DOCSLIB.ORG

The Modebnis Ation of Somali Vocabulary. with Particular Reference

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

- 1 - (d O THE MODEBNIS ATION OF SOMALI VOCABULARY. WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PERIOD FROM 1972 TO THE PRESENT JOHN CHARLES CARET THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON ProQuest Number: 11010423 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010423 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 h ~ J ti ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to examine the lexical modernisation of the Somali language, a subject which provides an excellent opportunity to study at first hand the process of accelerated vocabulary expansion. While vocabulary expansion in languages with a long-established written tradition has evolved gradually, allowing time and preference to deter­ mine ultimately the acceptance of additions to vocabulary, Somalia has been denied this luxury. Although some vocabulary expansion took place on a limited and informal scale with the introduction in 19^ 3 of radio broadcasts in the Somali language, it was not until 1972 that an official orthography was established - prior to which date no generally accepted written form had existed - and a co-ordinated government pro­ gramme of vocabulary expansion initiated. It is this new Somali vocabulary which forms the basis of the present study. This thesis seeks to show how the universal, principles of vocabulary expansion relate to the specific manifestation in Somali by considering a) the limited number of methods available, with examples taken from a variety of languages b) the speed with which such an expansion can be achieved, since only vocabulary needs to be substantially expanded given that the logical framework of all languages is essentially identical and capable of coping with modem thought c) the freedom of choice within the limitation of methods, and the way in which it has been exercised in Somali. To this end, an examination has been made of the specific methods of vocabulary expansion adopted by the Somali language planners in the - 3 - creation of a modem vocabulary and incorporated within this examination is a detailed analysis of selected modem Somali vocabulary drawn from available sources, including the Somali press, school text-books and selected extracts from Somali radio broadcasts. - 4 - I wish to express ay sincere thanks to Jaalle Maxaraed Cabdillaahi Riiraash of the Curriculum Office of the Somali Ministry of Education, latterly engaged upon post-graduate studies at the University of London, who kindly read through and checked the examples of modem Somali vocabulary contained in this work. - 5 - "Pour saisir le monde, aujourd’hui, nous usons d*un langage qui fut etabli pour le monde d'hier. Et la vie du passe nous seable mieux repondre a notre nature, pour la seule raison qu'elle repond mieux a notre langage." Antoine de St. Exupery "Terre des Hoiames" - 6 - CONTENTS p a r t I - a g e n e r a l v i e w o f v o c a b u l a r y e x p a n s i o n 1. INTRODUCTION 14 2. METHODS OF VOCABULARY EXPANSION 18 a) SEMANTIC SHIFT 18 b) BORROWING 23 c) DERIVATION 2 5 d) COMPOUNDING 25 e) PHRASE GROUPING 26 PART II - THE LEXICAL MODERNISATION OF SOMALI 1. LANGUAGE REFORM IN SOMALIA 28 2. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 35 3. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SOMALI VOCABULARY (BY FIELD OF DISCOURSE) 40 1. AGRICULTURE * 45 2. ARMED FORCES 48 3. BANKING AND FINANCE 69 4. CHEMISTRY 80 5. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 86 6 . COMMUNICATIONS 10 7 7. EDUCATION 113 8 . GEOGRAPHY 122 9. LANGUAGE 128 10. LAW I3Q 11. MATHEMATICS 144 * 7 - 1 2. MEDICINE 152 13. OFFICE EQUIPMENT 1 65 14. PHYSICS 169 15. POLITICS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS 177 1 6 . PRINTING AND PUBLISHING 214 17. SPORT 218 1 8 . TOWN AND FACILITIES 223 19. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS 226 2 0. WORK 233 PART Ill - EXAMPLES OF VOCABULARY EXPANSION IN SELECTED EXTRACTS FROM NEWS BULLETINS BROADCAST BY RADIO HARGEISA. AUGUST-OCTOBER 1954 240 PART IV - THE ROLE OF THE SOMALI DAILY NEWSPAPER •XIDDIGTA OKTOOBAR* IN THE MODERNISATION OF SOMALI VOCABULARY 247 PART V - THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL TEXT-BOOK IN THE MODERNISATION OF SOMALI VOCABULARY 258 PART VI - CONCLUSIONS 265 APPENDIX I - Brief Notes on Somali Orthography 271 1. Consonants 2. Vowels 3. Table of Correspondence 4. Phonological Altemances 5. Tone - 8 - APPENDIX II - The Definite Article 281 1. The masculine suffix 2. The feminine suffix APPENDIX III - A Summary of Somali Noun Glasses 285 APPENDIX IV - A Summary of Somali Verbal glasses 289 1. Verbal Roots 1.1. Root without extension 1.2. Root + one extension 1.3. Root + two extensions 2. Substantival Roots 2.1. Root + one extension 2.2. Root + two extensions 2.3. Root + three extensions 