Housing development at Land at Viewhill Farm, Balloch, IV2 5EA 17/03396/FUL

Data Structure report

Alison Cameron and Dr Robert Lenfert Cameron Archaeology Ltd Date: 28 August 2018 CONTENTS

1 BACKGROUND ...... 3 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 4 3 THE WATCHING BRIEF ...... 10 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 11 5 REFERENCES ...... 12 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 13 APPENDIX 1 Archaeological and historical sites within 1km of the proposed site ...... 14 APPENDIX 2 MAPS ...... 15 APPENDIX 3 PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 16

ILLUSTRATIONS

Cover: watching brief Phase 1 clearing the area of the former farm

Illus 1 Location plan ...... 3 Illus 2 Proposed development with Culloden Muir Conservation area and Inventory Battlefield area...... 7 Illus 3 Location of watching brief areas at Viewhill shaded in red ...... 11 Illus 4 First Edition OS map showing site outline in red...... 15 Illus 5 Second Edition OS map showing site outline in red ...... 15 Illus 6 1946 aerial photograph with site outline in red; facing N ...... 16

SUMMARY

A watching brief was carried out from 9 July to 15 August 2018 during the soil strip for this housing development (Highland Council Planning Application no 17/03396/FUL). Areas of former fields had shallow topsoil and the areas previously occupied by the former farm were disturbed by rubble and services. No archaeological finds or features were recorded and it is recommended that no further archaeological work is required during the current development.

Viewhill, Balloch DSR Cameron Archaeology CA382-2017 2

1 BACKGROUND

1.1 The site (Illus 1) is located at Viewhill on the SE side of Balloch and NW of Newlands of Culloden. It is centred on NGR NH 73672 45983, at 130-135m OD in the parish of Inverness and Bona. 1.2 The work was commissioned by Kirkwood Homes. An application 17/03396/FUL Highland Council requires a watching brief. 1.3 All the archaeological work will be carried out in the context of Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) Planning Advice Note (PAN 2/2011) and Historic Environment Scotland's Policy Statement (HESPS) which state that archaeological remains should be regarded as part of the environment to be protected and managed.

Illus 1 Location plan (Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2018)

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2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The site lies within the Culloden Muir Inventory Battlefield area and the Culloden Muir Conservation Area (Illus 2). The Battle of Culloden took place on 16th April 1746 between about 4500 men under Charles Edward Stuart and a Hanoverian force of 9000 led by Duke of Cumberland. The battle positions were as shown on plan and result was an overwhelming victory for Hanoverians. A modern memorial cairn bearing an appropriate inscription has been erected at a spot where there was intense fighting. The associated memorials and ground on which they stand are owned by the NTS (Brander 1975; Prentice 1976).

A management plan for those parts of the battlefield site in the ownership of the National Trust for Scotland was drawn up and agreed in January 1993 (Anon, 1993). A desk-based assessment, including a map regression exercise, was carried out by K Aitchision for the NTS in 1994 in an attempt to locate the position of several turf dykes which were known to have been important during the battle. Unfortunately the exact location of the dykes and other structures could not be pinpointed owing to the inaccuracy of the C18 mapping (Aitchison 1994).

The NTS have worked steadily on the restoration of Culloden battlefield towards how it would have looked at the time of the battle. After an analysis of contemporary plans of the battlefield, an attempt was made to locate a small polygonal enclosure in which the English dead are said to have been buried, and to assess whether any of surviving enclosures could date from time of the battle. All of the current drystone enclosures seem to date from around 1845, but to some extent follow the approximate lines of the larger enclosure shown on plans of 1746. As anticipated, no trace of the turf dyke could be found. However, a geophysical survey of the field is now planned, in the hope of locating the English graves and from there surmising the position of the turf dyke: the polygonal parish boundary, which seems to mimic the dyke, should provide supporting evidence if the geophysical survey is successful (Turner 1994). Resistance and gradiometer surveys were conducted on two discrete areas of the battlefield at Culloden by CFA (Edinburgh) in 1995: the area around Old Leanach and an area in the extreme west of land owned by NTS. The project had three main aims: to establish the presence of remains of other structures around the extant building at Old Leanach; to locate the remains, if any, of a pentangular turf-built enclosure at the west of the battlefield; and to identify the position of the reputed 'grave of the English dead'. The survey around Old Leanach successfully identified two regions of high resistance of similar surface area to the extant building which probably reflect the footings of associated buildings. The larger survey to the west identified nothing of any great antiquity, save for a very faint anomaly noted on the gradiometer survey. This anomaly had a magnitude little greater than the background, and would be very difficult to view as significant, if it were not aligned on a similar orientation to the cartographic evidence for the turf dyke (Neighbour 1995).

