Kapoeta region Multi-Sector Survey

This survey was made possible thanks to the kind support of SSHF, and the collaboration of Plan International

November 2017 Presentation Outline • Background to the Greater • Methodological overview and Main results • Outlook of Assessment Results by Sector (Key Indicators) • Demographics, occupation • Livelihood, use of cash, assets and asset depletion, expenditures, access to market • Food security • People displacement (IDP and outflows) • Education • Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) • Health • Safety and Protection • Recommendations The Region (Geography)

Comprises 3 counties (HHs): Kapoeta South (20k), K. North (26K) and K. East (42k) Bounded between the Singaita and Lokalyen rivers Main Settlements are Kapoeta Town, and Narus Limited Vegetation comprising of short grasses and shrubs Socio-economic Background

• Mainland Kapoeta majorly consist of the • Polygamous families with 84.8% reporting people of Toposa additional Wives in Household (MI Survey, • Toposas live in the Nilo-Hamitic agro pastoral 2017) territory which spans from , Didinga, • Wives are mainly responsible for farming, Donyiro as well as ’s Turkana caring for the elderly, cooking and housing. In population fact, women are expected to be breadwinners of • Main Economic activity revolves livestock the household herding including cattle, goats, sheep and to a • Men’s roles include grazing and offering defence lesser extent, donkeys for the cattle • Measure of wealth in the Toposaland are dependent on cattle ownership Methodological Overview Questionnaire The questionnaire was developed on the base of the Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System (FSNMS) survey, with the addition of questions originating from the UNICEF Multi Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), the Consortium for Improving Agriculture-based Livelihoods in Central Africa (CIALCA) Baseline Survey, the Secure Livelihood Research Consortium (SLRC) Survey, and the (RGAP) Smallholder Household Survey, and customized for the region. Sampling strategy Due to the vast size of Kapoeta East and the inaccessibility of the northern section of Kapoeta north, payams, and among them villages, were purposely selected based on livelihood strategies. A total of 30 villages were surveyed. 308 HHs were selected based on the “improved random walk” methodology. Limitations Beside the use of the purpose sampling, it is important to remember that the communities surveyed in this study are semi-nomads: the data gathered, at the end of October, should be regarded as a reference for the rainy season only. Methodological Overview For the analysis, Payams and villages were grouped based on distance from established market: 2 groups have been identified for Kapoeta North, 3 for Kapoeta Eats and 3 for Kapoeta South:

• Lomeyen, Najie and Paring payam were classified as “Far Kapoeta North” • Mosingo and Chumakori payam as “Urban Kapoeta North” • Katodori (Napotpot and Lolim) payam as “Kapoeta/Narus road” • Narus (Naliel and Kaldo) payam as “Far Kapoeta East” • Mogos payam as “Mogos” • Mochi One and Longeleva payam as “Kapoeta South near City” • Pwata payam as “Far Kapoeta south” • Kapoeta town payam as “Kapoeta Town” Main results DEMOGRAPHIC: on average men have of 3 to 4 wives, each giving birth to 7 children, 2 of which have died OCCUPATION: although 12-to-17 years adolescents’ occupations are similar to that of their parents, their activity take place mostly in or around their villages, and occupies them only part of their days LIVELIHOOD: Subsistence agriculture (with home-made tools and largely for self-consumption) is the main form of livelihood; cattle are herd mostly for status/marriage/celebration purposes, although represent saving to be used in time of need INCOME: 20% of HHs has seen its income decrease, mostly due to drought and loss of cattle ASSET DEPLATION: almost 80% of HHs has sold more cattle this year compared to the last year ACCESS TO MARKET: it is relatively good, with the noticeable exception of Far Kapoeta East Main results FOOD SECURITY: 20% of HHs experience severe hunger (emergency level), 25% in Far Kapoeta North and South DISPLACEMENT: while IDP inflow is negligible, around 15% of HHs have lost (migrated) some of their members in the last years (33% in Far Kapoeta North) mostly due to hunger EDUCATION: enrolment among children aged 6 to 19 years is 20% (25% for males, 14% for females), ranging from 40% for Kapoeta Town to 0% in other areas; only 13% was enrolled this and last year. WASH: open-air defecation is practiced by 98%; around 50% of boreholes are malfunctioning HEALTH: fever affects almost 1/3 of U5, and access to medical facilities is very low in Far Kapoeta East and North. In these latter two communities, as well as Mogus, Maternal care is also very deficient SAFETY & PROTECTION: although most HHs feel safe, threat to women and children is significant, especially in Urban Kapoeta North (Riwoto). Women in menopause are arguably the most vulnerable group Demographics

