© Kamla-Raj 2016 Anthropologist, 26(1,2): 18-24 (2016) Sources and History of the Kazakh Statehood: To a Question of Institutes of Management in the

Zhambyl Artykbaev1, Tengesh Kalenova2, Gauhar Abdrakhmanova3 Maira Dyussembekova4 and Kargash Zhanpeiissova5

L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, , 010000 1E-mail:[email protected]

KEYWORDS . Kazakh Statehood. Oral Tradition

ABSTRACT The origin and development of statehood in the territory of Kazakhstan dates back to a long time. Alasha the is certainly the nominal, generalized image of that era. Horse-breeding tribes created the very first nomadic civilization in the world which were far ahead compared to the others on labor productivity level, on benefit to the individual and as a way of improving the economy, it is as well in harmony with nature. In this environment, there was a feeling of statehood among the people and this subsequently made far and close neighbours stick together. The formation of Kazakh khanate is connected with the political disintegration of the Golden Horde at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. The events connected with the falling of the Golden Horde and the formation of the Kazakh Khanate have found a reflection in the Kazakh historical legends and in monuments.

INTRODUCTION One of the great historians of the east, Rasheed-ad-dyne (1952) wrote a great book: In an ancient phase of development, nomads “Zhami At-tavarikh” which has a story about dominated the Eurasian world and their contri- Alasha khan, the first legendary Kazakh khan: bution in the formation of the society was ex- “Noy–God bless him! – have divided the earth tremely huge. Here is what was written about from the North to the south into three parts, – this period by A. Weber (1999): “Invasion of the Rasheed writes. – He had given the first part to nomadic people from Central Asia which have one of his sons – Hama who was an ancestor of reached China, India and the countries of the the black; Sama, became the ancestor of Arabs West (great cultures of antiquity borrowed from and Persians; and have presented the third part them use of a horse) had a similar consequence to Yafet – the forefather of Turkic peoples. Noy in all three areas: moving on them, these nomad- sent Yafet to the east. Mongols and Turkic peo- ic people have learned a world distance. They ple tell the same, but Turkic peoples called and won the states of great cultures of antiquity. continue to call Yafet Abuldzha khan (Alasha- Dangerous undertakings and accidents have khan) and don’t know enough whether this Ab- helped them to understand the fragility of life, uldzhakhan (Alasha-khan) is a son of Noy or his as the dominating race, they have introduced to grandson; but all of them agreed that he was the world heroic and tragic consciousness from amongst his family and was close to him. which has found the reflection in the epos” All Mongols, tribes of Turkic peoples and all (Weber 1999). Till this time for territories from nomads (inhabitants of steppes) come from his China to Europe there were ancient cultures go- sort” (Rasheed ad dyne 1952). ing to the depth of times characterized partially Authors’ task is to trace how this idea was as matriarchal, it is either the culture of settled viable during the formation of the Kazakh Khan- cattle farmers, or the people who were living in ate. Researchers referred to the texts of the oral isolation occupying a cultural belt from China to traditions of the as the main source for Europe. Then history turns into a fight between the analysis of this process. these two forces – culture of matriarchy, the an- In texts of Kazakh shezhire, it is constantly cient, stable, connected, not awakened and new, claimed that before the reign of Alashkhan the dynamic, released, and realized by tendencies people of Kazakh weren’t well known and nei- of culture of the nomadic people. ther was the country. They had no statehood. In SOURCES AND HISTORY OF THE KAZAKH STATEHOOD 19 the researchers’ opinion Alashakhan certainly words “horse”, “hovel”, “to alash” and others insightful, generalized the image of the state are derivatives of the “alash”. In Indo-European model. Abulgazakhan also gave the characteris- languages, there is a derivative of this word – tic to a mythical era