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Kronika Naší Kultury Kniha přináší ucelený přehled dějin civilizačního okruhu vzniklého na troskách západořímské říše. Kulturu Západu zachycuje od jejich počátků, kdy sv. Martin rozťal svůj plášť a rozdělil se o něj s nuzným žebrákem u brány Amiensu, přes ustanovení na synodě v Orléans roku 511, vznik říše Karla Velikého, křížové vý- pravy počátku druhého tisíciletí, revoluční objevy Mikuláše Koperníka a stejně ZÁPAD revoluční zvraty nové doby rodící Provolání práv a svobod člověka, až do dneš- ního znevážení těchto práv v orgánech Rady Evropy a Evropské unie. Každá ze Kronika naší kultury sedmnácti kapitol je věnována jednomu století a zahrnuje politické i hospodářské Kronika naší kultury události a rozebírá náboženské, myšlenkové, finanční, vědecké i umělecké souvi- slosti. Osou kroniky je vývoj vnímání přirozeného zákona, jehož svrchovanost je podstatou kultury Západu, ať již v podobě Desatera nebo stávajících Listin základních práv a svobod. Kniha reaguje na současnou ztrátu odpovědnosti a ato- mizaci vědění, průvodní jevy destruující naši kulturu. Kniha vznikla podstatným rozšířením přednáškového cyklu Vývoj západní Evropy realizovaného od roku 1995 na Univerzitě Palackého v Olomouci s nadějí, že osloví podstatně širší publikum. Titulní strana knihy zachycuje výsek jedné z desek Gentského oltáře, díla bratří Hu- berta a Jana van Eycků z roku 1432. Kristovi rytíři v čele se sv. Martinem, Jiřím a Šebestiánem následováni Karlem Velikým, Godefroyem z Bouillonu, sv. Ludví- kem, vévodou z Berry a dalšími stáli při zrodu naší kultury. Tajemný výraz Mar- tinovy tváře jakoby tušil, jak se s dílem rytířů bude počátkem 21. století nakládat. ZÁPAD ISBN 978-80-903958-7-9 Vladimír Chlup 9 788090 395879 chlup.net chlup.net Vladimír Chlup # 1 Kniha přináší ucelený přehled dějin civilizačního okruhu vzniklého na troskách západořímské říše. Kulturu Západu zachycuje od jejich počátků, kdy sv. Martin rozťal svůj plášť a rozdělil se o něj s nuzným žebrákem u brány Amiensu, přes ustanovení na synodě v Orléans roku 511, vznik říše Karla Velikého, křížové vý- pravy počátku druhého tisíciletí, revoluční objevy Mikuláše Koperníka a stejně ZÁPAD revoluční zvraty nové doby rodící Provolání práv a svobod člověka, až do dneš- ního znevážení těchto práv v orgánech Rady Evropy a Evropské unie. Každá ze Kronika naší kultury sedmnácti kapitol je věnována jednomu století a zahrnuje politické i hospodářské Kronika naší kultury události a rozebírá náboženské, myšlenkové, finanční, vědecké i umělecké souvi- slosti. Osou kroniky je vývoj vnímání přirozeného zákona, jehož svrchovanost je podstatou kultury Západu, ať již v podobě Desatera nebo stávajících Listin základních práv a svobod. Kniha reaguje na současnou ztrátu odpovědnosti a ato- mizaci vědění, průvodní jevy destruující naši kulturu. Kniha vznikla podstatným rozšířením přednáškového cyklu Vývoj západní Evropy realizovaného od roku 1995 na Univerzitě Palackého v Olomouci s nadějí, že osloví podstatně širší publikum. Titulní strana knihy zachycuje výsek jedné z desek Gentského oltáře, díla bratří Hu- berta a Jana van Eycků z roku 1432. Kristovi rytíři v čele