Average number Average number Geographic Average number of children alive of children dead Age of respondents of wives Location per household per household

Far Kapoeta East 4 5 2 Mogos 25% 56% 14% 6%

Far Kapoeta North 3 6 2 Kapoeta/Narus Road 26% 63% 11%

Far Kapoeta South 4 6 2 Kapoeta South near city 17% 64% 17% 3% Kapoeta Main 4 5 3 Kapoeta Main 30% 59% 7% 4% Kapoeta South near Far Kapoeta South 26% 48% 21% 5% 2 city 4 6 Far Kapoeta North 31% 51% 18% Kapoeta/Narus 3 5 2 Road Far Kapoeta East 15% 62% 15% 8%

Mogos 3 6 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Urban Kapoeta 2 18-30yrs 31 - 50 yrs 51 - 60 yrs >60 yrs North 4 5 Insight into HH – occupation of adults Although occupations between men and women differ along well-known lines (livestock rearing for men and cultivation for women), both claim to play a role in family duties/caring for the family members. Main occupations of men (top 3) Main occupation of women (top 3)

30% Urban Kapoeta North 21% 28% Urban Kapoeta North 16% 21% 22% 30% Mogos 12% 30% Mogos 18% 28% 26% 25% Kapoeta/Narus Road 11% 29% Kapoeta/Narus Road 20% 27% 26% 33% Kapoeta South near city 10% 32% Kapoeta South near city 17% 26% 31% 26% 30% Kapoeta Main 13% Kapoeta Main 19%20% 25% 24% Far Kapoeta South 12% 29% Far Kapoeta South 24% 29% 25% 29% Far Kapoeta North 9% 30% Far Kapoeta North 17% 30% 26% 25% Far Kapoeta East 7% 30% Far Kapoeta East 22% 32% 26% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Caring family members/Family duties Caring family members/Family duties Production of local alcohol Livestock rearing or defense Hunting, Fishing or Gathering vegetables/fruits/other natural products Cultivation individually Insight into HH – occupation of adolescents and children Roles and responsibilities of adolescents are similar to the duties of their parents. Children, on the other hand, focuses mostly on caring for family members, especially younger brothers/sisters Roles played by adolescent (12-17) (Top 3) Roles played by children (6 - 10) (Top 3) 21% 11% Urban Kapoeta North 17% 31% Urban Kapoeta North 18% 20% 23% 17% Mogos 13% 31% Mogos 22%23% 21% Kapoeta/Narus Road 17% 31% 13% Kapoeta/Narus Road 16% 21% 22% Kapoeta South near city 17% 36% 16% Kapoeta South near city 19% 26% 20% Kapoeta Main 27% 21% 17% Kapoeta Main 14% 21% 20% Far Kapoeta South 17% 36% 14% Far Kapoeta South 12% 25% 22% 17% 35% Far Kapoeta North 13% Far Kapoeta North 15% 23% 23% 24% 19% 22% Far Kapoeta East 17% Far Kapoeta East 24% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Caring family members/Family duties (preparing ingredients, washing, cleaning) Livestock rearing or defense Caring for younger children Washing dishes/cleaning the house/washing clothes Caring for elderly/sick Hunting, Fishing or Gathering vegetables/fruits/other natural products Insight into HH – livelihood activities of adolescents

Contrary to their fathers, regardless of their gender, most adolescents engaging in livelihood activities stay in or near their villages; moreover, only half of them dedicate the entire day to such activities Where ADOLESCENTS spend most of their time doing How much time of the day do livelihood activities take livelihood activities? to ADOLESCENTS