Reconstruction of turf dyke formerly existing in 18th c., by National Trust in 1995 (Wood 1995). In June 2000 and September 2001 a programme of fieldwork was carried out on the battlefield site. The fieldwork included: topographic survey of the battlefield area; ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey of the clan graves and the 'Field of the English' (where Government troops are presumed to have been buried); metal-detector survey of the 'Field of the English' and the area between the Interpretation Centre and the clan graves; geophysical survey of the area around Old Leanach Cottage and the area between the Interpretation Centre and the clan graves and excavation of the denuded walled feature adjacent to Old Leanach Cottage, traditionally referred to as the 'Red Barn'. The project provided a new insight into the battle through the examination of archaeological evidence. The metal-detector survey revealed that both the Jacobite and Hanoverian lines extend

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further to the south than previously believed. Geophysical survey and excavation of the area adjacent to Old Leanach Cottage failed to reveal any evidence for activity pre-dating the C19. The GPR survey revealed the presence of grave pits beneath the mounds in the clan cemetery. Results of the project were broadcast on BBC2 in early 2002. Reports on this work have appeared in the book which accompanies the TV series and a full academic report, probably to appear in monograph form with the other five British battlefields investigated as part of the project, will also be forthcoming (Pollard & Oliver 2002)

Geophysical surveys involving both resistivity and magnetometry were carried out by Archaeological Services WYAS in 2004 in five areas around the Culloden Battlefield site in advance of the proposed construction of a new visitor centre and car parking facilities. The survey area comprised approximately 9 hectares of rough pasture, to the south and east of the original visitor centre. No anomalies of a probable archaeological origin were identified in any of the areas likely to be affected by the development proposal or outlying areas closer to the known battlefield site. Areas of high resistance east of Old Leanach may have been caused by rubble associated with buildings referred to in the aftermath of the battle. Many of the identified anomalies were interpreted as being caused by natural features or by variations in the underlying drift geology (Schofield & Webb 2004)

A series of geotechnical test pits and boreholes were archaeologically monitored by CFA Archaeology Ltd in 2004 following a geophysical survey and prior to the construction of new visitor facilities. In addition a metal detector was used to scan for artefacts in the topsoil immediately prior to excavation of the test pits and subsequently on the spoil heaps. No archaeological features were exposed and no artefacts were recovered (O'Connell 2004).

A multi-faceted investigation was undertaken in April 2005 at Culloden battlefield by GUARD as part of the programme of site re-assessment related to the construction of a new visitor centre. Metal detector survey, geophysical survey and limited excavation were combined to pursue a number of research avenues relating to the location, progress and character of the battle and the role of the landscape. The metal detector survey was carried out across a wide transect passing roughly east-west through the Field of the English, the reconstructed Leanach enclosure and the area beyond. This resulted in a considerable assemblage of battle-related debris, including around 250 lead balls of various types. This material was thought to represent several stages of the battle, including the Government artillery barrage, the Jacobite charge, hand-to-hand fighting on the Government left, and the fighting withdrawal of the Jacobite force. The geophysical survey, which included both resistivity and magnetometry, was used in an attempt to locate the unmarked graves of the Government troops in the so-called Field of the English. This produced with some promising results. In addition to possible prehistoric activity, in the form of a circular feature, a large anomaly may represent a burial pit, especially when viewed in conjunction with the pattern of artefact deposition. The hand-excavation of two evaluation trenches across geophysical anomalies, first identified after survey in 2000, was carried out in an effort to locate the buried remains of a building related to the farmstead now represented by Old Leanach Cottage. One trench contained a linear trench, which may relate to the foundation cut for the wall of a building, possibly related to the farmstead (Pollard 2006a).

In December 2005 the NTS commissioned GUARD to continue the survey work begun in April 2005. The areas corresponding to the new visitor centre building footprint and the associated car park were subject to metal detector survey. Low densities of buttons and musket balls were recovered, suggesting that sporadic fighting took place behind the main Government Left, possibly in mopping-up operations involving Jacobites who had broken through the Government line. Lead

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casting debris and a silver King's Shilling dated to the 1690s may represent evidence for the site of the temporary Government camp established on the field after the battle (Pollard 2006b).

