European Red List of Birds 2015

Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

Supplementary Material

The European Union (EU27) Red List assessments were based principally on the official data reported by EU Member States to the European Commission under Article 12 of the Birds Directive in 2013-14. For the European Red List assessments, similar data were sourced from BirdLife Partners and other collaborating experts in other European countries and territories. For more information, see BirdLife International (2015).

Contents Reported national population sizes and trends p. 2 Trend maps of reported national population data p. 5 Sources of reported national population data p. 8 Species factsheet bibliography p. 12

Recommended citation BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Further information http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/info/euroredlist http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia/european-red-list-birds-0 http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/europe http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/

Data requests and feedback To request access to these data in electronic format, provide new information, correct any errors or provide feedback, please email [email protected].

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

Table 1. Reported national breeding population size and trends in Europe1. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (pairs)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Belgium 4,099-5,084 1 2008-2012 good + 15-300 2000-2012 good ? L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Denmark 5,000 1 2011 medium + 25-50 1999-2011 medium + 100-1000 1980-2011 medium L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain DK: Faroe Is 9,000 2 1981 medium ? ? L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa DK: Greenland 1,000-2,500 <1 2000-2012 poor + 50-100 2000-2012 poor + 1000 1980-2012 poor L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Estonia 10-30 <1 2008-2012 medium - 50-70 2001-2012 medium - 50-70 1980-2012 medium L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Finland 6,000-8,000 2 2006-2010 medium - 15-48 2001-2012 good - 41-62 1980-2012 good L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa France 21,820-22,800 5 2009-2012 good 0 0 1998-2012 good + 67-69 1978-2012 good L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Germany 34,000-44,000 9 2005-2009 good + 41-100 1998-2009 medium + 31-400 1985-2009 medium L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Iceland 40,000-50,000 11 2004 good - 30-50 2004- good ? L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Rep. Ireland 4,239 1 2012 poor + 47 2002-2012 poor + 248 1987-2012 poor L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Netherlands 90,000-117,000 24 2009-2011 good + 10-30 2002-2011 good + 869-880 1980-2011 good L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Norway 49,000 12 2013 good 0 0 2003-2013 good F 0 1974-2013 good L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Norway 1,300 <1 2013 good + 5-50 2003-2013 good - 50-75 1986-2013 good L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa NO: Svalbard 1-3 <1 2006-2013 good ? ? L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Poland 1-5 <1 2008-2012 medium F 0 2000-2012 good + 1986-2012 good L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Portugal 10-25 <1 2008-2012 medium ? ? L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Russia 4,000-6,500 1 2000-2012 medium ? ? L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Russia ≥1,000- <1 2000-2012 poor ? ? L. f. heuglini Spain 298 <1 2006-2007 good - 35-40 2001-2009 good - 1980-2009 good L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

Table 1. Reported national breeding population size and trends in Europe1. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (pairs)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality ES: Canary Is 15 <1 2001-2002 good + 2001-2012 medium + 1980-2012 poor L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Sweden 6,500-13,000 2 2008-2012 good - 10-30 2001-2012 medium 0 0 1980-2012 medium L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Sweden 6,500-11,000 2 2008-2012 good 0 0 2001-2012 medium - 30-70 1980-2012 medium L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa United Kingdom 110,000 26 1998-2002 good - 30 1999-2011 good + 40 1986-2000 good L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa EU27 288,000-340,000 74 Stable Europe 394,000-460,000 100 Increasing 1 See 'Sources' at end of factsheet, and for more details on individual EU Member State reports, see the Article 12 reporting portal at http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/article12/report. 2 The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 In the few cases where population size estimates were reported in units other than those specified, they were converted to the correct units using standard correction factors. 4 The robustness of regional trends to the effects of any missing or incomplete data was tested using plausible scenarios, based on other sources of information, including any other reported information, recent national Red Lists, scientific literature, other publications and consultation with relevant experts. 5 Trend directions are reported as: increasing (+); decreasing (-); stable (0); fluctuating (F); or unknown (?). 6 Trend magnitudes are rounded to the nearest integer.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