Urban Kapoeta North 7% 33% 12% 33% 14% Urban Kapoeta North 10% 38% 52% Mogos 8% 31% 25% 31% 6% Mogos 3% 9% 46% 43% Kapoeta/Narus Road 5% 29% 34% 24% 8% Kapoeta/Narus Road 5% 58% 37%

Kapoeta South near city 5% 30% 24% 32% 8% Kapoeta South near city 14% 49% 38%

Kapoeta Main 4% 42% 12% 19% 23% Kapoeta Main 4% 8% 35% 54%

Far Kapoeta South 2% 31% 17% 38% 12% Far Kapoeta South 10% 2% 36% 52%

Far Kapoeta North 9% 24% 25% 31% 11% Far Kapoeta North 6% 56% 39% Far Kapoeta East Far Kapoeta East 4% 23% 38% 27% 8% 23% 35% 42%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Far from the village (some hours away from the village) In the village Less than two hours Less than half a day Most of the day The entire day Near the village (less than 30 minutes of time to go there) Not too far from from the village (more than 30 minutes of walk) Very far from the village (some days away of walk from the village) Livelihood - Cultivation

Main source of livelihood is agriculture as 63% of people reported agriculture and sale of cereals as the main source of livelihood

• 87% reported to have land for cultivation with an average of 3 Feddans or 10 Katala • 94.9% reported Sorghum as the most important crop of cultivation to their livelihood • The majority of HHs (72%) sell their produce to the local market but only 25% received cash in exchange • 20% reported a loss of income compared to the previous year Livelihood - Farming

• Asked to identify their source of Main source of livelihood livelihood the people of Toposa report Urban Kapoeta North 12% predominantly AGRICULTURE, Far 62% Mogos 19% 61% Kapoeta East being the only noticeable 13% Kapoeta/Narus Road 68% exception 16% Kapoeta South near city • Surprisingly as this answer can be for a 65% Kapoeta Main 8% 58% semi-nomad people dedicated to cattle Far Kapoeta South 7% 67%

rearing, this can be explained by Far Kapoeta North 9% 70% taking into account the multifaceted Far Kapoeta East 38% use that is made of cattle 54% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Livestock and Sale of livestock Agriculture and Sale of cereals (sorghum, maize etc) Livelihood – Cattle farming Cattle are reared first of all for marriage/status purposes. However, especially in times of need, cattle is used for consumption or for trade

60%

49% 50% 45% 45% 46% 43% 39% 39% 40% 38% 33% 33% 29% 29% 29% 29% 30% 30% 27% 24% 25% 25% 25% 25% 22% 22% 21% 20%

10%

0% Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Kapoeta Main Kapoeta South Kapoeta/Narus Mogos Urban Kapoeta East North South near city Road North

For marriage Household consumption Commercial purpose/for selling Livelihood – Loss of income and coping strategies 20% of HHs reported a loss of income compared to the previous year. Drought is the main cause for income decrease, especially in Far Kapoeta South. In Far Kapoeta East and North that has combined with Loss of livestock. In the face of such economic constraints HHs rely more heavily on wild and less expensive (possibly less nutrient) food Average number of days encountered conditions that threaten Reasons for changes in income livelihood (on a scale of 7) Urban Kapoeta North 71% 14% 14% Mogos 50% 38% 13% Kapoeta/Narus Road 75% 25% Restrict/reduce consumption by adults in order for small children to eat Kapoeta South near city 33% 11% 11% 44% Kapoeta Main 50% 17% 33% 4.22 Far Kapoeta South Reduce number of meals eaten in a 100% Rely on wild food 4.78 4.05 day Far Kapoeta North 20% 40% 33% Far Kapoeta East 60% 40%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 4.22 4.36 Rely on less preferred and less Drought Due to inflation/high prices Limit/reduce portion size at meals Expand land cultivated Loss of crops/harvest expensive food Loss of livestock Basic Assets

Kapoeta East and Urban Kapoeta North show the lowest level of ownership of basic assets

Soap, detergent or Mobile Phone other means for Malouda (Hoe) Spade/Axe Grain grinding tool Mosquito Net Ownership cleaning/washing Far Kapoeta East 8% 42% 27% 62% 20% 0% Far Kapoeta North 22% 51% 34% 63% 37% 0% Far Kapoeta South 10% 55% 48% 57% 24% 2% Kapoeta Main 50% 36% 44% 46% 27% 27% Kapoeta South near city 27% 44% 47% 38% 32% 11% Kapoeta/Narus Road 37% 39% 29% 54% 32% 11% Mogos 6% 57% 47% 56% 19% 6% Urban Kapoeta North 5% 49% 52% 60% 17% 0% Asset depletion In response to livelihood threats, people cope through various means, notably through the sale of cattle. An 85% of people had reported to have sold more cattle this year in comparison to last year.