In April 2006, a programme of ground-penetrating radar survey was carried out by GUARD over the Jacobite Graves in the Clan cemetery. As suggested by earlier work, this indicated pits beneath each of the mounds (Pollard 2006). In June 2006, the Field of the English was subject to further metal detector survey by GUARD in order to define the location of the Government left flank. This resulted in the recovery of a number of musket balls, buttons and other battle debris (Pollard 2006). A watching brief was undertaken by GUARD in August 2006 and March 2008 during the construction of a new NTS visitor centre at the site of the battle of Culloden. Earlier investigations had suggested that the development footprint of the new visitor centre and ancillaries would be archaeologically safe, and this proved to be the case. No significant structural features were found in any of the excavated areas, and artefact retrieval was only achieved by the ongoing metal detector surveys of the topsoil, subsoil and spoil. This produced a few musket balls and other assorted battle-related objects, most of which showed signs of heavy plough damage. Apart from validating the previous predictions of archaeologically safe zones, the value of the monitoring was in its ability to identify the degree of post- 1746 agricultural improvement and sustained forestry programmes across the battlefield. Both regimes brought extensive impacts and terrain modifications which can now be quantified and related to the survivability of battle features and any earlier deposits and structures in the immediate area.

Previous work in the battlefield area had shown that the paths representing the opposing Government and Jacobite battle lines were incorrectly positioned, and new paths were laid out along more accurate alignments. The footpaths in the core area of the battlefield, known as the Clan Cemetery and designated a SAM, were also realigned and brought back to run along the old course of the B9006 road which ran through the cemetery area until the 1970s. The footpath monitoring results were also negligible, with no structural discoveries and only a handful of minor artefacts. One battle-related question which was partially resolved was the discovery of a much older (albeit undated) trackway sequence under the former B9006 road into the battlefield from the west. This is in keeping with contemporary maps which show a track through the battlefield to Leanach cottage, and this may have influenced how the conflict progressed (Lynn 2008). This battlefield was added to Historic Scotland's new Inventory of Historic Battlefields in March 2011 (HES 2011). GUARD Archaeology Limited was commissioned by National Trust for Scotland to undertake a metal detector survey prior to the construction of footpaths along the Battlefield site in May 2012. In addition a watching brief was carried out during the construction of a drain adjacent to the Old Leanach Cottage. These revealed no significant archaeological remains (Arabaolaza 2012). An additional metal detector survey was carried out by West Coast Archaeological Services in 2013 on a section of proposed footpath that was not available for survey the previous year. A number of metal objects were found, including a copper-alloy buckle possibly of C18 date (Birch and Peteranna 2013). Within 1km of the proposed development (see Appendix 1) is Culloden Wood Prisoners’ Stone (HES NH74NW 148) a large, irregular boulder, about twelve feet across each way and six feet high, which lies in Culloden Wood, nearly a mile south of Culloden House. The tradition in the neighbourhood respecting the event which makes this stone interesting, is the following. Seventeen of Prince Charles' party were taken, wounded, at the close of the battle of Culloden and confined in the dungeon of Culloden House; kept there for three days, and then put into two carts and conveyed to this stone; against which they were placed and shot, at point blank distance. The soldiers then clubbed their muskets and smashed the heads of those they had shot, in order to make sure work; but, strange to say, one man, named

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Fraser survived and managed to crawl away and escape. This is the account given by the present proprietors, who received this information from Alexander Bain Sage, who died a few years ago at Smithtown village, and was the son of one of the men who carted the prisoners of to the stones. The event, he stated was vividly impressed on his father's memory, and he often spoke about it. The account, however, differs in some few points from those given in Bishop Forbes' Culloden Papers. According to local tradition, the Prisoners' Stone, in Culloden wood, marks the spot where 17 wounded prisoners were executed three days after the battle. The prisoners were placed against the conglomerate boulder and were shot and clubbed to death. The boulder measures about 5.5m in diameter. (OSNB 31, 35).

Illus 2 Proposed development with Culloden Muir Conservation area and Inventory Battlefield area (copyright HES).

