DOCSLIB.ORG

6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65___.P65

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65___.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Index More information Index Note on alphabetization: All Mongol and other Asian personal names are listed in the fullest form in which they appear in the text, without inversion, except in a few cases of major literary or religious fi gures who are well known under the last element of their names. n = footnote. Abadai Khan (of the Khalkha) 172 Abd Alla¯ h b. Iskandar (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Khan, Abahai see Hung Tayiji r. 1583-98) 197, 281, 283, 287–8, 289–90, Abaqa (son of Hülegü) 50, 52, 130 295–9, 300 Abbasid Caliphate 33, 122, 129, 142 Abd Alla¯ h b. Küchkünji (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Khan, Abd al-Azı¯z b. Nadhr Muh.ammad (Togha- r. 1540) 285, 287 Timurid Khan) 300–1 Abd ar-Rah.man al-U¯ tiz-¯Ima¯ nı¯ (religious Abd al-Azı¯z Sult.a¯ n b. Ubayd Alla¯h Khan 279n leader) 389 Abd al-Karı¯m (Astrakhan Khan, d. 1514) Abd as-Sala¯ m b. Abd ar-Rah.¯ım (religious 254, 257 leader) 377 Abd al-Karı¯m (Moghul Khan, d. 1591/2) 266 Abdalla¯ h b. Ulugh Beg (Timurid descendant) Abd al-Karı¯m b. Baltay (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh, fl . 223 1750s) 390 Abdul-Rashid b. Sa¯ ıd (Moghul Khan) 266n Abd al-Karı¯m Biy (Khoqand founder, fl . Abdulla¯ h b. Muslim, Ima¯ m 376–7 1740) 400–1 Abdulla¯ h Khan 9, 80, 131, 183 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Ibra¯ hı¯m (Kazan Khan) 248 Abishqa (Chaghadaid descendant) 49 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Küchkünji (Abu’l-Khayrid Ablay Khan b. Walı¯ Sult. a¯ n (Qazaq leader) Khan) 285 370–1 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Ulugh Beg (Timurid Abu Bakr, Caliph 242ll descendant) 197, 200 Abu¯ Sa¯ ıd b. Küchkünji (Abu’l-Khayrid Khan) ‘Abd al-Malik b. Muz.aff ar (Bukharan leader) 409 281, 285 Abd al-Mumin b. Abd Alla¯ h (Abu’l-Khayrid Abu¯ Sa¯ıd b. Muhammad Mı¯ransha¯ hı¯ Khan) 297–8 (Timurid ruler) see Sult. a¯ n-Ab u¯ Sa¯ıd Abd al-Mu¯ min b. Abu’l-Fayz. (Bukhara Abu¯ Sa¯ıd (last Ilkhanate ruler) 57, 79, 93 Khan) 395 Abu¯ Sa¯ıd Qara Qoyunlu 191 ‘Abd al-Quddu¯ s b. Iskandar (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Abu¯ Yazı¯d Bist. a¯ mı¯ 123 Khan) 295 Abu’l-Fayz. (brother of Ubaydalla¯ h , Bukhara Abd al-Rah.ma¯ n Afta¯ bachı¯ (Khoqand leader) Khan) 393, 394, 395 410 Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ b. Arab Muh.ammad Abd al-Rah.man al-U¯tiz-¯Ima¯nı ¯ (theologian) 389 (Khwa¯razm Khan) 301 Abd al-Razza¯ q Samarqandı¯ (historian) 223 Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ b. Ilba¯ rs (Khiva Khan) 394 Abd Alla¯ h Ans. a¯ rı¯, Shaykh 196 Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ Baha¯ dur Khan (historian) 221, Abd Alla¯ h b. Ibra¯ hı¯m Sult. a¯ n (Timurid 221n, 222, 224n, 225n, 226, 230, 231, descendant) 197 233, 234 466 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Index More information Index Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ (Bukharan puppet khan) 395 alcoholic beverages, production/ Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ Sult. a¯ n (Arabshahi leader) 234 consumption 150 Abu¯ ’l-Khayr Khan (Qazaq leader, d. 1748) Alcu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 368–9 Aldï Er (‘Forest People’ leader) 18 Abu¯ ’l-Khayr Khan (Uzbek leader, d. 1468) Alghu (grandson of Chaghadai) 49, 50–1, 52, 191, 194, 201, 237–8, 251 61, 129 death 226, 291, 369 Alghui Temür (rebel prince) 42 expansionist campaigns 222–6, 291 Alı¯ b. Ibra¯ hı¯m (Kazan Khan) 248 Abu’l-Khayrids line 277, 278–82, 286–94 Alı¯ Quli Khan (Qïzïlbash governor) 296–7 internal confl icts 294–6, 297–8 Alı¯ Sult. a¯ n b. Ürük Temür (Ögödeid usurper) military tactics 296–7 59, 65 Abu¯ ’l-Mambat Khan (Qazaq leader) 368, Alı¯ka Kükeltash (Timurid Emir) 190, 192 369–70 A¯ lim-Qul (Qïrghïz/Khoqand leader) 402, Abu¯ ’l-Qa¯ sim Ba¯ bur b. Baysunghur (Timurid 407 descendant) 197–8, 200–1 A¯ lim “The Tyrant” (Khoqand Khan) 401 Abu¯ lak b. Ya¯ diga¯ r (Jochid descendant) 227 Alla¯ h-Quli b. Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım (Qongrat Abunai (Chakhar Khan) 342 Khan) 399 Achaemenid Empire 141 Alla¯ h-Ya¯ r (Kasimov Khan) 258 Adai (descendant of Temüge) 163 Almalïq 31, 51 Adaqlï(-Khïzïr) (Türkmen tribe) 233–4 as Chaghadaid capital 47, 59 Adshead, S.A.M. 4 Altai Mountains 370 A¯ fa¯ q Khwa¯ ja (and followers) 268–9, 271, 275 Altan (Golden) Khan, title of 9–10, 19, 346 Agalak (Kazan claimant) 251 Altan Khan (grandson of Dayan Khan) 5, Aghbarji Jinong (brother of Toghto-bukha) 169–72, 176, 338 164, 165 Amı¯nak b. Ya¯ diga¯ r (Jochid descendant) 227 agriculture 35, 61, 63, 179, 404 Amı¯r H. usayn (grandson of Qazghan) 131, failing yields 91 183–4 manuals 137–8 Amı¯r Khusrau Dihlavı¯ 210 Qing 273, 274, 335–6 Hasht Bihisht (Eight Paradises) 211–12 relocation of colonies/specialists 136 Amı¯ra¯ nsha¯ h (son of Temür) 185, 186, 189 taxation 98–100, 205 amirs unsuitability of terrain 265 duties 289–90 Ahacu 334 political signifi cance/activism 189–90, Ah.ra¯ rı¯ family 295 301–2, 392, 393, 398–9 Ah.mad H. a¯ jjı¯ Beg Duldai 209 relations between 286–9 Ah.mad Jalayir (Turko-Mongolian leader) 185 relations with government 298 Ah.mad Ka¯ sa¯ nı¯ see Makhdum-i A’zam use of title 279, 396–7 Ah.mad Khan b. Kichı¯-Muh.ammad (Great Amu Darya (Khwa¯ razm) region 277, 282, Horde leader) 253 393, 400 Ah.mad Khan (Jochid descendant) 222, 251 Amursana (Khoyd chief ) 352 Ah.mad Tegüder (son of Hülegü) 123–4 An Tong, General 51 Aisin (Jurchen) state 157, 158 Ananda (grandson of Qubilai) 41 Aisin Gioro (clan), 333, 334, 359 Andijan, building of 62 Akbar, (Mughal) Emperor 216, 287 Anna Ivanovna, Empress 368–9 Ala¯ al-Dawla b. Baysunghur (Timurid Anu¯ sha Khan b. Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ (Khwa¯ razm descendant) 192, 197 Khan) 301, 392 Ala¯ al-Dawla Simna¯ nı¯ see Simna¯ nı¯ appanage, system of 37–9, 280–2, 294, 302 Alan Gho’a (legendary fi gure) 20–1, 20n Aq Orda (‘White Horde’) 81, 82 Alan people 136 Aq Qoyunlu people 202 Alaqush (Tegin Quri) (Önggüt leader) 24 Aq-Sara¯ yı¯ (historian) 98 Alash (Qazaq ancestor) 365–6 Ara Bolud (son of Dayan Khan) 166 alban ‘tax’ 97 Arabs 96 albatu ‘taxable private property’ 97 Arabsha¯ h (Jochid descendant) 224 467 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Index More information Index Arabsha¯ hı¯ line 224, 233–4, 277, 279, 282, Bakhchesaray, as Russian administrative 300–1, 392–3 centre 322 Ardabı¯l (S.afavid ancestor) 123 bakhshi ‘commissary clerk, administrator’ 99, 209 Arghun (tribe) 202 Bakrids 242 Arghu¯ n Khan (son of Hülegü) 90, 101–2n, Balazs, Étienne 94–5 123, 130 Baljuna, Lake/Covenant 29 Arigh Böke (son of Tolui) 39–40, 49, 76, 129 Balkh, Khanate of 393, 405 Arshad ad-Dı¯n, Shaykh 262 Banna¯ ¯ı (historian) 291 Arsk (city) 309, 310 Banners (Qing military/administrative units) Arsu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 339, 340–2, 348; see also Eight Banners art 149–50, 212 Ba¯ qı¯ Muh.ammad b. Ja¯ nı¯ Muh.ammad (Uzbek artisans 335 amir) 289, 298–9 relocation 136–7, 147–8, 192–3, 269 Ba¯ qı¯ Muh.ammad b. Ja¯ nı¯ Muh.ammad (Uzbek Arughtai (post-Yuan chieftain) 162–3 Khan) 289 Ashina (Türk Qaghan) 110n Baraba (steppe) 252 Ashtarkha nids 393–5, 398 Bara¯ q b. Suyunjuq (Abu’l-Khayrid) 285, 293 Astarabad 223 Baraq (Chaghadai Khan) 50–1, 129–30 Astrakhan 298 Baraq (Oghlan) b. Quyurchaq (Golden Horde confl icts over 238, 239, 240, 244 Khan) 193–4, 222, 240–1, 363, 366 Khanate 247, 253–5, 257 Bara¯ q Sult.a¯ n b. Tursun (Qazaq leader) 285 Russian conquest/rule 306, 317–18, 325–6, Barfi eld, Thomas J. 174 374, 380, 387, 405 Barlas tribe 183–4, 195–6 astronomy 138–9, 149, 195 Barsu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 