6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65___.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Index More information

Index

Note on alphabetization: All Mongol and other Asian personal names are listed in the fullest form in which they appear in the text, without inversion, except in a few cases of major literary or religious fi gures who are well known under the last element of their names. n = footnote.

Abadai Khan (of the Khalkha) 172 Abd Alla¯ h b. Iskandar (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Khan, Abahai see Hung Tayiji r. 1583-98) 197, 281, 283, 287–8, 289–90, Abaqa (son of Hülegü) 50, 52, 130 295–9, 300 Abbasid Caliphate 33, 122, 129, 142 Abd Alla¯ h b. Küchkünji (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Khan, Abd al-Azı¯z b. Nadhr Muh.ammad (Togha- r. 1540) 285, 287 Timurid Khan) 300–1 Abd ar-Rah.man al-U¯ tiz-¯Ima¯ nı¯ (religious Abd al-Azı¯z Sult.a¯ n b. Ubayd Alla¯h Khan 279n leader) 389 Abd al-Karı¯m (Astrakhan Khan, d. 1514) Abd as-Sala¯ m b. Abd ar-Rah.¯ım (religious 254, 257 leader) 377 Abd al-Karı¯m (Moghul Khan, d. 1591/2) 266 Abdalla¯ h b. Ulugh Beg (Timurid descendant) Abd al-Karı¯m b. Baltay (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh, fl . 223 1750s) 390 Abdul-Rashid b. Sa¯ ıd (Moghul Khan) 266n Abd al-Karı¯m Biy (Khoqand founder, fl . Abdulla¯h b. Muslim, Ima¯ m 376–7 1740) 400–1 Abdulla¯h Khan 9, 80, 131, 183 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Ibra¯ hı¯m (Kazan Khan) 248 Abishqa (Chaghadaid descendant) 49 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Küchkünji (Abu’l-Khayrid Ablay Khan b. Walı¯ Sult. a¯n (Qazaq leader) Khan) 285 370–1 Abd al-Lat.¯ıf b. Ulugh Beg (Timurid Abu Bakr, Caliph 242ll descendant) 197, 200 Abu¯ Sa¯ ıd b. Küchkünji (Abu’l-Khayrid Khan) ‘Abd al-Malik b. Muz.aff ar (Bukharan leader) 409 281, 285 Abd al-Mumin b. Abd Alla¯ h (Abu’l-Khayrid Abu¯ Sa¯ıd b. Muhammad Mı¯ransha¯hı ¯ Khan) 297–8 (Timurid ruler) see Sult. a¯n-Ab u¯ Sa¯ıd Abd al-Mu¯ min b. Abu’l-Fayz. (Bukhara Abu¯ Sa¯ıd (last Ilkhanate ruler) 57, 79, 93 Khan) 395 Abu¯ Sa¯ıd Qara Qoyunlu 191 ‘Abd al-Quddu¯ s b. Iskandar (Abu¯ ’l Khayrid Abu¯ Yazı¯d Bist. a¯ mı¯ 123 Khan) 295 Abu’l-Fayz. (brother of Ubaydalla¯h , Bukhara Abd al-Rah.ma¯n Afta¯bachı ¯ (Khoqand leader) Khan) 393, 394, 395 410 Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ b. Arab Muh.ammad Abd al-Rah.man al-U¯tiz-¯Ima¯nı ¯ (theologian) 389 (Khwa¯razm Khan) 301 Abd al-Razza¯ q Samarqandı¯ (historian) 223 Abu’l-Gha¯zı ¯ b. Ilba¯ rs (Khiva Khan) 394 Abd Alla¯ h Ans. a¯rı ¯, Shaykh 196 Abu’l-Gha¯zı ¯ Baha¯ dur Khan (historian) 221, Abd Alla¯ h b. Ibra¯hı ¯m Sult. a¯n (Timurid 221n, 222, 224n, 225n, 226, 230, 231, descendant) 197 233, 234

466

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Index More information

Index

Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ (Bukharan puppet khan) 395 alcoholic beverages, production/ Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ Sult. a¯ n (Arabshahi leader) 234 consumption 150 Abu¯ ’l-Khayr Khan (Qazaq leader, d. 1748) Alcu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 368–9 Aldï Er (‘Forest People’ leader) 18 Abu¯ ’l-Khayr Khan (Uzbek leader, d. 1468) Alghu (grandson of Chaghadai) 49, 50–1, 52, 191, 194, 201, 237–8, 251 61, 129 death 226, 291, 369 Alghui Temür (rebel prince) 42 expansionist campaigns 222–6, 291 Alı¯ b. Ibra¯hı ¯m (Kazan Khan) 248 Abu’l-Khayrids line 277, 278–82, 286–94 Alı¯ Quli Khan (Qïzïlbash governor) 296–7 internal confl icts 294–6, 297–8 Alı¯ Sult. a¯n b. Ürük Temür (Ögödeid usurper) military tactics 296–7 59, 65 Abu¯ ’l-Mambat Khan (Qazaq leader) 368, Alı¯ka Kükeltash (Timurid Emir) 190, 192 369–70 A¯ lim-Qul (Qïrghïz/Khoqand leader) 402, Abu¯ ’l-Qa¯ sim Ba¯ bur b. Baysunghur (Timurid 407 descendant) 197–8, 200–1 A¯ lim “The Tyrant” (Khoqand Khan) 401 Abu¯ lak b. Ya¯ diga¯ r (Jochid descendant) 227 Alla¯ h-Quli b. Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım (Qongrat Abunai (Chakhar Khan) 342 Khan) 399 Achaemenid Empire 141 Alla¯ h-Ya¯r (Kasimov Khan) 258 Adai (descendant of Temüge) 163 Almalïq 31, 51 Adaqlï(-Khïzïr) (Türkmen tribe) 233–4 as Chaghadaid capital 47, 59 Adshead, S.A.M. 4 Altai Mountains 370 A¯ fa¯ q Khwa¯ ja (and followers) 268–9, 271, 275 Altan (Golden) Khan, title of 9–10, 19, 346 Agalak (Kazan claimant) 251 Altan Khan (grandson of Dayan Khan) 5, Aghbarji Jinong (brother of Toghto-bukha) 169–72, 176, 338 164, 165 Amı¯nak b. Ya¯ diga¯ r (Jochid descendant) 227 agriculture 35, 61, 63, 179, 404 Amı¯r H. usayn (grandson of Qazghan) 131, failing yields 91 183–4 manuals 137–8 Amı¯r Khusrau Dihlavı¯ 210 Qing 273, 274, 335–6 Hasht Bihisht (Eight Paradises) 211–12 relocation of colonies/specialists 136 Amı¯ra¯nsha ¯ h (son of Temür) 185, 186, 189 taxation 98–100, 205 amirs unsuitability of terrain 265 duties 289–90 Ahacu 334 political signifi cance/activism 189–90, Ah.ra¯ rı¯ family 295 301–2, 392, 393, 398–9 Ah.mad H. a¯ jjı¯ Beg Duldai 209 relations between 286–9 Ah.mad Jalayir (Turko-Mongolian leader) 185 relations with government 298 Ah.mad Ka¯ sa¯ nı¯ see Makhdum-i A’zam use of title 279, 396–7 Ah.mad Khan b. Kichı¯-Muh.ammad (Great Amu Darya (Khwa¯razm) region 277, 282, Horde leader) 253 393, 400 Ah.mad Khan (Jochid descendant) 222, 251 Amursana (Khoyd chief ) 352 Ah.mad Tegüder (son of Hülegü) 123–4 An Tong, General 51 Aisin (Jurchen) state 157, 158 Ananda (grandson of Qubilai) 41 Aisin Gioro (clan), 333, 334, 359 Andijan, building of 62 Akbar, (Mughal) Emperor 216, 287 Anna Ivanovna, Empress 368–9 Ala¯ al-Dawla b. Baysunghur (Timurid Anu¯ sha Khan b. Abu’l-Gha¯ zı¯ (Khwa¯razm descendant) 192, 197 Khan) 301, 392 Ala¯ al-Dawla Simna¯ nı¯ see Simna¯nı ¯ appanage, system of 37–9, 280–2, 294, 302 Alan Gho’a (legendary fi gure) 20–1, 20n Aq Orda (‘White Horde’) 81, 82 Alan people 136 Aq Qoyunlu people 202 Alaqush (Tegin Quri) (Önggüt leader) 24 Aq-Sara¯yı ¯ (historian) 98 Alash (Qazaq ancestor) 365–6 Ara Bolud (son of Dayan Khan) 166 alban ‘tax’ 97 Arabs 96 albatu ‘taxable private property’ 97 Arabsha¯h (Jochid descendant) 224

467

Index

Arabsha¯ hı¯ line 224, 233–4, 277, 279, 282, Bakhchesaray, as Russian administrative 300–1, 392–3 centre 322 Ardabı¯l (S.afavid ancestor) 123 bakhshi ‘commissary clerk, administrator’ 99, 209 Arghun (tribe) 202 Bakrids 242 Arghu¯ n Khan (son of Hülegü) 90, 101–2n, Balazs, Étienne 94–5 123, 130 Baljuna, Lake/Covenant 29 Arigh Böke (son of Tolui) 39–40, 49, 76, 129 Balkh, Khanate of 393, 405 Arshad ad-Dı¯n, Shaykh 262 Banna¯ ¯ı (historian) 291 Arsk (city) 309, 310 Banners (Qing military/administrative units) Arsu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 339, 340–2, 348; see also Eight Banners art 149–50, 212 Ba¯qı ¯ Muh.ammad b. Ja¯nı ¯ Muh.ammad (Uzbek artisans 335 amir) 289, 298–9 relocation 136–7, 147–8, 192–3, 269 Ba¯qı ¯ Muh.ammad b. Ja¯nı ¯ Muh.ammad (Uzbek Arughtai (post-Yuan chieftain) 162–3 Khan) 289 Ashina (Türk Qaghan) 110n Baraba (steppe) 252 Ashtarkhanids 393–5, 398 Bara¯ q b. Suyunjuq (Abu’l-Khayrid) 285, 293 Astarabad 223 Baraq (Chaghadai Khan) 50–1, 129–30 Astrakhan 298 Baraq (Oghlan) b. Quyurchaq (Golden Horde confl icts over 238, 239, 240, 244 Khan) 193–4, 222, 240–1, 363, 366 Khanate 247, 253–5, 257 Bara¯ q Sult.a¯n b. Tursun (Qazaq leader) 285 Russian conquest/rule 306, 317–18, 325–6, Barfi eld, Thomas J. 174 374, 380, 387, 405 Barlas tribe 183–4, 195–6 astronomy 138–9, 149, 195 Barsu Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 Atsïz (Khwa¯ razm leader) 14 Bartol’d, V.V. 193, 230n Awrangzeb, (Mughal) Emperor 300 Bashkir people/Bashkiria 244, 247, 308, A¯ y-Chuva¯q b. Abu¯ ’l-Khayr (Qazaq Khan) 314–17, 325–6, 327, 329, 383 369 basqaq ‘tax offi cial’ 99 Ayn Ja¯ lu¯ t, battle of 39 Batïr Shah (anti-Russian insurrectionist) 317, 329 Ayuki (Qalmaq Khan) 316, 320–1 Batu Möngke Dayan Khan see Dayan Khan Ayushiridara (son of Toghan Temür) 159 Batu “Sa’in” Khan (son of Jochi) 32, 42, 48, Azerbaijan 76, 79, 111–12, 119, 190 67–8, 93, 127, 232 Azov (fortress) 320, 322 contemporary/posthumous reputation 74–5 European invasion 69–72, 74 Ba¯ ba¯ Kama¯l Jandı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 65–6 role in determining succession 72–3 Baba Tükles, Saint 242 Batur Hongtayiji (Zunghar leader) 269, 344, Babadzhanov, Muh.ammad-S.a¯li h. 378 345–6, 352 Ba¯ bur, (Moghul) Emperor (Z. ahı¯r al-Dı¯n Bawden, C.R. 172 Muh.ammad) 199, 203, 205–6, 212–17, Bayan Möngke (father of Dayan Khan) 165 262n, 401 Bayan-Quli (Bukhara Khan) 64 confl icts with Abu’l-Khayrid 285, 291, 293 Baya’ut (Bayawut) people 11, 14–15 historical reputation 216 Baybars, (Mamlu¯ k) Sult. a¯n 76, 103 literary tastes/theory 212, 213 Baysunghur b. Sha¯ hrukh (grandson of memoirs 208–9, 212–14, 215–16 Temür) 190, 191–2, 195, 197 military theory/practice 213–15 Beazeley, Chales Raymond 106 Badakhshan 296 Beijing 9 Badr al-Dı¯n Mayda¯nı ¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ jurist) 130 Bekovich-Cherkasskii, Prince 406 Baghdad, capture of 76 Béla IV of Hungary 70, 71–2 Baha¯ al-Dı¯n Naqshband (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 59, 196, Benedict XII, Pope 44 268 Berdibek Khan (son of Janïbek) 79, 104 Baibars, (Cuman) Prince 69 Berke Khan 39, 49–50, 65–6, 103 Baibars, Sult. a¯ n see Baybars accession 75 Baidar (Tatar commander) 70 conversion to Islam 126–7, 129 Baikal, Lake 18, 23, 313 personality/abilities 75