2.2 There are no Scheduled Monuments within 1km of the proposed development but there are several internationally important sites within 3km. Clava Cairns are 2.5km to the SE (HER MHG2961). The monument is the remains of two chambered cairns, three ring cairns, a barrow, kerb cairn and standing stone, constructed and in use during the Bronze Age (2500BC to 800BC). The chambered cairns and one of the ring cairns are visible as substantial cairns of exposed stone, open in the centre and surrounded by stone circles, the kerb cairn as a ring of kerbstones and the remaining two ring cairns as rings of low rubble banks with kerbs. The barrow survives as a low earthwork mound surmounted by a 19th stone wall and the standing stone as an upright monolith, interpreted as the surviving remnant of a stone circle surrounding a further cairn. The monument forms a coherent group of burial monuments, arranged in two rows along a gravel terrace overlooking the floodplain of the River Nairn, about 100m above sea level. The best preserved of this group of monuments lie to the southwest and comprise a ring cairn set between two chambered cairns, each surrounded by stone circles, and a

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kerb cairn. The two chambered cairns are very similar in plan and construction, comprising sub-circular chambers entered along a passage through a sub-circular cairn around 15.5m in diameter, faced internally and externally with kerb stones. Stone platforms surround the cairns, extending as far as the ring of monoliths. The ring cairn comprises a circular wall of rubble with an inner and outer kerb, surrounded by a low platform. The interior is open with no indication of an entrance. The cairn is enclosed within a stone circle, and three rays of low stone bank link the standing stones and the outer kerb. Immediately west of this ring cairn is a kerb cairn, visible as a ring of 15 kerbstones around four metres in internal diameter. All four cairns incorporate cup-marked or cup-and-ring marked stones. Two further ring-cairns, a standing stone and barrow lie to the southeast and northeast of this group. The first ring cairn lies about 135m southeast and is visible as an almost circular rubble bank with outer kerb, measuring around 18m in diameter. About 365m northeast is a second ring cairn, consisting of a low bank of rubble about 19m in diameter bounded on the inside by two arcs of upright stones, representing the remains of an inner kerb. There is no trace of an outer kerb. A single standing stone about 115m northwest of this cairn is likely the remains of a stone circle surrounding a further cairn, now removed, while an earthwork mound (the barrow) about 13m in diameter and around 0.4m in height lies about 125m southwest.

2.3 Also Milton of Clava cairn (HER MHG31425) is the remains of a cairn dating from the Bronze Age (2500BC to 800BC). It is visible as a low, circular, turf-covered stone mound, overlain by a rectangular pile of relatively modern field clearance. A single standing stone is situated on the southwest arc of the cairn. The cairn is of the Clava- type, a form of burial monument often combining a circular cairn, platform and ring of standing stones The monument lies on a gravel terrace overlooking the floodplain of the River Nairn, about 110m above sea level. Archaeological excavation has demonstrated that the cairn is roughly circular on plan, measuring about 12m in diameter and faced externally with kerbstones, two of which remain visible on the southeast arc. The standing stone lies on the southwest arc of the cairn and measures about 2.5m in height. It likely represents the surviving remnant of a stone circle surrounding the cairn. The cairn is partially overlain by a rectangular mound of field clearance measuring around 10m northwest to southeast by around six metres transversely. This overlies the northwest section of the cairn and extends beyond (Bain 1893, 15; 1882, 336-8).

2.4 Culchunaig, cairn and standing stone (HER MHG2974) comprises the remains of a cairn dating to the Early Bronze Age and surviving as a low cairn defined by an outer kerb, and a single upstanding monolith. It lies in cultivated land on the coastal plain, between the River Nairn and the S shore of the Moray Firth, at 160 m above sea level. The monument was first scheduled in 1971, but an inadequate area was included to protect all of the archaeological remains; the present rescheduling rectifies this. The cairn, probably the remains of a chambered cairn or ring cairn, is roughly circular in plan (approximately 19 m in diameter) and displays similar features and components to the neighbouring complex of cairns at Balnuaran of Clava where central cairns are surrounded by an outer ring of standing stones. Overall the monument is likely to have been about 28 m in diameter, an estimate based on the sole survivor of an outer stone circle, a single stone sitting at nearly 2 m high, some 8 m to the S of the cairn. Several kerbstones are visible on the N, NE and S of the cairn. Large boulders similar in size to those surviving at Culchunaig have been recorded in nearby dykes and field boundaries. One of these larger stones bears the surviving relief of prehistoric rock art in the shape of cupmarks. It is possible that this and other boulders are field-cleared remnants of the monument, but we cannot prove this.