3. Adjectival Roots 3.1. Root without extension 3.2. Root + one extension 3.3. Root + two extensions k. Attributive Roots Jf.l. Root + one extension ^.2. Root + two extensions APPENDIX V - Derivational. Noun-derived and Verb-derived Affixes 303 APPENDIX VI - "Indicators" and Relative Glauses 309 APPENDIX VII - The Co-ordinates * 00 * and *ee' 311 APPENDIX VIII - The Genitive 312 - 9. - APPENDIX IX - Prepositional Particles 3 NOTES 316 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 327 WORD INDEX 3^3 - 10 - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS adj. adjective adv. adverb Alb. Albanian Am.Eng. American English Am.Sp. American Spanish Amh. Amharic App. Appendix Ar. Arabic attr. attributive attr.v. attributive verb coll. collective conj. conjunction co-ord. co-ordinate d.a.f. definite article feminine d. a. m. definite article masculine der.aff. derivational affix Eng. English Fr. French gen.aff. genitival affix Ger. German Gr. Greek Hun. Hungarian imp. imperative Ind. Indonesian It. Italian Lat. Latin lit. literally Malt. Maltese n.aff. noun-derived affix n.f. noun feminine n.m. noun masculine o • in • original meaning Per. Persian pers.pr. personal pronoun ph . alt. phonological altemance pi. plural Port. Portuguese pos.aff. possessive affix pr.part. prepositional particle r.adj. radical adjective ref.pr. reflexive pronoun rel.cls. relative clause Rom. Romanian rtv. reiterative Rus. Russian s.adj. substantival adjective sing. singular Som. Somali Sp. Spanish st. standard Swa. Swahili Tur. Turkish v.adj. verbal adjective v. aff. verbal affix v. ext. verbal extension v.r. verbal root v.ter. verbal termination - 12 - Transliteration The following systems of transliteration are employed in this work* Arabic/Greek/Persian/Russian - Romanization Guide. United States Department of State, Office of Research in Economics and Science, and United States Department of the Interior, Office of Geography, July 196^. N.B. Where Arabic feminine singu­ lar nouns - from which many Somali nouns ending in -ad are derived - occur in this work, their trans­ literation will indicate the pre- junctive state Amharic System developed by Wolf Leslau and contained in his Amharic Text­ book. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1967. Chinese Piny in syllabary, as contained in Chinese-English Dictionary, Beijing Foreign Language College, English Faculty, Beijing, 1978* - 13 - Symbols Hie following symbols are employed in this works > placed after a word means that the word after this symbol is an evolution of that preceding it. < placed after a word means that the word before the symbol is derived from that following it. [ ] include transliteration ( ) include abbreviation * hypothetical fora - I M ­ PART I A GENERAL VIEW OF VOCABULARY EXPANSION 1. INTRODUCTION The number of languages spoken throughout the world runs to several thousands - many with established orthographies, others unwritten - whose speakers may range from merely hundreds to hundreds of millions. Yet despite this diversity of languages, it is possible, in certain areas, to discern features which axe clearly common to all of them. Language is, after all, an inherent feature of human communication and is used to describe or explain human experience, which is fundamentally the same no matter which language is spoken. All languages employ the same method of transmission, via the speech organs, and the physical actions involved in producing speech sounds are all very similar in nature; but more important still are the universal grammatical relationships and semantic features which are shared by all languages(l). Naturally, differences occur but where they do they are merely surface ones. The grammatical aspects shared by all languages are basically: - a noun system (it is almost certain that a noun in one language has an equivalent in another) - a verbal system - the use of modifiers i.e. adjectives and adverbs However, the area in which the most obvious differences between languages exist is that of vocabulary, the natural result of the arbitrariness in producing a codified system of sounds to express a whole range of meanings. In spite of the restricting factor of the speech organs, shared by all speakers regardless of language, the combination of sounds within a language is almost limitless (subject, - 15 - of course, to certain phonological constraints) and so consequently are the possibilities of forming new words. The methods employed to prod­ uce new words may appear haphazard to the casual observer whose language has enjoyed a long-established written tradition in which time and preference have determined ultimately the acceptance of additions to vocabulary. This is not so, however, in the case of languages whose vocabulary is subjected to rapid expansion over a short period.
Recommended publications
  • 1 a Theoretical Synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology

    1 a Theoretical Synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology

    A Theoretical Synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology Juliette Blevins Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 1. AN OVERVIEW OF EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY 1.1 EXPLAINING SOUND PATTERNS. Phonology is the study of sound patterns of the world’s languages. In all spoken languages, we find sound patterns characterizing the composition of words and phrases. These patterns include overall properties of contrastive sound inventories (e.g. vowel inventories, consonant inventories, tone inventories), as well as patterns determining the distribution of sounds or contrastive features of sounds (stress, tone, length, voicing, place of articulation, etc.), and their variable realization in different contexts (alternations). A speaker's implicit knowledge of these patterns is often evident in their extension to novel items and in experiments probing phonological well-formedness. This implicit knowledge - its content, formalization, and representation, - is the central focus of modern theoretical phonology, including generative phonology and many of its derivatives (natural phonology, government phonology, dependency phonology, optimality theory). However, just as important as speaker's implicit knowledge of sound patterns are explanations for the distribution of sound patterns across attested spoken languages. Some sound patterns, are extremely common, while others are rare. Some examples of recurrent sound patterns involving segment/feature inventories, distribution, and alternations are listed in (1). The sound patterns in (1i,iii,iv,v,viii) are exceptionless across the world's attested spoken languages, while those in (1ii, vi, vii, ix-xii) are recurrent and frequent. Exceptionlesss patterns like (1i) are sometimes regarded as 'linguistic universals' (1i), while common patterns like (1ii) are often viewed as 'universal tendencies'. (1) Some recurrent sound patterns in the world's languages1 Inventories i.
  • A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement In

    A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement In

    A Report on the Mapping Study of Peace & Security Engagement in African Tertiary Institutions Written by Funmi E. Vogt This project was funded through the support of the Carnegie Corporation About the African Leadership Centre In July 2008, King’s College London through the Conflict, Security and Development group (CSDG), established the African Leadership Centre (ALC). In June 2010, the ALC was officially launched in Nairobi, Kenya, as a joint initiative of King’s College London and the University of Nairobi. The ALC aims to build the next generation of scholars and analysts on peace, security and development. The idea of an African Leadership Centre was conceived to generate innovative ways to address some of the challenges faced on the African continent, by a new generation of “home‐grown” talent. The ALC provides mentoring to the next generation of African leaders and facilitates their participation in national, regional and international efforts to achieve transformative change in Africa, and is guided by the following principles: a) To foster African‐led ideas and processes of change b) To encourage diversity in terms of gender, region, class and beliefs c) To provide the right environment for independent thinking d) Recognition of youth agency e) Pursuit of excellence f) Integrity The African Leadership Centre mentors young Africans with the potential to lead innovative change in their communities, countries and across the continent. The Centre links academia and the real world of policy and practice, and aims to build a network of people who are committed to the issue of Peace and Security on the continent of Africa.
  • Davis, S. Metaphonological Ability in Low-Literate Adult Somali English Language Learners (2009)

    Davis, S. Metaphonological Ability in Low-Literate Adult Somali English Language Learners (2009)

