Background Report for Identifying the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Myanmar
Background report for identifying the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar 8 February 2017 Author: Gabrielle Kissinger Contributors: Phyu Phyu San, Franz Arnold, Dr. Myat Su Mon, Daw Naw Ei Ei Min Acknowledgements: The author would like to recognize the thoughtful contributions made by the following peer reviewers: Dr. Thaung Naing Oo, Dr. Myat Su Mon, and the members of the Members of Driver and Strategies TWG, including: Daw Aye Win, Daw Thida Aye, U Mg Mg Lwin, Daw Wint Wint Htun, Daw Chan Myae Nyein, U Nyunt Linn, U Than Swe, U Htin Aung Kyaw, U Paing Htet Thu, U Thu Rain Htay, Daw Thiri Sandar Zaw, Daw Naw Ei Ei Min, U Myo Ko Ko, Michael Howard, U A Moe Naing, U Naing Lin Oo, U Pe Chit, U Tint Khine, Dr. Yazar Min, U Thwar Kyint Khine, Dr. Chaw Chaw Sein, Dr. Nyunt Khaing, Daw Phyu Phyu Swe, U Thein Saung, U Myo Aung, U Htay Aung, U Tin Naing Soe. The following peer reviewers also contributed comments: Hugh Speechley, Kevin Woods, Richard Holloway, Alexandra Speidel, Davyth Stewart, Art Blundell, Alex Diment, Rob Tizzard, Ivo Mulder. 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT 24 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 27 2.1 METHODOLOGY 31 3. DIRECT DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION 32 3.1. METHODOLOGY 32 3.2 FOREST COVER CHANGE AND COUNTRY CONTEXT 33 3.2.1 REGIONAL AND FOREST-TYPE PATTERNS OF NOTE 40 3.3 DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION 44 3.3.1 AGRICULTURE 44 3.3.2 MINING 53 3.3.3 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT 54 3.3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS, PIPELINES, SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES, POWER LINES) 54 3.3.5 SUMMARY 54 3.4 DRIVERS OF FOREST DEGRADATION 55 3.4.1 ILLEGAL LOGGING 56 3.4.2 OVER-EXPLOITATION OF FOREST RESOURCES 57 3.4.3 FUEL WOOD USE 61 3.4.4 SHIFTING CULTIVATION 64 3.4.5 SUMMARY 66 3.5 ACTORS AND MOTIVATIONS 66 4.
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