Atsïz (Khwa¯ razm leader) 14 Bartol’d, V.V. 193, 230n Awrangzeb, (Mughal) Emperor 300 Bashkir people/Bashkiria 244, 247, 308, A¯ y-Chuva¯ q b. Abu¯ ’l-Khayr (Qazaq Khan) 314–17, 325–6, 327, 329, 383 369 basqaq ‘tax offi cial’ 99 Ayn Ja¯ lu¯ t, battle of 39 Batïr Shah (anti-Russian insurrectionist) 317, 329 Ayuki (Qalmaq Khan) 316, 320–1 Batu Möngke Dayan Khan see Dayan Khan Ayushiridara (son of Toghan Temür) 159 Batu “Sa’in” Khan (son of Jochi) 32, 42, 48, Azerbaijan 76, 79, 111–12, 119, 190 67–8, 93, 127, 232 Azov (fortress) 320, 322 contemporary/posthumous reputation 74–5 European invasion 69–72, 74 Ba¯ ba¯ Kama¯ l Jandı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 65–6 role in determining succession 72–3 Baba Tükles, Saint 242 Batur Hongtayiji (Zunghar leader) 269, 344, Babadzhanov, Muh.ammad-S.a¯ lih. 378 345–6, 352 Ba¯ bur, (Moghul) Emperor (Z. ahı¯r al-Dı¯n Bawden, C.R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • De Sogdiërs: Een Vergeten Volk Langs De Zijderoute Onderzoek Naar De Oorzaken Van De Teloorgang Van Het Sogdische Handelsnetwerk Tijdens De Tang 唐-Dynastie (618-907)
    Academiejaar 2012-2013 De Sogdiërs: een vergeten volk langs de zijderoute Onderzoek naar de oorzaken van de teloorgang van het Sogdische handelsnetwerk tijdens de Tang 唐-dynastie (618-907) Jozefien Maerten Verhandeling voorgelegd aan de Faculteit der Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Master in de Oosterse talen en culturen Promotor: Prof. Ann Heirman INHOUDSOPGAVE Dankwoord .............................................................................................................................4 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................5 I. Het belang van de Sogdiërs langs de zijderoute ...................................................................7 1. Het Sogdische handelsnetwerk ........................................................................................7 1.1. Het begin van het Sogdische handelsnetwerk ............................................................7 1.1.1. De ‘Ancient Letters’ ......................................................................................... 10 1.1.2. Sogdië als commercieel doorgeefluik ............................................................... 12 1.2. Het Sogdisch handelsnetwerk op zijn hoogtepunt.................................................... 14 2. Van Sogdisch handelsnetwerk tot Sogdische gemeenschappen ...................................... 18 3. Verspreiding Sanyijiao 三夷教 .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement No. 1/2021 173 the ROLE OF
    ASTRA Salvensis, Supplement no. 1/2021 THE ROLE OF ULUSES AND ZHUZES IN THE FORMATION OF THE ETHNIC TERRITORY OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE Aidana KOPTILEUOVA1, Bolat KUMEKOV1, Meiramkul T. BIZHANOVA2 1Department of Eurasian Studies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Department of History of Kazakhstan, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the pressing issues of Kazakh historiography – the problems of the formation of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people. The ethnic territory of the Kazakh people is the national borders of today’s Republic of Kazakhstan, inherited from the nomadic ancestors – the Kazakh Khanate. Uluses are a distinctive feature of the social structure of nomads, Zhuzes are one of the Kazakh nomads. In this regard, our goal is to determine their role in shaping the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people. To do this, a comparative analysis will be made according to different data and historiographic materials, in addition, the article will cover the issues of the appearance of the zhuzes system in Kazakh society and its stages. As a result of this work, the authorial offers are proposed – the hypothesis of the gradual formation of the ethnic territory and the Kazakh zhuzes system. Keywords: Kazakh historiography, Middle ages, the Mongol period, Kazakh Khanate, gradual formation. The formation of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people is closely connected not only with the political events of the period under review, but with ethnic processes. Kazakhs consist of many clans and tribes that have their hereditary clan territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