2.5 Milton ring-ditch comprises a single ring-ditch, the remains of a prehistoric burial or settlement features. It appears in an arable field as a mark in a cereal crop; experience

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shows that further remains may survive in the areas (not susceptible to cropmarks) between the visible marks. The roughly circular ring-ditch has a diameter of c 9m within a ditch 1.5m wide.

2.6 Balloch of Culloden enclosure (MHG2891) Air photography have revealed the crop- mark of an almost circular enclosure 450m ENE of Allanfearn farmhouse. It measures about 33m in diameter within a single ditch. A second feature in the same area, also visible on air photographs, is a dark circular mark, some 13m across, surrounded by extensive areas of pitting.

2.7 Lower Cullernie settlement (HER MHG17658) comprises the remains of an unenclosed settlement of prehistoric date, visible as a cropmark on oblique aerial photographs. It lies in farmland, in the SE corner of an arable field, at 12 m above sea level where it is located approximately 800 m from the present-day shoreline of the Moray Firth. The cropmark comprises evidence for an unenclosed settlement consisting of a number of pit circles and ring ditches, varying in diameter from 6-10 m, and spread over an area about 100 m long.

2.8 Isle View/ Cullearnie (HER MHG2948) ring cairn is an oval cairn measuring 13.4m NE-SW by 11.2m transversely, which is bounded by a kerb of boulders on the north and west. On the north east, two stones, one standing, one fallen are probably all that survive of a stone circle. Between these two stones and the cairn is a stony platform edged with boulders on its north side

2.9 Balmachree enclosures (HER MHG2892/ MHG3023) comprises the remains of enclosures (semi circular and roughly circular) of later prehistoric date. They appear in arable fields as marks in cereal crops; experience shows that further remains will survive in the areas (not susceptible to cropmarks) near the visible marks. The remains appear as the marks of a fort 90m by 60m within two ditches c. 10m apart; there are traces of internal features. Approximately 100m NNE of this area there is a penannular enclosure 12m in diameter with clear traces of an internal feature.

2.10 Culloden Wood has a BA hut circle (MHG29447). The structure is located in a commercial plantation of Douglas Fir trees planted in 1944. A hut-circle was discovered and reported by J. Christison. The hut-circle survives to a height of 1m at the N end, 0.3m in the E and 0.5 in the W. It is sub-circular, with an external diameter of 15m (E to W), and 16.5m externally N to S. It is 9m internally, both N-S and E-W. It is situated on Forest Enterprise land. The site is in good condition, stable, intact and quite well preserved and does not seem to be under immediate threat, though there is some erosion, recent digging and the risk of damage from tree roots. Two pits are associated with the site, the first is in the centre of the structure to the N edge, and is 1m in diam. and 0.4m deep. The other pit is on the outside of the ridge to the SW, is 4.5m in diam. and about 0.8m deep. There is also a possible clearance cairn near the hut-circle.

2.11 Also within 1km is Culloden aircraft crash site (HER MHG30847). A Shackleton aircraft crashed on Jan. 10th, 1964. Uncontrollable engine fire, forced landing. Serial No. XF710. Sqd. 120 (Hughs 1999).

2.12 Culloden Muir is also the find-spot of a socketed axe (HES NH74NW 16) Socketed axe, green patina, smooth surface, trimmed, haft ribs, cutting edge hammered. Length 80mm, mouth 28 x 31mm, cutting edge 64mm, weight 186 gms. British Museum (WG 1981). Also found in the area of Culloden is a bronze sword (HES NH74NW 9) Sword, missing top of hilt. Length 65.3cm, shoulder width 5.9cm, maximum blade width 3cm. Dark brown patina, gold where rubbed, rivets ?:4, five in situ. Berlin, Mus. fur Vor- und

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Fruhgeschichte (V.d 1). Also two flat axeheads (HES NH74NW 61) (123. Flat axe of Migdale type). Single find. Flat axe, brown patina, good condition. Length 145mm, butt 35mm, cutting edge 95mm, weight 573 gms. Also a flat axe; Biggar variant of Migdale type). Single find. Flat axe, green, good condition. Length 136mm, butt 30mm, cutting edge 69mm, weight 308 gms. Both the latter axes are held in Powysland Museum, Welshpool, Coles being incorrect in citing their location as the National Museum of Wales (Schmidt and Burgess 1981, 40; Burgess and Colquhoun 1988, 119, no. 730). Also from Culloden is a bronze halberd (HES NH74NW 10) which is in the British Museum (WG 2061) (Coles 1971, 87; O'Riordain 1936, 311, No. 18). Human remains and a bronze kettle A two-handed tripod camp-kettle of bronze has been found among a quantity of human bones, in a bank at the east side of Culloden Muir. Height 5 1/2 inches, diameter at the mouth 4 inches. This vessel was on exhibition at Edinburgh in 1856, on loan from the Marishcal College, Aberdeen (Archaeol Inst Great Britain Ireland. 1859, 66).