of the government of Alasha- “peku” (skewbald or motley), which is derived khan: “... Alancha-khan had two twin sons, a from ancient turk and Mongolian -ala (alag) senior’s name was Tatars, a younger –Mongol. which means wealth, a personal estate, cattle. It When Alancha-khan grew old, he divided the is close to the Latin word “pegas” - a winged possessions between both sons. Both brothers horse. lived a happy life in good health without being jealous of each other” (Sablukova 1854). Objective Kazakhs attribute a large number of the na- tional traditions connected with rules of philan- From the beginning of the existence of the throphy and charity to the Wise Alashakhan. The Kazakh Khanate, institutions of governance that custom “the guest`s meal” which assumes a free are unique from one side to the other side are a entertainment, a shelter and a lodging for the continuation of the institutions of governance night, not only to the invited guest, but for any that characterized the Great Steppe. Kazakh traveler also belongs to this category. This custom was obligatory in traditional soci- METHODOLOGY ety so that a refusal to comply with it resulted in a punishment aiyp (penalty). Another, not less The researchers considered that in the origi- important custom than “the guest`s meal” is nal statehood, Kazakhs existed on the Kazakh “warm”, that is, a help for lost, or ruined from steppe and continued to the Kazakh Khanate. enemy attack, or relatives suffered from severe The researchers used the methods of historicism, winter. These customs belong to the category of attracting oral sources of the legends and com- radical traditions of the nomadic society of kaza- parative analysis. Judging from the oral tradi- khs. The related principle defines a basis for all tion, which researchers used for the analysis, public system of Kazakhs. strategic role of kinship in Kazakh society was Historical legends stated above give only the fact that the whole system of social relations indirect chronological reference points. It is ex- was built on the principles of tribal organization. plained by legends that the independent begin- Genealogical schemes, legends (shezhire) sanc- ning of nomads‘ state of Eurasia developed dur- tioned in one way or another. The principle of ing the period of pastoralism. In turn, the Altai, kinship, as can be seen from the scientific analy- Indo-European and other people demonstrated sis shezhire could be based both on the actual parallel existence of the general cult of “Alasha (kinship), and the fictitious material. In the pro- khan”. In the researchers’ opinion, the canoniza- cess of the formation of the Kazakh state all the tion of this bright image happened during the existing genealogical tables have been revised. bronze era. The era of bronze is known for the The collapse of the Golden Horde, and then “the largest shifts in the economic and cultural plan. era of fermentation” in the Great Steppe led to The important place in complex economy of tribes the fact that many of the traditional genealogical in the bronze era of Kazakhstan was taken by formations disintegrated. Judging by the texts ancient metallurgy. In the hugest territory of of historical traditional society looks quite hier- Kazakhstan and particularly in her North-central archical on the whole. The upper class there are regions, non-ferrous metals, especially copper, descendants of - tore (aksuyek). were extracted by thousands of tons. This re- The rapid emergence of strong states of no- gion was the centre of metallurgy during this era mads, and then just as fast in the historic scale and it provided all of Eurasia by its precious of their death, returned to the nomadic society metals. of the pre-state, in which there were no classes, In the process of travel of steppe tribes to no traces of statehood (Weber 1999). It is an ex- the south and west, the cult of Alasha khan, and tremely difficult problem and little developed his- reminiscence of him as about the progenitor and torical and ethnographic science can only be the organizer of the first state founded in the solved with the help of the analysis of the texts western and east historical literature. Old Slavic of oral traditions of the Kazakhs. 20 ZHAMBYL ARTYKBAEV, TENGESH KALENOVA, GAUHAR ABDRAKHMANOVA ET AL.

