;0*5;"*4%,J6"*4%;*30H>J"*;"*"01;<791*6"7."<0-" +<3#%(<3 /16<=9? , >4<3 .6 104<476 72 <3.< ;1/<476 72 34; /39764/51; #>*2J?"*4%3*4H5$"+7=-916/"<0-"8-917,"(&&%(')"
.'K@C %*AB@DDIC"@D%&@FFK"
. %+)' 2RJJ KDQ@C@Q@ EMO QGHP HQDK HP @S@HJ@AJD HL 9DPD@OBG-;Q.LCODTP,2RJJ 8JD@PD RPD QGHP HCDLQHEHDO QM BHQD MO JHLI QM QGHP HQDK, GQQN,##GCJ"G@LCJD"LDQ#%$$&'#&(*% Shams al- din al-Sal: hawi as a historian of the 9th/15th ccntury, vrith an edition of that section of his chroniclos(V7ajiz al-kalEm) covering the period 800-849/1397-1445 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor 'of Philosophy by °Ah ad'Abdulläh al- xasso vs *, ý DECLARATION I hereby declaro that the follovring is a record of research work carried out by ne; that the thesis is my own composition, and that it has not previously been presented for any other degree. ST. ANDREWS 1.6.1972 'Ahmad`Abdulläh al-Hasso CERTIPICAT10N I CERTn Y THAT Ahead Abdullah al-F. asso has completed nine terms of research wo--lc in the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, University of St. Andrews, that he has fulfilled the conditions of Resolution No. 1 (1967) of tho university Court, and that he is qualified to submit the accompa±ying thesis in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ý ... J. BURTON, (Dr. ), Y ={1ý., ! ýc ý_; (Supervisor) ý riýýi' ý ýTyCF LIESS ACKNOViLJ)G1 NTS Iyr sincere thanks are due to Dr. J. Barton for his unfailing encouragement without which this thesis, could not have been completed. Ir thanks are also due tö Dr. Jackson lecturer, Arabic Dept., St. Andrews University. Also to Chief Librarian and Library staff of St. Andrews University and to many of my colleagues too numerous to mention in detail who have encouraged and assisted me as occasion arose. Lost of all my thanks is to be expressed to the Government of Iraq for awarding the scholarship which made it possible to follow my studies. To my wife, HayfV Iun! b al-Dabbä, rh, special thanks for the great sacrifices she had made in order to assist me. Ly sincere thanks to Miss E. Bastable for her useful help in revising the mänuscript. , kPT.F OTCTýtillr l, Ti. ^^c. ý'T.c). d a on i . . = Li - Y v " ýh J o 1 n " o .u ah U B d cf' Y dp.=a + wäw üaa 3 fat:; s + yýý d ay . lcaýra u to ha +I raw CLW dr-=a " fa w+ alif oz a :ca3ra + yä a1' CONTRNTS Pagers The title of the thesis Declaration Certification Acknowledgments The transliteration table Contents Abstract Chapter I. Sa tw! 's Ar;e 1- 17 (1) Egypt under the Circassian Xanlüks 1- 11 (2) The intellectual life 12 - 17 CHAPTER II. Sakh,, Lwl's Life and Education 18 - 42 (1) SaLhawi's family 20 4 6 (2) Sa awi's early years 24 - (3)". Say äwi under Ibn Hajar's direction 26 - 8 (4) Saj wi's academic journeys 28 - 30 (5) Sakhäwi's shay] }s 30 - 35 8 (6) Sa}_häwi's appointment 35 - (7) Saw i in Hi jRz 38 - 41 2 (8) Sahäwl's late years 41 - CI'" ER III (1) SakhMwi's literary activities 43 - 49 (2) Survey of the li3t of Sath_ä.wl's work given by himself 50 - 89 (3) Sa awT as a scholar of his time 90 - 94 SECTION 7670 Pages Sa3rhäwi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. Chapter IV 95 - 130 (1) His works on the 9th/15th century 95 - 99 (2) The motives, methods and literary style of his works. 100-3 (a) His treatment of the Circassian NafiiM administration. 105 -9 (b) His attitude to Llamlük foreign relations. 1o9 - 116 (c) His treatment of the intellectuals and other strata of Muslim population. 117 - 127 (d) His material on the contemporary powers. 127 - 130 Chapter V (1) His methods of selectinC his information. 131 - 166 (2) Observations and Evaluation 167 - 172 (3) SaLhäw! 