Sale of livestock in comparison to last year

Urban Kapoeta North 83% Mogos 85% Kapoeta/Narus Road 77% Kapoeta South near city 82% Kapoeta Main 100% Far Kapoeta South 96% Far Kapoeta North 70% Far Kapoeta East 88%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Last year I sold more The same than last year This year I sold more Cash generation and use of cash The low level of exchanges for cash and the limited purchases of tools for work reveals the high level of subsistence farming and the need for NFI support % of HHs who sold their farming produce in How Cash from livelihood obtained was used exchange for cash Urban Kapoeta North 45% 55% 35% 31% 29% Mogos 18% 9% 73% 30% 26% 26% Kapoeta/Narus Road 23% 27% 18% 55% 25% 22% 22% 19% Kapoeta South near city 25% 0% 75% 20% Kapoeta Main 33% 17% 50% 15% Far Kapoeta South 55% 36% 9% 10% Far Kapoeta North 54% 46% 5% Far Kapoeta East 20% 80% 0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Only to buy food

To buy basic things as well other things for family members (school fees)

To buy food and other basic items such as soap

To buy things for the family as well as instruments to continue the main livelihood activity (seeds, animals, instruments) Expenditures

HHs report of spending an average of 16,497 SSP (USD 100) monthly, with food expenses representing half of such purchases

Average of Total expenses (SSP) HHs Expenses classified by Food, NFIs and services

Urban Kapoeta North 17,012 Urban Kapoeta North 48% 26% 26% Mogos 9,376 Mogos 46% 27% 27%

Kapoeta/Narus Road 15,094 Kapoeta/Narus Road 46% 27% 27% Kapoeta South near city 47% 26% 27% Kapoeta South near city 23,949 Kapoeta Main 50% 26% 24% Kapoeta Main 21,876 Far Kapoeta South 46% 25% 29% Far Kapoeta South 18,110 Far Kapoeta North 43% 24% 33% Far Kapoeta North 13,715 Far Kapoeta East 53% 25% 22%

Far Kapoeta East 12,844 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Average percentage of expenses on food Average percentage of expenses on NFIs Average Percentage of expenses on services Access to markets

Market access is particularly constrained in Far Kapoeta East

Frequency of market access Average number of hours in accessing market Urban Kapoeta North 56% 5% 34% 5% 7 6.2 Mogos 62% 3% 21% 15% 6 Kapoeta/Narus Road 59% 8% 19% 14% 5 3.8 Kapoeta South near city 69% 20% 9% 3% 4 3.3 3.4 3 2.5 Kapoeta Main 69% 8% 23% 1.9 2.0 2 Far Kapoeta South 71% 15% 12% 2% 1.0 1 Far Kapoeta North 60% 7% 27% 5% 0 Far Kapoeta East 15% 12% 27% 35% 12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2 times or more per week Once every 2 weeks Once every week Once per moth Only few times per year Access to markets Transportation bottlenecks and distance represent the main obstacles to market access for the people of Far Kapoeta East

Kapoeta Urban Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Kapoeta Kapoeta/Na South near Mogos Kapoeta East North South Main rus Road Identified Problems in accessing markets city North

Insecurity/conflict make it difficult to go and/or return with 0.00% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00% 0.00% 2.63% 0.00% 0.00% items purchased