Table 2. Reported national wintering population sizes and trends in Europe1. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data, and that only minimum totals are presented, to avoid double-counting of birds moving between countries. Country (or Population estimate Short-term population trend4 Long-term population trend4 Subspecific population (where relevant) 2 territory) Size (individuals)3 Europe (%) Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Direction5 Magnitude (%)6 Year(s) Quality Albania 1-5 <1 2002-2012 medium 0 0 2002-2012 medium 0 0 1980-2012 poor Azerbaijan Present <1 2012 ? ? Belgium 3,500-4,500 1 2004-2012 medium ? ? Bulgaria 0-3 <1 2008-2012 medium ? ? Croatia 10-50 <1 2011 poor ? ? DK: Faroe Is 0-10 <1 1992 medium ? ? Georgia Present <1 2012 ? ? Rep. Ireland 10,363 3 2006-2011 medium ? ? Moldova 0 <1 2000-2010 medium ? ? Montenegro 0-1 <1 2003-2012 good ? ? Portugal Present <1 2012 ? ? Slovenia 0-1 <1 2008-2012 good F 0-100 2001-2012 medium F 0 1980-2012 medium Spain 320,600 96 2009 good + 2000-2010 good + 7 1980-2009 good Switzerland 8-15 <1 2008-2012 ? ? Turkey 30-90 <1 2002-2012 poor ? ? Ukraine 100-200 <1 1998-2009 medium - 10-20 1998-2009 medium F 10-25 1980-2009 medium EU27 334,000-335,000 100 Increasing Europe 335,000-336,000 100 Increasing 1 See 'Sources' at end of factsheet, and for more details on individual EU Member State reports, see the Article 12 reporting portal at http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/article12/report. 2 The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 In the few cases where population size estimates were reported in units other than those specified, they were converted to the correct units using standard correction factors. 4 The robustness of regional trends to the effects of any missing or incomplete data was tested using plausible scenarios, based on other sources of information, including any other reported information, recent national Red Lists, scientific literature, other publications and consultation with relevant experts. 5 Trend directions are reported as: increasing (+); decreasing (-); stable (0); fluctuating (F); or unknown (?). 6 Trend magnitudes are rounded to the nearest integer.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Trend maps

A symbol appears in each country where the species occurs: the shape and colour of the symbol represent the population trend in that country, and the size of the symbol corresponds to the proportion of the European population occurring in that country.

KEY

Ç Large increase (≥50%) È Large decrease (≥50%) Ç Moderate increase (20–49%) È Moderate decrease (20–49%) Ç Small increase (<20%) È Small decrease (<20%) ñ Increase of unknown magnitude ò Decrease of unknown magnitude

å Stable or fluctuating 0 Unknown ¢ Present (no population or trend data) Ð Extinct since 1980

Each symbol, with the exception of Present and Extinct, may occur in up to three different size classes, corresponding to the proportion of the European population occurring in that country. ñ Large: ≥10% of the European population ñ Medium: 1–9% of the European population ñ Small: <1% of the European population

The designation of geographical entities and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Figure 1. Breeding population sizes and short-term trends across Europe.

Figure 2. Breeding population sizes and long-term trends across Europe.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Figure 3. Reported wintering population sizes and short-term trends across Europe. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data.

Figure 4. Reported wintering population sizes and long-term trends across Europe. Note that some countries within the species' wintering range did not report any data.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