468

Index

Bessarabia 245 Bulghars Beveridge, Lord 107n absorption into Mongol state 73 Bayezit, (Mamlu¯ k) Sult. a¯ n 186 confl icts with Mongols 32, 69, 80 Bihza¯ d (miniaturist) 212 language 115 Bingke Bureau (Qing administrative Bulghars (Volga Bulghars, people) 11, 69, 73, department) 354–5 80, 83, 92, 115, 126, 146 birth rates 92 Bulughan, Empress (wife of Abaqa) 41 bitichki ‘clerk’ 99 Bürge Sult. a¯ n b. Ya¯ diga¯ r(Jochid descendant) Black Death 91, 105 227 Black Sea 102–4, 322 Burha¯ n ad-Dı¯n Khwa¯ ja 271 Blue Horde 80, 81–2, 81n, 114, 221, 224n, 238; Burha¯ n al-Dı¯n Alı¯ Qïlïch al-Marghı¯na¯ nı¯ 205 see also Kök Orda Buriats (people) 327 confl icts with Timurids 193–4 Büri b. Mö’etüken (grandson of Chinggis Bodi Alagh (post-Yuan Khan) 167 Khan) 51 Bodonchar (legendary fi gure) 20n Burni b. Abunai (Chakhar Khan) 342 boghol /bo’ol ‘slave’ 97; see also ötegü boghol Burni (grandson of Ligdan) 181 Böjek (son of Tolui) 71 Burunduq b. Kiray (Qazaq Khan) 227, 228, 363 Bolad Agha 3–4, 110–11, 137–8, 142–3 Buya¯ n Qulï 131–2 Boqa-Temür (grandson of Büri) 50–1, 55, Buyan Tayiji Sechen (post-Yuan Khan) 167 56–7 Buyruq (Buyiruq, Naiman leader) 23 Börte (wife of Chinggis Khan) 28–9, 31, Buzan b. Döre Temür (grandson of Du’a) 58 67, 114 Byzantine Empire 9, 78, 142 Bratianu, Georges 103 Breslau, destruction of 70 Caff a (trade centre) 102–5, 108 brigands 96 canonization, posthumous, of emperors 159 Browne, E.G. 210 cartography 138 bSod-nams rgyamts’o, Dalai Lama 170, 171–2 Catherine II ‘the Great’ of Russia 258, 312, Buchholtz, Lt.-Col. 406 330, 371, 377, 385–7 Bucher, Guillaume 43 Central Asia Buddhism 5, 11–12, 64, 131, 170–3, 320 Chinggisid takeover/rule 3, 46, 53–4, 278–82 adoption by Zunghars 269–70, 345, 346–8 geographical features 277–8 communications network 145–6 political/strategic signifi cance 278 missionaries 172 Russian conquest 405–11 political ideology 171–2 south-western desert 404–5 relations with Qing government 345, treatment of subject peoples 47 350–1, 355–6 see also names of regions/dynasties revival amongst Mongols 170–3, 179, 181 Central Khanate see Mongolia Buell, Paul 38 Chaghadai (Cha‘adai, Chaghatay) (son of Bujaq Horde (Noghay subdivision) 245 Chinggis Khan) 184 Bükäy b. Nu¯ r-Alı¯ (Qazaq Khan) 371 death 72 Bukhara region/Khanate 9, 15, 111, 289 harshness to subject peoples 43, 47, 63–4 confl icts for possession of 285, 301, 393–8, interests/skills 47, 63 401–2 relations with brothers 31–2, 40, 47–8 diplomatic relations with Russia 405–6 religion 64 economy 404 territory granted to/controlled by 38–9, ethnic composition 402–3 46–7, 67, 114, 278 as religious centre 65–6, 207, 388–9 Chaghadaid dynasty/territory Russian conquest 408–10 administration 61–3 socio-political structure 403–4 confl ict/accommodation with Timurids Bulavin, Kondratii 319 189, 193, 198, 262–3, 279 Bulghar (city) 77, 239–40, 246 confl ict with Abu’l-Khayrids 293–4 as Islamic centre 390–1 confl icts with other branches of family Bulghar (Islamic identity), 390–1 52–60, 143, 262, 363

469

Index

Chaghadaid dynasty/territory (cont.) duplicity 29 genealogy 45 legacy 184–5, 338–9, 344–5 geographical extent 114, 278 legislation 34–5, 67, 97 institutional development 89 marital alliances 24 internal divisions 182–3, 261–2 marriage 28–9 languages/ethnicity 116–17, 119 military/political objectives 3, 113 military role within Empire 60 political manoeuvres 25, 29 religion/culture 64–6, 122, 128–33 religion 134 Ulus Chaghatay (Transoxania) 60, 66 rise to power 19, 22, 28–30, 157, 177 Chaghan (interpreter/translator) 137 sons: confl icts over succession 31–3; grants Chakhar people 179, 181 of territory 37–9, 46–7, 67, 113–14 Banners 341–2 will 94 confl icts with Qing 333, 341 Chinggisid House, Qazaq Chingisids 366, Chakhundorji (Khalkha Khan) 346 373, 398 Chakrı¯ and Chingı¯z Oghla¯ n (Golden Horde control of Empire/portions thereof see Khan) 239 Chaghataids; Chinggis Khan; Golden Chala-Qazaqs 384 Horde; Ilkhanate; Mongol Empire; Changshi Khan (grandson of Du’a) 58–9, 64 Ögödeids; Yuan dynasty Chao Hung (Song diplomat) 27, 28 legitimacy 95–6, 120–1, 171 Chapar (son of Qaidu) 40, 54–6, 130 return to Mongol leadership 165–8, 227–8, Cheboksary (city) 309–10 277–8, 283–4 Chekü, Amı¯r (supporter of Temür) 184 Chingünjav (Khalkha rebel leader) 352 Chengzong, Emperor see Temür Khan Chowdur (Turkmen tribe) 392 Cherniaev, M.G., Maj.-Gen. 407–8 Christians/Christianity Chimgi-Tura (city) 227, 250 conversions to 69, 310, 328 Chimkent 371 governmental enforcement 381 China missionaries 22, 24, 44, 78–9 alcoholic beverages 150 persecution 59, 65 art 149–50 spread in Mongol regions 24, 42, 44, 65 economy 89–90, 94–5 see also Russian Orthodox Church foreign relations/trade 140–1, 266, 270–1 Chu¯ ba¯ n (military commander) 90 independence of Mongol Empire 73–4 Chuvash people/language 115n, 249, 328, languages 9 381–2 (management of ) trade routes 260–1 Cisoxania 282, 285 medicine 148–9 Clement V, Pope 44 military technology 34, 150–1 climatic conditions, economic impact 91 Mongol takeover/rule 3, 89–93, 141, 147 clothing, religious/prestigious 388–9 movement of Mongol capital to 76 see also textile industry natural disasters 91 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Xanadu 40 relations with Mongolia 5–6 colonization (Russian) 309, 326–7, 375 relations with ‘Qara Khitai 12–13 communications systems 144–6 relations with Temür/Timurids 187, 189, 263 Constantinople, fall to Crusaders 102 reputation for intelligence/learning 152–3 Cossacks rule in Eastern Central Asia 261 conquest of Siberia 257–8, 312–13 twelfth-century politics 9 raids on other neighbouring states 315, see also Ming dynasty; Qing dynasty; Yuan 319, 322 dynasty settlements 370, 375 Chinggis Khan 1–2, 137, 171 see also Qazaqs ancestry 20–1, 21n, 28, 122 Crimea 73, 77, 102–3, 115n, 239–40 (claimed) descent from 186, 195–6, 401 Crimean Khanate 246, 255–8, 307, 321–2 conquests 18, 30–1, 46 infl uence in neighbouring Khanates 247–8, court protocol 284 255 death/burial 31, 42 Ottoman control 256–8, 321–2

470

Index

relations with Russia 304, 306, 316, 321–2 Dénes, Palatine 71 socio-political structure 249–50, 255–6 deportations 94 Crimean War (1853-6) 407 Dge-lungs-pa sect 338 cultural exchange 3–4, 35–6, 111–12, 135–54 Dı¯n-Ah.mad b. Isma¯ ¯ıl (Noghay Khan) 244 agency 146–9 Dı¯n Muh.ammad Sult.a¯ n (Uzbek leader, fl . by appropriation 149, 153–4 1539) 234 direction 142–3 Dı¯n Muh.ammad (Togha-Timurid Khan, d. fi ne arts 149–50 1598) 282, 298–9 global/historical signifi cance 153–4 disease resources 141–2 social/economic impact 91, 105 scientifi c/technological 138–40, 150–1 spread of 4 Cuman people/Cumania 68–9, 70–1, 116n Dmitrii Ivanovich, Prince (Dmitrii Donskoi) currency 61–2, 76–7, 80, 82, 90–1, 238, 239, 80–1, 82, 307 253–4, 293 Dobruja 245 paper 91 Dominican Order 68–9 Timurid 195–6 Don (river) 245 Döregene (wife of Ögödei) 72 Da Qing dynasty 157 Döre Temür (son of Du’a) 58 Daftar-i Chingı¯z Na¯ ma (anon.) 259 Dost Muh.ammad Khan of Afghanistan 398 Daghestan, as centre of Islamic study 245, dowager princesses, numbers/ 388 accommodation 91 Dalai Lama Du’a (Duwa) b. Baraq (Chaghadaid Khan) creation/nature of offi ce 171–2 51–2, 53, 54–5, 64, 130 political role 338, 347–8, 350, 351 Dughlat people 182, 184, 193, 194, 262, 268 relations with Zunghars 268–9, 338, 345, Durma¯ n people 288–9 346–8 see also names of incumbents Eastern Europe, Mongol conquests in 32 Daniil, Prince of Galich 75 Edigü (White Horde/Manghit leader) 84, 85, Da¯ niya¯ l Biy Atalïq (Bukharan leader) 395–6 115, 118, 222, 237–40, 241–2 Da¯ niya¯ r b. Qa¯ sim (Kasimov Khan) 258 education, religious 65, 207 Danyal Bi Mangghït (Uzbek amir) 302 Egypt see Mamlüks Darayisun (post-Yuan Khan) 167 Eight Banners 340–1 Dasht-i-Qïpchaq see Qïpchaq steppe Eight White Tents (Chinggisid icon) 166, 181 Dastu¯ r al-jumhu¯ r (hagiography) 123 Elbeg (post-Yuan khan) 161, 162, 163 Dastu¯ r al-ka¯ tib (administrative manual) 122 Eljigidei (son of Du’a) 58, 64 Dawachi (Zunghar leader) 352 Eltüzer Ina¯ q (Qongrat Khivan Khan) 399 Dawlat-Berdı¯ b. Ta¯ sh-Tı¯mu¯ r (Crimean Khan) Emba (river) 241, 244–5 256 emir see amir Dawlat-Gira¯ y b. Muba¯ rak-Gira¯ y (Kazan Engke Jorigtu (post-Yuan khan) 161 Khan) 257 Engke Temür of Hami, murder of 162 Dawlat Shaykh Oghlan (Jochid descendant) enthronement ceremony 283–4, 291–2, 295 222 envoys, reception of 286 Dayan Khan (Batu Möngke) 165–8, 176, 338 Er-Alı¯ b. Abu¯ ’l-Khayr (Qazaq Khan) 369 descendants/legacy 166, 168 Erdeni Juu, temple of 172 historical assessment 167–8 Erke Khonggor Eje b. Ligdan (Chakhar Khan) Dayicing Tayiji (grandson of Altan Khan) 341–2 169 Erketü Khatun (wife of Altan Khan) 176 Dayisung Khan see Toghto-bukha Ersarï (Türkmen ancestor) 231 De Weese, Devin 241n Ersarï tribe 231, 234 debt slavery 94–5 Esen-Boqa (son of Du’a) 56 Dede Qorqut (epic cycle) 118, 118n Esen Bugha Khan (of Moghulistan) 225 Delbeg (post-Yuan khan) 161, 163 Esen-eli (Türkmen tribal grouping) 232, 235 Delhi 52–3, 54, 213 Esen Khan (Oirat leader) 163–5, 176, 336, 338