20.00% 7.27% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7.89% 5.56% 0.00% Market is too far away, I cannot leave for such a long time No problem 0.00% 10.91% 7.14% 7.69% 13.51% 10.53% 2.78% 12.20% No transport to the market 48.00% 49.09% 47.62% 38.46% 45.95% 44.74% 41.67% 36.59% Not sure to find items needed sold in the market 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.44% Other problems 0.00% 5.45% 9.52% 15.38% 2.70% 0.00% 0.00% 14.63% Price for transport is too high 32.00% 27.27% 33.33% 38.46% 37.84% 34.21% 44.44% 34.15%

Seasonal problems linked to rain/disruption of road 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.56% 0.00% access/markets Food security – Meal frequency

Food constraints is particularly high in Kapoeta East (both Far Kapoeta East and Mogos), as well as Far Kapoeta North

Number of meals consumed in a day in the HH (Adult) Number of meals consumed in a day in the HH (Children)

Urban Kapoeta North 61% 37% 0% Urban Kapoeta North 19% 76% 2%

Mogos 71% 26% 3% Mogos 36% 53% 11%

Kapoeta/Narus Road 76% 24% 0% Kapoeta/Narus Road 27% 59% 14%

Kapoeta South near city 43% 54% 3% Kapoeta South near city 17% 61% 22%

Kapoeta Main 69% 23% 8% Kapoeta Main 8% 69% 23%

Far Kapoeta South 61% 37% 2% Far Kapoeta South 19% 69% 10%

Far Kapoeta North 71% 25% 0% Far Kapoeta North 30% 59% 11%

Far Kapoeta East 71% 29% 0% Far Kapoeta East 38% 50% 12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

0 (None) 1 (Once) 2 (Twice) 3 (Thrice) 0 (None) 1 (Once) 2 (Twice) 3 (Thrice) Food Security - Hunger Scale Classification

Mirroring the meal frequency, the Hunger Scale classification shows that food constraints is particularly high in Kapoeta East (both Far Kapoeta East and Mogos), as well as Far Kapoeta North

Household Hunger Scale Classification

Urban Kapoeta North 24% 55% 21%

Mogos 11% 67% 22%

Kapoeta/Narus Road 21% 71% 8%

Kapoeta South near city 19% 65% 16%

Kapoeta Main 15% 67% 19%

Far Kapoeta South 24% 52% 24%

Far Kapoeta North 14% 61% 25%

Far Kapoeta East 8% 73% 19%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Slight hunger Moderate Hunger Severe Hunger Food security - Household Dietary Diversity Score

Dietary diversity, thus food security, is particular constrained in Far Kapoeta East

Radar of Household Dietary Diversity Score

Far Kapoeta East

Urban Kapoeta Far Kapoeta North North 3 3.73 3.98 Average Household Dietary Far Kapoeta Diversity Score (Scale of 12 food) Mogos 3.72 4 South Total Diversity Scale

3.65 5.63 4.39 Kapoeta/Narus Kapoeta Main Road

Kapoeta South Highest foods consumed within HH:near city Cereals (67% consumption), Oil/butter (59% consumption) and Meat (51%) Food Security - Vit A consumption

Consumption of Vit A rich vegetables is quite low

Household Vit A consumption 80% 71% 70% 69% 70% 62% 60% 62% 61% 60% 53% 50% 41% 33% 40% 29% 29% 30% 30% 22% 20% 12% 11% 10% 0% Far Kapoeta East Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Kapoeta Main Kapoeta South Kapoeta/Narus Mogos Urban Kapoeta North South near city Road North

% of Households that consume vitamin A rich vegetables or fruits % of Households consuming vitamin A rich animal source foods Internally Displaced people

The inflow of people (including IDP) is negligible, exception being for Kapoeta South near the city Living continuously since birth without Household claiming to host % of HHs hosting IDP arrived displacement Geographic Location 100% 100% IDPs in the last year 96% 97% 98% 100% 91% 86% 86% Far Kapoeta East 8% 0% 80% Far Kapoeta North 20% 2%

60% Far Kapoeta South 2% 0% Kapoeta Main 22% 4% 40% Kapoeta South near city 16% 16% Kapoeta/Narus Road 13% 2% 20% Mogos 14% 6%

0% Urban Kapoeta North 2% 0% Internally Displaced people

Outflow of people is significant and, not counterbalanced by a similar inflow of people, imply an high level of outflow migration

