Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
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International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive takes off February 2007 Progress towards sustainable transportation Cover photo: Heavy-duty hybrid truck, subject of new Annex XII. (Photo © M. van Walwijk) International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual report of the Executive Committee and Annex I over 2006 Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive takes off Progress towards sustainable transportation Concept and editing: Martijn van Walwijk (IA-HEV secretary) Co-editing: Chris Saricks (Operating Agent Annex I) Contributing authors: James Barnes (DOE, USA) Stéphane Biscaglia (ADEME, France) Arie Brouwer (SenterNovem, The Netherlands) Mario Conte (ENEA, Italy) Andreas Dorda (BMVIT, Austria) Jørgen Horstmann (Consultant, Denmark) Peter Kasche (STEM, Sweden) Sigrid Kleindienst Muntwyler (Muntwyler Energietechnik AG, Switzerland) B.J. Kumar (on behalf of DOE, USA) Robert van Mieghem (TNO, The Netherlands) Urs Muntwyler (IA-HEV chairman, Switzerland) Chris Saricks (ANL, USA) Stefan Smets (VITO, Belgium) Frédéric Vergels (AVERE, Belgium) Martijn van Walwijk (IA-HEV secretary, France) Contents Page Contents II Report structure IV A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 2 The IEA Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 15 B: Activities of IA-HEV 3 Information exchange (Annex I) 35 4 Hybrid vehicles (Annex VII) 39 5 Clean city vehicles (Annex IX) 45 6 Electrochemical systems (Annex X) 50 7 Electric cycles (Annex XI) 55 8 Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles (Annex XII) 60 9 Fuel cells for vehicles (Annex XIII) 64 10 Market deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles: Lessons learned (new Annex) 68 11 Renewable energies for hybrid and electric vehicles (new Annex) 74 C: HEV’s worldwide 12 An overview of hybrid and electric vehicles in 2006 79 12.1 Statistical information 79 12.2 Worldwide developments in 2006 81 13 Austria 88 14 Belgium 95 15 France 107 16 Italy 114 17 The Netherlands 130 18 Sweden 136 19 Switzerland 143 20 The United States 157 21 Developments in selected IA-HEV non-member countries 175 21.1 Australia 175 21.2 China (including Hong Kong) 176 II IA-HEV Annual report 2006 21.3 Denmark 177 21.4 India 182 21.5 Japan 183 21.6 Malaysia 184 21.7 Norway 184 21.8 Taiwan 186 21.9 United Kingdom 187 22 Outlook for hybrid and electric vehicles 189 D: Practical information IA-HEV publications 205 Conversion factors 209 Abbreviations 212 IA-HEV contact information 218 IA-HEV Annual report 2006 III Report structure This report consists of four main parts. Part A ‘About IA-HEV’ describes the Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV), its activities and its plans for the coming years. The Chairman’s message in chapter 1 can be read as a summary of this report. Chapter 2 shows the relationship between IA-HEV and the International Energy Agency (IEA), it describes the history and strategy of IA-HEV and it presents the IA-HEV clean vehicle award. Part B ‘Activities of IA-HEV’ presents the results of the work that is performed under this Agreement in the form of Annexes. It also gives the plans for new Annexes. A general picture of hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs) around the globe is painted in part C ‘HEV’s worldwide’. The first chapter (12) in this section gives worldwide HEV statistical information and developments in 2006. The developments section includes current regulations, programmes and research topics. New in this years’ developments section are boxes that help finding the IA-HEV countries that have these regulations in place, in which these programmes are running or where organizations work on these research topics. More detailed information can then be found in the IA-HEV member country chapters (13-20) that describe activities on hybrid and electric vehicles in each country. Chapter 21 highlights HEV issues in IA-HEV non-member countries and part C is concluded with a look to the future of hybrid and electric vehicles. Part D gives practical information related to HEVs and the Agreement: a list of IA-HEV publications, conversion factors for HEV related units, the abbreviations that are used in this report and contact information of the IA-HEV participants. IV IA-HEV Annual report 2006 A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 Chairman's message Successful start of the 3rd phase of the Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Implementing Agreement: new Annexes and new members! 