    The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 9, No. 5; 2013 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Medieval Town of Kazakhstan Saiden Zholdasbaev1 & Moldir Aldabergenova1 1 Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan Correspondence: Moldir Aldabergenova, Faculty of History and Pedagogy, A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, 161200, Kazakhstan. Tel: 7-702-370-3047. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 28, 2013 Accepted: April 5, 2013 Online Published: April 27, 2013 doi:10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n5p73 Abstract Medieval towns and settlements on the territory of Kazakhstan is amounted by hundreds and most of them remained in the form of yellow hills that require a deep study by archaeologists. Of course one needs to consider that not every city became the political center for five centuries of a State. Syganak in this area is isolated from other territories and its archaeological study may decide to Kazakhstan's history the most key issues at the moment. Keywords: medieval Kazakhstan, commercial and political center, medieval town, Syganak 1. Introduction Speaking about trade relations in South Kazakhstan, one can specify two areas on which they were performed. On one hand there was an intensive exchange of goods in the markets of cities lying "along the caravan route from Islamic world to China", it was a number of cities, including Syganak which was a capital of the Kipchak Khanate in XI-XIII centuries, became a center of White (Blue) Horde in XIV-XV centuries, and became a political center of the Kazakh Khanate in XV-XVI centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Mongol Identity in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Witness
    ■ Source: Itinerario 24:2 (2000), pp. 44–61. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MONGOL IDENTITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed the development of a Mongol identity. The Mongol conquests in the thirteenth century had laid the foundations but had not truly forged such an identity. These earlier events provided, in modern parlance, the cultural memory that eventu- ally served to unify them. However, the Mongol Empire actually revealed the fractiousness of the Mongols and their inability to promote the unity that might gradually have fostered a Mongol identity. As Joseph Fletcher argued, the creation of a supra-tribal identity for nomadic herders has proven to be extremely difficult.1 The so-called Mongol Empire attested to this predicament, as within two generations it evolved into four separate Khanates, which occasionally waged war against each other. For example, individual Khanates frequently sided with non-Mongols against fellow Mongols. In addition, the military, the quintessential Mongol institution, was not, as the Empire expanded, composed simply of Mongols. Turks, Persians, and even Chinese served in and sometimes led the Mongol armies, contributing to the blurring of Mongol identity. The glorious successes of the Mongol Empire offered later Mongols solace and the model of a great historical legacy. During the Ming era, different leaders, Esen in the fifteenth century and the Dayan Khan in the sixteenth century, sought to unify the Mongols, but both failed to elicit suf- ficient support.2 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, faced with threats to their lands and to their very existence, the Mongols repeatedly sought to identify with heroes of the past, an effort that was significant in inspiring bonds of identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia
    This is the author’s final version of an article that has been accepted for publication in Journal of Interdisciplinary History published by MIT Press. The final published version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01376 Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-century Central Asia The Geographic Origins of the Black Death: Current State of Debate The question of the geographic origins of the Black Death is one of the most pressing and hotly debated topics in the historiography of the Second Plague Pandemic , involving not only historians, but (in recent years) also palaeogeneticists. Roughly, speaking the history of the debate can be summarized as follows. In his The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 (1893), Cardinal Aidan Gasquet situated the origins of the plague in China, from where it was imported in Europe, through Crimea, by Italian merchants by trading caravans. In 1951, Pollitzer brought our attention to the existence of two East Syriac Christian (Nestorian) cemeteries in Chu Valley (in the Issyk-Kul’ region of northern Kyrgyzstan), excavated in 1885-6, and containing 10 inscriptions from 1338-9 indicating ‘death through pestilence’. Although Pollitzer himself never studied the epigraphic evidence from the Issyk-Kul’ cemeteries, he ‘relocated’ the initial outbreak of the plague to Central Asia, from where, according to him, it carried on to Crimea, and later to Europe. The ‘Central Asian origin’ hypothesis has been adopted by Dols in his 1977 monograph of the plague in the Middle East. Conversely, the ‘Chinese origin’ hypotheses has been advocated by Ziegler (1969), who was not aware of the Issyk-Kul’ evidence, McNeill (1979) and Campbell (2016), who both saw Issyk-Kul’ as an intermittent station in the pathogen’s journey from China to Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • China: Dawn of a Golden Age the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 12 October 2004–23 January 2005
    AJA ONLINE PUBLICATIONS China: Dawn of a Golden Age The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 12 October 2004–23 January 2005 VICTOR CUNRUI XIONG This archaeological exhibition is not only one of the most important exhibitions on Chi- nese archaeology ever mounted outside China but also is the most ambitious presentation of China’s medieval era ever presented to the American public. Like its predecessor “The Great Bronze Age of China” (Metropolitan Mu- seum, 1980), “Dawn” is composed of excavated or unearthed objects loaned directly from China. “Dawn” differs from “Bronze Age” in two significant areas: chronological range and thematic coverage. Chronologically, it shifts to the much later medieval period. Themati- cally, instead of focusing on a single art form like bronzes, it extends coverage to embrace gold and silver, pottery, china, glass, stone statues and carvings, textiles, murals, gems, Fig. 1. Map of mid 6th-century China. coins, and paper manuscripts. The concept for this exhibition originated with Philippe de economic, and cultural changes took place that Montebello, director of the museum, and Wen forever transformed China. In the north the C. Fong, professor emeritus of Chinese art at Xianbei went through an aggressive process Princeton. It took seven years of collaborative of sinification and became amalgamated into work between the Metropolitan and the State mainstream Chinese civilization. In the south Administration of Cultural Heritage of China, the ruling elites, claiming to be the true suc- as well as the participation of 46 museums in cessors to Han orthodoxy, were well integrated China, for the concept to come to fruition.