    Davis, S. Metaphonological Ability in Low-literate Adult Somali English Language Learners (2009) This is a study of metaphonological ability in low-literate adult Somali English Language Learners (ELLs). It asks the questions: To what extent are non-literate Somali adult English language learners able to identify and manipulate word-initial phonemes and syllables? To what extent do they identify rhyme, especially when juxtaposed with semantically-related content? Will they perform differently on a phonological fluency task than on a semantic fluency task? Studies with low-literate adult ELLs by Elaine Tarone and Martha Bigelow, as well as studies produced by the Low-Educated Second Language and Literacy Acquisition [LESLLA] forum were the biggest influences on this study. The study is a quantitative, one-shot design, involving six female low-literate adult Somali students from an adult ESL program in Minnesota. The only identifiable factor affecting their performance on the metaphonological ability testing was the amount of schooling they received in childhood. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members for their time, their careful, thoughtful editing and suggestions, and their encouragement. They are brilliant and I am so very grateful for them. I would also like to thank the teachers and staff at the school where the research was performed. They were very open to me and to this research, and also very flexible and willing to give of their time. I would like to thank my interpreters for their time, their expertise, and their valuable insight. Finally, I would like to thank my participants for being willing to give of their time, performing language tasks that were very new and unusual to them, for the sake of improving language instruction for future language learners.
  • The Oslo Dialect of Somali Tonal Adaptations of Norwegian Loanwords

    The Oslo Dialect of Somali Tonal Adaptations of Norwegian Loanwords

    The Oslo Dialect of Somali Tonal adaptations of Norwegian loanwords Nina Hagen Kaldhol LING4190 MA thesis in linguistics Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2017 The Oslo Dialect of Somali Tonal adaptations of Norwegian loanwords Nina Hagen Kaldhol LING4190 MA thesis in linguistics Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2017 © Nina Hagen Kaldhol, 2017 The Oslo Dialect of Somali Tonal adaptations of Norwegian loanwords Nina Hagen Kaldhol http://www.duo.uio.no Printed: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo iv Abstract This thesis presents the first linguistic investigation of the Somali language as it is spo- ken in Norway. The goal is to describe what happens to Norwegian words when they are borrowed by Somali speakers. Both languages have simple tone systems, and this study explores what happens when these two systems meet: Do Norwegian loanwords show the same tone patterns as native Somali words, or is Norwegian tone preserved when words are borrowed by Somali speakers? Previous research on loanword prosody suggests that the former is likely when the recipi- ent language has strong restrictions on tone. In Somali, the distribution of tone is governed by and predictable from grammatical features, so the same principle may apply here. How- ever, previous research also suggests that such restrictions may be violated in loanwords in situations of intimate language contact. The speakers in the present study are bilinguals liv- ing in Norway, and use both Norwegian and Somali every day. Therefore, their borrowing provides a test case for these two competing possibilities. The material presented here was collected during fieldwork in Oslo, and consists of spon- taneous speech from nine native Somali speakers, in addition to some elicited forms.
  • Tracking Conflict Worldwide

    Tracking Conflict Worldwide

    8/4/2020 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group CRISISWATCH Tracking Conflict Worldwide CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision- makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 80 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch July 2020 Global Overview JULY 2020 Trends for Last Month July 2020 Outlook for This Month Deteriorated Situations August 2020 Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, Conflict Risk Alerts Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, Iraq, Libya Tunisia Resolution Opportunities Improved Situations Afghanistan None https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/print?t=Crisiswatch+July+2020&crisiswatch=14628&date=July+2020 1/51 8/4/2020 CrisisWatch Print | Crisis Group The latest edition of Crisis Group’s monthly conict tracker highlights deteriorations in July in 11 countries and conict situations, the overwhelming majority of them in Africa. In Ethiopia, the killing of popular Oromo singer Hachalu Hundessa sparked a wave of protests, which left over 200 dead. In Sudan, the government struggled to advance the transitional agenda amid continuing delays in nalising a peace accord with rebel groups and escalating deadly violence in Darfur. In South Sudan, intercommunal violence surged in the east, while the partnership between President Salva Kiir and VP Riek Machar suffered setbacks. In Mali, clashes between anti-government protesters and security forces in the capital Bamako killed at least 14 people. Looking ahead to August, CrisisWatch warns of three conict risks. In Libya, Egypt took preparatory steps toward a direct military intervention, which could escalate the war dramatically, while heavy clashes in Yemen’s north between the government and the Huthis could intensify.
  • Privatization of Education and Performance of Universities in Mogadishu, Somalia