2.13 On the W side of the site was Viewhill, a farmstead (Her MHG257380 comprising one unroofed, two roofed buildings and two enclosures is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Illus 4) and on the Second Edition (Illlus 5) and 1946 aerial photograph (Illus 6). A building survey, metal-detector survey, watching brief and test pitting were carried out prior to the start of this proposed development (K Cameron pers comm).

3 THE WATCHING BRIEF

A watching brief was carried out from 9-13 July, 31 July – 3 Aug, 7-10 Aug, and 14-15 Aug 2018) of the soil strip at Viewhill by Alison Cameron and Robert Lenfert of Cameron Archaeology prior to the construction of housing.

Weather conditions were fine overall, albeit very dusty with periods of high winds, sometimes with gusts in excess of 40mph. Little rainfall was encountered, as was typical for much of the summer which is most likely the driest in Scotland since 1961, according to meteorological records.

The first week involved clearing the main site including rubble from the top of the area of the former farm buildings. The phase began with a continuation of the soil strip along the SE area of the site, moving to different pockets of remaining topsoil and spoil heaps, which were left standing until asbestos test results returned (these indicated all clear - no asbestos material left). Initial work was carried out by a 13-ton JCB, later to be joined by a second back-acting tracked excavator of similar size.

The SE portion outwith the former farm buildings contained a relatively shallow topsoil which rarely exceeded 0.30m in depth, overlying a yellowish to reddish brown sandy silt with numerous friable, tabular stone inclusions. No finds or features were noted in this area.

While much of the topsoil was previously removed in the main area in the upper left-hand corner of Illus 3 (the western portion), a considerable amount of cleaning up was required to obtain a clear view of the subsoils. The main portion of the building site itself was extremely disturbed throughout, with numerous pockets of modern rubble deposited in cuts within the subsoil, including discarded agricultural equipment, domestic refuse, power tools, machinery, metal parts and the remains of at least one heating oil storage tank which was safely removed. No archaeological finds or features were noted. The final days of the watch brief (Aug 14/15) dealt with the soil strip for the drainage corridor visible as the elongated area to the right of Illus 3. This soil strip saw considerably less disturbance in the subsoil, which was the same composition as the

Viewhill, Balloch DSR Cameron Archaeology CA382-2017 10 undisturbed area to the SE, yet this corridor also did not contain any artefacts or features. This work was performed quickly and cleanly using both 360 excavators.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Although the site of this particular development abuts the protected battlefield area at Culloden Moor, the author’s research during this project indicates that it is unlikely any coordinated troop movements or direct fighting took place in this area. This view is reinforced by the earlier metal detector survey along the temporary track entrance to the E which was surveyed using a metal detector during previous works (HAS 2017). This survey did not reveal any metalwork (e.g. musketballs or other military items) either associated with the Battle of Culloden, or for that matter, any items contemporary with the 18th century or older.

Although the northern extent of the military lines would have no doubt been within sight of modern-day Viewhill, there still would have existed a gap of perhaps 200-300m from the actual northern end of battle lines. The present memorial itself, where much of the heaviest fighting took place, is located just over 1km SSE, while the Prisoner’s Stone is located within the forest to the N and NW of the site, however it is still well over 700m WSW of the far W margins of this development. As mentioned in Section 3 above, much of the main portion of the site was heavily disturbed with a considerable amount of farm refuse deposited within the upper layers of the subsoil, and in some cases down into the sub 1.5m or more. While much less disturbance was noted in the SE and E portions of the site, the subsoils appeared archaeologically sterile. Subsequently, no archaeological finds or features were noted during the watching brief, and no further archaeological work is deemed necessary.

Illus 3 Location of watching brief areas at Viewhill shaded in red, including areas stripped for drainage (image c.Google/Digital Globe 2018).

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5 REFERENCES

Anon, 1993, Culloden, Management Plan 1993-98.

Aitchison, K., 1994, Culloden Dykes: Documentary Search.

