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Stable Isotope Investigations on Speleothems from Different Cave Systems in Germany

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Stable Isotope Investigations on Speleothems from Different Cave Systems in Germany Stable isotope investigations on speleothems from different cave systems in Germany. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch – Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg – August – Universität vorgelegt von Peter Nordhoff aus Wolfenbüttel Göttingen 2005 D7 Referent: Prof. Dr. B.T. Hansen Koreferentin: Dr. B. Wiegand Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.06.2005 Summary Seven speleothems from six independent cave systems in Germany were investigated on their suitability as paleoclimatic archives. The caves are located in the Jurassic Limestones of the Swabian/Franconian Alb (southern Germany) and in a small-scale Devonian (reef) complex of the Harz Mountains (northern Germany). Based on the chronological control using 234U/230Th (TIMS) ages, δ18O/δ13C timeseries of the speleothems were established and related to known paleoclimatic events. Results of the present-day assessment of the cave systems demonstrated that the cave temperature responses; the stable isotopic abundances of the dripwater, and present-day cave calcites reflect mean annual surface air temperatures as well as established isotopic equilibrium conditions during cave calcite precipitation. However, existing biases have been monitored but most of them may be deduced to anthropogenic influences like mining operations (Zaininger-Cave, Swabian Alb) or showcave business (Hermann’s- and Baumann’s-Cave, Harz Mountains). Although the scenarios leave partially an imprint on present-day spelean calcites, like the indicated non-equilibrium conditions at the Zaininger-Cave, their temporal imprint is restricted very much to the last couple of decennial years and thus assumed not to influence the paleorecords at all. Since the δ18O compositions of present-day calcite precipitates are primarily controlled by temperature, the sites may thus be suitable for paleoclimatic investigations from a today perspective. Since the paleorecords of the Hermann’s- and Baumann’s-Cave stalagmites (Harz Mountains) display ages, which are not in chronological order, a construction of timeseries was not possible. Past stable isotopic equilibrium conditions of the remaining paleorecords were verified using the single layer “Hendy-Test” as well as δ18O/δ13C regression analyzes of the subsample profiles. Late Pleistocene growth periods were found in the Paleocave Hunas Stalagmite (79373 ± 8237 to 76872 ± 9686 a. B.P.; Franconian Alb) and the Cave Hintere Kohlhalde Stalagmite (44158 ± 3329 to 2709 ± 303 a B.P.; Swabian Alb). Unexpectedly, the latter displays no macroscopic visible growth hiatuses and was deposited continuously during the “cold” OIS 2 and the LGM. This has been interpreted owing to the special conditions and mode of vadose water circulation of a discontinuous permafrost zone which may have prevailed on the Swabian Alb during that time. Here, just like for the subsequent periods, principal changes in mean δ18O/δ13C and linear extension rates of the timeseries echoed the Boelling/Alleroed Interstadial and Younger Dryas cold phase. The comparison of coeval timeseries between the Cave Hintere Kohlhalde stalagmite, the Zaininger-Cave stalactite (both Swabian Alb) and the Mühlbach-Cave stalagmite (Franconian Alb) reveal some analogy such as the transitions from the Late Glacial to the Early Holocene between 10513 and 10587 cal. a B.P. for the Swabian Alb and 10227 cal. a B.P. for the Franconian Alb; the anomaly around 8.2 ka B.P. recorded in the Zaininger- and Mühlbach-Cave; and a climatic deterioration which leads to an almost simultaneous cessation of speleothem growth on the Swabian/Franconian Alb between 2.5 and 2.8 ka B.P. Important changes of the stable isotopic composition occur together with changes in growth rate and in the macroscopic aspect of the investigated speleothems. This confirms that general climatic and environmental parameters control the recorded variations and that they are not owing to very local factors. Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurden sieben Speläotheme aus sechs verschiedenen Höhlensystemen in Deutschland auf ihre Eignung als kontinentale, paläoklimatische Archive hin untersucht. Die Höhlen sind in den Jurakalken der Schwäbischen/Fränkischen Alb (S-Deutschland) und den devonischen Riffkalken des Harzes (N-Deutschland) lokalisiert. Auf der Grundlage von 234U/230Th (TIMS) Altersdatierungen wurden δ18O/δ13C Zeitreihen konstruiert und deren potentielle paläoklimatische Signale im globalen Kontext diskutiert. Zusätzliche δ18O/δ13C Messungen von Höhlentropfwässern, rezenten Höhlenkalken und des Hintergrundgesteins sowie das Monitoring von Parametern der Höhlenatmosphäre (T, rel.F.) ergaben einerseits eine grundsätzliche Übereinstimmung