    Privatization of Education and Performance of Universities in Mogadishu, Somalia

    KIU Journal of Social Sciences Copyright©2016 Kampala International University ISSN: 1996902-3; 2(2): 269-281 Privatization of Education and Performance of Universities in Mogadishu, Somalia SAYID-ALI ABDIHERSI Kampala International University, Uganda Abstract. The study investigated the role of privatization of education and performance of universities in Mogadishu-Somalia. This study used both secondary and primary data collection methods. It was established that there has been a significant growth in the higher education sector across Mogadishu. Although there are many positive aspects to this rapid growth given the initial conditions and recent history of the country, it raises serious concerns about the quality of education provided. It was suggested that there is need for a collaborative existence of educational associations and umbrella organizations to establish a cohesive national higher education policy aimed at streamlining standards, improving quality, and addressing fundamental deficiencies. The paper also opined that there is need for targeted incentives to universities to improve their research and publication capacity and output. 1. Introduction Massive enrollment growth in higher education and limited resources in developing countries have resulted in poor organizational quality and sub-par student performance outcomes, even in countries‟ „flag-ship‟ institutions (Bunting and Cloete, 2012). Thus, in regions with limited resources like in Mogadishu, Somalia where increased access has become a strategy for educational development at various levels (primary, secondary, etc.), quality of education is often neglected (ADB, 2011; Chapman and Miric, 2009; Materu, 2007; (Collins 2010). The contrast created by the center-periphery image defines the „haves‟ and „have- nots‟ in global higher education that is an increasingly competitive and internationalized system.
  • Political Settlement in Somaliland: a Gendered Perspective

    Political Settlement in Somaliland: a Gendered Perspective

    The Bartlett Development Planning Unit Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi March 2017 dpu Development Planning Unit Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective By Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi UCL Ethical Approval Project ID: 8171/001 Cover photo: © Kate Stanworth, Hargeysa, 2016 Financial support from ESRC and DFID is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ESRC or DFID. Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective Michael Walls, Marie-Luise Schueller and Amina-Bahja Ekman with Amina-Milgo Mohamoud Warsame, Suad Ibrahim Abdi, Kinzi Hussein Kowden, Haroon Ahmed Yusuf and Omer Eid Qalonbi March 2017 dpu Development Planning Unit 2 Political Settlement in Somaliland: A gendered perspective About the authors Michael Walls is a Senior Lecturer at University College London’s (UCL) Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) and, for the past thirteen years, his research has focused on the political economy of the Somali Horn of Africa, including the evolving political settlement in Somaliland. He was part of the coordination team for international election observations to Somaliland elections in 2005, 2010 and 2012, as well as for the 2016/17 voter registration process. Marie-Luise Schueller is the Policy and Campaigns Manager at Progressio where she works on issues of gender and governance concerning Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa.
  • Assessing the 2017 Somaliland Presidential Election by Dr Adan

    Assessing the 2017 Somaliland Presidential Election by Dr Adan

    CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 Somaliland Elections ........................................................................................... 4 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 5 November 2017 presidential election................................................................... 7 Citizens’ concerns ................................................................................................................. 7 Citizens’ expectations ........................................................................................................... 9 Election dynamics ............................................................................................... 9 NEC as a key actor ................................................................................................................. 9 Political parties: views on electoral process ....................................................................... 10 The Media ........................................................................................................................... 13 Civil society actors ............................................................................................................... 14 International election observers ........................................................................................
  • Somaliland Opinion Survey

    Somaliland Opinion Survey

    International Republican Institute Survey of Somaliland Public Opinion – Baki District June 29 – July 4, 2013 Methodology • The fieldwork was conducted from June 29–July 4, 2013 by Data and Research Solutions, a survey research company located in Hargeisa, Somaliland. • Questionnaire design, sample design, analysis of the data and overall supervision of the project was performed by Bob Carpenter of Chesapeake Beach Consulting, an international opinion research and consulting firm. • The population studied was registered voters in Baki District (16+). A representative random sample was designed based on the number of individuals who cast ballots in the November 2012 local elections. • Enumeration areas within each sub-district were randomly selected from a list of established polling centers; households within each sampling point were then identified using a random walk method and a skip pattern; respondents were randomly chosen using a Kish grid. • The sample size was 496. The questionnaire was offered in Somali language only. • The total number of registered voters casting ballots in the 2012 local elections in the sample universe is equal to 17,408 (SOURCE: Somaliland National Elections Commission). The margin of error for the total sample is +/- 4.5 percent. Please note that the margin of error for subsets (i.e. clans/age/education/etc.) is significantly higher and should be treated as indicative only. • The overall response rate (defined as the number of successful interviews divided by eligible houses visited) is 86 percent. To complete
  • Morphophonological Processes in the Noun: a Case Study of the Benadiri Dialect of Somali