471

Index

estate, role in Russian ethos 382, 383–4 Geresenje (son of Dayan Khan) 166, 168, 170 Euclid 138 Gha¯ yib Khan (Qazaq leader) 398 Euphrosyne, (Byzantine) Princess 78 Gha¯ za¯ n Khan (son of Arghun) 52, 62, 90, 96, Europe/European powers 119 cultural infl uence 64 conversion to Islam 123–5, 145 medicine 139–40 economic reforms 95, 97, 98, 137–8 Mongol invasions 68–75, 141–2 Ghazna, struggles for control of 52–3, 57 New World conquests 4 Ghiya¯ th al-Dı¯n Pı¯r A h.mad Khwa¯ fı¯ (Timurid relations with Chinggisid Empire 43–4 governor) 191 respect for Chinese learning 152–3 Ghiya¯ th al-Dı¯n Tarkhan (Timurid Emir) trade with Mongol states 100–8 190–1 travellers from see individual names Ghu¯ rid dynasty 15 especially Polo, Marco Giano, Bartolomeo di 106n Evstratov, I.V. 74n Gira¯ y dynasty 255–7, 258, 322 explosives see gunpowder Goes, Bento de, SJ 267 gold see precious metals Fa¯ z.il Töre (Bukharan puppet khan) 395 Golden Horde 5, 48, 68–85, 114–15, 246, 249, Fad.lalla¯ h b. Ruzbihan Isfahani (historian) 256, 304 226–7 administration of captured territories 68, Fakhr al-Dı¯n Alı¯ (Rum-Seljukid statesman) 72–5, 93 90 confl icts with other Mongol peoples 49, 50, Faraj, (Mamlu¯ k) sult. a¯n 186 53, 55, 56, 143, 221–2 Farı¯du¯ n Gha¯ zı¯ Khan 235n confl icts with Temür 83–5, 221 Farmer, David L. 107n currency 76–7, 80, 82 Fars (Timurid city) disintegration 79–81, 85, 93, 237, 240–1 confl icts over 200–1 European invasions 68–72, 82–3 as cultural centre 195 extent of territory 73–4 Fayz.-Khan al-Ka¯ bulı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh) 390 importance in European power struggles Fedor I, Tsar 310, 313, 324 78, 79, 95 Ferghana Valley 393–4, 400–1 interest in Central Asia 58–9 as trading centre 205–6 naming 68 Finno-Ugric peoples/languages 119, 249, religion 78–9, 122, 125–8, 390 380–2 reunifi cation 82 fi rearms, (military) use of 214–15 trade/revenues 97–8, 99–100, 101, 102–4 Fı¯ru¯ zsha¯ h (Timurid Emir) 190–1, 192 Gömbodorji Khan(of Khalkha) 168, 172 fi sh, trade in 104, 104n Goncharov, E. Iu. 74n Fiyanggu¯ , General 349 Gonzáles de Clavijo, Ruy 187 food/drink, ceremonial use 284–5 goods, movement of 140–1 ‘forest peoples’ 18, 30 grain, trade in 374–5 furs, trade in 146, 252, 313–14, 316, 336 Great Horde 240, 242–3, 304, 319 Great Wall of China 158 Galdan (Zunghar leader, d. 1697) 268–9, 270, guardianship 24, 24n 339, 344, 346–8, 349 Grekov, Boris D. 81n Galtantsering (Zunghar leader, d. 1745) 271, Grey Horde 114 351–2 Guangning (Chinese city), confl ict over 179 Gaozu, (Han) Emperor 161 Güchülük (Qara Khitai Khan) 13, 23–4, 30–1, Gauhar Shad see Gawarshad 33, 37, 47 Gawharsha¯ d (wife of Sha¯ hrukh) 190–1, 192, Gulbadan Begim (daughter of Ba¯ bur) 214 196, 202 Gün Bilig Mergen (brother of Altan Khan) Genghis Khan see Chinggis Khan 169, 170 Genoa 103–4 Güng Temür (post-Yuan khan) 161, 162 geography, study/collection of information gunpowder, invention/development 34, 138, 151–2 150–1

472

Index

Gurii (Grigorii Rigotin), Archbishop of Kazan Hülegü 39, 40, 49–50, 76, 79, 90, 98, 114, 127, 310 136 Güüshi Khan (Khoshut leader) 350 confl ict with Abba¯ sids 142 Güyük, Great Khan (son of Ögödei) 32, 43, confl ict with family rivals 143 48, 55, 139 scientifi c interests 138–9 election 72–3 Huma¯ yu¯ n, (Moghul) Emperor 213, 216 Hung Tayiji, (Qing) Emperor 157, 180–1; H. abash (Arabshahid descendant) 234 see also Hong Taiji H. a¯ fi z.-i Abru¯ (historian) 195, 204 Hungary 9 H. a¯ fi z. (Persian poet) 210 Mongol invasion 69, 70–2 H. a¯ fi z. al-Dı¯n al-Kabı¯r (religious scholar) 65 religion 68–9 hagiographies 123, 132–3 H. ur u¯ fı¯ sect 191, 196 Haixi dynasty (division of Jurchen) 334–5 H. usa¯ m ad-Dı¯n b. Sharaf ad-Dı¯n al-Bulgha¯ r¯ ı H. a¯ jjı¯ Beg Barlas 183 (religious writer) 390 H. a¯ jji-Giray b. Ghiya¯ s ad-Din (Crimean Khan) H. usayn b. Janïbek (Astrakhan Khan) 254 256 H. usa¯ m Bayqara (Timurid ruler) see Sult. a¯ n- Ha¯ jji-Muh.ammad Khan 240–1, 242, 251–2 H. usa¯ m Bayqara H. akı¯m A¯ ta¯ , Saint 250 Hambaghai (early Mongol leader) 21, 22n Iakubovskii, A.I. 81n, 84 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von 81n Iba¯ d Alla¯ h b. Iskandar (Abu¯ ’l-Khayrid Khan) H. ammu¯ yı¯, Sad al-Dı¯n (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 123, 124 295 H. ammu¯ yı¯, S.adr al-Dı¯n Ibra¯ hı¯m 124–5 ¯Iba¯ q Khan (Shibanid descendant) 226, 242, Han dynasty 261, 333 251–2, 253 Hanafı¯ legal school 207 Ibn al-Alqamı¯ (Caliphate statesman) 90 . . H. aqq-Nazar b. Qasim Khan (Qazaq leader) Ibn al-Fuwat.¯ı (historian) 122–3 244, 364 Ibn al-Nafı¯s (Egyptian polymath) 133 H. aydar, Mı¯rza¯ Muh.ammad (historian) see Mı¯ Ibn Bat. t.u¯ t.a (historian) 59, 130 rza¯ Muh.ammad H. aydar Dughlat Ibn Khaldu¯ n (polymath) 91 H. aydar b. Sha¯ h Murad, Amı¯r (Bukharan Ibn Taymı¯ya (religious scholar) 125 leader) 284, 396–7 Ibra¯ hı¯m b. Mah.mu¯ d (Kazan Khan) 247 Hayton (Hetum), Prince of Armenia 153 Ibra¯ hı¯m b. Muh.ammad-Tula¯ k, Ima¯ m 376–7 heir apparent, offi ce/title of 280, 293 Ibrahim (Oirat leader) 167 Helin province see Mongolia Ibra¯ hı¯m Sult. a¯ n b. Sha¯ hrukh (grandson of Henry II, Duke, of Silesia 70 Temür) 190, 191–2, 195 Herat, as Timurid capital 190, 198, 200, Ikhtiya¯ r al-Dı¯n b. Ghiya¯ th al-Dı¯n al-H. usaynı¯ 205–7 . 207 architectural development 211 I l-Arslan (Khwa¯ razm leader) 14n confl icts over 203, 212, 223, 291, 293–4, Ilba¯ rs (Arabshahid descendant, d. 1622) 296–7 234 as cultural centre 208–12 Ilba¯ rs Khan (of Khiva, d. 1740) 394 Hetum see Hayton Ilchi Temür see Taishi Oghlan Hö’elün (mother of Chinggis Khan) 28 Ilkhanate Hong Li, Emperor see Qianlong Emperor confl icts with Abba¯ sids 142–3 Hong Taiji (Qing Emperor), 333, 337–8, 339, confl icts with other Mongol states 52, 55, 340, 342, 344–5, 357, 359: see also Hung 56–7, 143 Tayiji disintegration 93, 102, 185 Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang/Ming founding 114, 127 Taizu) 91, 160, 174–5 institutional development 89 horses rebel groups 96 role in Chinese economy 334 religion 122–5 role in Mongol aims/strategy 112–13 scientifi c/medical interests 138–9 Huizong, Emperor see Toghan Temür Timurid claim to 185 Hülegeid dynasty see Ilkhanate trade/revenues 97–8, 102, 103–4

473

Index

Ima¯ m Qulı¯ b. Dı¯n Muh.ammad (Togha- in Russian territories 310, 375–9, Timurid Khan) 282, 299–300 381–91; revival 377–9, 387–91; Spiritual Inanch Bilge Bögü Khan (Naiman leader) 23 Assemblies 377, 386–7 India Shı¯¯ı vs. Sunnı¯ 125, 207 languages 16–17 slavery under 94 Mongol incursions 54 spread in Mongol territories 4, 64, 65–6, Timurid invasion 214–15 115, 116–17, 120–34, 252–3, 280 Inner Horde (Qazaq migrants to Russia) Sunnı¯ 216–17 371–2, 375 suppression 42–3, 63–4, 133–4, 328–9, 381; Innocent IV, Pope 36–7, 43 calls for 378 Iran survival in conquered territories 310 independence of Mongol Empire 73–4 in Timurid empire 196 inter-tribal relations 288–9 see also Hanafi ; Sharia; Sufi sm mints 101–2n Isla¯ m-Gira¯ y b. Muh.ammad-Gira¯ y (Crimean Mongol rule 3, 90 Khan) 255 occupation of Mongol/Central Asian Isma¯ ¯ıl Biy b. Mu¯ sa¯ (Noghay Khan) 243–4, 306 territory 394–6 Isma¯ ¯ıl (Chaghadayid Khan) 268 trade 90, 101–2n, 140–1 Issyk-Kul, Lake/region 57, 407–8 see also Ilkhanate Christian community 65 Iraq, Mongol rule 90 Italy Irbit 385 slave trade 105–6, 108 ¯Irda¯ na Biy (Khoqand leader) 401 surnames 106n Irtysh (river) 244, 313, 363, 368, 370 Iurii Vsevolodovich, Grand Prince 69–70 Isa¯ Kelemachi (‘Isa¯ the Interpreter’) 139 Ivan III, Grand Prince of Muscovy 248, 253, Isen Bugha (Moghul Khan) 264–5 304, 307–8 Isfandiya¯ r Sult. a¯ n (Arabsha¯ hi leader) 234 Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Grand Prince/Tsar 31, Ishim (Qazaq Khan, d. 1628) 364, 367 246, 303, 304–6, 308, 311, 380, 405 Ishim Sult. a¯ n (Qazaq Khan, d. 1797) 369 Ivan Kalita, Prince 79 Ishterek Biy (Noghai leader) 319 Izz al-Dı¯n Kai Ka¯ u¯ s II 98 Iskandar b. Janïbek (Abu¯ ’l-Khayrid Khan) 281, 295 Jabba¯ r-Bı¯rdı¯ (son of Toqtamïsh) 239 Iskandar b. ‘Umar Shaykh (grandson of Jagiello, Grand Duke, of Lithuania 81 Temür) 189, 190, 195 Jaha¯ ngı¯r, (Mughal) Emperor 287, 300 Iskandar Qaraqoyunlu 191 Jaha¯ ngı¯r (Qazaq Khan, d. 1652) 364, 367 Islam Jaha¯ ngı¯r (son of Temür) 186 attitudes towards unbelievers 94, 106, Jaha¯ ngı¯r b. Bükäy (Qazaq Khan, d. 1845) 373, 107–8 377 communication networks 145–6 Jala¯ l ad-Dı¯n (son of Toqtamïsh) 237, 238–9 conventional scholarship on 121–2 Ja¯ la¯ yirı¯, Qa¯ dir-Alı¯-Bek (historian) 251–2, conversions to 15n, 41, 62, 65–6, 75, 120–1, 259, 390 123–5, 130–1, 132, 221–2n, 230, 252, jam (postal relay system) see yam 262 Jama¯ l ad-Dı¯n, Shaykh 262 education/scolarship 65, 129, 207, 376, Jama¯ l al-Dı¯n (astronomer) 138 385, 387–91; signifi cant trends 389 Jama¯ l Qarshı¯ (Muslim writer) 130 European diasporas 84–5 Ja¯ mı¯, Abd al-Rah. m a¯ n 208, 210–11 imposition in Mongol territories 58, 78, Jamuqa (blood-brother of Chinggis Khan) 29 127–8, 130–1, 132–3 Ja¯ n-Alı¯ b. Alla¯ h-Ya¯ r (Kazan Khan) 249, 258–9 legitimising role 121, 242, 252–3 Ja¯ n-Törä b. A¯ y-Chuva¯ q (Qazaq Khan) 369 political ideology 280 Jan Wafa Biy (associate of Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan) 289 political infl uence 290–1 Ja¯ nı¯ Muh.ammad b. Ya¯ r Muh.ammad (Togha- pre-existence in Mongol-occupied Timurid Khan) 298–9 territories 128–9 Janïbek b. Baraq (Qazaq leader) 224–5, 227, resistance to 131–2 243, 363, 366, 368