    [Show full text]
  • Études Mongoles Et Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques Et Tibétaines, 47 | 2016 Were the Historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? an Examination of Their Uniquen
    Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines 47 | 2016 Everyday religion among pastoralists of High and Inner Asia, suivi de Varia Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols Les Oïrats historiques étaient-ils des “Mongols occidentaux”? Un examen de leur singularité par rapport aux Mongols Joo-Yup Lee Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2820 DOI: 10.4000/emscat.2820 ISSN: 2101-0013 Publisher Centre d'Etudes Mongoles & Sibériennes / École Pratique des Hautes Études Electronic reference Joo-Yup Lee, “Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols”, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines [Online], 47 | 2016, Online since 21 December 2016, connection on 20 September 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/emscat/2820 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.2820 This text was automatically generated on 20 September 2021. © Tous droits réservés Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniquen... 1 Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols Les Oïrats historiques étaient-ils des “Mongols occidentaux”? Un examen de leur singularité par rapport aux Mongols Joo-Yup Lee I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends Metin Bezikoğlu and Shuntu Kuang for helping me obtain and read relevant texts in the Başbakanlık arşivi Name-i hümâyûn defteri and the Qing Shilu, respectively. Introduction 1 The Kalmyks, a Buddhist Mongolic people residing in the Republic of Kalmykia (Khalmg Tangch), a constituent republic of the Russian Federation 1, the Torghud (Cl.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and Cross-Cultural Contacts in the Chaghadaid Realm (1220-1370) Some Preliminary Notes
    Culture and Cross-Cultural Contacts in the Chaghadaid Realm (1220-1370) Some Preliminary Notes MLCHAL BLRAN Despite its central location at the heart of the Mongol empire, the Chaghadaid Khanate is often left out of the discussion of cross-cultural contacts inside and outside the Mongol empire. However, both the vigorous contacts between the neighbours of the Chaghadaids, Yuan China and Ilkhanid Iran, recently discus- sed in Allsen's superb Culture and Conquest in the Mongol Empire,1 and the gran- deur and cosmopolitanism of Tamerlane's empire, which succeeded the Chagha- daids' western realm in 1370, suggest that significant cross-cultural contacts ex- isted under the Chaghadaids as well. What were those contacts like? What kind of culture existed in the Chagha- daid realm? These questions are not easily answered due to the dearth of sources for the history of the Chaghadaid Khanate, which is in sharp contrast to the am- ple historical literature that exists for both Ilkhanid Iran and Yuan China. Based on Muslim and Chinese literary sources, archaeological and numismatic findings, and Mongolian documents from Turfan and Dunhuang, this article aims to high- light a few aspects of the cross-cultural contacts in the Chaghadaid realm, mainly through three, often interrelated, agents of such contacts; the court, trade net- works and religious networks - Buddhist, Christian and Muslim. First, however, some background information on the Chaghadaid realm is called for. 1 T. T. Allsen, Culture and Conquest in the Mongol Empire. Cambridge 2001. 26 CULTURE AND CROSS-CULTURAL CONTACTS IN THE CHAGHADAID REALM ... The background: The Chaghadaid realm before and after the Mongol Invasion2 Chaghadai's appanage, stretching from Uighuria to the Oxus,3 had been under Qara Khitai rule for most of the century which preceded the Mongol invasion.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
    I HISTORICAL PROLOGUE The Land and the People Demchugdongrob, commonly known as De Wang (Prince De in Chinese), was a thirty-first generation descendant of Chinggis Khan and the last ruler of Mongolia from the altan urag, the Golden Clan of the Chinggisids. The only son of Prince Namjilwang- chug, Demchugdongrob was bom in the Sunid Right Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1902 and died in Hohhot, the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, in 1966. The Sunid was one of the tribes that initially supported Chinggis Khan (r. 1206- 1227). In the sixteenth century, Dayan Khan reunified Mongolia and put this tribe under the control of his eldest son, Torubolod. Thereafter, the descendants of Torubolod be­ came the rulers not only of the Sunid but also of the Chahar (Chakhar), Ujumuchin, and Khauchid tribes. The Chahar tribe was always under the direct control of the khan him­ self During the Manchu domination, the Sunid was divided into the Right Flank and Left Flank Banners, and both were part of the group of banners placed under the Shilingol League. During the first half of the seventeenth century, the Manchus expanded to the southern parts of Manchuria and began to compete with the Ming Chinese. Realizing the danger in the rise of the Manchus, Ligdan Khan, the last Mongolian Grand Khan, aban­ doned his people ’s traditional hostility toward the Chinese and formed an alliance with the Ming court to fight the Manchus. Although this policy was prudent, it was unaccept­ able to most Mongolian tribal leaders, who subsequently rebelled and joined the Manchu camp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture
    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.
    [Show full text]