Sources

Albania: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: Bino pers. obs. Winter short-term trend: Bino pers. obs. Winter long-term trend: Bino pers. obs. Azerbaijan: L. f. heuglini Belgium: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: Database Rare and less common Breeding Birds, INBO (coord. A.Anselin), selected data Waarnemingen.be, compilation of data and enquiries in ornithological community Breeding short-term trend: Rare bird panel Breeding long-term trend: Comparison between 2008-2012 estimate and Devillers, 1989 (Atlas of the Belgian Breeding Bird) population estimate Winter population size: waterbird database INBO + Aves, seabird database INBO Winter short-term trend: waterbird database INBO and Aves Bulgaria: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: Mid-winter count of waterfowl Winter short-term trend: Statistical analysis made by expert on base of Mid-winter count data Winter long-term trend: Michev T., Profirov L. 2003. Mid-Winter Numbers of Waterbirds in Bulgaria (1977-2001). Pensoft, Sofia, 160 pp. Croatia: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: Report on the implementation of AEWA for the period 2009-2011 - Croatia. http://www.unep-aewa.org/en/document/national-report-croatia-2 Winter short-term trend: Report on the implementation of AEWA for the period 2009-2011 - Croatia. http://www.unep-aewa.org/en/document/national-report-croatia-2 Winter long-term trend: Report on the implementation of AEWA for the period 2009-2011 - Croatia. http://www.unep-aewa.org/en/document/national-report-croatia-2 Denmark: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Wageningen, The Netherlands: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12) Ekspertvurdering foretaget af Dansk Ornitologisk Forening på baggrund af tidligere publicerede oplysninger, modtagne oplysninger og data i www.dofbasen.dk (Knud N. Flensted). Breeding short-term trend: BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Wageningen, The Netherlands: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12) Knud N. Flensted from Dansk Ornitologisk Forening Breeding long-term trend: BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Wageningen, The Netherlands: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12) Grell, Michael Borch (1998): Fuglenes Danmark. Gads forlag i samarbejde med Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. Olsen, Klaus Malling (1992): Danmarks fugle –en oversigt. Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. Knud N. Flensted from Dansk Ornitologisk Forening DK: Faroe Is: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. TemaNord (2010) Action plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. Hammer et al. (2014) Færøsk trækfugleatlas [Faroese bird migration atlas]. Fróðskapur / Faroe University Press, Tórshavn. Winter population size: BirdLife International 2004 DK: Greenland: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Boertmann, D. 2008 The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus, in Greenland. – Arctic. 61: 129-133. Boertmann, D., Mosbech, A., Bjerrum, M., Labansen, A.L. & Merkel F. 2010. The Greenland seabird colony register. – Poster ved 1st Seabird World Conference, Victoria 7-11 Sept. 2010. Breeding short-term trend: Boertmann, D. 2008 The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus, in Greenland. – Arctic. 61: 129-133. Breeding long-term trend: Boertmann, D. 2008 The Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuscus, in Greenland. – Arctic. 61: 129-133. Estonia: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Breeding short-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Breeding long-term trend: Elts, J., Leito, A., Leivits, A., Luigujõe, L., Mägi, E., Nellis, Rein, Nellis, Renno, Ots, M., Pehlak, H. 2013. Status and numbers of Estonian birds, 2008−2012. Hirundo 26(2): 80-112. URL: http://www.eoy.ee/hirundo/file_download/149/Elts_et_al_2013_2.pdf Finland: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: Väisänen, Risto A., Hario, Martti & Saurola, Pertti 2011: Population estimates of Finnish birds. In: Valkama, Jari, Vepsäläinen, Ville & Lehikoinen, Aleksi 2011: The Third Finnish Breeding Bird Atlas. – Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment. (cited [15.11.2013]) ISBN 978-952-10-7145-4. Breeding short-term trend: Archipelago Bird Census data. Breeding long-term trend: Archipelago Bird Census data.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