HHs who lost some members (left) in the last year 5 4.7 Average of people leaving HH

Far Kapoeta East 12% 4 3.5 2.9 Far Kapoeta North 33% 3 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 Far Kapoeta South 10% 2 1.7

Kapoeta Main 15% 1 Kapoeta South near city 11% 0 Kapoeta/Narus Road 3%

Mogos 17%

Urban Kapoeta North 7% Internally Displaced people

Varied reasons were attributed to why people left their HHs. Chief among them was hunger (55%). Lack of security, on the contrary, was singled out by few people, all located in Kapoeta North Primary reasons for relocation

Urban Kapoeta North 33% 67% Mogos 83% 17% Kapoeta/Narus Road 100% Kapoeta South near city 75% 25% Kapoeta Main 25% 75% Far Kapoeta South 25% 75% Far Kapoeta North 83% 11% 6% Far Kapoeta East 67% 33%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Family reasons Hunger Lack of security Other reasons Education outlook

• Overall termly school attendance in Kapoeta Region is relatively low, with an average of 20% enrolment among children aged 6 to 19 years. However, while school attendance stands at 40% in some areas, markedly in and around Kapoeta town, it is almost 0% in other communities. • Continuity of school attendance is low too, with 13% of children reporting of continuing school in the last two school-years. • It is important to notice that where parents and teachers tend to know each other the level of dropout is lower. Equally important, communities that register a lower level of child enrolment are not necessary those who disregard the value of education. • There is a market gender divide, whereby attendance is 25% for males and 14% for females. • Equally visible is the age divide, whereby children aged 6 to 9 years reported an attendance of 21%, while adolescents aged 10 – 17 years reported an attendance of only 16%. Education There is a wide gap in school attendance between the areas of and between Kapoeta town and Narus compared to the rest of Kapoeta. Argubly, in Mogos and Kapoeta South near the city, almost half of the pupils enrolled in a given year will dropout Geographic Location Termly Primary School Attendance Geographic Location School continuity from last year to (This year) this year (Percentage of children reported going to school last year and this year)

Far Kapoeta East 11.11% Far Kapoeta East 8.70% Far Kapoeta North 0.00% Far Kapoeta North 0.00% Far Kapoeta South 0.00% Far Kapoeta South 0.00% Kapoeta Main 45.00% Kapoeta Main 34.78% Kapoeta South near city 8.33% Kapoeta South near city 4.35% Kapoeta/Narus Road 40.91% Kapoeta/Narus Road 34.78% Mogos 33.33% Mogos 17.39% Urban Kapoeta North 0.00% Urban Kapoeta North 0.00% Education Interestingly, the places were dropout seems higher are also where it is less frequent for parents to know the teachers of their students. Finally, it is worth noticing that in spite of the low enrolment of their children, parents in Far Kapoeta North and East do value education, even for their younger students

Do you know any of the teachers who teach in the school Perception on importance of schooling for children attended by your child(ren)? betwneen 6-9 years of age

Urban Kapoeta North 50% Urban Kapoeta North 5%

Mogos 2% Mogos 5%

Kapoeta/Narus Road 63% Kapoeta/Narus Road 7%

Kapoeta South near city 20% Kapoeta South near city 7%

Kapoeta Main 86% Kapoeta Main 10%

Far Kapoeta South 1% Far Kapoeta South 2%

Far Kapoeta North 25% Far Kapoeta North 45%

Far Kapoeta East 50% Far Kapoeta East 19%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% WASH outlook • In July, Kapoeta experienced an emergency epidemic of Cholera which resulted in a crude mortality of at least 96 people in Kapoeta North, South and East • Anecdotal evidence suggests that burgeoning caseloads of cholera was associated to unimproved sanitation • As a response, 56% had received some training on cholera prevention • Borehole is the most common source of water (76%). Thus, sources of water tend to not change depending on the season • There is moderate proximity in reaching the nearest water source as 66% of respondents spend less than 15 mins walking • 98% of households defecate in the open-air Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Reflecting their semi-nomad habits, which require people to defecate far from their temporary villages, Toposa people are deeply ashamed of defecating in predefined places. Emergency interventions focused only on providing materials, overlooking the educational component, are bound to bring few results