Arabaolaza, I., 2012, Culloden footpaths and drainage scheme: Data Structure Report

Archaeol Inst Great Britain Ireland. 1859 Catalogue of Antiquities, Works of Art and Historical Scottish Relics, Preface by A Way. Edinburgh.

Bain, G. 1893 History of Nairnshire. 2nd. Nairn.

Birch, S. & Peteranna, M., 2013, Culloden Access and Interpretation Project: Metal- detector survey, Culloden Footpath, near Culloden Battlefield, Inverness

Burgess and Colquhoun, C B and I. (1988) The swords of Britain', Prahistorische Bronzefunde, vol. 4, 5, 1988. Muchen.

Coles, J M. 1971 Scottish Early Bronze Age metalwork', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 101, 1968-9.

Farrell, S. 2004 Faebuie Water Mains (Inverness & Bona; Croy & Dalcross; Daviot & dunlichity parishes), survey', Discovery Excav Scot, vol. 5, 2004.

Fraser, L. 2017 Treetops Riding Centre, Culloden, Survey, Discovery Excav Scot, New, vol. 17, 2016. Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England.

Highland Council 2017 Historic Environment Team, Development & Infrastructure Service, Specification for a Controlled Strip.

Historic Scotland, 2011, Inventory of Historic Battlefields: Culloden

Hughs, J 1999, A Steep Turn to The Stars, A history of aviation in the Moray Firth.

Jolly, W. 1882 On cup-marked stones in the neighbourhood of Inverness; with an appendix on cup-marked stones in the Western Islands', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 16, 1881-2.

Lynn, David, 2008, Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project: Watching Brief

Neighbour, T., 1995, Culloden, Inverness District, Highland Region: Geophysical survey.

Neighbour, T, 1995, 'Culloden Battlefield (Inverness & Bona; Daviot & Dunlichty parishes), geophysical surveys', Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1995, p.39, p.39.

OSNB Ordnance Survey (Name Book. Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale).

O'Connell, Chris, 2004, Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project Inverness: Watching Brief (Text/Report/Fieldwork Report).

O'Riordain, S P. 1936 The halberd in Bronze Age Europe', Archaeologia, vol. 86, 1936.

Pollard, T., 2006a, Culloden Battlefield, Report on the Archaeological Investigation (Text/Report/Fieldwork Report).

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Pollard, T., 2006b, Culloden Battlefield: Metal Detector Survey, Radar Survey, Watching Brief

Pollard, T. & Oliver, N., 2002, Two men in a Trench: Battlefield Archaeology - The Key to Unlocking The Past, pp.240-85.

Schmidt. PK and Burgess, CB 1981 The axes of Scotland and Northern England', Prahistorische Bronzefunde, vol. 9, 7. Munchen, Germany.

Schofield,T. & Webb, A., 2004, Culloden Battlefield Memorial Project Inverness: Geophysical Survey.

Turner, R, 1994, 'Culloden battlefield (Daviot & Dunlichity and Croy & Dalcross parish): 18th-19th-century dykes', Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 1994, p.35, p.35.

Wood, J., 1995, Comment by John Wood re reconstruction of turf dykes, Culloden, 03/10/95 (Personal communication).

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Leonie Smith, Kirkwood Homes for initiating this project, other Kirkwood Homes staff including Jake Florence, Brian Hendry and Aaron Macaskill and to Kirsty Cameron, Highland Council for her advice during this work.

Cameron Archaeology 45 View Terrace Aberdeen AB25 2RS 01224 643020 07581 181057 [email protected] www.cameronarchaeology.com Company registration no 372223 (Scotland) VAT registration no 990 4373 00

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APPENDIX 1 Archaeological and historical sites within 1km of the proposed site (HES and Highland HER online)

Battlefield, BATTLE SITE,

HERHIGHL MHG3047 http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG3047 Culloden BATTLEFIELD

Aircraft AIRCRAFT

HERHIGHL MHG30847 Crash Site, http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG30847 CRASH SITE Culloden

Stable

HERHIGHL MHG25835 http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG25835 BUILDING Hollow

HERHIGHL MHG25836 Braehill http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG25836 FARMSTEAD

St. Mary's

HERHIGHL MHG2890 Chapel, http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG2890 CHAPEL Chapelton

Findspot,

HERHIGHL MHG2945 Culloden http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG2945 FINDSPOT Muir

Croft house, Treeton

HERHIGHL MHG53993 http://her.highland.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MHG53993 CROFTHOUSE Farm, Culloden