France: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: http://files.biolovision.net/www.atlas-ornitho.fr/pdffiles/ROMN2009-2010RP1-mars2011-9035.pdf Breeding short-term trend: Cadiou B., Pons J.-M. & Yésou P. (éds) 2004 Oiseaux marins nicheurs de France métropolitaine (1960-2000), Éditions Biotope, Mèze, 218 p. Breeding long-term trend: Cadiou B., Pons J.-M. & Yésou P. (éds) 2004 Oiseaux marins nicheurs de France métropolitaine (1960-2000), Éditions Biotope, Mèze, 218 p. Georgia: L. f. fuscus Winter population size: BirdLife International 2004 Germany: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: Gedeon, K., C. Grüneberg, A. Mitschke & C. Sudfeldt (in Vorb.): Atlas Deutscher Brutvogelarten. SVD & DDA, Münster. Breeding short-term trend: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. Breeding long-term trend: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten e.V. Iceland: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Hallgrimsson, G.T. & P. Hersteinsson. 2011. Spatial contraction in a large gull colony in relation to the position of arctic fox dens. J. Wildl. Res. 58: 441-450. Breeding short-term trend: Hallgrimsson, G.T. & P. Hersteinsson. 2011. Spatial contraction in a large gull colony in relation to the position of arctic fox dens. J. Wildl. Res. 58: 441-450. Republic of Ireland: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Mitchell, P. Ian, Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (2004) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. Results of the Seabird 2000 Census (1998-2002). T & AD Poyser, London. Expert opinion and unpublished data: S. Newton, BirdWatch Ireland; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie. Breeding short-term trend: Mitchell, P. Ian, Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (2004) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. Results of the Seabird 2000 Census (1998-2002). T & AD Poyser, London. Expert opinion and unpublished data: S. Newton, BirdWatch Ireland; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie. Breeding long-term trend: Lloyd, C., Tasker, M.L. & Partridge, K. (1991) The status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland. T & AD Poyser, London. Expert opinion and unpublished data: S. Newton, BirdWatch Ireland; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie. Winter population size: Irish Wetland Bird Survey unpublished data from O. Crowe; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie. Winter short-term trend: Irish Wetland Bird Survey unpublished data from O. Crowe; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie. Winter long-term trend: Hutchinson, C. (1979) Ireland's Wetlands and their Birds. Irish Wildbird Conservancy. Moldova: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: In the last decades was not observed in winter period Winter short-term trend: Accidental species Montenegro: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: IWC reports (2003-2012): Dubak, Vešović, N., Jovićević, M., Vizi O., Vizi,A. Netherlands: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: NEM, Sovon en CBS (Boele et al. 2011-2013, van Dijk et al 2010) Breeding short-term trend: NEM, Sovon en CBS, Boele et al. (2013) Breeding long-term trend: Sovon Norway: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding short-term trend: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding long-term trend: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Norway: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding short-term trend: The Norwegian Monitoring programme for seabirds, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen pers.comm. Breeding long-term trend: The Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Seabirds NO: Svalbard: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: www.artsobservasjoner.no Poland: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: Komisja Faunistyczna 2009. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2008. Raport nr 25. Not. Orn. 50: 111–142; Komisja Faunistyczna 2010. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2009. Raport nr 26. Ornis Polonica 52: 117–148; Komisja Faunistyczna 2011. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2010. Raport nr 27. Ornis Polonica 52: 117–149; Komisja Faunistyczna 2012. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2011. Raport nr 28. Ornis Polonica 53: 105– 140; Komisja Faunistyczna 2012. Rzadkie ptaki obserwowane w Polsce w roku 2012. Raport nr 29. Ornis Polonica 54: 109–150; http://www.komisjafaunistyczna.pl/kf-en/ index_en.html (access date: 09.10.2013); Zagalska-Neubauer M., Neubauer G. 2007. Lęg mieszany mewy żółtonogiej Larus fuscus i mewy srebrzystej L. argentatus na Zbiorniku Włocławskim. Not. Orn. 48: 137–139; Wilk T., Jujka M., Krogulec J., Chylarecki P. (red.) 2010. Ostoje ptaków o znaczeniu międzynarodowym w Polsce. OTOP; Marki; Sikora A., Zielińska M., Wieloch M., Zieliński P., Rohde Z. 2012. Monitoring Gatunków Rzadkich 2. In: Podsumowanie sezonu lęgowego Monitoringu Ptaków Polski w 2012 r. OTOP, MiIZ, KOO, SOS: 123-142 (source: http://monitoringptakow.gios.gov.pl/raporty?file=files/pliki/raporty_faza4/RaportMPP4_etap1_zad2%264_wiosna2012.pdf) Breeding short-term trend: Neubauer G., Sikora A., Chodkiewicz T., Cenian Z., Chylarecki P., Archita B., Betleja J., Rohde Z., Wieloch M., Woźniak B., Zieliński P., Zielińska M. 2011. Monitoring populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2008 – 2009. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody 8/1: 1-40