    Morphophonological Processes in the Noun: a Case Study of the Benadiri Dialect of Somali

    MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE NOUN: A CASE STUDY OF THE BENADIRI DIALECT OF SOMALI By ABDIRASAK DAHIR SULUB REG.NO. C50/10198/2018 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI JULY, 2020 DECLARATION This project is my original work and has never been submitted for examination to any other university. ………………………………….. ………………………….......... ABDIRASAK DAHIR SULUB Date This Research Project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. …………………….................. ............................................... Prof. JANE AKINYI NGALA ODUOR Date …………………………………… ….……………………............... Dr. MOHAMED ABDULMAJID AKIDAH Date ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to My lovely mother Fatima Ali Owabdi My lovely wife Kadija Omar My lovely children, Mohammed Fatima Aisha Anas Asma And All my brothers and sisters They endured my long period of absence from home iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Jane A. Ngala Oduor and Dr. Mohamed Abdulmajid Akidah for spending their precious time correcting my work. I also thank them for preparing me to be academically competent and to achieve my goal in this study. Many thanks go to Prof. Schröder Helga and Dr. Buregeya Alfred for coaching me in the various aspects of linguistics which served as a base for my success in this research work. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students in the Department of Linguistics and Languages for providing the warmest environment that made the past two years an enjoyable experience. Some of these students deserve mentioning. They are Mr. Eric Osotsi, Mr.
  • Irene Fatayi-Williams (1920-1995)

    Irene Fatayi-Williams (1920-1995)

    A QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER FOR AFRICAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION MEMBERS FROM THE SECRETARIAT ... ASA OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS 1996 National holidays are of course nothing new in Nigeria, but this summer the sky reverberated with merriment as news spread across OFFICERS the great nation that Nigeria had trounced Argentina 3 to 2 in men's President: Iris Berger (SUNY-Albany) football, winning Olympic gold, The big news from Atlanta was the Vice-President: Gwendolyn Mikell (Georgetown Univ) Olympics, as was the big news in Africa, The athletes from the 52 competing African nations won 34 medals, including II gold. Past President: Goran Hyden (University of Florida) Africa's best performance yet! Who could forget Josia Thugwane's Treasurer: Carol Eastman (University of Hawai'i) moving dedication of his gold medal win in the men's marathon to Executive Director: Chris Koch (University of Nairobi) "my country, and to President Mandela." Memorable also was the amazing performance of Nigeria's Chioma Ajunwa in the women's DIRECTORS long-jump as she leapt into the history books with her nation's RETIRING IN 1996 first-ever gold medal. Unforgettable was Burundi's ray of sunshine Robert Bates (Harvard University) Venuste Niyongabo as he spirited away gold in the men's 5,000m Carolyn Brown (Rutgers University) run. The list goes on and on. The Atlanta games also marked the first time there has been an official African Olympic House in a host city. Nancy Schmidt (Indiana University) Just in case you are wondering, the Atlanta games were the first time RETIRING IN 1997 the Olympic flame has passed the ASA Secretariat and you better Robert Harms (Yale University) believe that we were all out front to welcome it.
  • Somaliland 2021 Special Pre-Election Report-FINAL UPDATED

    Somaliland 2021 Special Pre-Election Report-FINAL UPDATED

    A VOTE FOR CHANGE: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy May 2021 cademy for Peace and Development kaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka 1 A Vote for Change: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy Contents 1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Background ...................................................................................................................... 4 4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5 5. Politics of Extension: Formal Rules of the Game ........................................................... 6 6. The Eastern Factor: Creating More Inclusive Politics .................................................... 9 Context .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Table 1: Regional Distribution of Votes in Somaliland’s elections (2002-2017). ............................. 9 Table 2: Seat Distribution between Isaaq and Non-Isaaq communities, 1960, 1998, 2005 ..... 10 What has changed now? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 7. The Elephant in the Room: Informal