474

Index

Janïbek b. Khwa¯ jah (Abu’l-Khayrid Khan) 282 social structure 336–7 descendants of, confl icts with family rivals subdivisions 334–5, 336 294–5, 296, 299 see also Da Qing dynasty; Manchu dynasty Janïbek b. Mah.mu¯ d (Astrakhan Khan) 254 Justinian, Roman Emperor 95 Janïbek Khan (son of Özbek) 79, 93, 104–5, Juvainı¯ (historian) 34–5, 99, 124, 126 107, 231, 231n Ju¯ yba¯ rı¯ family 295 Jao Modo, battle of (1696) 349 Ju¯ zja¯ nı¯ (historian) 127 jasagh (local Mongol offi cial, under Qing) 342–3, 351, 356, 357–8 Ka¯ bul-sha¯ h (Timurid puppet khan) 132 jasagh (jasaq)/yasa (Mongol legal code) 34–5, Kama (river) 243, 247, 314 47, 63, 64, 67, 97, 195, 198, 280 Kangxi, Qing Emperor (Aisin Gioro Xuanye) compatibility with Islam 286, 290 339, 342, 347–9, 351, 355, 360 Jasaghtu Khan (Khalkha title) 345–7 Karakorum see Qaraqorum Jayiq River see Ural (river) Karı¯m-Bı¯rdı¯ (son of Toqtamïsh) 238, 239 Jebe, General 30–1, 47 Kashgharia 9, 116–17, 193, 262–3, 353 Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu (Buddhist Kasimov, city/Khanate 247, 258–9, 305, authority fi gure) 347–8, 358 324, 326, 380 Jemboyluq Horde (Noghay subdivision) 244, Kaufman, A.P. von, General 408–9, 410 245 Kazan (city) 246, 309 Jenkinson, Anthony 405 Kazan Khanate 245–50, 256 Jete people 117, 182 administration (from Moscow) 309 Jianzhou Jurchen 334–5, 339 geopolitical situation 247 Jiha¯ n Khwa¯ ja 271 incorporation into Russian state 308–10 Jı¯n dynasty see Jurchen dynasty (Jı¯n) internal confl icts 247–8 Jochi Qasar (brother of Chinggis Khan) 40–1 resistance to Russian rule 308, 310–11 Jochi (son of Chinggis Khan) Russian conquest/rule 303–9, 324, 326–7, death 32, 47, 67 329–30, 380, 387, 405 legitimacy 31 social structure 249–50 military exploits 18, 30, 161–2 territorial extent 246–7, 247n off spring 67–8 Kebek Khan (son of Du’a) 55–8, 60, 62, territory granted to 67, 114, 221 63, 130 Jochid dynasty/territory 114–16, 221–3, Kebek (son of Toqtamïsh) 239 250–1, 278–82 Kel-Ah.mad (Kazan leader) 249 struggles for control of 237–41 Keldibek (Golden Horde Khan) 80 see also Blue Horde; Golden Horde; White Keneges tribes 393–4, 397 Horde Kereyit people 21–2, 23, 24, 27, 42, 113 John, Prince (of the Önggüt) 44 alliances/confl icts with Mongols 29 judiciary, appointment/function 35 Khalı¯l Sult. a¯ n b. Amı¯ra¯ nsha¯ h (grandson of Julian, Brother 36, 37, 68–9 Temür) 189–90 Jumaduq (Jochid Khan) 222 Khalı¯l Sult. a¯ n b. Yasawur 59, 131 Junior Zhüz 245, 364–5, 367–71, 373, 376–7, Khalkha, Tribal Camps of 166, 168, 170, 172, 398 180 Jurchen dynasty (Jin) 3, 9–10, 19, 22, 26, 27 confl icts with Zunghar 347–8, 351 29, 94 internal confl icts 346–7 confl icts with Mongols 21, 22n, 25, 30, 32, Qing legal code 358–9 33–4 relations with Qing 269–70, 339, 344–6, 352 Jurchen people submission to Qing 348–9 alliance with Mongols 169, 180, 181 Khanbaligh (Chinggisid capital) 40, 41, 43, 44 allies/subject peoples 23, 24 Khanza¯ da (daughter-in-law of Temür) 186, confl icts with Mongols 178–81 189 internal confl icts 336 Kharachin people 180 return to power/renaming 157, 158, 169, Khazar Empire 2 175, 177, 178, 181, 333, 337–8 Khid.r Khwa¯ ja(Chaghadayid Khan) 186, 262–3

475

Index

Khitan dynasty 2, 9, 20, 111 Kichi Muh.ammad b. Temür Khan (Great alliance with Mongols 33–4, 37 Horde founder) 240, 242–3, 245–6, 248, overthrow 26 253, 256 Khitay (Uzbek tribe) 397 Kiev, Mongol capture of 69–70 Khiva, Khanate of 371, 393, 398–400 Kim Ho-dong 262, 262n confl icts with Bukhara 397 Kira¯ y b. Baraq (Qazaq leader) 224–5, 227, 243, diplomatic relations with Russia 405–6 363, 366 economy 404 Kish (Timurid capital) 192 Iranian invasion 394–5 Kök Orda (‘Blue Horde’) 81, 82 language/culture 403 Könchek (son of Du’a) 55 Russian conquest 409–10 Körgüz (George), Prince (of the Önggüt) 44 socio-political structure 403–4 Körgüz (governor of Khurasan) 48 Khmel’nitskii, Bogdan 257–8 Körgüz (son of Temür Khan) 53 Khoqand, Khanate of 370–1, 400–4 Köten, Prince (of the Cumans) 71 confl icts with Bukhara 397, 398, 401–2 koumiss (ceremonial drink) 150, 284–5 economy 404 Kubak (son of Toqtamïsh) 238 ethnic composition 403 Kublai Khan see Qubilai Khan expansionist policies 401–2 Kubraviyya (S.u¯ fı¯ order) language/culture 403 Küchkünji (Abu’l-Khayrid Shibanid Khan) Russian conquest 408–10 281, 282, 285, 287, 288, 293, 294 socio-political structure 403–4 Küchüm (Siberian Khan) 250, 251–3, 313, 315 Khorchin people 180, 340n, 341, 356, 358–9 Khorezm see Khwa¯ razm Lamaism 95 Khoshut people 350 Latter Jin (Jurchen) dynasty 337, 339; see also Khoyd people 352 Aisin state Khuda¯ ya¯ r b. Shı¯r Alı¯ (Khoqand Khan) 402, Lazhang Khan (Khoshut leader) 350 408, 410 legitimacy, eff orts to establish Khuda¯ yda¯ d Dughlat, Emir 189–90, 190, 193, Manchu/Qing 338, 344–5 263, 264 Mongol 95–6, 120–1, 242, 344–5 Khudiakov, M.G. 247n Timurid 195–6 Khurasan 183–4, 196, 230, 404–5 Zunghar 345, 346–7 Chinggisid/Uzbek rule 298 Liao people 9–10, 11–12, 19, 20, 113 confl icts over 52, 56–7, 96, 197, 200, 227–8, Liegnitz, battle of (1241) 70 281, 293–4, 296–7 Lifan Yuan (Qing institution) 342–3, 349, Timurid rule/economy 205–6 350–1, 353, 354–61 Turkmen migrations to 235–6, 392–3 Ligdan (Chakhar Khan) 167, 178–81, 333, 337, Khutukhtai Sechen Khung Tayiji (great- 338, 339–40, 341 nephew of Altan Khan) 170 linguists, administrative use/value 137–40 Khwajas see sayyids literacy, introduction/spread 24, 35 Khwa¯ ndamı¯r (historian) 226 Lithuania 80–1, 84–5, 238, 239–40 Khwa¯ ndamı¯r, Ghiyas ad-Dı¯n Muh.ammad see also Poland-Lithuania 204 Liu Bingzhong 161 Khwa¯ razm (Khorezm) state /territory 10, livestock, trade in 374 13, 14–15, 47, 73, 80, 126, 129, 184, 230, Livonian Wars 311, 313 398–400 Lixing (Punishment) Bureau (Qing confl icts with Bukhara 397–8 administrative department) 355, 356–8 confl icts with Mongols 30–1, 33, 37, 46, 301 Lobzang Tayiji (Khalkha Khan) 346 internal confl icts 392–3 Lomakin, A.A., General 410–11 language 16, 114n Lu Jia 161 Timurid attacks/rule 184–5, 186, 190, 238–9 Luqma¯ n b. Taghay Temür (Timurid puppet Turkmen migrations to 233–5 khan) 185 Uzbek attacks/rule 227–8, 232, 233–5, 291 Luxun Bureau (Qing administrative see also Amu Dayra department) 354–5

476

Index

Mah.bu¯ bı¯ s.adrs 65 Marghuz (early Mongol leader) 22n Mah.mu¯ d b. Amı¯r Walı¯ (historian) 226, 283–6 Mari (Cheremis) people 328, 381–2 Mah.mu¯ d b. Kichi Muh.ammad (Astrakhan Marignolli, Giovanni di 44 Khan) 253–4 marriage, laws/customs 359 Mah.mu¯ d b. Ulugh Muh.ammad (Kazan Khan) see also polygyny 247, 258 Marvazı¯, Sharif al-Zaman 152 Mah.mu¯ d Bi Qat.agha¯ n (Uzbek amir) 302 Masu¯ d Yalawa¯ ch (Masu¯ d Beg) 36, 48, 50, 51, Mah.mu¯ d (Chaghadayid Khan, d. 1402) 195–6 61, 65, 129 Mah.mu¯ d Ka¯ shgharı¯ (scholar/lexicographer) Mas.u¯ ma Sult.a¯ n Kha¯ num (wife of Ya¯ r 16–17 Muh.ammad) 298 Mah.mu¯ d Khid.r (Golden Horde Khan) 80 Mawarannahr see Transoxania Mah.mu¯ d Khoja Khan (Jochid descendant) McKnight, Brian 95 222 medicine 139–40, 148–9 Mah.mu¯ d Mı¯rza¯ (Timurid descendant) 203 Menglı¯-Gira¯ y (Crimean Khan) 248, 254, Mah.mu¯ d of Ghazna 80 256–7, 258 Mah.mu¯ d (Oirat leader) 162–3 Mengü-Temür see Möngke Temür Mah.mu¯ d Sult.a¯ n (brother of Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan) Menzelinsk 315 288 merchants, privileges of 384–5 Mah.mu¯ d T. arabı¯ (Bukharan rebel leader) 48 Mergit (Merkit) people 22–3, 24, 33 Mah.mu¯ d Yalawa¯ ch/Yalavach (Mongol confl icts with Mongols 29–30 administrator) 35–6, 48, 99, 129 Merv, confl icts for possession of 396, Mah.mu¯ tak (brother of ¯Iba¯ q) 251–2 399–400, 405, 411 Maidiribala (son of Ayushiridara) 159–60 Meshsherskii Goroders see Kasimov Makata, Princess 181 Middle Zhüz 35, 368–72, 377 Makhdu¯ m-i Az.am (Naqshbandı¯ master) Mihrja¯ n Kha¯ num (wife of Abd Alla¯ h ) 298 268 military strategy Mamai, Emir (Golden Horde) 80–1, 84 Chinggisid 33, 34, 296–7 Mamat (descendant of Taybugha) 251 Russian 305–6, 311, 313 Mamich-Berdei (Tatar leader) 308 Timurid 213–15 Mamlüks military technology confl icts with Temür 186 Chinese 34, 150–1 relations with Golden Horde 76, 103, 126 Russian 317–18 trade with European powers 102 Millward, James 338 Ma¯ muq (Kazan Khan) 248, 251 Ming dynasty 91, 151, 173–7, 263, 289, Manchu dynasty 5–6, 151, 181, 261, 333–4 334–6 confl icts with Mongols 339–40 alliances/agreements with Mongols 169 Manchuria 33–4 collapse 158, 333 confl icts over 41–2, 334–5 confl icts with Mongols 159–60, 161, 167, Mandughul (post-Yuan khan) 165–6 169, 174–7, 334 Mandukhai Sechen Khatun 165–6 foreign relations/trade 266–7 Mandulai Aghulkhu (Ordos chieftain) 167 frontier policy 157–8 Mangghala (son of Qubilai) 41 tribute system 173, 266–7 Manghït dynasty 394–8 Ming Taizu, Emperor see Zhu Yuanzhang Manghït tribe 84, 221, 222, 224, 225, 229, 241, Ming (Uzbek tribe) 400–1 283–4, 289, 301 mints 101–2n Mangïshlaq (peninsula) 222, 232–3 Mı¯r Alı¯ Shı¯r (poet) 211 Mann, Thomas, Buddenbrooks 209 Mı¯r H. usayn see Amı¯r H. usayn Mano, Eiji 213 Mı¯rkhwa¯ nd (historian) 226 Mansur (Moghul Khan) 264, 265–6, 266n, Mı¯rza¯ Muh.ammad H. aydar Du¯ ghla¯ t 267, 268 (historian) 132, 194, 214, 225, 226–7, 228, Mansu¯ r (son of Edigü) 242 263–4, 263n, 265, 272–3, 286 manufactured goods, trade in 374–5 Mö’etüken (son of Chinggis Khan) 48, 51 Mar-körgis (post-Yuan khan) 165 Moghul, Mughu¯ l 110–11, 114

