De La Monosemie La Polisemie În Terminologia Stiintifica

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De La Monosemie La Polisemie În Terminologia Stiintifica UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURE ŞTI DE LA MONOSEMIE LA POLISEMIE ÎN TERMINOLOGIA ŞTIIN łIFIC Ă ACTUAL Ă Tez ă de doctorat CONDUC ĂTOR ŞTIIN łIFIC prof. univ. dr. Angela Bidu – Vr ănceanu AUTORUL Monica – Mihaela Rizea BUCURE ŞTI 2009 CUPRINS PARTEA I PERSPECTIVE TEORETICE ŞI PRINCIPII DE ANALIZ Ă Cuvânt înainte 1. Parcurs teoretic în terminologie – de la monosemie, la polisemie................16 1.1. Dou ă abord ări distincte – terminologia intern ă vs. terminologia extern ă....16 1.1.1. Terminologia intern ă sau terminologia propriu-zis ă..........................17 1.1.1.1. Considera Ńii generale.............................................................17 1.1.1.2. O perspectiv ă asupra termenului – termenul-concept sau termenul-etichet ă...................................................................21 1.1.2. Terminologia extern ă sau terminologia din perspectiv ă lingvistic ă..26 1.1.2.1. Considera Ńii generale.............................................................26 1.1.2.2. Direc Ńii teoretice....................................................................27 1.1.2.3. Termenul ca termen-lexem....................................................28 1.2. Terminologia intern ă şi terminologia extern ă - teorii în complementaritate...........................................................................33 2. Polisemia din perspectiva terminologiei externe.............................................52 2.1. Considera Ńii generale.....................................................................................52 2.2. Tipuri de polisemie........................................................................................53 2.2.1. Polisemia interdomenial ă....................................................................53 2.2.2. Polisemia intradomenial ă....................................................................60 2.2.3. Polisemia extradomenial ă....................................................................62 2.3. O teorie a migr ării termenilor.........................................................................65 2.3.1. Definirea fenomenului migr ării...........................................................65 2.3.2. Termenul ca termen migrator..............................................................66 2.3.2.1. Lexic migrator (LM) vs. lexic nucleu (LN)...........................66 2 2.3.2.2. Clasificarea termenilor prin raportare la fenomenul migr ării...................................................................................69 2.3.3. Polisemia ca urmare a migr ării termenilor...........................................69 2.3.4. Spa Ńii de interferen Ńă – o etap ă în procesul migr ării............................75 2.3.5. Tipuri de sens (în func Ńie de spa Ńiul în care se manifest ă, la un moment dat, în procesul migr ării: domeniul specializat sau limba comun ă)...............................................................................86 PARTEA a II - a ANALIZA CORPUSULUI ŞI INTERPRETAREA REZULTATELOR 3. Informatica – domeniul „cu cea mai spectaculoas ă ascensiune şi cu cel mai puternic impact asupra limbii comune”.................................................107 3.1. Considera Ńii generale...................................................................................107 3.2. Justificarea alegerii domeniului informaticii în analiza migr ării terminologice...............................................................................................108 4. Corpusul.............................................................................................................114 5. Termeni (exclusiv) informatici care migreaz ă spre LC.................................118 5.1. A ACCESA.................................................................................................118 5.1.1. Analiz ă paradigmatic ă.......................................................................118 5.1.2. Analiz ă sintagmatic ă..........................................................................120 5.1.2.1. Polisemia (extradomenial ă) ca urmare a simplei „dilu Ńii” la nivelul LC.............................................................................121 5.1.2.2. Polisemia (extradomenial ă) ca urmare a dezvolt ării de sensuri conotative la nivelul LC...........................................125 5.1.2.2.1. Modific ări semantice bazate pe metafor ă..............127 5.1.2.2.2. Modific ări semantice bazate pe metonimie...........134 3 5.1.2.3. Polisemia ca urmare a contactului accidental (în contextul permisiv al limbii comune) cu termeni despecializa Ńi apar Ńinând altor terminologii...............................................136 5.1.2.3.1. Modific ări semantice bazate pe metonimie..........137 5.1.2.3.2. Modific