BUILDING STABLE

RCAHMS 114326 https://canmore.org.uk/site/114326/ (PERIOD HOLLOW UNASSIGNED)

FARMSTEAD

RCAHMS 114327 BRAEHILL https://canmore.org.uk/site/114327/ (PERIOD UNASSIGNED)

CULLODEN AXEHEAD

RCAHMS 14232 https://canmore.org.uk/site/14232/ MUIR (STONE)

CHAPELTON, CHAPEL

RCAHMS 14254 ST MARY'S https://canmore.org.uk/site/14254/ (PERIOD CHAPEL UNASSIGNED)

NO CLASS

RCAHMS 346584 BRAEHILL https://canmore.org.uk/site/346584/ (EVENT)

CULLODEN STONE WOOD,

RCAHMS 351863 https://canmore.org.uk/site/351863/ (PERIOD PRISONERS' UNASSIGNED) STONE

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APPENDIX 2 MAPS

Illus 4 First Edition OS map showing site outline in red (copyright National Library of Scotland) Inverness Mainland Sheet IV.16 (Combined) Survey date: 1875 Publication date: 1878

Illus 5 Second Edition OS map showing site outline in red (copyright National Library of Scotland) Inverness-shire - Mainland 004.16 (includes: Inverness and Bona; Petty) Publication date: 1905 Revised: 1903

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Illus 6 1946 aerial photograph with site outline in red; facing N (Copyright HES NCAP) Date: 26 August 1946 Date known Location: Chapelton; Petty; INVERNESS-SHIRE; SCOTLAND Coordinates (lat, lon): 57.491417, -4.109451 UNI: NCAP-000-000-117-692

APPENDIX 3 PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo ID Direction Facing Comments CA382-1 W General site view prior to spot cleaning and spoil heap removal CA382-1-2 E Soil strip in SE area of site underway CA382-2 NW General site view prior to spot cleaning and spoil heap removal CA382-2-2 E Soil strip in SE area of site underway CA382-3 NW General site view prior to spot cleaning and spoil heap removal CA382-3-2 NE Soil strip in SE area of site underway

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CA382-4 E General site view prior to spot cleaning and spoil heap removal CA382-4-2 NE Soil strip in SE area of site underway CA382-5 NE Soil strip in SE area of site underway CA382-6 SE Soil strip in SE area of site underway and nearing completion CA382-7 NW Modern farm debris bedded into subsoil/topsoil interface CA382-8 NNE Soil strip underway in N corner of site CA382-9 NNE Soil strip underway in N corner of site CA382-10 N Soil strip underway in N corner of site CA382-11 SE General site view with haul road in centre frame CA382-12 S General site view with haul road in centre frame CA382-13 SE Soil strip in N & E portions of site nearing completion CA382-14 NE Modern debris and disturbance down in subsoils CA382-15 NW Modern debris and disturbance down in subsoils CA382-16 W Far W corner of site during cleaning CA382-17 NW Far W corner of site during cleaning/soil strip CA382-18 NE Areas of gravels and loose stone prior to soil strip/cleaning. CA382-19 W Areas of gravels and loose stone prior to soil strip/cleaning. CA382-20 SW Haul road being cleared down to clean subsoil CA382-21 N Gravel spoil heap to be moved once results of asbestos sampling have returned negative. CA382-22 NW General site view from atop main spoil heap CA382-23 W General site view from atop main spoil heap CA382-24 WNW General site view from atop main spoil heap CA382-25 NW General site view from atop main spoil heap CA382-26 N General site view from atop main spoil heap CA382-27 ENE Soil strip along undisturbed S edge of site

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CA382-28 SW Soil strip in progress for drainage corridor to NE of site running towards the main road. CA382-29 SW Soil strip in progress for drainage corridor to NE of site running towards the main road. All areas were inspected prior to allowing plant to track over freshly scraped areas. CA382-30 NE Soil strip in progress for drainage corridor to NE of site running towards the main road. CA382-31 NE Cleaning pockets of remaining topsoil along S perimeter of site and remaining areas of haul road. CA382-32 NE Cleaning pockets of remaining topsoil along S perimeter of site and remaining areas of haul road. Note modern debris and remnants of field drain. CA382-33 ENE Cleaning pockets of remaining topsoil along S perimeter of site and remaining areas of haul road. CA382-34 SW Cleaning remaining areas of former haul road IMG_6299-7521 Phase 1 soil strip

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