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION near the Sarayshik. His son was called Kishi Zhanibek. This Zhanibek himself took the reins The formation of the Kazakh Khanate from after his father”. the tribes that recognized Alash Khan as the This brings us to our Kazakh khans dynas- ancestor was associated with the political col- ties. Kadyrgali Beck (Kychanov 1997) wrote lapse of the Golden Horde in the late XIV - early about Kishi Zhanibek as one of founders of the XV century. Kazakh khanate. After the death of Barack khan, Strong Golden Horde was a continuous po- the grandson of Edzhen Horde lost litical threat, and in particular, to the economic the power in the Great steppe. Power was seized interests of the Mawerennakhr. has always by Shaibang’s descendants (Syban, Shiban, the been interested in the movement of the political Shaibak). In 1428 in the territory of the modern center and the international transit trade ways to Kazakhstan on the ruins of the White Horde there the south. Timur’s travel to the Golden Horde took was a state which united the tribes of East Desht- place in 1395-1396 as a result of which uluses with and-Kypshak. Here is what about was written the most developed systems of the cities and trade by Muhammad Haidar Dulati (1999): “At this time, were subjected to the ruthless defeat. The main Abulkhair khan ruled in Desht-and-Kypchake, objective consisted of the destruction of econom- Dzhuchi suffered because of him very ic and military capacity of the last world power of heavily, also, two of them, Dzhanibek and Kerey- the nomads. At this time, descendants of the el- had to ran to Mogulistan. Isan Bugu khan ac- dest son, Dzhuchi Horde Edzhen remained in North cepted fugitives and allocated them the Chu and Central Kazakhstan. Rasheed-ad-Din emphasized Kozybasha’s region which form the western part relative independence of these possessions: “De- of Mogulistan”. scendants andhisulus (Horde) are still there. From After a short stage of fight for “a throne of the very beginning, it never happened that those Sayn khan” in the Volga region, Abulkhair sud- denly changed the foreign policy. In the 1440 who deserved their places came to khans of ` Bathu`s uruk from uruks of Horde” (Rasheed ad she took a river of the SyrDarya region. Sygnak, the former capital of White Horde became the dyne 1952). According to the statements of a num- new capital of the state of “nomadic ”. ber of eastern historians, the Western Kazakh- And then Kerey and Zhanibek were forced to stan and Southern Siberia were the specific terri- oppose the usurper openly. They, along with the tories of Shiban-khan, the son of Dzhuchi-khan. uluses, having lost the basin of the SyrDarya The political center of shibanid was in Akkul, River, moved to the district of the Tamgaly heat nowadays it is in the territory of the Pavlodar in Betpak Steppe and carried out seym of tribes region, in the district called Akkol-Zhayylma, dissatisfied with Abulkhair’s policy. According occupying Shiderta and Ulenta’s rivers. to patrimonial signs on the Tamgaly Stone, the Kadyrgali Beck (Kychanov 1997) from the total number of clan and tribes that supported tribe of Zhalair writes: “… Everyone recognized Kerey and Zhanibek’s separatist tendencies were Urus khan as the senior and attached to his king- about 500. Subsequently, according to the deci- dom. Urus khan lodged in vicinities of Ala Tau. sion of seym in 1447, in 1453 the first embassies For several years, Urus khan ruled among these were sent to the neighboring countries, includ- people. Eventually, he died in the district Kysh- ing China, what was written in chronicles of dy- tym. One of his sons was Kuyyrshak . He nasty “Min shilu”. So the kazakovation period governed over the ulus after his father. In those of the tribes ascending to legendary Alasha the days, they were in hostility with the Vilayet of khan begins. Kashgaria. Kuyyrshak the sultan after the father After Kerey and Zhanibek, at the beginning had a kingdom. It was called Kuyyrchak. His own of the 16th century, Buryndyk, the son of Kerey son was called Barak sultan. He was a governor khan became the Supreme khan of Kazakhs. after the reign of his father. He has subordinated There were several large uluses as a part of the alluluses. He was the real hero, he had a great state. Historians of the East in all the cases near body, he was brave, thorough, the batyr. After the name Burunduk khan put the name of Kasym- Kuyyrchak, he was raised up the khan and called sultan as one of the famous persons among the Barack the khan. Eventually, Kas-Nauryz was Kazakh sultans, “the only warrior glorified by killed near the Volga region, on Zhayyk’s coast, time”. Subsequently, Kasym became the senior SOURCES AND HISTORY OF THE KAZAKH STATEHOOD 21 khan in the state. In “Tarikh-iRashidi” of Mirzy- At first the main carriers of the state ideolo- Haidar (Dulati1999), the following characteristic gy were zhyrau. Generation of the state idea, a is given: “… Kasym the khan who operated ev- sacralization of the governor, departure a cult of erything in Dasht-i-Kypchak and the number of ancestors – all this belonged to their functions. his army exceeded thousands (of people). The Understanding the origin of a community, unity ambassador Dzhuchi of the khan, there was no of socio-cultural accessories, the general tradi- stronger governor, than him.” In recent years, tions and a way of life in the presence of a funda- researchers have found interesting facts con- mental principle of the power (the political cen- cerning the foreign policy of the Kazakh khanate ter, estate, and others) can be cemented by the at the time of government of in the consciousness to the state, that is, the con- archives of Iran. sciousness plays a role as an integrating factor. It was an important time for the formation of Therefore, it is possible to assume that the state the bases of the state. The Kazakh society in the exists, first of all, in the form of valuable repre- 15-17th centuries kept the traditions of nomadic sentations and is implemented in the correspond- statehood. In him, as well as in the previous state ing subsystems. educations of the nomads of Eurasia, the re- The backbone role of relationship in the Ka- searchers observed the existence of the class zakh society was that all the systems of social groups and layers which were in close and am- communications were based on the principles of biguous ties. At the heart of formation of the the patrimonial organization. Genealogical state ideology of Kazakhs, there were legends schemes, traditions (shezhire) authorized them about relationships, about the general origin from to some extent. As it is paradoxical, restrictions the uniformed ancestor of Alasha-khan. The es- and hierarchy in the Kazakh society followed not sential amendments urged to serve to the inter- from the property relation, but from the relation- ests of the arising state. The most difficult eth- ships. Ch. Ch. Valikhanov (1985) wrote the fol- nic structure uniting numerous tyurko-Mongo- lowing about this feature of the social organiza- tion of Kazakhs: “The order of division, causing lian clans of Eurasia could be integrated into a the right of a patriarchy and force of the tribe, as, single whole only around the legendary figure on concepts of kyrgyzs` (Kazakhs – Zh. A.) it is of Alash of the khan. expressed by the right of a physical primogeni- During the rule of Kasym khan which is not- ture of the ancestor, have a great importance in ed by an unprecedented growth of the Kazakh their patrimonial right and is accepted absolute- khanate in the valley of the river Kengir, the mau- ly in genealogical sense: therefore the form of soleum in honor of Alash of the khan was con- the relation of hordes to hordes and clans of one structed. The name of the legendary primogeni- horde among themselves corresponds to the tor had to unite the numerous tribes which en- rights of a blood brotherhood, and relation of tered into the Kazakh union and to direct the clan to the horde – the son’s attitude towards people to serve the state. The short text about the father, to the senior sort of the senior horde – the legend: “... Having gathered all three five the nephew’s attitude towards the uncle, all this scores, they have put the boy on felt and have patriarchal patrimonial life by the relation in de- lifted on Ulutau’s top and have proclaimed him bates of steppe improvisators from different clans the khan and all rest of the world was convinced about superiority and the ancestor’s patriarchy that there were the country of free people. It was is more characterized” (Valikhanov 1985). Other on Ulytau’s mountain, and the khan was pro- authors also write about the mechanism of ac- claimed - Alasha-han.... When there were attacks tion of a regulation of the sphere of public life of of enemies, they make a military call: “Alash, Kazakhs on the basis of the principles of rela- Alash” and others who didn’t say this call were tionship (Meyer 1865). killed, even if they are their fathers. There were According to the social contents, the Kaza- such words since then: “Weren’t we Kazakhs kh society was not uniform. The essence of the when Alash became Alash, when there was tribal organization of Kazakhs has nothing in Alashakhan, when our house was wooden, when common with patrimonial foundations of the our call was “Alash!”