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AN HISTORICAL STUDY of ISMA'il B. *ABD AL-QADIR , KITAB SA *ADAT AL-Mustahdl BI—Slrat AL-IMAM AL—MAHDI

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AN HISTORICAL STUDY of ISMA'il B. *ABD AL-QADIR , KITAB SA *ADAT AL-Mustahdl BI—Slrat AL-IMAM AL—MAHDI AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF ISMA'iL b. *ABD AL-QADIR , KITAB SA *ADAT AL-MUSTAHDl BI—SlRAT AL-IMAM AL—MAHDI Haim SHARED A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faoulty of Arts, University of London London, June 1969 ProQuest Number: 10752711 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10752711 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 2 ABSTRACT Xsma *11 h. *Abd al-Qadir (d. 189?), a member oX a 1 holy Xamily* of1 KordoXan, bad studied at a 1-A a bar and later served as multi in B1 Obeid* Xn late 1882 be joined tbe Mah.di. His subsequent career cannot be Xully reconstructed. On 2 R a b I * X 3.306/6 November 1888, be completed bis Sira of the Mabdi, On 6 Sbawwal 1306/5 June 1 8 8 9 , be completed another work, dealing with the wars between tbe KhaliXa and the Abyssinians• Xn 1893? at tbe KhaliXa1s order, Xsma*11*s,writings were destroyed and be was banished to al-RajjaX, where be died in tbe beginning oX 1897* Tbe unique extant manuscript oopy ol Ismalilfs Sira, which forms tbe basis oX the thesis, is a biography of tbe Mabdi by one oX bis adherents, which, also contains elements ol a chronicle. Its history, sources and contents are discussed in tbe introduction to the thesis. Tbe main historical value,of the Sira lies in its presentation oX tbe Turco—Egyptian#,the Mabdi and tbe KhaliXa,.In addition, it contains many details on ideological, military and other aXXairs of tbe Mahdia, and provides an insight into the outlook and frame oX mind oX an e du c a ire d Mabdi s t• Tbe second, and longer part oX tbe thesis i£ a very Xull summary, at times approaching a translation, oX the text oX the »vnT-ir^Sira, i All historicallyt relevant details,* including all names oX persons, tribes and places, have been retained and, in many cases, annotated. Also, the pagination oX tbe original Arabic manuscript has been indicated. The appendixes include source materials Xor Xsma*11fs liXe (one oX them still in manuscript) and a list oX proclamations and letters transcribed in the Sira, 3 PREFACE Recent surveys of historical writing on the modern history of the Nilotic Sudan show the rather late appearance of critical historical studies which draw on Contemporary Arabic source materials* Only in the last decade or so has the abundant contemporary Mahdist documentation been described, partly classified, and utilised by scholars* So far, few of these documents have been reproduced and, although some attempts to prepare critical editions of texts have been made, they remain unpublished. The number of known Mahdist source materials which, can be described as contemporary historical writings, in the sense of a conscious endeavour by a Mahdist to collect historical details, and arrange and preserve them in writing, is very small indeed* Xn this thesis.an attempt has been made to discuss one of these sources, and to indicate its importance. The thesis is divided intp two parts. In the introduction to the manuscript, the known biographical details of its author have been collated and combined, to form a coherent biographical note. It is possible that the archives in the Sudan, or relatives of Ismalil b. *Abd al~Qadir, might shed further light on several points. An analysis of the history, sources and subject-matter of the Sira, and of its importance within the framexvork of the Mahdist documentation follows. The second part of the thesis is a very detailed summary of the manuscript. It includes, within the limitations imposed on the length of the thesis - all the historically relevant details, with brief annotations on names, terms etc. It is hoped that , both the summary and its annotations will be incorporated, eventually, within a full critical edition of the Sira, h For the transliteration of Arabic personal and tribal names, see the table on,p. 5* As regards the Mahdi, the Khalifa and place names, I have adopted the system used by P.M. Holt in Mahdi s t state * The Arabic words ffalad (shortened, colloquially, to wad) and ibn have been abbreviated to w. and b., respectively. Vertical lines (1) are used instead.of square brackets. A list of abbreviations is given on p. 5 j and short inferences will be found in the bibliography, The