1.1 First results after years of preparation The year 2006 was the most successful year in the history of the Implementing Agreement Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (IA-HEV) since it started in 1994. Since the Executive Committee meeting in Beijing 1999 and after years of fact-finding, brainstorming, discussions and preparations we could launch three new Annexes in 2006: - Electric cycles (Annex XI). - Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles (Annex XII). - Fuel cells for vehicles (Annex XIII). Additionally the Annex ‘Market deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles: Lessons learned’ will be launched in these days. The last new Annex on our current list ‘Renewable energies for hybrid and electric vehicles’ is being prepared and is looking for participating countries. Considering the facts presented in the ‘World energy outlook’ of the IEA in December 2006, the combination of renewable energies and the electric motor, the most efficient drivetrain, will be the winning team of the future. All these new Annexes are attractive offers for new member countries. International collaboration needs contents and participants. I am very happy to report that another wish for 2006 -at least one new participating country- was successful too. In Annex XI ‘Electric cycles’ one sponsor and a subtask leader from non-member countries could be integrated. Additionally Turkey could be invited as a new member, after an unanimous vote of the IA-HEV members, and other countries show great interest to join our Agreement. 1.2 What a great time to work on hybrid and electric vehicles After years of step back or stagnation, the market for vehicles with electric drive- trains speeds up. Hybrid vehicles are selling well. It is interesting to see them showing up in traffic and in public perception. We could observe that during our Executive Committee meeting in the facilities of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Palo Alto (USA). I did the ‘hybrid test’, which works like this: you stand at a crowded street corner or on a parking place and look for at least one hybrid vehicle. In Silicon Valley you will always find one. Here in Switzerland IA-HEV Annual report 2006 1 1 Chairman’s message A: About IA-HEV we are working on it - and we are progressing, adding some electric vehicles and many electric two-wheelers to the vehicle mix. These are ‘hot spots’, and we have to work towards making this a reality all over the world. Another interesting fact is the public perception of hybrid vehicles. The discus- sions about climate change and excellent communication activities like Al Gore's movie ‘An inconvenient truth’ reach new people. After Hollywood stars switched to hybrid vehicles, this movement is now expanding into broader market segments. It is very well noticed when a car driver switches to a hybrid vehicle. This pushes his image as a progressive and responsible citizen, especially in business. The Swiss re-insurance company ‘Swiss Re’ pays a remarkable contribution to those employees that buy a hybrid vehicle instead of a gas-guzzler. All the U.S. sales staff of the company ‘Novartis’ now uses hybrid vehicles for visiting their customers. Hybrid vehicles have arrived in the cartoon series ‘The Simpsons’ and also in public relations campaigns, which is the best proof that they have had a breakthrough in the mass market. But this is only the beginning, and we will face other challenges in technology, applications and use. To be ahead of the progress will be exciting for our Imple- menting Agreement. 1.2.1 The EV returns This was the headline of several articles in European newspapers like the ‘Neue Zürcher Zeitung’. No surprise for me, I predicted it in my chairman's message in last year’s IA-HEV annual report (page 6). No doubt that the market breakthrough will not be achieved as fast as in the case of the hybrid vehicle. But compared with technical alternatives, an electric vehicle with advanced components like high-energy batteries will have a promising future. We will have to deal with the best configurations of electric drives in all applications many years from now. 1.2.2 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs): a new promising concept The ‘plug-in hybrid vehicle’ is the next step forward. This concept offers many advantages. During our spring meeting at EPRI in Palo Alto (USA) we got an impression of the potential of this concept. In a world of surplus and need of electricity, ‘plug-in hybrids’ could work as short time storage systems for load levelling in the electricity grid. A car that has a value while standing on a parking space is a revolutionary concept for car drivers. To exploit this potential, additional phases of this Implementing Agreement will be needed. 2 IA-HEV Annual report 2006 A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message This year I learned that wind energy specialists of small utility companies in the Swiss Alps are discussing PHEVs as a mean to avoid peaks in electricity production. PHEVs offer more advantages than any conventional car. The planned Annex ‘Renewable energies for hybrid and electric vehicles’ could play an important role in this discussion.