's work as a source 173 - 176 Conclusion 177- 178 SECTION THREE Pages An edition of section of Clajiz al-kalärn by Shams al-din al-Sakhäv5 covering the period 800-8k9/1397. -I1+45.. Preface i-viii The text 1-244 Supplement 1-72 Bibliography 73-87 Abbreviated titles 88-92 A13STRACT Although a prolific writer of history, Sa'; iwi is, primarily, a traditionist. As such, accuracy both in utterance and writing would, by the very nature of his training, be his first objective. Lodern writers appear to have neglected the importance of his contribution to the understanding of the history of his century. accept for a few articles, comparatively little has been written. It is, therefore, strange that such a mine of information as Sakhärri's writing presents has remained so long in oblivion. In this thesis an attempt has been made to evaluate that contribution together with an edition of part of his work. The study has been divided into three sections, the first dealing with SakhäwIls life and times. This part of the study is based Largely on his autobiography which was written but a few months before he died. During research no reference was discovered to this most informative work. The section falls into three chapters, the first of which endeavours to show the political and educational aspects of Cairo during the early part of Satbäwl's lifetime. Cairo was his native city and, as such, made great impact on his early life. In the second chapter the position of his family, his Ehaykhs, the academic journeys he made, his residence in Hij. z and the last phase of his life are portrayed. ,. The third chapter deals with his activities as an adult, his reputation as a traditionist together with a survey of his works as presented in his autobioCraphy. In the second part, the study deals exclusively with Sa',_hawi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. This part also is divided into two chapters, the first of which considers the following aspects: - I SaiLt7awi's works on the century; II His motives, methods and literary style and III His treatment of the history of the century. The second chapter collates Sakhäwi's methods of selectin; his information and the painstaking efforts he made to verify them, together with his historical achievements, while the last two topics endeavour to evaluate his task as a historian in that century. Section three presents the hitherto unedited part of 17aj! z al-Kaläm... which deals with the history of the 9th/15th century. This section also falls into the three divisions of preface, text and annotations. The last divides again into two groups one of which deals with the textual variants mentioned in the footnotes and the other attempts to deal with the interpretation of most of the idiom, colloquial expressions and the names of places and personalities mentioned in the supplement to the text. SECTION ONE ýýti°r ý: ,ýý r ýý 1. CHAPT RI S)QeH-',12' S AGE (1) EGYPT UNDER TIM CIRCASSIAN ;,'fAh: LXS SalLbäxi was born in Rabi' al-'avwval 831/20 December 1427- 1 18 January 1423 in Cairo, and there he spent most of his life. At that time Cairo was the capital of the second Mam]. k dynasty known as the Circassian dynasty which ruled Egypt and Syria from 784/ 1382 to 923/1517.2 Originally, The Circassian Mamlüks were a bodyguard formed by Sul. an 4 Qalävlrn3 (678/1279-689/1290) during the reign of the first Mamlük dynasty. Its members were purchased by him as slaves for military service and 1. cf. Infra, p. 24 ff 2. For the establishment of this dynasty see tkm 'Amin 'Abd al-Sayyid, Mawlat al-2. amälik al-thäniya, (Dar al-hutub, Cairo. 