. Till times of the khan primitive kinship unions. Influential Bai had a Alash, Kazakhs weren’t the uniform people, the large number of cattle and a personal estate. The country” (Kopeyuly 2016). wealth promoted increase of the social status of 22 ZHAMBYL ARTYKBAEV, TENGESH KALENOVA, GAUHAR ABDRAKHMANOVA ET AL. the people, the wide field of public work opened welcome him / that is, Saiyd khan” (Dulati1999). for them. Rich Kazakhs had tens of houses, hun- The khan listed in this source: Dzhanish, Tanish dreds of camels, ten thousands of sheep and khan, Mamush khan in the specified years were horses. Bai’s value in society was defined by the governors of the largest Kazakh uluses. value of estate they had. In the ethnographic plan, the question of at- In general, the society was rather hierarchi- tributes of the power of khan and in general about cal. The highest estate in it was made by Ching- distinctive signs of the estate to a Tore in the 15th his Khan’s descendants – a Tore (white bone). –18th centuries is important. In the researchers’ In many sources, the term “sultan” is applied to opinion, unlike the subsequent eras owing to descendants of Chingis khan. “Descendants of the value of chingizid in the ethnopolitical life of Chinghiz the khan are called sultans” – Ibn nomads, there were many attributes and privi- Ruzbikhan write: really, the term “sultan” is re- leges of this estate. During a presentation of the served for the serving representatives of some materials on the Kazakh sultans, it would be nec- of the Chinghiz of the khan and doesn’t extend essary to light especially the relations of court- to all his representatives. “Tore” in translation ship and the related communications acquired by from ancient turk means the law, the rule, an or- them as within the country, and with the ruling der, at the same time this word means – custom, houses of neighboring states and possession. a ceremony, a feast, and others (Nadelyaev 1969). The prophet-hodzhi descendants (precious In this sense, the Kazakh word “Torah” means bone), represented the highest religious layer in “the state person”, “public servant”. the state. This group was organized corporative- A lot of nuances and gaps remain unstudied ly, internal life was an endogamme, privileges in during the traditional period. In general the prin- legal establishments were accurately formulat- ciple of a seniority by which the power and its ed. Hodzhi built the genealogy to straight lines attributes pass after death of the khan to the se- the prophet Muhammad’s descendants. It gave nior representative of the ruling house, as a rule, them the chance to have a privileged position in the Kazakh society. Numerous communities of plays the main role. Such an important role is also hodjas were in the south, in the Turkestan-Tash- played by the principle of a meritocracy, in com- kent oasis. In the 18th century, most Kazakhs pliance with which the fight for the throne is en- connected with this region and the influence of tered by the strongest and gifted members of the hodjies was strong. Communities of the Kazakh ruling house. At the same time, important value hodjies were included into more extensive spiri- has a mood of society on the strong personality. tual communities of Central Asia, and other adja- The Kazakh community always accurately cent territories and strongly expanded the social distinguished the senior khans and the junior and political field of the Kazakh khanate. khans (“kelte”). Promotion of the sultans of ulus Sultans and khans‘ serving confidants were into place (keltekhan) happens usually accord- included in the category of special group– to- ing to the decision of the khan, but at the same lengut. The most part of tolengut concentrated time coordination of this question with patrimoni- around a khan horde, carrying out in fact a role al leaders is considered obligatory (biy and batyrs). of executive power in the state. The structure of Kazakhs quite often called the ulus sultans the this group was constantly replenished at the ex- title “khan”, but they really were regional gover- pense of ordinary nomads, prisoners and freed- nors. The researchers learnt from Mirza Haidar’s men slaves. book that the governors of uluses were called During military campaigns, the general man- khans. It is known that he gave the detailed de- agement of troops was conducted by sultans scription of a meeting of Kasym khan and Saiyd and khans. In principle, the main function of khan. It occurred in such order: “Kasymkhan, apol- khans consisted just external activities, in mili- ogizing for his old age can’t meet the khan, he has tary leadership. In the nomadic society, each enjoined to thirty – forty sultans from a sort of person was a soldier, and on the first appeal of Dzhuchi, some of them which was on fifty – sixty “attan” could sit down on a horse at any time. years, it seems Dzhanishkhan, Tanish khan, Mu- Military valor was considered as the highest dig- mash khan, GianHaidar sultan, Karish sultan and nity of the Kazakh nomad. The people who didn’t others to kneel down before the khan and to have fighting horses and an armor with the weap- SOURCES AND HISTORY OF THE KAZAKH STATEHOOD 23 on weren’t allowed in people’s assemblies and south. Splinters