descriptions of their coins in my Catalogue were usually the result of my own researches in many Oriental authorities. It has often been suggested to me that a reprint of these lists would be useful to students, and now that the entire Catalogue is published I have collected the tables and genealogical trees in the present volume. : VI PREFACE The work is, however, much more than a reprint of these tables. I have not only verified the dates and pedigrees by reference to the Arabic sources and added a number of dynasties which were not represented in the Catalogue of Coins, but I have endeavoured to make the lists more intelligible by prefixing to each a brief historical introduction. -
Department of “Social Disciplines”
Non-profit JSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications” Department of “Social disciplines” State examination recommendations on the curriculum of the history of Kazakhstan (for all specialities) Almaty 2014 3 THE RECOMMENDATIONS WERE PREPARED BY: Dzhagfarov N.R., Kabdushev B. Zh., Baidildina S.H. State examination recommendations on the curriculum of the history of Kazakhstan for all specialities. – Almaty: AUPET, 2014. – P.27. Reviewers: Saifulmalikova S.S. – Doctor of historical science, Associate Professor of Abai KazNPU Berlibayev B.T. - Doctor of historical science, Professor of AUPET Checked by the senior teacher of “FL” department Kabdusheva L. Zh. Recommended for publication by Academic Council of Almaty University of Power engineering and Telecommunications (The minute №8, 20.05.2014). © Non-profit JSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications” 2014. 4 "History is the useful science, history is the way of your homeland and your ancestors’ old dream aimed at perfection. History is the Saint Science " Academician M.Kozybaev Introduction The history is the science in constant development. The study of historical experience forms historical consciousness, culture, traditions, continuity of generations. The history gives an opportunity to comprehend the scale of what is happening today, it laid the seeds of the future. It is the basis for understanding the civilization phenomenon, the dialectics of contemporary global problems by a human. History of Kazakhstan deals with the processes of the mankind origin and development, social relations, the formation and development of states, the social and economic relations, relationship with neighboring countries and people, the national liberation struggle, the Kazakh steppe tribes’ and peoples contribution to the world civilization. -
Replacement of the Batuids by the Tuqai-Timurids
344 GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 2 УДК 94(47).031 DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-2.344-351 SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE IN THE GOLDEN HORDE: REPLACEMENT OF THE BATUIDS BY THE TUQAI-TIMURIDS I.M. Mirgaleev Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Kazan, Russian Federation [email protected] Research objectives: To find out both the principle of succession to the throne in the Golden Horde after the extinction of Batuid family – the ruling dynasty line of the Jochids – and the reasons for the rise of the Tuqai-Timurids. Research materials: In his analysis, the author is based on the genealogical sources and compares them with the Arab-Persian historical works and chronicles. Results and novelty of the research: After the death of Berdibek, the principle of succession in the Golden Horde was disrupted since the Batuid family ceased to exist. The remaining Jochid families had to decide whose line will have had the right to sovereignty. The Time of Troubles of the 1360–70s ended with a Tuqai-Timurid Tokhtamysh’s victory. Replacement of the Batuids by the Tuqai-Timurids was in effect only during the reign of khan Tokhtamysh and therefore it can not be regarded as definitive and generally accepted solution to the problem. In addition to the Tuqai-Timurids, also representatives of the Shibanids will have become khans in the Turko-Tatar yurts in the future. It was precisely the process of disintegration of the Golden Horde and the unsolved problem of succession that led to the fact that hereinafter “any” Jochid could lay claim to the throne in post- Golden Horde yurts. -
3 Non-Profit Joint-Stock Company HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN
Non-profit joint-stock company ALMATY UNIVERSITY OF POWER ENGINEERING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Department of “Social disciplines” HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN Synopsis of the lectures for all specialities Almaty 2014 3 The synopsis has been prepared by: Baidildina S.H., Kabdusheva L. Zh. History of Kazakhstan. Synopsis of the lectures for all specialities. – Almaty: AUPET, 2014. – P.80. The proposed synopsis includes references lecture notes for all specialties on the discipline "History of Kazakhstan". Reviewer: Kabdushev B.Zh. - PhD, Associate Professor of AUPET Printed on the basis of Non-profit JSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications” publishing in 2014 plan of publishing. © Non-profit JSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications” 2014 . 4 "History is the useful science, history is the way of your homeland, and your ancestors’ old dream aimed at perfection. History is the Saint Science " Academician M.Kozybaev Theme 1. Introductory lecture 1. The subject, aims and objectives of the discipline “History of Kazakhstan” 2. The sources on the history of Kazakhstan 3. Historiography of the history of Kazakhstan 1) The history is science which is in constant development. Everyone knows the expression: there is no nation without history. The study of historical experience forms historical consciousness, culture, tradition, continuity of generations. The history gives an opportunity to comprehend the scale of what is happening today, it plants the seeds of the future. It is the basis of understanding of the civilization phenomenon, the dialectics of contemporary global problems by a human. History of Kazakhstan deals with the processes of the mankind origin and development, social relations, the formation and development of states, the social and economic relations, the relationship with neighboring countries and people, the national liberation struggle, the Kazakh steppe tribes’ and people contribution to the world civilization. -
Nurlan Kenzheakhmet Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan [email protected]
770 GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 4 УДК 94(510).06 DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-4.770-785 THE TŪQMĀQ AND THE MING CHINA: THE TŪQMĀQ AND THE CHINESE RELATIONS DURING THE MING PERIOD (1394–1456)* Nurlan Kenzheakhmet Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan [email protected] Objective: Little is known about diplomatic relations between the Jūchīd Ulūs and Ming China (1368–1644), even though some evidence of early tributary trade relations exists. The first extant Chinese account about the country of Salai (Saray) dates to around 1394, when accounts of diplomatic exchange between the Ming court and the Jūchīd Ulūs began to appear in the Ming shilu (The Veritable Records of the Ming). Research materials: This article analyzes the Ming shilu in order to understand the character of Chinese knowledge about the Jūchīd Ulūs during their years of contact be- tween 1394 and 1456. Additional sources like geographic accounts and maps help define the extent of Chinese knowledge about the khanate, clarify the kinds of information that the Chinese sought and the reasons why, and measure the influence of cross-cultural contact on Ming Chinese understanding of the Jūchīd Ulūs. Results and novelty of the research: The Ming shilu suggests that at least by the end of the fourteenth and the early years of the fifteenth century, Salai (Saray) became an integral, and possibly the most important, element in the name that the Ming court used for the country of the Jūchīd Ulūs. The Persian and Mongol historians used the term Tūqmāq and Togmog to refer to the Jūchīd Ulūs, while Ming Chinese historians used the term Tuohema to refer to the Jūchīd Ulūs or the whole Dasht-i Qipchāq, in post-Mongol Central Eurasia.