477

Index

Moghul Khanate 261–7, 363–4 origins 21, 26–7 ‘culture clash’ 264–5 political legacy 4–6 distinguished from Moghulistan 262n reasons for success 33–4 neighbouring races’ disdain for 263–4 rebellions 91, 95–6 political instability 265 relocation of offi cials/population see political signifi cance 263 separate main heading trade/diplomatic relations with China revenues 96–100 (see also taxation) 266–7 subject peoples, treatment of see separate Moghulistan 116, 117, 182, 184, 200, 224–5, main heading 262, 262n, 365 succession, rules of 280–1 geographical extent 260 titles 279n, 280–1 see also Moghul Khanate; Xinjiang trade regulation 3 Moldova, Mongol invasion 71 see also Chaghataids; Golden Horde; Molon (post-Yuan khan) 165 Ilkhanate; Ögödeids; Yuan dynasty Möngke, Great Khan (son of Tolui) 32, 39, 43, Mongol people(s) 19–21 75–6, 94, 113, 126 confl icts with Timurids 199, 201 confl icts with rival claimants 48–9 ‘dark’ age 157–65 death 143 genealogy 20–1 election 73 (hopes of ) reunifi cation 166, 345–7 wife of, religious endowments 65–6 internal confl icts 160–5 Möngke Temür (Nurhaci’s ancestor) 335 language 92n, 111 Möngke Temür Khan (grandson of Batu) 50, nomadic lifestyle 61, 63 53, 76–7, 103 origins 19–20, 20nn, 26–8 Mongol Empire(s) 1–2 Qing rule 340–3, 354–62 administration 34–6, 37, 89–100, 135–7 return to homeland (1368) 157–8 atlases 138 social organization 27–8, 96–7, 109–11 capital(s) 35, 40, 144, 285 social structure 109–11 ceremonial traditions 283–6 in Temür’s army/administration 187–8 communications 144–6 tribal divisions 168–9, 340n contribution to world history 135 see also names of dynasties/peoples cultural exchange within 35–6, 111–12, Mongolia 135–54 see separate main heading civil wars 160–5, 167 cultural resources 141–2 confl icts over 41–2 economy 2–3, 36, 60–3, 89–93, 96–108 economy 97–8 emergence 19 post-Chinggisid history 5–6, 157–81 emergence of new tribes 118–19 pre-Chinggisid peoples 18–25 expansion(ism) 36–7, 111 Qing rule 340–3 fragmentation 73–4, 113–14, 237, 261; return of Yuan to 157–8 reasons for 161 social structure 96–7 geographical extent 1, 43, 73, 141, 261 Montecorvino, Giovanni da 44 hierarchy (military/political) 2, 94, 112, Mordvin people 328, 382 118–19, 147, 280, 284 Morgan, David 37 infl uence on later empire-builders 157–8, Moscow 79 184–5, 194, 195–6, 283–6, 338–9 confl icts for possession of 238 intelligence gathering 151–2 Mongol capture 69, 82 internal power struggles 31–3, 38–42, political/economic rise 80–1 48–60, 91, 117, 143 see also Muscovy languages/ethnicity 111–12, 114–19, 137 mosques legal system 34–5, 42–3 construction 377 legitimacy 95–6, 120–1 destruction 329 military resources/transport 135–6, 142 Muba¯ rak-khoja (Blue Horde Khan) 82 offi cials: distribution/relocation 3–4, 35–6, Muba¯ rak Sha¯ h (son of Hülegü) 48–9, 50, 52, 119; payment 147 129–30

478

Index

Mughal see Mughal Empire and Moghul Muhi, battle of (1241) 70, 71–2 Khanate Moghul Muh.sin al-Dı¯n Muh.ammad Turkista¯ nı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯) Mughal Empire 60 130 confl icts with Togha-Timurids 300 Mu¯ın al-Dı¯n Nat.anzı¯ (historian, fl . 1410s) 81n derivation of name 110–11, 262n Mu¯ın al-Dı¯n Suleiman, the Parva¯ nah ethno-religious composition 216–17 (statesman, fl . 1260s-70s) 90 foundation 216–17 Mukmikova, R.G. 221n literary/cultural patronage 217 Munis (historian) 224, 224n Muh.ammad, the Prophet 286, 390 Muqali, Viceroy 30, 34 (claimed) descent from 250, 290 Muqan (Türk Qaghan) 110n Muh.ammad II, (Ottoman) Sult.a¯ n 253, 256–7 Murid (Golden Horde Khan) 80 Muh.ammad, the Prophet, claimed descent Mu¯ sa¯ Biy b. Waqqas (Noghay Horde leader) from 250 224, 227, 242, 243, 253 Muh.ammad al-Jazarı¯ (religious scholar) 196 Muscovy Muh.ammad Alı¯ (Khoqand Khan) 401–2 confl icts with Khanates 247–9, 253, 303–30 Muh.ammad-Amı¯n b. Ibra¯ hı¯m (Kazan Khan ethnic composition 382 d. 1519) 248 see also Moscow; Russia Muh.ammad Amı¯n b. Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım Mus. t.afa¯ Âli (historian) 208 (Qongrat Khan, d. 1855) 399–400 Mus.t.afa¯ Khan (Jochid descendant) 222–3 Muh.ammad Amı¯n Inaq (Qongrat leader, fl . Musulma¯ n-Qul (Qïpchaq leader) 402 1770) 399 Mut.ribı¯ (Sult.a¯ n Muh.ammad Samarqandı¯) Muh.ammad b. Pula¯ d b. Könchek b. Du’a 59 (poet) 287–8 Muh.ammad b. Tughluq, (Delhi) Sult.a¯ n 65 Muz.aff ar al-Dı¯n b. Nas.ralla¯ h , Amı¯r Muh.ammad Dost (Moghul Khan) 264 (Bukharan leader) 398, 402, 408–9 Muh.ammad-Gira¯ y b. Menglı¯-Gira¯ y (Crimean Khan) 254–5, 257 Nadhr Muh.ammad b. Dı¯n Muh.ammad Muh.ammad H. akı¯m (Biy Manghït) Atalïq (Togha-Timurid Khan) 282, 283, 299–300 (Bukhara leader) 394–5 Na¯ dir Shah of Iran (Na¯ dir Khan Afshar) 302, Muh.ammad Jaha¯ ngı¯r b. Muh.ammad Sult. a¯ n 394–5, 396, 398 (great-grandson of Temür) 189, 193 Nagyvárad, destruction of 72 Muh.ammad-Ja¯ n al-H. usayn (religious leader) Naiman people 22, 23–4, 27, 288–9 377 confl icts with Mongols 29–31, 33, 47 Muh.ammad Ju¯ kı¯ Mı¯rza¯ (grandson of Ulugh Najm al-Dı¯n Kubra¯ 65, 129 Beg) 224 Nalighu (Chaghadaid) 130 Muh.ammad Ju¯ kı¯ b. Sha¯ hrukh (grandson of Naliqo’a (Nalighu) 55, 130 Temür) 192, 193–4 Naqshbandiyya (S.u¯ fı¯ order) 196, 206–7, Muh.ammad Kha¯ n (Moghul Khan) 266, 267, 210–11, 216, 268, 290, 295, 390, 400 268 internal confl icts 268 Muh.ammad Khwa¯ razmsha¯ h 14–15, 15n, 30–1 Na¯ rbu¯ ta Biy (Khoqand leader) 370, 401 Muh.ammad Nu¯ rbakhsh (religious leader) 191 Na¯ s.ir al-Dı¯n b. Khuda¯ ya¯ r (Khoqand leader, Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım b. Muh.ammad H. akı¯m dep. 1876) 410 (Bukhara Khan, d. 1758) 394–5, 398 Na¯ sir al-Dı¯n T. u¯ sı¯ (polymath, d. 1274) 90, Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım II (Khivan Khan, r. 97–8, 138–9 1864-73) 409 Nas.ralla¯ h b. H. aydar “The Butcher,” Amı¯r Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım (Qongrat Khan, d. 1825) (Bukharan leader) 397–8, 401–2 399 natural disasters 91 Muh.ammad Sha¯ h-Bakht/Muh.ammad Qing aid system 359–60 Shïba¯ nı¯ see Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan, Shiba¯ nı¯ Khan, Nauruz see Nawruz (Emir, Ilkhanid governor) Shayba¯ nı¯ Khan, Shaybaq Khan Nava¯ ¯ı, Alı¯ Shı¯r (poet) 205, 208, 209–11, 212 Muh.ammad Sult. a¯ n b. Jaha¯ ngı¯r (grandson of Nawruz (Emir, Ilkhanid governor) 52, 90, Temür) 186, 188 123–4, 222 Muh.ammad Temür b. Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan (Abu’l- Nawru¯ z, Emir (military commander) 90, Khayrid Khan) 293 123–4, 222