of the Uzbek tribes of the Cen- had no right to vote. tral Kazakhstan together with the come-back The central part of the capital city where Kerey and Zhanibek’s supporters amounted to many of the khans settled down was called a five score (Djuz). The Uzbeks who left together horde and the public affairs was known as ata- with the Sheybani settled in Central Asia and lyk. The khan had a council from the ulusnykh gradually passed to settled life. After the death sultans, biy and batyrs. The position of the trib- of Sheybani-khan -1510, Uzbeks in general had al nobility in the definition of domestic and for- come off steppe areas. But the fight of Uzbeks eign policy amplified by the end of the 17th cen- and Kazakhs for the nearby Syrdariya cities was tury and, finds the accurate expression in deci- amplified. Since the beginning of independent sions of “Zhety Zhargy” of the period of gov- existence, the Kazakh khanate actively fought for ernment of Az Tauke khan. The appeal of the the prisyrdaryinsky cities. They played a multidi- power on the authority of the recognized head mensional role in the life of the nomadic popula- of clan on difficult international situation was tion. Sygnak which was a capital of the Uzbek likely the only chance of preservation of politi- ulus according to east authors, at the same time cal integrity and independence of the Kazakh was “trade harbor” of east Desht-i-Kypchak, that khanate. is, all threads of economic and political life con- In the Kazakh society until the end of the 15th centrated in it. Such cities as Tashkent (Shash), century, “Zhasak” worked as the main norm of Turkistan (Yassa), Sauries, Otrar were among the life and a number of the codified rules developed large trade and economic centers of the South of in the ulus of Chagatay. In the process of con- Kazakhstan. Around these cities, minor settlements solidation of bases of the state on the basis of and satellite towns were located. Each city had improvement of “Zhasak”, new orders of public different features. Sauran was known for its sys- life were developed, they are “Kasym khan tem of defensive works and kyariz (irrigation nynkaska zholy” (“Bright Road of the khan canals), Turkistan – as the capital of the Kazakh Kasym”), “Esim khan nyneski zholy” (“The khanate, the center of religious life, a pantheon; blazed Road of Esim-khan”). At the end of the Tashkent and Sauries – as the centers of large 17th century, some revival of the legislative life agricultural districts and autonomous in the in- and strengthening of the Muslim right – Sharia ternal life. was noticeable as Az Tauke khan reflected in All documents relating to the specified peri- “Zhety zhargy”(“Seven Rules”). od note a rather active development of agricul- The role of people’s assembly in the solution ture near the city centers. In the economic struc- of external and internal problems of the society ture of the large and small cities, agriculture as was huge. The most important issues of society, an occupation played a significant role. The Ka- the solution of questions of the territory, a suc- zakh cities were surrounded by gardens and cession to the throne, diplomacy and military kitchen gardens, bakhcha (garden) and vine- operations, were taken out on kurultai. The lead- yards, fields and pastures. At the same time, ex- ing role in them was played by representatives istence of control over the cities granted the right of the potestar power, that is, the tribal nobility. to speak about the uniform system of the eco- They were carriers of the administrative power nomic relations allowing the combination vari- in the nomadic society. Hundreds-clans-hordes ous economic and cultural Systems. are idiomatic administrative-territorial divisions of the Kazakh state, they carried out a role of CONCLUSION “functional organizational structures”. Especially, it is necessary to mention a prob- Thus, if the researchers consider the existing lem of the South of Kazakhstan and its place in interpretations of the nomadic societies and economic, cultural and political development of states of nomads, then the researchers will see the Kazakh ethnos. It is known that at the begin- that in a different measure, they contribute to ning of the 16th century of Sheybani-khan, the explain one circumstance – fast emergence of grandson of Abulkhair, with a small amount of the strong states of nomads and then so fast the Uzbek soldiers took over Bukhara, then Sa- their death in historical scales, return of nomadic markand. Subsequently, it led to a huge migra- society to a pre-state in which the researchers tion of nomads of Desht-and-Kypchak to the don’t find either classes, or statehood traces. It 24 ZHAMBYL ARTYKBAEV, TENGESH KALENOVA, GAUHAR ABDRAKHMANOVA ET AL. generates the extreme points of view and dis- Kopeyuly MZh 2016. 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