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull) Poland: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding long-term trend: Neubauer G., Sikora A., Chodkiewicz T., Cenian Z., Chylarecki P., Archita B., Betleja J., Rohde Z., Wieloch M., Woźniak B., Zieliński P., Zielińska M. 2011. Monitoring populacji ptaków Polski w latach 2008 – 2009. Biuletyn Monitoringu Przyrody 8/1: 1-40 Portugal: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Informação ICNF Russia: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: Red Data Book of Karelia. 1995. Ivanter E.V., Kuznetsov O.L. (eds.). Petrozavodsk: 286 pp. (in Russian). Red Data Book of nature of the Leningrad Region. 2002. Vol. 3. Animals. Editor-in-Chief G.A.Noskov. St Petersburg, 480 pp. (in Russian). Cherenkov A.E., Semashko V.Yu., Tertiskiy G.M. 2012. Long-term trend of population and peculiarities of breeding biology of Lesser Blackback Gull Larus fuscus fuscus in the islands of Onega Bay of White Sea. – Ecology of sea birds of White Sea. Apatity, KSC RAS: 128-140 (in Russian). Breeding short-term trend: Red Data Book of Karelia. 1995. Ivanter E.V., Kuznetsov O.L. (eds.). Petrozavodsk: 286 pp. (in Russian). Red Data Book of nature of the Leningrad Region. 2002. Vol. 3. Animals. Editor-in-Chief G.A.Noskov. St Petersburg, 480 pp. (in Russian). Cherenkov A.E., Semashko V.Yu., Tertiskiy G.M. 2012. Long-term trend of population and peculiarities of breeding biology of Lesser Blackback Gull Larus fuscus fuscus in the islands of Onega Bay of White Sea. – Ecology of sea birds of White Sea. Apatity, KSC RAS: 128-140 (in Russian). Breeding long-term trend: Red Data Book of Karelia. 1995. Ivanter E.V., Kuznetsov O.L. (eds.). Petrozavodsk: 286 pp. (in Russian). Noskov G.A., Fedorov V.A., Gaginskaya A.R., Sagitov R.A., Buzun V.A. 1993. On the avifauna of islands in the east part on the Gulf of Finland. - Russian Ornithological Magazine, 2 (2): 163-173 (in Russian). Red Data Book of nature of the Leningrad Region. 2002. Vol. 3. Animals. Editor-in-Chief G.A.Noskov. St Petersburg, 480 pp. (in Russian). Cherenkov A.E., Semashko V.Yu., Tertiskiy G.M. 2012. Long-term trend of population and peculiarities of breeding biology of Lesser Blackback Gull Larus fuscus fuscus in the islands of Onega Bay of White Sea. – Ecology of sea birds of White Sea. Apatity, KSC RAS: 128-140 (in Russian). Russia: L. f. heuglini Breeding population size: Bianki V.V., Kohanov V.D., Koryakin A.S., Krasnov Yu.V., Paneva T.D., Tatarinkova I.P., Chemyakin R.G., Shklyarevich F.N., Shutova E.V. 1993. Birds of Kola-White Sea Region. - Russian Ornithological Magazine, express-issue, 22 (4): 491-586 (in Russian). Krasnov, Yu.V., Goryaev Yu.N., Shavykin A.A., Nikolaeva N.G., Gavrilo M.V., Chernook V.I. 2002. Atlas of birds of Pechora Sea: distribution, numbers, trends, problems of protection. Apatity, KSC RAS: 164 pp. (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V., Gavrilo M.V., Ström H., Shavykin A.A. 2008. About late-summer distribution of birds in Kolguev Islands and the factors determining it. - Ornitologia, 35: 83-96 (in Russian). Krasnov Yu.V. Avifauna of the western coast of Vajgach Island and adjacent islands. In press. Anker-Nilssen, T., Bakken, V., Strøm, H., Golovkin, A.N., Bianki, V.V. & Tatarinkova, I.P. (eds.) 2000. The status of marine birds breeding in the Barents Sea region. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Rapport nr. 113. Bakken, V. (ed.) 2000. Seabird Colony Databases of the Barents Sea Region and the Kara Sea. Norsk Polarinstitutt Rapportserie Nr 115. Slovenia: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: BOŽIČ, L. (2008A): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2008 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 29 (136): 39–49. BOŽIČ, L. (2008B): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2009 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 29 (138/139): 169–179. BOŽIČ, L. (2010): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2010 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 31 (145/146): 131–141. BOŽIČ, L. (2011): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2011 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 32 (148/149): 67–77. BOŽIČ, L. (2012): Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2012 v Sloveniji. – Acrocephalus 33 (152/153): 109–119. Winter short-term trend: DOPPS Winter long-term trend: SOVINC, A. (1994): Zimski ornitološki atlas Slovenije. – Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana. Spain: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Molina, B. (Ed.). 2009. Gaviota reidora, sombría y patiamarilla en España. Población en 2007-2009 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 166pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/27_gaviotas_reidora_sombria_y_patiamarilla_tcm7-218239.pdf Breeding short-term trend: Molina, B. (Ed.). 