479

Index

Nawru¯ z Ahmad see Baraq (Suyunjuqid Khan) confl icts with Uzbeks 224 Nayan (descendant of Temüge) 41, 51 control of Mongolia 161, 164–5 Negübei b. Sarban (Chaghadaid Khan) 50–1 destruction 352–3 Negüderi (Nigu¯ da¯ rı¯) (lit. ‘nomad’) see divisions under Qing 352 Qara’unas internal confl icts 346–8, 352 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) 348 relations with Ming dynasty 164–5, Nestorians see Christianity 176 Neyici Toyin (Buddhist missionary) 172 relations with Qing dynasty 344–8, 352–3, Nikonian Chronicle 238 367–8, 370 Ni’matulla¯ hı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ order) 196 relations with Russia 319–21 Niya¯ z-Qul al-Turkma¯ nı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh) 390 treaty with Khalkha 345–6 Nizhnii Norgorod 385 Oleg, Prince, of Riazan’ 81 Noghai Khan (Golden Horde) 53, 77–8, 84, 127 Öljei Temür (post-Yuan khan) 161, 162 Noghay Horde 5, 115, 118, 238, 241–5, 249, Öljeitü Khan (son of Arghun) 56, 57, 104n, 364, 383 123, 130 disintegration 244–5, 319–20, 363 religious conversions 125 infl uence in neighbouring Khanates 247–8, Omsk 371–2 251–2, 255, 258 Ong Khan (To’oril) (ally of Chinggis Khan) internal confl icts 243–4 22, 23, 29, 36 relations with Russia 305–6, 308, 315 Önggüt people 24, 27, 33 studies 241n religion 42, 44 territorial extent 243 Orda (son of Jochi) 53, 67–8, 82, 93, 221 see also Manghïts Ordos (area of Mongolia) 166–7 nöküd (Emperor’s ‘boon companions’, Ordu-Melik (Golden Horde Khan) 80 ‘retainers’) 2 , 94, 97 Örebek Digin (‘Forest People’ leader) 18 Nomuqan (son of Qubilai) 51 Orenburg (fortress) 316–17, 369, 373, 375, Nu¯ r ad-Dı¯n (son of Edigü) 243 376–7, 379, 406 Nu¯ r-Alı¯ b. Abu¯ ’l-Khayr (Qazaq Khan) 369 as Islamic centre 377, 379, 386–7 Nu¯ r-Dawlat b. H. ajjı¯-Giray (Kasimov Khan) 258 Orghina (wife of Yesü Möngke) 48–9, 50 Nurhaci, Manchu Emperor 157, 177, 333, 335, Örög-Temür b. Ananda (descendant of 339, 344–5, 359 Qubilai) 41 confl icts with Mongols 179–80, 339–40 ortaq (‘merchant partner’) 62, 99 rise to power 177–8, 337–8 Orus (son of Qaidu) 54–5 Osmanlï (Ottomans) 118, 119 oases, socio-political signifi cance 278 Ostyakes see Obollgrians Ob-Ugrians 252, 313, 328 Otchigin see Temüge Otchigin Ocir Bolud (off spring of Dayan Khan) 166 Ötegü boghol (bo’ol, bo’ul) (‘long-standing Oghuric (language) 115n serfs’, ‘bound vassals’) 28, 97, 113 Oghuz Khan (mythical fi gure) 127, 230 Ötemish-Gira¯ y (Kazan Khan) 249 Oghuz tribe 230, 232 Ottoman Empire Ögödei, Great Khan (son of Chinggis Khan) administration 273 31–3, 35, 40, 43, 71, 99, 148, 161, 184 Chinggisid vassals 5 death 72 confl icts with Temür 186 grant of territory 67, 114 conquests 108 succession to Qaghanate 38–9, 47–8 histories 208 Ögödeid dynasty infl uence in Crimean Khanate 256–8 confl icts with other branches of family military strategy/technology 214–15 52–60, 103, 143 relations with Russia 306, 316, 317, institutional development 89 318 Oirat (Qalmaq) people 24, 96, 136, 267, rise in power 119 269–70, 316 Özbek Khan 56, 59, 78–9, 104, 115, 118n confl icts with Mongols 161–5, 167, 169–70 religion 127–8, 221 confl icts with Qazaqs 367–8 Özbek people see Uzbek people

480

Index

Palaeologus, Michael 102–3 qa’alghah see heir apparent Panipat, battle of 214 Qabu¯ l Khani (early Mongol leader) 21, 21n papacy Qachi’un (brother of Chinggis Khan) 40–1 ban on Eastern trade 102 Qadan (son of Ögödei) 70, 71–2 dealings with Mongol states 36–7, Qa¯ dir-Bı¯rdı¯ (son of Toqtamïsh) 239–40 43–4 Qaghan (Emperor), title of 1–2 ‘Pax Mongolica’ 135 dispute/non-recognition 39–40 Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci 98, 104, 106 Qaidu Khan 40, 49–54, 63 Perovskii, Governor 406 administration 60–1 Persia see Iran confl icts with Qubilai 41–2, 50, 51–2, 130 Persian (language) 92n currency 61–2 literature 210, 211–12, 217 European invasion 70 Pest, destruction of 71–2 rebellions against 50–1 Peter I ‘the Great’ of Russia 316, 320, 324, religious tolerance 130 325, 328, 348, 405–6 Qaishan (Wuzong), Yuan Emperor (nephew/ Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 103 heir of Temür Khan) 41–2, 53, 58 Petropavlovsk 374–7 qaran ‘corvée, personal duty’ 97 ‘Phags-pa, Lama 5, 63, 171 Qalmaqs see Oirats Pian del Carpine, Giovanni del (John of Qamar al-Dı¯n, Emir 184–6, 193, 262 Plano Carpini) 43, 44, 68, 72–3, 74n qara Hülegü (grandson of Chaghadai) 48 pietism 389 Qara Khitai 10, 11–13, 23–4, 27, 130 Pı¯r Muh.ammad b. Jaha¯ ngı¯r (grandson of creation 26 Temür) 188–9 dealings with Mongols 30–1, 33, 46 Pı¯r Muh.ammad b. Janïbek (Abu’l-Khayrid extent of rule 12, 26, 47 Khan) 281, 285 infl uence 12n, 35 Pı¯r Muh.ammad b. ‘Umar Shaykh (grandson overlordship/vassals 15, 17, 18, 23, 26 of Temür) 186, 189 relations with neighbours 12–13, 14n Poland Qara Khojo (Uighur capital) 56 Mongol invasion 70–2 Qara Qalpaqs 115–16, 403 Tatar settlements 84–5 Qara Yu¯ suf Qaraqoyunlu 190 Poland-Lithuania Qarachar Barlas (Timurid ancestor) 195–6 alliance with Great Horde 304 qaraju ‘commoners’ 97 confl ict with Russia 95, 320 Qarakhanids 10, 13–14, 127 decline 318 Qaramanlï people 118 Polo, Maff eo 44, 101–2 Qaraqorum (Mongol capital) Polo, Marco 27, 40, 44, 101–2, 104, 144, as centre of communications network 144 150 Chinggisid rule from 23, 35, 37, 158 Polo, Niccolò 44, 101–2 confl icts for possession of 41–2, 51–2, polygyny 92 169–70 Porto Pisano 102–3 post-Chinggisid reestablishment 159 postal system 144–6, 360–1 Qaraqoyunlu people, confl ict with Timurids introduction of 35 189, 190–1, 197–8, 201–2 resricted access to 90 Qara’unas 52, 58, 60, 96, 182, 184 pottery, manufacture/trade 140–1 Qa¯ sim b. Ulugh Muh.ammad (Kasimov Khan) Pozdneev, A.M. 157 247, 258 precious metals Qa¯ sim Khan b. Janïbek (Qazaq leader) 227, mints 101–2n 228, 243, 363–4 trade in 100, 105, 107 Qayalïq 31, 47, 49, 129 ‘Prester John’ 12 Qazan b. Yasawur (Chaghadaid Khan) 59, 182 Pugachev, Yemelian 317, 329, 371 Qazaq people/Khanate 5, 96, 115, 117, 117n, Pula¯ d Khan (Khoqand leader) 410 223, 224–9, 231, 243, 266, 267, 271, 312, Pu¯ la¯ t (son of Sha¯ dı¯-Bek) 238 320, 363–79 Punishments, Bureau of see Lixing ancestry/social hierarchy 365–7

481

Index

Qazaq people/Khanate (cont.) Qongrat (Uzbek tribe) 223 confl icts with Noghay Horde 243, 244 qopchur/qobchi’ur/qob[i]chu¯ r ‘levy, tax’ 97, 98 confl icts with Oirats/Zunghars 349–50, Qoshila (son of Qaishan) 58 367–8 Qubilai Khan 5, 39–40, 44, 49–50, 92, 94, 129, dealings with Qing 351, 370 150, 161, 171 increase of power/territory 363–4 confl icts with rival claimants 41–2, 49, 50, migrations to Russia 371 76, 129–30, 143, 261 naming 225–6, 225nn, 228–9 (post-Imperial) descendants 161, 163 new setttlements 375, 384 religious practice/legislation 43, 145 numerical strength 227, 228 relocation to China 76 relations/integration with Russia 367–71 scientifi c/technological interests 138, 139, religion 375–9 150 Russian adminstration 371–9 Qul Baba Kökeltash (Uzbek amir) 289–90, 297–8 split from Uzbeks 224–5, 226–7 Qul-Sharı¯f (Kazan leader) 250 trade with Russia 374–5, 406 Qurjaquz Buyruq Khan 22, 22n tribal groupings 229, 364–7 al-Qu¯ rs.awı¯, Abu¯ ’n-Na¯ s.ir (religious scholar) Qazghan Khan 59–60, 131, 182, 183 389 Qianlong Emperor (Hong Li) 352, 355, 360 qurultai (clan conclave) 29–30, 32, 34, 269–70, Qing dynasty/Empire 6, 261, 271–6, 333–62, 280, 291 370 Qutlugh Nigar Khanim (mother of Babur) 262n administration 272–3, 274, 275–6, 343, Qutlugh Khwa¯ ja(son of Du’a) 53 347–8, 350–1, 352–3, 354–62 Qutula Khan (early Mongol leader) 21, 21n agreements with Russia 348 Qutuqa Beki (Oirat leader) 24, 30 confl icts with Zunghars 270–1, 339, 346–8, 349–50, 351–2 Rabba¯ n S.awma 44 cultural/religious policy 274, 274n Rabı¯a Sult.a¯ n Begum (daughter of Ulugh economy/revenues 273–4, 275–6 Beg) 223 frontier strategy 338, 361–2 Rah.¯ım-Quli b. Muh.ammad Rah.¯ım (Qongrat geographical extent 333–4 Khan) 399 indirect rule 343, 353 railroads, construction of 374 Inner Asian expansion 333–4, 338–53, 361–2 Rajab Sult. a¯ n (Bukhara Khan) 393 legal system 356–9 Rashı¯ d ad-Dı¯n 4, 18, 20, 22–3, 28, 35, 39, 41, marriage alliances 359 67n, 68, 95, 99, 110–11, 124, 125, 137–8, military organization 339, 340–3, 356–7 139, 145, 148, 195 penal code 358 Razin, Stepan 315, 319, 325 political tutelage 361–2 religion postal system 360–1 legitimising role 121, 242, 252–3, 346–7 reasons for success 361–2 Mongol 4, 42, 63–6, 120–34, 170–3 rebellions against 274–5, 352 Qing 345, 351 (state control of ) religion 345, 350–1, 355–6 repressive policies 42–3, 328–9 studies 271n Russian 11, 327–9, 375–9, 385–7 Qïpchaq steppe/people 10–11, 14, 15, 67, Timurid 191, 196 277, 410 tolerant policies 64, 78, 130, 135, 327, 386–7 confl icts with Mongols 32 Zunghar 269–70, 346–7 exodus from 228 see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Golden Horde occupation 73, 81–2 Russian Orthodox Church language 114–16, 119 relocation, within Mongol Empire 113–14, Uzbek control/confl icts 221–9, 402 118–19, 135–7 Qïrghïz state/people 17–18, 23, 117, 146, 265, populations 94, 136 267, 372n, 402, 410 public offi cials 3–4, 35–6, 119 Qïrïm (city) 239 skilled personnel 136–7, 147–8, 192–3 Qïzïlbash tribes 288–9, 296, 299, 396 troops 112, 119, 135–6 Qonghrat (dynasty) 398–400 retreat(s), religious, rulers’ resort to 132