Kind of Toilets used by HHs

Urban Kapoeta North 100% Mogos 100% Kapoeta/Narus Road 97% 3% Kapoeta South near city 100% Kapoeta Main 85% 4% 8% 4% Far Kapoeta South 100% Far Kapoeta North 100% Far Kapoeta East 100%

75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%

Bush/None Private needs some repair/risky state Private, but shared by more than one HH Public toilet Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) The fact that hygiene practices such as cutting nails are less common in Kapoeta Town suggests that there WASH needs in urban areas should not be underestimated.

How often do you cut you finger nails Is your drinking water always covered?

Urban Kapoeta North 7% 38% 26% 29% Urban Kapoeta North 95% Mogos 19% 31% 22% 28% Mogos 69% Kapoeta/Narus Road 18% 21% 26% 34% Kapoeta/Narus Road 86% Kapoeta South near city 3% 46% 19% 32% Kapoeta South near city 97% Kapoeta Main 12% 23% 15% 50% 88% Far Kapoeta South 3% 45% 18% 35% Kapoeta Main

Far Kapoeta North 10% 40% 16% 34% Far Kapoeta South 86%

Far Kapoeta East 19% 31% 35% 15% Far Kapoeta North 89%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Far Kapoeta East 81%

Never Once a month Once in two weeks Once a week 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Geographic Location Does it exist any borehole closer Geographic Location Is there any water management that is not working at the moment? committee or water user committee your community

Far Kapoeta East 50% Far Kapoeta East 33.33%

Far Kapoeta North 45% Far Kapoeta North 49.02% Far Kapoeta South 50% Far Kapoeta South 14.29%

Kapoeta Main 52% Kapoeta Main 65.38%

Kapoeta South near city 51% Kapoeta South near city 35.14%

Kapoeta/Narus Road 47% Kapoeta/Narus Road 32.43%

Mogos 19% Mogos 27.78%

Urban Kapoeta North 45% Urban Kapoeta North 33.33% Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Although water sources are not that far away from HHs, with the exception of communities in Kapoeta south other than Kapoeta Town, most HHs need to go at least twice everyday to fill their jerry cans (95% use such tool to bring water at home).

How long does it take you to go to the nearest water source, get When water is filled within the household, is it water and come back home enough for the day?

70% Urban Kapoeta North 88% 59% 57% 60% Mogos 53% 45% Kapoeta/Narus Road 71% 50%

Kapoeta South near city 38% 40% 34% 32% 31% Kapoeta Main 81% 27% 30% 23% Far Kapoeta South 45% 20% Far Kapoeta North 76% 10% Far Kapoeta East 76% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Less than 30 minutes Between 30 minutes and 1 hour Between 1 hour and 2 hours

Between 2 hours and 4 hours More than 4 hours Health

Morbidity is quite high, especially in Kapoeta North and Far Kapoeta East. In the latter and in Far Kapoeta North access to treatment in medical facilities is quite low

Fever incidence in the past 2 weeks among children Sources of care for treatment of sick child

50% 46% Urban Kapoeta North 100% 40% 40% Mogos 29% 57% 14% 32% Kapoeta/Narus Road 28% 14% 71% 14% 30% 26% Kapoeta South near city 50% 50% 21% 19% 18% 20% Kapoeta Main 100% Far Kapoeta South 44% 56% 10% Far Kapoeta North 52% 5% 38% 5% Far Kapoeta East 0% 33% 50% 17%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Community health worker Other Professional health worker in a facility Traditional healer Maternal Care

Kapoeta South (exception for Kapoeta town) and Mogos stand out as a place with quite limited access to maternal care

Antenatal care attendance during pregnancy Medical assistance during delivery

80% 75% 74% Urban Kapoeta North 29% 8% 17% 46% 67% 67% Mogos 19% 19% 13% 50% 60% 48% Kapoeta/Narus Road 21% 32% 5% 42% 45% 44% Kapoeta South near city 19% 19% 6% 56% 40% 31% Kapoeta Main 11% 56% 11% 22%