ări semantice bazate pe metafor ă.............139 5.2. ON-LINE....................................................................................................140 5.2.1. Analiz ă paradigmatic ă......................................................................140 5.2.2. Analiz ă sintagmatic ă........................................................................142 6. Termeni interdisciplinari care migreaz ă spre LC.........................................158 6.1. INTERFA łĂ ................................................................................................158 6.1.1. Analiz ă paradigmatic ă.........................................................................158 6.1.2. Analiz ă sintagmatic ă............................................................................159 6.1.2.1. Polisemia (extradomenial ă) ca urmare a simplei „dilu Ńii” la nivelul LC.............................................................................160 6.1.2.2. Polisemia (extradomenial ă) ca urmare a dezvolt ării de sensuri conotative la nivelul LC...........................................162 6.2. VIRUS / A VIRUSA...................................................................................167 6.2.1. Analiz ă paradigmatic ă........................................................................169 6.2.2. Analiz ă sintagmatic ă...........................................................................170 6.2.2.1. Cotextul oferă indicii despre domeniul de provenien Ńă .........171 6.2.2.2. Cotextul nu ofer ă indicii despre domeniul de provenien Ńă ....174 7. Termeni informatici cu originea în LC a c ăror utilizare frecvent ă dincolo de discursul specializat conduce la dezvoltarea polisemiei (extradomeniale)................................................................................................177 7.1. Considera Ńii generale - importan Ńa calcurilor semantice în dezvoltarea polisemiei extradomeniale............................................................................177 7.2. PRIETENOS / PRIETENOAS Ă..................................................................182 4 8. Concluzii ...............................................................................................................186 8.1. Elemente de noutate.....................................................................................186 8.2. Rezultatele analizei corpusului....................................................................187 8.3. Mecanisme ale dezvolt ării polisemiei la contactul termenilor cu limba comun ă.........................................................................................................199 8.4. Valoarea aplicativ ă a tezei............................................................................209 Bibliografie.....................................................................................................................229 ANEXE...........................................................................................................................255 5 CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE De la monosemie la polisemie în terminologia ştiin Ńific ă actual ă se încadreaz ă, din punctul de vedere al metodologiei şi al obiectivelor vizate, curentului manifestat în terminologie ca ştiin Ńă începând cu anii ’90, care subsumeaz ă socioterminologia, teoria comunicativ ă a terminologiei sau terminologia textual ă şi pe care l-am numit terminologie extern ă, deosebindu-l de terminologia normativ ă, a speciali ştilor. La modul general, metoda proprie acestei orient ări este prioritar lingvistic ă, obiectivul terminologiei externe fiind, „înregistrarea, explicarea, descrierea termenilor specializa Ńi din diverse domenii, în sine sau în rela Ńia cu limba comun ă”1. Teza se distinge prin urm ătoarele aspecte: în primul rând este un studiu de terminologie realizat din perspectiv ă lingvistic ă, descriptiv ă (curent relativ recent în terminologie ca ştiin Ńă ), care î şi propune o analiz ă dup ă modele şi metode lingvistice 2 a unui fenomen de actualitate, motivat, în mare parte, de noile realit ăŃ i extralingvistice 3 – migrarea termenilor (luând în discu Ńie efecte majore precum determinologizarea, terminologizarea şi interdisciplinaritatea ), considerat o cauz ă important ă a unei realit ăŃ i care înc ă stârne şte controverse: polisemia terminologic ă4. Noile realit ăŃ i sociale au condus la o „deschidere” a domeniilor, atât din perspectiva interesului manifestat de c ătre nespeciali şti, care solicit ă accesul la cât mai multe informa Ńii din diverse domenii, în aceast ă „societate a cunoa şterii” (société du savoir ), unde fiecare trebuie s ă se Ńin ă la curent cu descoperirile ştiin Ńifice şi tehnice 5, cât şi din perspectiva asigur ării unei bune comunic ări între speciali ştii de orient ări diferite care sunt nevoi Ńi s ă lucreze împreun ă. Dezvoltându-se
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