482

Index

Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. 94 S.afa¯ -Gira¯ y b. Fa¯ tih.-Gira¯ y (Kazan Khan) 249, Riazan’, Mongol capture of 69 305 Ricci, Matteo 44 S.afavı¯, Shah Isma¯ ¯ıl 207 Rid.a¯ -Quli b. Na¯ dir Shah 394 S.afavid dynasty/empire 123, 282, 291, 299 Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom 69 S.afı¯ al-Dı¯n, Shaykh 123 Rogerius (historian) 70–2 Sagang Sechen (Ordos nobleman) 97, 344–5 Roman law 95 S.a¯ h.ib-Gira¯ y b. Menglı¯-Gira¯ y (Kazan Khan) Romanovskii, D.I., General 408 248–9, 257 Rouyuan Bureau (Qing administrative Salors (Türkmen tribal grouping) 232, 234–5 department) 355–6 Sama¯ gha¯ r (military commander) 90 Rubruck, William of 43–4, 126 Samarqand 9, 15, 136 Rudakov, V.G. 74n confl icts for possession of 285, 291 Rukn al-Dı¯n Qïlïch Arslan IV 98 Russian capture 409 Ru¯ m (Anatolia) 9, 90, 111–12, 118 as Timurid capital 184, 192, 200–1, 206–7, as trading centre 98, 103–4 285 Ru¯ mı¯, Jala¯ l al-Dı¯n 134 as Togha-Timurid capital 299 Russia Samur, Princess 163 administration (of conquered territories) Sarai (Golden Horde capital) 74, 74n, 114, 186 309, 313–14, 315–16, 322–6, 329–30, struggles for possession of 80 371–9 Saray Malik (wife of Temür) 184 agreements with China 348 Saraychiq 242, 242n, 243, 244 Central Asian expansion 405–11 Sariq Khan (early Mongol leader) 22n construction/upkeep of fortresses 309, Sart ‘Central Asian Muslims’ 99 311, 313, 316–17, 323 people 398, 402–3 cultural resources 143 Sartaq (son of Batu) 42, 75 demography of conquered territories Satuq Bughra¯ Khan (early Islamic convert) 326–7 127 foreign relations/trade 11, 313–14, 316–17, Sayf al-Dı¯n Ah.mad (religious scholar, d. 1510) 405–6, 407 207 languages 10–11 Sayf al-Dı¯n Ba¯ kharzı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 65–6, military organization/strategy 305–6, 323, 126–7, 132 323n Sayram 363, 367 Mongol invasions 69–70, 82–3, 141–2 Sayyid-Ah.mad b. Ah.mad Khan (Great Horde Mongol rule 3, 73–4, 78–9, 93–4, 95–6, 98 leader) 253 political/military involvement in Sayyid Alı¯ Hamada¯ nı¯ (S.u¯ fı¯ leader) 196 neighbouring Khanates 244–5, 246, Sayyid Alı¯ Jurja¯ nı¯ (religious scholar) 196 247–8, 254, 257–8, 270, 303–6, 321–2, Sayyid-Muh.ammad Riz.a¯ (historian) 255n 367–71, 402, 405–11 sayyids (descendants of the Prophet) 250, 290, post-Chinggisid politics 5–6 366, 378 pre-Mongol political situation 9, 10–11 Sechen Khan (Khalkha title) 346, 347–8 rebellions in subject territories 308, 310–11, Secret History of the Mongols (Mongg hol’un 315, 317, 319, 325–6, 329, 380–1, 409, 410 niucha tobcha’an) 20, 27–8, 30, 36, 37, 161 religious policy 11, 327–9, 385–7 (see also Seitovskii Posad, as commercial/Islamic Russian Orthodox Church) centre 385 ‘Time of Troubles’ 311, 312, 326 Selim II, (Ottoman) Sult. a¯ n 257 trade within/between territories 374–5, Seljuk state 9, 13, 230 384–5 confl ict with Qara Khitai 12 Russian Orthodox Church 78–9, 306–8, 310, Semënov, A.A. 221n 314, 323, 327–9 Semipalatinsk 374–6 Semirech’e 224–6, 363–4, 368, 370 Sad al-Dı¯n al-Taftaza¯ nı¯ 196 Sengge b. Batur (Zunghar leader) 346 Sadı¯ (Persian poet) 210 Senior Zhüz 364–5, 368, 370–1 Gulista¯ n 211–12 Sergei of Radonesh 81

483

Index

Serruys, Henry 173 silk, trade in/Silk Route 62, 103, 104n, 205–6, Sha¯ dı¯-Bek b. Küchik (nephew of Temür- 273 Qutlugh) 238 silver see precious metals Sha¯ h Abba¯ s ( S.afavid leader) 299 Simna¯ nı¯, Ala¯ al-Dawla (S.u¯ fı¯ writer) 123, 130 Sha¯ h Alı¯ b. Alla¯ h-Ya¯ r (Kazan Khan) 248, 249, Sinie Vody, battle of (1362) 80 258–9, 305 siqagha ‘jury duty’ 97 Sha¯ h b. Mans. u¯ r (Moghul Khan) 266n skilled personnel Sha¯ h Budaq b. Abu’l-Khayr 282, 285, 293, exchange between leaders 147–8 294 identifi cation/preservation 147 Sha¯ h Jaha¯ n, (Mughal) Emperor 300 redistribution 136–7, 192–3 Sha¯ h Mura¯ d b. Da¯ niya¯ l Biy, Amı¯r (Bukharan Skobelev, M.D., General 410–11 leader) 395–7 slaves/slavery Sha¯ h Oghul (son of Qaidu) 130 European 43 Sha¯ hrukh (son of Temür) 186, 188–92, 193–4, impact on modern names 105–6, 106n, 108 202, 223, 238–9, 265 role in Mongol societies 28, 94–5, 110, 307 achievement/legacy 198, 199–200 trade in 104, 105–6, 106nn, 307, 322 cultural/religious interests 195, 196, 208 Soghdian (language) 16–17 Sha¯ hrukh Biy Ming (Uzbek leader) 400 Soldaia/Sudak/Sughdaia/Sughdaq 69, 97, shamanism 42 104 Shams al-Aima¯ Ka¯ rda¯ rı¯ (religious scholar) 65 Solov’ev, S. 84 Shangdu (Xanadu) (Mongol capital) 40 Song dynasty 27, 51, 146 Sharaf al-Dı¯n Alı¯ Yazdı¯ 211, 265 Sorqaqtani (wife of Tolui) 38 Sharı¯a (Islamic law) 290 soyurghal (‘semi-autonomous military fi ef’) compatibility with jasagh 286, 290 204, 205 Shaybaq Khan see Muh.ammad Sha¯ h-Bakht, Soyurghatmïsh b. Sha¯ hrukh (grandson of Muh.ammad Shïba¯ nı¯, Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan, Temür) 191 Shiba¯ nı¯ Khan, Shayba¯ nı¯ Khan Soyurghatmïsh (Chaghataid Khan) 184 Shaykh H. aydar (son of Abu’l-Khayr) 226, Spuler, Bertold 81n 227, 253 steppe Shaykh Nu¯ r al-Dı¯n, Emir 189, 190 geopolitical characteristics 9, 112–13, 147, Shaykh Sharaf 231 278, 313, 317–19 Shiban (son of Jochi) 67 new setttlements 375 Shïba¯ nı¯ Khan (grandson of Abu’l-Khayr trade 374–5 Khan) 134, 227–8, 233, 285, 288, 289, see also names of specifi c areas, e.g. Qipchaq 291–3, 295, 363 Subadi Khan (of Khalkha) 168 Shibanid line 221–2, 224, 240–1, 250–1 Sube’etai, General 31, 68, 71 rule in Central Asia 278–82, 291 Subh.a¯ n Qulı¯ b. Nadhr Muh.ammad (Togha- Shigi Qutudu (adopted son of Chinggis Timurid Khan) 300–1 Khan) 35 subject peoples, Mongol treatment of 42–3, Shigü 24 47, 112 Shı¯r Alı¯ (Khoqand Khan) 402 appropriation of cultural assets 149, 153–4 Shı¯r-Gha¯ zı¯ b. A¯ y-Chuva¯ q Khan 373 assimilation with (see also names of regions/ Shı¯r Gha¯ zı¯ Khan (Turkmen leader) 235, 393 dynasties) Shı¯r Muh.ammad Khan (Chaghadaid leader) distribution of spoils 147 193–4 repressive/punitive measures Shirin (tribe) 239, 255 suppression of (religious) traditions 42–3, Sholoi Khan (of Khalkha) 168 63–4, 133–4 Siberian Khanate 250–3 S.u¯ f¯ ı Alla¯ h-Ya¯ r (religious writer) 388 attempted restoration 315 S.u¯ f¯ ı Oghlan (Jochid descendant) 222 Russian conquest/rule 312–14, 324–5, 326, Sufi sm 65–6, 123, 132, 134, 196, 206–7, 264, 328, 330, 384–5 389–90 Sighnaq (Sïghnaq) 11, 65, 193 political/military infl uence 268, 400 sigüsün ‘tax on food and koumiss’ 97 see also Naqshbandiyya

484

Index

S.ufya¯ n Khan (Uzbek leader) 233–4 Tatar people 19, 27, 110–11 sugar, manufacture 150 commercial activities 385 Sult.a¯ n-Abu¯ Sa¯ıd b. Muh.ammad Mı¯ran-Sha¯ hı¯ confl icts with Mongols 21, 22n, 25, 28 (Timurid ruler) 201–3, 206, 223–4, 225, confl icts with other races 22 226 European invasion/rule 69–72, 73–4, 75 Sult. a¯ n Ah.mad b. Abu¯ Sa¯ıd (Timurid general application of name 27, 111n descendant) 203, 291 religion 42 Sult. a¯ n Alı¯ Mashhadı¯ (calligrapher) 209 Russian conquest/rule 303–11, 325–6, 385 Sult.a¯ n Alı¯ Tarkhan (Arghun amir) 290–1 Russian use of term 383 Sult.a¯ n H. usayn Bayqara (Timurid ruler) 202, Tatar Tonga (Uighur scribe/teacher) 24, 35 203, 214, 226, 279n Tawakkul b. Shïgha¯ y (Qazaq Khan) 364 cultural patronage 205, 208–12, 213 Tawke (Qazaq Khan) 364, 367 Sult.a¯ n Mah.mu¯ d (Chaghatayid Khan, r. 1488) taxation 36, 60–1, 75, 93, 97–100, 205, 275–6 291 disaster relief 359–60 Sult. a¯ n Malik Ka¯ shgharı¯ 209 exemptions 64 Sult. a¯ n Muh.ammad b. Baysunghur (Timurid Tayang (Naiman leader) 23 descendant) 192, 197, 200 Taybugha/Taybughids 251, 312–13 Sult. a¯ n Muh.ammad “Mutribi” Samarqandi Taydu¯ la Kha¯ tu¯ n (wife of Özbek) 104 (poet) see Mutribi technology 150 Sult. a¯ n-Sa¯ıd (Moghul Khan) 265–6, 266n military 150–1 Sult. a¯ nov, T.I. 228 Teke (Turkmen tribe) 235–6, 392, 400, 404–5, Suyunjuq b. Abu’l-Khayr (Shibanid Khan) 411 282, 288, 291, 293, 294 Tekish (Khwa¯ razm ruler) 14n Suzdal’ (city) 247 Temüge Otchigin (brother of Chinggis Khan) Suzdal’, Principality of 69 32, 40–1, 51, 163 Sviiazhsk, as Russian administrative centre Temüjin (Temüchin) see Chinggis Khan 305, 309, 310, 326, 328 Temür, Emir (Tamerlane) 4–5, 60, 82, 118, Syr Darya valley 363, 367, 371, 379, 393 182–8 administration 187–8, 285 al-Taftaza¯ nı¯, Sad al-Dı¯n Masu¯ d b. ‘Umar b. confl icts with Golden Horde 83–5, 185–6, Abd Allah 207 237 T. agha¯ cha¯ r (military commander) 90 conquests 183–7, 192–3, 198, 213, 262–3 taghar ‘donative in trade goods’ 99 cultural/religious policy 195, 196 T. a¯ hir Khan (Khiva Khan, d. 1740/1) 395 death 85, 187, 221, 263 T. a¯ hir Khan (Qazaq leader, d. 1526) 364 Islamization programs 131, 133 Taishi Oghlan (Yuan pretender) 187 legacy 198 Ta¯ j ad-Dı¯n b. Ya¯ lchı¯ghul al-Bashqordi literary depictions 211, 265 (religious writer) 388, 389 provisions for succession 186, 188–9 Tajuddin Khwa¯ ja 268 rise to power 182, 183–5, 262, 279 Tamerlane see Temür title 279 tamgha (‘tolls, customs duties, commercial see also Timurid Empire tax’) 97–8, 205 Temür Khan b. Temür Qutlugh 238–9 Tana (‘on River’, ‘name of trade center’) Temür Khan (Chengzong), Emperor 104, 106 (grandson of Qubilai) 40, 53, 54 Tang dynasty 26, 261, 333 Temür-khoja (Golden Horde Khan) 80 Tangut people 3, 9–10, 26, 30 Temür Qutlugh Khan (of Golden Horde) Tarim Basin 260–1, 262, 265–6, 268, 272–3, 84, 238 334, 353 Timu¯ r Sha¯ h of Afghanistan 396 Tarmashirin (son of Du’a) 57–8, 60, 61, 63, Tengri, cult of 149 130–1, 182 Tergen Khatun (wife of Tekish) 14–15, 15n religion 58, 62, 64, 130–1, 262 textile industry/trade 140 Tash-Temür (Golden Horde Khan) 256 texts, transmission of 137–40 Tashkent 363, 368, 371, 402, 407–8 al-Thaa¯ libı¯ 152