preparation of this thesis has been facilitated by several institutions and persons, to whom my thanks are due. My teachers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, particularly Professors D. Ayalon, G. Baer, and the late Prof, U. Heyd, introduced me to the study of Middle Eastern history. Tel Aviv University provided the financial means which enabled me to study in London, To the Tel Aviv University and, in particular, to Dr. S. Shamir and Dr. U, Dan, of its Department of Middle Eastern and African History, X owe much. X have also been aided, for a stay at the University of Durham: Sudan Archive, by a grant from the Central Research Fund of the University of London, Mr* X.J.C. Foster, Keeper of Oriental Books at the University of Durham, and his staff, kindly supplied photocopies of material and other assistance. Mr. M, Rabinowich. and Mr, E. Rothman read, and commented on drafts of the thesis. Finally, X wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. P fM. Holt, of the School of Oriental and African Studies, who supervised my work with great patience and encouragement, and whose advice and comments taught me a great deal, H . S, London, 19^9 5 ABBREVIATIONS BDs ;xonary . Bulletin of the Sohool ol Oriental and African Studies« London , 191?-, * . El1 ; Bncyclopaedia ol Islam, 1st edn,, Leiden, 1913-34# Ells Encyclopaedia.ol Islam. 2nd edn ,, Leiden, 1954- , GALs C, Brockelman, Ge sc hi elite der a.rabischen Litejratur, 2 vols,, Leiden, 1943-9 ? 3 supplements, Leiden, 1937-42. IRE; Intelligence_Rejport. Egypt, Nos. 1-59# J A H s Journal o±' African History, Cambridge, I960-* , SAB; University ol Durham, School ol Oriental Studies; Sudan Archive * SET; H.A.E, Gibb and J,H, Kramers (eds,), Shorter encyclopadia ol Islam, Leiden, 1953* SIR; Sudan Intelligence Report, No, 6 0 , SNR; Sudan Notes and Records, Khartoum, 1918— , TRANSLITERATION w — 5 4 - */ th. - t> » - * t? - b d - I »»Oj iyya - < 7 * - b & - i - t _ i p? & iya - =e: V 1 V t I'yun - u^r gh - i dh - j lyin - G - v3 Sh - 9 - CONTENTS ABSTRACT PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION 1 , IsmaUl b. cAbd al~Qadir, a biographical note 2, The Sira, its composition and acquisition 3, The sources, literary features and subject-matter of the Sira 4, The presentation of the Turk 5* The presentation of the Hahdi 6 . The presentation of the Khalifa 7. The Sira as a source for the history of the Mahdia SUMMARY OF THE SIRA Explanatory notes List of contents Preface Introductions Traditions announcing the manifestation of ’fck-e roahdi in the end of the age Chapter Is The fulfilment of the Traditions in respect of the Mahdi!s charac­ teristics and perfection Chapter IIs The Mahdifs characteris­ tics, attributes and miracle s 7 Chapter Ills The M a h d i 1s .religious observances, until his manifestation 98 Chapter IV ; The Mahdi!s propaganda and correspondence 102 Chapter V; The mustering of the tribes and the arrival of successive deputations to the Mahdi 105 Chapter V I ; The Mahdi r s first battle with, the Turks and his victory over them 109 Chapter VII; The Mahdi 1 s hijra to Qadxr and his jihad, to the fall of El Obeid 121 Chapter VIII; The Mahdifs campaigns, expeditions and missions, and the conquest of some towns 162 Epilogue 21*6 APPENDIXES Al, Slatin,, fMeine Erlebnisse im. Soudan}, p , 52 251 A2, Slatin,,Eire and sword, pp, 515-6 252 A3. Shuqayr, Memorandum 25k Alf, Shuqayr, Ta 1 rlkh, iii, pp, 559-60 260 Bl, Sample of handwriting A 262 B2. Sample of handwriting B 263 C, List of proclamations and letters transcribed in the Sira 26k BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 66 MAP 8 INTRODUCTION 1, Isinalil b, lAbd al~Qadir, a biographical note a. Sources _ — 1 The name and writings of Ismacxl b. VAbd al~Qadir have been mentioned briefly in several printed works, all 2 of which ~ except one - seem to be based, in varying degrees of accuracy, on a short passage in R,C, (von) 3 Slatin, Fire and sword in the Sudan, and on references in N a lum Shuqayr, Ta7rikh al-Sudan al-qadxm wa?1—hadith i^ i • wa—.jughrafiyyatuhu, 1 A third source of information which, apparently, has.not hitherto been fully utilized in scholarly works, is a manuscript memorandum dated 2 5 th June 1895, prepared and signed by N a lum Shuqayr (thon) of the Sudan Section, Intelligence Department, Egyptian 1. Referred to subsequently as Ismalxl. His writings are referred to as the Sira (or MS,) and Tiraz, 2 . See Ronald Wingate, ’Two African battles •"•TOT 3.
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