2009. Gaviota reidora, sombría y patiamarilla en España. Población en 2007-2009 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 166pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/27_gaviotas_reidora_sombria_y_patiamarilla_tcm7-218239.pdf Breeding long-term trend: Molina, B. (Ed.). 2009. Gaviota reidora, sombría y patiamarilla en España. Población en 2007-2009 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 166pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/27_gaviotas_reidora_sombria_y_patiamarilla_tcm7-218239.pdf Spain: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa and L.f.intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Winter population size: SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 816 pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm7-291664.pdf Winter short-term trend: SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 816 pp. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm7-291664.pdf Winter long-term trend: González, R. & Pérez-Aranda, D. (2011). Las aves acuáticas en España, 1980-2009. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid, 338 pp. ES: Canary Is: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Martín, A. & J. A. Lorenzo. 2001. Aves del Archipiélago Canario. Francisco Lemus Editor. La Laguna. 787 pp. Grande, J. M. & C.-J. Palacios. 2002. First Breeding Record of the Lesser Black-backed Gull in the Macaronesic Archipelago, North Atlantic; a Large Spread in Its Breeding Range. Waterbirds 25 (3): 388-389. Rodríguez, B., de León, L., Martín A., Alonso,J. & Nogales M. 2003. Status and distribution of breeding seabirds in the northern islets of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Atlantic Seabirds 5(2): 41-56. Lorenzo, J.A. 2007 (ed). Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en el Archipiélago Canario (1997-2003). Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza-Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid. 520 pp. Breeding short-term trend: Martín, A. & J. A. Lorenzo. 2001. Aves del Archipiélago Canario. Francisco Lemus Editor. La Laguna. 787 pp. Grande, J. M. & C.-J. Palacios. 2002. First Breeding Record of the Lesser Black-backed Gull in the Macaronesic Archipelago, North Atlantic; a Large Spread in Its Breeding Range. Waterbirds 25 (3): 388-389. Rodríguez, B., de León, L., Martín A., Alonso,J. & Nogales M. 2003. Status and distribution of breeding seabirds in the northern islets of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Atlantic Seabirds 5(2): 41-56. Lorenzo, J.A. 2007 (ed). Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en el Archipiélago Canario (1997-2003). Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza-Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid. 520 pp.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull) ES: Canary Is: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding long-term trend: Martín, A. & J. A. Lorenzo. 2001. Aves del Archipiélago Canario. Francisco Lemus Editor. La Laguna. 787 pp. Grande, J. M. & C.-J. Palacios. 2002. First Breeding Record of the Lesser Black-backed Gull in the Macaronesic Archipelago, North Atlantic; a Large Spread in Its Breeding Range. Waterbirds 25 (3): 388-389. Rodríguez, B., de León, L., Martín A., Alonso,J. & Nogales M. 2003. Status and distribution of breeding seabirds in the northern islets of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Atlantic Seabirds 5(2): 41-56. Lorenzo, J.A. 2007 (ed). Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en el Archipiélago Canario (1997-2003). Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza-Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid. 520 pp. Sweden: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Breeding population size: Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., Lindström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M., Svensson, S. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglarna i Sverige - antal och förekomst. Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening, Halmstad. Breeding short-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Breeding long-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Sweden: L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Breeding population size: Ottosson, U., Ottvall, R., Elmberg, J., Green, M., Gustafsson, R., Haas, F., Holmqvist, N., Lindström, Å., Nilsson, L., Svensson, M., Svensson, S. & Tjernberg, M. 2012. Fåglarna i Sverige - antal och förekomst. Sveriges Ornitologiska Förening, Halmstad. Breeding short-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Breeding long-term trend: Swedish Bird Survey (Svensk Fågeltaxering), Lund University. Switzerland: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa and L. f. intermedius, S Scandinavia, Netherlands, Ebro Delta, Spain Winter population size: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Winter short-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Winter long-term trend: Swiss Ornithological Institute. Winter waterbird census (January). http://www.vogelwarte.ch/monitoring-wintering-waterbirds.html Turkey: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: Kurt, B., Ozbağdatlı, N., Bozkurt, A.K., Arslangundoğdu, Z. ve Gursoy, A. 2002. Turkiye Sulakalanları Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımı, Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği, İstanbul, Turkiye. Çağlayan, E., Kılıç, D.T., Per, E. ve Gem, E. 2005. Turkiye Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımları 2005. Doğa Derneği, Ankara, Turkey Suseven, B., Onmus, O. ve İsfendiyaroğlu, S. 2006. Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımı (KOSK) Raporu, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Onmus, O. 2007. Turkiye Kıs Ortası Sukusu Sayımları 2007, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Akarsu, F. ve Balkız, Ö. 2010. Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları 2008-2009-2010, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Erciyas Yavuz, K., Kartal E.2011.Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları,2011, Ornitoloji Araştırma Merkezi, Samsun Erciyas Yavuz, K., Isfendiyaroglu S. 2013. 2012 Türkiye Kış Ortası Sukuşu Sayımları, Doğa Derneği, Ankara Birdlife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status, Cambridge UK: Birdlife International (Birdlife Conservation series no: 12) www.kusbank.org Ukraine: L. f. fuscus, NE Europe/Black Sea, SW Asia & Eastern Africa Winter population size: 1. Русев И.Т., Корзюков А.И., Сацык С.Ф. Мониторинг зимующих птиц в Северо-Западном Причерноморье в 1999 г. Сб.Зимние учеты птиц на Азово-Черноморском побережье Украины, Алушта-Киев, 1999, выпуск 2, С.46-60. 2. Heath M.F., Evans M.I. Important birds areas in Europe. Priority sites for conservation. // Southern Europe. BirdLife International. - Cambridge. Vol.2., 2000. P. 691-724. 3. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. Heath, C. Borggreve, N. Peet, W. Hagemeijer/ BirdLife International/EBCC. 2000. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Conservation Series N10, 160 p. 4. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 5. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С.23-39. 6. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 7. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 8. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. Winter short-term trend: 1. Русев И.Т., Корзюков А.И., Сацык С.Ф. Мониторинг зимующих птиц в Северо-Западном Причерноморье в 1999 г. Сб.Зимние учеты птиц на Азово-Черноморском побережье Украины, Алушта-Киев, 1999, выпуск 2, С.46-60. 2. Heath M.F., Evans M.I. Important birds areas in Europe. Priority sites for conservation. // Southern Europe. BirdLife International. - Cambridge. Vol.2., 2000. P. 691-724. 3. European birds populations; Estimates and trends Compiled by M. 4. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С.23-39. 5. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 6. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 7. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. Winter long-term trend: 1. Русев И.Т., Корзюков А.И., Сацык С.Ф. Мониторинг зимующих птиц в Северо-Западном Причерноморье в 1999 г. Сб.Зимние учеты птиц на Азово-Черноморском побережье Украины, Алушта-Киев, 1999, выпуск 2, С.46-60. 2. Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12; 2004. 374 р. 3. Горбань І. Розміри популяцій зимуючих птахів України. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія біологічна. Вип. 35. 2004. С. 23-39. 4. Directory of Ukraine’s Wetlands / Ed. By G. Marushevsky& I. Zaruk. – Kyiv, 2006, Wetland International Black Sea Programme. - 312 с.. 5. Бескаравайный М.М. Птицы морских берегов Южного Крыма. Симферополь. «Н.Оріанда»., 2008. 160 с. 6. Kostiushyn V., Andryuschenko Yu., Goradze I., Abuladze A., Mamuchadze J., Erciyas K. Wintering Waterbird Census in the Azow – Black Sea Coastal Wetlands of Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkey. – Wetlands International Black Sea Program. – 2011. – 130 pp. United Kingdom: L. f. graellsii, Western Europe/Mediterranean & West Africa Breeding population size: Calladine, J. 2004. Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus. Pp. 226-241. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser. Breeding short-term trend: JNCC 2012. Seabird population trends and causes of change: 2012 report (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Updated July 2012. Breeding long-term trend: Lloyd, C., Tasker, M.L. & Partridge, K. 1991. The status of seabirds in Britain and Ireland. London, T. & A.D. Poyser. 355 pp. Calladine, J. 2004. Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus. Pp. 226-241. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser.

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2015) EUROPEAN RED LIST OF BIRDS