Far Kapoeta South 25% 10% 20% 45% 20% Far Kapoeta North 22% 41% 7% 30%

Far Kapoeta East 50% 13% 38% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Family members/friends Health professional in the Hospital/health center/unit Nobody Traditional birth attendant Protection and Safety

• 78% of respondents report of being very safe in all places of Kapoeta; however there are quite marked differences among communities • However, there are major threats faced by women, notably forced marriages (35%) • 24% of HHs reported children having either been forced into sex, defiled or raped. Kapoeta town reported the highest incidences of child defilement (29%) Protection and Safety

The perceived safety is especially high in Kapoeta South; by contrast all areas in Kapoeta East (including the are along the Kapoeta-Narus Road) are perceived only partially safe by a large share of the population Urban Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Far Kapoeta Kapoeta South Kapoeta/Narus Safety Kapoeta Main Mogos Kapoeta East North South near city Road North Very safe in your 64% 72% 97% 83% 97% 68% 72% 70% village/neighborhood

Very safe moving to other 54% 69% 94% 91% 94% 66% 56% 70% places e.g. market or town Protection and Safety Threats to women and children are numerous. Some are locally concentrated, such as rape and sexual assaults in Urban Kapoeta North (Riwoto)

Reported threats faced by women in the community Abuses experienced by children

17% 8% 17% 17% 4%0% 38% Urban Kapoeta North 50% 17% 17% 17% Urban Kapoeta North Mogos 26% 10% 13% 13% 6% 32% Mogos 32% 37% 5% 16% 11% Kapoeta/Narus Road 27% 13% 10% 6% 8% 13% 21% Kapoeta/Narus Road 29% 39% 6% 6% 19% Kapoeta South near city 24% 7% 19% 7% 2% 33% Kapoeta South near city 38% 19% 6% 25% 13% Kapoeta Main 29% 21% 14% 7% 7% 14%

Kapoeta Main 24% 29% 12% 6% 12% 18% Far Kapoeta South 26% 8% 10% 20% 6% 4% 24%

Far Kapoeta South 11% 42% 11% 11% 16% 11% Far Kapoeta North 16% 21% 7% 10% 4% 11% 26%

Far Kapoeta East 28% 13% 9% 6% 13% 28% Far Kapoeta North 25% 38% 9% 9% 16%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Far Kapoeta East 21% 38% 13% 4% 21% Sexually abused, defiled, raped, forced into sex Using abusive words/language 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Family separation (run away, chased)/neglected Repeated physical abuse Rape Forced marriage Child involved in drugs, drinking alcohol, or otherwise Denied resources /opportunities / services Psychological / emotional abuse Stigmatized/discriminated due to gender, illness, disability or other reasons Physical assault / beating Sexual assault Involved in child labor with a component of exchange of money Withheld a meal to punish Protection and Safety Women, the family breadwinner, once in menopause are almost left abandoned – they are arguably the most-at-risk group. After a life of work, once in menopause, women are almost left abandoned by their own families. Although regrettable, it is hardly a surprise in a land where any new born is severely needed for the family’s survival, and survival is always at stake Protection and Safety In a context like Kapoeta, characterized by relative low violence but where survival is constantly under threat, the maxim of “Doing no harm” and the recommendation of devising integrated interventions must be taken very seriously Children in school-age are required to care for their younger brothers and sisters. Attracting young children in primary schools, possibly with the provision of food, without providing nurseries for their younger brother and sisters may turn out to put at risk younger children and severely increase the burden on mothers. Recommendations • NFI interventions aimed at providing agricultural tools and costly items such as soap would improve agricultural output and hygiene practices while permitting HHs’ to focus their purchases on food • Food distribution should be expanded geographically, in their frequency and in its quantity • Cattle health should receive adequate scrutiny to reduce the widely reported high mortality rate • The limited access to market suffered by the communities of Far Kapoeta East suggests complementing cash-transfers with the provision of in-kind support • Support to education should target both functioning and non functioning schools and should pay attention to attracting teachers as well as pupils, both for primary as well as nursery schools • WASH interventions should aim at bridging the gap between emergency and recovery, including education components, possibly involving schools