485

Index

Thomas, Archdeacon of Spalato 70–2 Toqto’a (Golden Horde Khan) 53, 77–8, 127 Tibet 349, 350–1 Töregene (wife of Ögödei) 48 Tı¯mu¯ r Gha¯ zı¯ Sult. a¯ n (Togha-Temürid törü (body of legal practice) 2 descendant) 398 Törü Bolud (son of Dayan Khan) 166 Tı¯mu¯ r/Timurid empire see Temür/Temürid Törültü, Princess (daughter of Dayan Khan) empire 166 Timurid Empire/dynasty trade 3, 62–3, 100–8, 266–7, 374–5, 406, 407 administration 187–8, 204–5 centres 205–6, 384–5 (claimed) heritage 195–6 commodities 100–1, 103–4, 106–7, 140, confl icts with (restored) Chinggisids 291–2, 252, 270–1, 273–4, 313–14, 336, 374–5 295–7 Golden Horde 74–5, 77 continuance of Mongol traditions 184–5, importance to Mongol economies 89–90 194, 195 within Mongol Empire 140–1 cultural/scientifi c patronage 194–5, relationship with postal system 144–6 207–12, 217 routes 62, 84, 95, 101–3, 104n, 144–5, decline 277 205–6, 260–1, 266, 270–1, 316–17, 374 economy 205–7 Transcaucasia 9 geographical extent 193, 198 Transoxania (Mawarannahr) 31, 33, 47, 50, internal power struggles 197–8, 199–201 54–5, 56–7, 59–60, 63, 82, 99, 126, 129, legacy 198 182, 192, 193, 199, 200, 201, 212 military strategy/technology 213–15 confl icts over 201, 212, 223, 392 religion/religious policy 191, 196, 206–7 geopolitical situation 260 titles 279, 279n language 111, 117 see also Sha¯ hrukh; Temür religion 132–3, 196 Tiumen’ (city) 238, 251, 313 Timurid conquest/redevelopment 185–6, Tiumen (khanate) 247 192–3, 198, 205–6 Tobol’sk (city) 313, 371–2, 374 Togha-Timurid Khanate 282, 285 Togh Temür (Wenzong) (Yuan Emperor Uzbek migration to 288 1328-32) 94, 101–2n Transylvania, Mongol invasion 70–2 Togha-Temür (son of Jochi) 67, 224–5, 298 travels, and fl ow of information 151 Togha-Temürid line 256, 278–9, 282, 393 see also relocation control of Khurasan 298–302 Trepavlov, Vadim V. 241n internal confl icts 299–300 Tsewang Rabdan (Zunghar leader) 269, 348, Toghan (Oirat leader) 163–4 349–50, 351 Toghan Temür (Huizong) (Yuan Emperor Tsong kha pa, Lama 171 1333-70) 42, 44, 159 Tudä-Mengü (Golden Horde Khan) 77 Toghto-bukha (Dayisung Khan) 163–5 Tugha Temür see Togh Temür Toghus Temür (son of Toghan Temür) Tughluq Temür Khan 59–60, 116, 182, 183 159–60, 163, 175 conversion to Islam 60, 64, 132, 262 Tokharian (language) 17 tümen (fi scal/military unit) 60–1 Töle-Bugha (Golden Horde Khan) 77 Tümen Jasaghtu (post-Yuan Khan) 167, 169 Tolui (son of Chinggis Khan) 32–3, 38, 67, Tura (city) 250–1, 313 114 Türk Empire 1–2, 15–16, 37 Toluid dynasty see Ilkhanate; Yuan Mongolian states 18–19 Tom’ (river) 252 Turkestan Tomsk (city) 313 ethno-linguistic characteristics 15–17, To’oril see Ong Khan 116–17 Toqtamïsh 81–3, 93, 104, 222 Mongol invasion (1219-21) 31, 142 confl icts with Edigü 237–8 Qing invasion 351 confl icts with Timür 83–5, 185–6, 237, 238 Turkestan (city) 367, 370, 379 death 85, 238 Turkic (language) 111–12, 114, 114n, 119, 252, Toqto’a Beki (Merkit leader) 23, 30 382–3 Toqto’a (descendant of Temüge Otchigin) 41 literature 213, 215–16

486

Index

Mongol infl uence on 119n Ulus Bolud (son of Dayan Khan) 166, 167 vocabulary of genealogy 109n Umar Shaykh Mı¯rza¯ (Timurid descendant) Turkic peoples/communities 15–17, 110 203, 205–6 assimilation of Mongol elements 73 ‘Umar Shaykh (son of Temür) 184, 188 groupings 111nn ‘Umar “The Tyrant” (Khoqand Khan) 401 heroic ethos 118 al-Umarı¯ 130–1 in Mongolia 18–19, 22 Ura-Tübe (city) 397 rebel bands 96 Ural (river) 221, 241–2, 244, 316, 319, 363, in Temür’s army/administration 187–8 369, 371 westward migrations 111–12 Uran Temür (relative of Möngke Temür) 103 Türkmen people 96, 229–36, 398, 402–3 Uraz Bi Ming (Uzbek amir) 302 confl icts with Timurids 199, 201–2 Urgench desert settlements 404–5 destruction of 84, 185, 186 early history 229–31 (Ürgench, capital of Khwa¯ razm) 80, 83, 239 migrations 230–1, 233–6, 392–3, 400 Ürük Temür (Ögödeid Khan) 59 relations with Uzbeks 233–5 Urus Khan (of the Golden Horde) 82, 84, 222 Russian conquest 410–11 Uz Temür Tayshi (Oirat leader) 224 social structure 231 Uzbek people 115–16, 118, 118n, 191, 221–9, tribal divisions 231–3 237–8, 286–90, 398 Tüsiyetü Khan (Khalkha title) 346–8, 358 alliance with Timurids 223 confl icts with Bukhara 397 Ubaid-i Za¯ ka¯ nı¯ (satirist) 98 confl icts with Jochids 221–3 Ubaydullah Ahra¯ r, Khwa¯ ja (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh) confl icts with Oirats 224 202–3, 206–7 confl icts with Timurids 199, 201, 203, Ubashi (Qalmaq viceroy) 321 212–13, 214, 216, 223–4, 227–8 Ubaydalla¯ h Khan (of Bukhara, d. 1711) 234, increasing independence/territorial 279n, 281, 285, 291, 293–4, 393 attachment 301–2 Ubaydalla¯ h (Khiva Khan, d. 1756) 395 inter-tribal relations 288–9 Üch El (Türkmen tribal grouping) 233, 234 internal divisions 224–8, 398–400 Udmurt (Votiak) people 328, 382 naming 221–2n, 228–9, 287–8 Ufa (city) 313–14 relations with Türkmen 233–5 Uighur state/people 1, 2, 17, 24, 26, 27, 99 tribal composition 228, 229, 286–8, 402–3 alliance with Mongols 30, 35, 37, 47 Uzboy (Türkmen tribe) 231 language/script 35 Uzun Hasan Aq Qoyunlu 202, 203 later confl icts over territory 56, 57 Mongolian states 18–19, 22 Vaisov, Baha¯ ad-Dı¯n 389 population 275, 275n Valikhanov, Chokan 378 religion 64, 117 Vaqqa¯ s. Biy (grandson of Edigü) 222, 224 Ükek 83 Vasilii II, Grand Prince of Muscovy 246, 247 Ulaghchi (son of Batu) 75 Vasilii III, Grand Prince of Muscovy 248, 258 ulema (religious scholars) 107–8, 206–7, 264, vassalage, system of 93–4 290–1, 391 Venice, trade with Mongol states 102–3, Ulan Budung, battle of (1690) 348 104–5 Ulugh Beg b. Sha¯ hrukh (grandson of Temür) Vitautas (Witold/Vitovk, Grand Duke of 192, 193–4, 197, 223, 264, 287–8, 293 Lithuania) 84–5, 238–249 achievement/legacy 199–200 Vladimir (city/principality) 79 cultural/religious interests 195, 208, 213 Mongol capture of 69–70 Ulugh Beg Ka¯ bulı¯ (Timurid descendant) 203 Vladimirtsov, Boris Ia. 97, 109n Ulugh Muh.ammad (Kazan Khan) 240–1, Voguls see Ob-Ugrians 245–6, 247, 248, 256 Volga region 11, 69, 74–5 ulus (appanages, state, people), defi ned 37–9 language/culture 114n, 115–16, 119 for individual ulus see names of tribes/royal Russian occupation/control 317–18, 323, houses 325, 326, 330, 380–91

487

Index

Walı¯ b. Ablay Khan (Qazaq leader) 370 Yelü Liuge (Khitan leader) 34 Walı¯ Muh.ammad b. Ja¯ nı¯ Muh.ammad (Uzbek Yelü Mian-Sige (Khitan leader) 35 amı¯r ) 282, 298–9 Yelü Zhilugu (Qara Khitai leader) 13 Wa¯ lid b. Muh.ammad-Amı¯n al-Qa¯ rgha¯ lı¯ Yenisei (river) 327 (Walı¯-Muh.ammad ¯Isha¯ n) (S.u¯ fı¯ Shaykh) Yermak Timofeev (Cossack leader) 250, 390 312–13 Wallachia, Mongol invasion 71 Yesü Möngke (son of Chaghadai) 48–9 Wang Anshi 90 Yesün-Temür (grandson of Du’a) 59, 64 Wang Chonggu 169 Yisügei (Yesügei) Ba’atur (father of Chinggis Wanli Emperor (Zhu Yijun) 335 Khan) 21n, 22, 28 Wenzong, Emperor see Togh Temür death 27, 28 White Horde see Aq Orda Yomut (Turkmen tribe) 392, 398–9, 409, Wuzong, Emperor see Qaishan 410–11 Yon-tan rgyamts’o, Dalai Lama 172 Xiaozhuang Wen Huanghou, Empress 180 Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di) 160, 175–6, 193, Xinjiang 334 geopolitical situation 260–1, 272–3 Yongzheng Emperor (Yinzhen) 360 Moghul rule 261–7, 278 Yuan dynasty naming 272n aftermath 158, 166 Qing conquest/rule 271–6, 339, 351–3 claims to Ming throne 158, 160 Zunghar rule 267–71 confl icts with Central Asia 51–2, 54–6, Xiongnu people 1, 2 143 Xi Xia empire see Tangut people decline/fall 157, 159, 334 extinction 181 Ya¯ diga¯ r b. Qa¯ sim Khan (Kazan Khan) 227, 249 institutional development 89 Ya¯ diga¯ r Biy (Taybughid leader) 251, 312 inter-regional trade 62, 89–90 Ya¯ diga¯ r Sult. a¯ n b. Tı¯mu¯ r Shaykh (Jochid scientifi c/acadcemic interests 138 descendant) 224, 227 Yu¯ nus Khan (of Moghulistan) 225, 262n, Yadgar Muh.ammad (Timurid descendant) 264–5, 268 202, 203, 208 yurt (capital city) 285 Yaghmurchï Biy (Noghay Horde leader) 253 Yu¯ suf Biy b. Mu¯ sa¯ (Noghay Khan) 243 Yakuts (people) 327 Yu¯ suf Khas. s. H. a¯ jib, Qutadhghu Bilig 10 yam ‘imperial post system’ 97, 144 Yüz (Uzbek tribe) 393, 395 Yanchichar (son of Qaidu) 55 Ya¯ r Muh.ammad (Togha-Timurid Khan) 289, Zahir al-Dı¯n Muh.ammad Babu¯ r see Babu¯ r 298 Zaitsev, I.V. 254 Yarkand Khanate 266n Zaya Pandita (Buddhist monk) 269 yarligh ‘decree’ 97 Zhaozong see Ayushidara yasa see jasagh Zhengtong Emperor 164 Yasariyya (S.u¯ fı¯ order) 196 Zhu Di, Emperor see Yongle Emperor Yasawur (Chaghadaid prince) 56–7, 130, 131 Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor see Hongwu Yasï see Turkestan (city) Emperor Yayïq River see Ural (river) zhüz (Qazaq tribes) 229, 364–5, 406 Yazdi see Sharaf al-Dı¯n Ali Yazdi Zunghar people 267–71, 338–9, 345 Yazïr tribe 231n confl icts with Qing 270–1, 339, 346–8, Yedi Inal (‘Forest People’ leader) 18 349–50, 351–3 Yedisan Horde (Noghay subdivision) 245 control of trade routes 270–1 Yedishkul Horde (Noghay subdivision) 245 destruction 352–3 Yehe people 178 economy/social structure 269 Yelü Ahai (Khitan leader) 35 internal confl icts 352 Yelü Chacai (Chinggisid minister) 34, 35n, 161 religion 269–70, 345 Yelü Dashi (Qara Khitai founder) 11 rise to power 268–70, 345

488