se sv. Martinem, Jiřím a Šebestiánem následováni Karlem Velikým, Godefroyem z Bouillonu, sv. Ludví- kem, vévodou z Berry a dalšími stáli při zrodu naší kultury. Tajemný výraz Mar- tinovy tváře jakoby tušil, jak se s dílem rytířů bude počátkem 21. století nakládat. ZÁPAD ISBN 978-80-903958-7-9 Vladimír Chlup 9 788090 395879 chlup.net chlup.net Vladimír Chlup # 1 i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page i | #1 i i Z´apad Vladim´ırChlup i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page ii | #2 i i i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page iii | #3 i i V ladim´ır Chlup Z ´ap a d Kronika naˇs´ıkultury Olomouc 2017 chlup.net i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page iv | #4 i i KATALOGIZACE V KNIZE | NARODN´ ´I KNIHOVNA CRˇ Chlup, Vladim´ır Z´apad/ Vladim´ırChlup, { Olomouc: chlup.net, 2017. { 1248 stran ISBN 978-80-903958-7-9 930.85*94(4-15)*(048.8) - dˇejiny civilizace - Evropa z´apadn´ı{ dˇejiny - monografie 930.85 - Dˇejiny civilizace. Kulturn´ıdˇejiny [8] Na tituln´ıstranˇe Christi Milites detail Gentsk´ehoolt´aˇre Na frontispisu obraz Sv. Martin se dˇel´ıo sv˚ujpl´aˇst' od Louise Galloche ⃝c Vladim´ırChlup, 2017 ISBN 978-80-903958-7-9 i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page v | #5 i i Obsah 1. Prvn´ıryt´ıˇra konec pohansk´ehoimp´eria (313 { 450) 1 2. Dohoda - poˇc´atekZ´apadu (451 { 550) 29 3. Ora et labora (551 { 650) 55 4. Tenkr´atna Z´apadˇe (651 { 750) 81 5. Karol´ınsk´arenesance (751 { 850) 105 6. Utoˇc´ıVikingov´ea´ pˇrich´az´ıNorman´e (851 { 950) 131 7. Cluny a v´ychodn´ıhranice (951 { 1050) 157 8. Expanze ve jm´enu v´ıry (1051 { 1150) 183 9. Vl´adcov´ea svat´ıve st´ınu mˇest (1151 { 1250) 219 10. Boˇzsk´akomedie (1251 { 1350) 275 v i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page vi | #6 i i 11. Stolet´av´alka (1351 { 1450) 329 12. Znovuzrozen´ı (1451 { 1550) 391 13. Cuius regio, eius religio (1551 { 1650) 461 14. St´atjsem j´a (1651 { 1750) 535 15. Revoluce (1751 { 1850) 595 16. St´atjsme my (1851 { 1950) 693 17. Svrchovanost pˇrirozen´ehoz´akona (1951 { 2017) 877 Seznam literatury 1103 Ciz´ın´azvya v´yrazy 1123 Vˇecn´yrejstˇr´ık 1127 Jmenn´yrejstˇr´ık 1189 i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page 1 | #7 i i 1. Prvn´ıryt´ıˇr a konec pohansk´ehoimp´eria Chladn´yden roku 335 se bl´ıˇzilke konci a skupina jezdc˚uvedla sv´ekonˇepo zpevnˇen´eˇr´ımsk´ecestˇe.Vraceli se do pos´adkyv Galii ve mˇestˇeSamarobriva (Amiens). Byli to legion´aˇri,pˇr´ısluˇsn´ıcitˇeˇzk´eˇr´ımsk´ej´ızdy{ katafraktov´e. Na rozd´ılod vˇetˇsiny ostatn´ıch j´ızdn´ıch odd´ıl˚u R´ımabyliˇ obrnˇeninejen oni, ale i jejich konˇe.Tento ´utvar byl v Galii neobvykl´y,sv´eopodstatnˇen´ımˇel cesta pˇredevˇs´ımve v´ychodn´ıch provinci´ıch, kde mohl ´uˇcinnˇeˇcelitob´avan´epersk´e do Amiensu j´ızdˇe.Ostatnˇebyla to postupnˇeparthsk´a,arm´ensk´aa nakonec i persk´a tˇeˇzk´akaval´erie,kter´adonutila ˇr´ımsk´eimp´eriumk v´ystavbˇepodobn´ych jednotek, nebot' katafraktov´eumˇelirozrazit a donutit ke zmˇenˇeformace i pˇeˇs´ıodd´ıly. A tato schopnost zaˇc´ınalab´ytkl´ıˇcov´ai na z´apadˇeimp´eria. Legie zde jiˇznebyly tvoˇreny jen R´ımany,ˇ ale i jejich spojenci z ˇradGal˚u