mit den durchschnittlichen Jahreswerten der meteorischen Niederschläge und der Oberflächentemperatur. Sie bestätigten andererseits die während der Höhlenkalzitausfällung (und damit Fraktionierung) vorherrschenden isotopischen Equilibriumsbedingungen. Damit sind vorgefundene δ18O Variationen der rezenten Höhlensinter ein Indikator für ausschließlich temperaturgesteuerte, zeitlich längerfristige (Klima-) Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche. Einige, diesbezüglich ermittelte Inkonsistenzen ließen sich auf anthropogene Einflüsse wie aktiven Steinbruchbetrieb (Zaininger Höhle, Schwäbische Alb) oder den Betrieb als Schauhöhlen (Baumanns- und Hermannshöhle, Harz) zurückführen. Diese Szenarien führten zwar wie im Fall der Zaininger Höhle teils zu kinetischen Fraktionierungsbedingungen während der rezenten Höhlensinterablagerung, konnten aber aufgrund ihres begrenzten temporären Einflusses für die verbleibende holozäne Rekonstruktion der Paläo-Zeitreihen vernachlässigt werden. Die 234U/230Th (TIMS) Altersdatierungen der Harzer Stalagmiten aus der Baumanns- und Hermannshöhle ergaben Alter in nicht chronologischer Abfolge und sind damit für die weitere Konstruktion von Zeitreihen nicht geeignet. Die Verifikation der isotopischen Equilibriumsbedingungen für die Paläo-Zeitreihen erfolgte mittels Hendy-Tests entlang einiger, prominenter Anwachsringe und anhand von δ18O/δ13C Regressions- analysen entlang des vertikalen Probenprofils. Spätpleistozäne Sinterwachstumsphasen wurden für den Stalagmiten aus der Höhlenruine Hunas (79373 ± 8237 bis 76872 ± 9686 a. B.P.; Fränkische Alb) und dem Stalagmiten aus der Hinteren Kohlhaldenhöhle (44158 ± 3329 bis 2709 ± 303 a B.P.; Schwäbische Alb) nachgewiesen. Überraschenderweise scheint der Hintere Kohlhaldenstalagmit kontinuierlich über das relativ „kalte“ OIS 2 und LGM abgelagert worden zu sein, da makroskopisch kein Wachstumshiatus zu beobachten ist. Als begünstigende Faktoren wurden dabei die paläogeographische Position der Schwäbischen Alb im Periglazial und die topographische Lage der Höhle diskutiert. In Verbindung mit vermutlich diskontinuierlichen Permafrostbedingungen und (unregelmäßigen) Auftauphasen könnte so eine kleinräumige Wasserzirkulation im vadosen Bereich initiiert worden sein um so die Tropfwasserversorgung zu gewährleisten. Dies wird, wie auch für das Boelling/Alleroed Interstadial und die Jüngere Dryas Kaltphase, gestützt durch prinzipielle Variationen 18 13 der δ O/δ C(Speläothem)-Gehalte und Veränderungen der linearen Sinterwachstumsrate. Weiterhin legt ein Vergleich der Zeitreihen der Speläotheme aus der Hintere Kohlhalden- und der Zaininger Höhle (beide Schwäbische Alb), sowie der Mühlbachquellhöhle (Fränkische Alb) den Übergang vom Spätglazial zum jungen Holozän zwischen 10513 and 10587 cal. a B.P. für die Schwäbische Alb und 10227 cal. a B.P. für die Fränkische Alb nahe. Neben dem kurzzeitigen Kälteeinbruch um ca. 8.2 ka B.P., der sich in den δ18O/δ13C - Archiven der Zaininger und der Mühlbachquellhöhle widerspiegelt, führt die klimatische Verschlechterung um 2.5 - 2.8 ka B.P. nahezu zum simultanen Wachstumsstop aller hier untersuchten Speläotheme der Schwäbischen/Fränkischen Alb. Zusammenfassend finden in den hier untersuchten Speläothemen auffällige Variationen im stabilen δ18O/δ13C Isotopenbestand in Übereinstimmung mit Veränderungen der Wachstumsraten und der makroskopischen Höhlensintermorphologie statt. Deren chronologische Verifikation konnte auf Basis der absoluten 234U/230Th (TIMS) Altersdatierungen und in Abhängigkeit externer, paläoklimatischer Faktoren erfolgreich vorgenommen werden. Contents Prologue 00 i) Introduction 1 ii) Speleogenesi s 4 Introduct ion 4 ii - 1) Definition of caves 4 ii - 2) Classification schemes of caves 4 ii - 3) Principle speleogenesis in limest ones 6 ii - 3. 1) The initial phase and setup of a “proto-cave” 7 ii - 3.1.1) Cave development along a single bedding plane 7 ii - 3. 2) The vertical development (and establishment of a cave level) 9 ii - 3. 3) Dissolut ion of limestones 11 ii - 3.3.1) Sources of carbon dioxide 13 Quintessence 14 iii) Cave interior formations 15 Introduct ion 15 iii - 1) Carbonate Deposit ion (and speleothem fabr ic control) 15 iii - 2) Stalact ites and Stalagmites 18 iii - 2.1) Stalac tit es 19 iii - 2.2) Stalagmites 20 iii - 3) Climat e and speleothem deposition 20 Quintessence 21 iv) Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon 23 iv - 1) Basics 23 iv - 1.1) Fr actionations, fractionation factor and delta value 23 iv - 2) Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in speleothems 25 iv - 2.1) Oxygen 25 iv - 2.2) The cave temperature effect 25 iv - 2.3) The dripwater function 25 iv - 2.3.1) Time 30 iv - 2.4) Problems and points of discussion 32 iv - 3) Carbon 34 iv - 3.1) Problems and points of discussion 36 iv - 4) State of the art 37 Quintessence 39 v) Regional Geology and Sites 40 Introduct ion 40 v - 1) The Cave
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