a Germ´an˚u.A byly to ˇcastotyto pomocn´esbory, kter´ezde promlouvaly do vnitˇrn´ıch politick´ych pomˇer˚u. R´ımˇst´ıjezdciˇ pˇredstavovali elitu arm´ady, ˇr´ımsk´ej´adrolegi´ı,a byli tak pro c´ısaˇrsk´ydv˚urnepostradateln´ı,nebot' mohli b´ytrozhoduj´ıc´ımzp˚usobem nasazeni nejen proti nepˇr´ıteli,ale i proti legi´ım politick´ych odp˚urc˚u.Dv˚urmladˇs´ıhoc´ısaˇre(caesara) byl v nedalek´emAu- gustu Treveroru (Trev´ır),kter´ebylo nejvˇetˇs´ımmˇestemna sever od Alp. Ziloˇ Trev´ır- s´ıdlo zde okolo sto tis´ıcobyvatel a byl to hlavn´ıopˇern´ybod z´apadn´ıˇc´astiˇr´ıˇse. mladˇs´ıho Odtud ˇr´ıdili R´ıman´eprovincieˇ Galii, Hisp´aniia Brit´anii.Odtud kontrolovali caesara sv˚ujr´ynsk´ylimes a podnikali operace v nepokoˇren´eGermanii. Pr´avˇezde se zaˇcalorozpadat imp´erium,kdyˇzzdejˇs´ıcaesarov´eposilovali svoji nez´avislost na nadˇr´ızen´emaugustovi v R´ımˇeˇcipozdˇejivˇ Konstantinopoli. Naˇsijezdci se bl´ıˇzilik bran´ammˇesta,kter´ebylo souˇcasnˇei pevnost´ı. Nejvˇetˇs´ıpevnost´ıv severn´ıGalii, jeˇz R´ıman˚umzajiˇstˇ 'ovala i kontakty s je- Konstantin I. jich provinci´ıBritania. Strategickou polohu tohoto m´ıstarozpoznal bˇehem (324{y337) sv´ehotaˇzen´ıv Galii (54{53 pˇredKr.) samotn´yJulius Caesar. Mˇesto,kde se a jeho jezdci nach´azelv´yznamn´ymost na ˇreceSommˇe,z´ısk´avalo st´alev´ıcena v´yznamu, nebot' ˇrekuzde bylo moˇznonejen pˇrekroˇcit,ale bylo po n´ımoˇznoplout aˇzk Lamanˇssk´emu pr˚ulivua d´aledo Brit´anie.Jezdci zde mˇelijistit z´ajmy sv´ehoc´ısaˇreKonstantina I. Velik´eho,posledn´ıhosiln´ehovl´adceovl´adaj´ıc´ıho i i i i i i \zapad2017A" | 2017/10/28 | 18:28 | page 2 | #8 i i 2 313 - 450 po Kr. v´ychod i z´apadimp´eria.L´etajeho samovl´adypatˇrilak velk´ymokamˇzik˚um ˇr´ıˇse.Svoji zbroj skr´yvali pod dlouh´ymia tˇeˇzk´ymipl´aˇsti,chr´an´ıc´ımije nejen pˇredchladem, ale i zd˚urazˇnuj´ıc´ımijejich hodnost a v´yznam. Proj´ıˇzdˇeli ´uzem´ım, kde ˇziliRom´ani,Galov´ei Germ´ani{ nejˇcastˇeji Frankov´e,kteˇr´ızde byli pˇres´ıdleniConstantiem I. Chlorusem. Byli to sice zajatci (laeti), ale za to, ˇzesl´ıbilivojensk´esluˇzby R´ımu,ˇ obdrˇzelip˚udu, nejˇcastˇejiv okruhu do patn´actikilometr˚uod mˇesta,jehoˇzokol´ıtak lemo- vala prost´adˇrevˇen´astaven´ı,dlouh´edomy, kde spoleˇcnˇeˇzililid´ea ust´ajen´y voj´akMartin dobytek. Okol´ıdom˚uobklopovala mal´a,ale ˇcetn´apol´ıˇcka. Pˇredmˇest´ısilnˇe kontrastovalo s ˇr´ımsk´ymmˇestem,jehoˇzbr´ana,skr´yvaj´ıc´ınejen kamenn´e domy, ale i f´orumo rozloze pˇres50 000 metr˚uˇctvereˇcn´ych, l´aznˇea am- fite´atrpro patn´acttis´ıcdiv´ak˚u,byla na dohled. Str´aˇzu br´any jiˇzjezdce zahl´edlaa pˇripravila se na jejich pˇrijet´ı.Elitn´ıvoj´acise zat´ımnemuseli pˇri Obr´azek 1: Sv. Martin se dˇel´ıo sv˚ujpl´aˇst'. Kamenn´asocha v kl´aˇsteˇreSaint- Germain v Auxere z konce 14. stolet´ı vjezdu zastavovat, bylo to pˇrecejejich mˇesto.Pˇrestojeden z nich zpoma- lil. Jeho zrak upoutal u hradeb se tˇresouc´ıˇzebr´ak.Musela to b´ytzvl´aˇstn´ı sc´ena,elitn´ıˇr´ımsk´yjezdec spoˇcinul pohledem na jednom z chud´ak˚uhle- daj´ıc´ıch pomoc u mˇestsk´ych bran. Mˇestopro nˇebylo tak bl´ızko, ale i tolik vzd´alen´e,stejnˇejako jeho obyvatel´e.Jezdec z pevnosti zastavil.
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