1386/1967)- 3. Für Sultän galäwün, see Zirikil 'A'1in, vol. VI P. 50 4. This dynasty is called in the contemporary sources 'Dawlat al-Turk' (i. e. the dynasty of the Turk). It was formed by Mzn1Tiks mostly 648/1250 from South Russia and it ruled Edypt and Syria from until 8049 944; 784/1382. For its establishment see EI2, Vol. I, pp. in also D. Ayalon, Le -Sgiment Bahriya dann l'arm6e Mamelouko, ="I 1952, PP. 133-41. 2. quartered in the towers (Abräj, sing. Burj, ) of gal'at al-Jabal1 (i. e. the, citadel of the mountain) in Cairo from which their name iiurjiyya was derived. They were mostly Circassians who had come from the Caucasus. :"hrough successive years, their number increased and many of them held 2 important positions, 3 One of these high officials among the Circassian Mamlüks - Burqüq, the Co. nander-in-Chief of the army - assumed the actual power and finally achieved the position of first Sultän of his own race (the Jarkas or the Circassians. ) He established the Second Mamlük dynasty (called the Circassian dynasty) in 784/1382 which lasted until 923/1517. The, Mamlük dynasties in general were a military institution. : he SullZns were absolute rulers and for their administration they relied 1.. For this citadel, see W. Popper, Egypt and Syria under the Circassian Sul+, s,, pp. 19-23; also his map No. 7. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955)- 2. Cf., the article by D. Ayalon on Burdjiyya in EI2 vol. I, pp. 1324-5; also his article dealing with the term Circassian and Jarkas, Ibid., pp. 23-4. 3. ' of. The article of G. Met on Barktk in EI2 vol. I, pp. 1050-1" °" a 3" almost entirely on the high ranking military officers from ^;abagät 1 al-Mxn, 111k (i. e. the ruling Mamlflk class). The strongest feature of the Circassian dynasty was the constant 2 disputes overh3reditary succession. 3 With the exception of one case, none of the Crown Princes were 4 able to survive 'for more than a few months as Suläns. They were in all cases dethroned by the stronGest military officers in the Mamlük army, - Accordingly, the history of the Circassian dynasty was marked by continual conflict for power and during the first `four 1. far b n. Misr fl Casr Dawlat a3.-b'famäl3k al-Jar, p. 129, Cairo, 1960. 2. Ibid., pp. 10-11; C. E. Bosworth, The Islamic Dynasties, p. 65 Edinburgh, 1967. 3. The Crown Prince Faraj; the son of Sullän Barcý114 (d. 15 Shaxrnäl 801/20 Jan. 1399); the founder of the Circassian dynasty, succeeded in retaining his power for nearly fifteen years (15 Oawväl 801-25 1:uharram 815/20 Jan. 1398-7 May 1412). However, his reign was marked by continual rebellions both in Egypt and Syria led by some of the leading military amYra who finally caused his downfall. Sa%-häwi, 1'Wajiz al-Kallm... X, pp. 18,20,43-4,54,62,65,68,72, 75,80,85. 4. 'The Crown Princes, 'AUimad Ibn Sultön }aykh, al-Sälih MuYammad Ibn Sultan Tatar, yüsuf Ibn Sullän ßarsably, 'U#ýhm3n Ibn Sultan Jaqmaq, and al-2. 'ayyad 'Ahnad Ibn '2näl stayed as Suljäns each for a period between three and nearly eight months. Ibid., pp. 120-1,125, SS, 69,124-6; Ideen, Daw' X No. 1174. pp. . vol. 4" (i. decades e. 784/1382-815/1412) which cover the reigns of Sultän B.trqüq (784/1384-801/1399) and his son Sultan 13raj1 (15 Shawwäl 801/20 Jan. 1399 - 25 Ttuharram 815/7 May 1412) rebellion followed 2 rebellion. Power was added to the military section of society particularly al Al-'Ajläb3 when, as a direct result of their rebellions most of the following Sultans succeeded to the sultanate. During the eight years of the reign of Sultan 'Inäl (857-865/ 1453-1461, )4 who was weak and unable to control the activities of his (Al-'Ajläb own soldiers al-1In7iliyya), they represented'a threat to the 5 dynasty and constantly demanded greater privileges. After his death in 865/1461, his'son al-Mu'ayyad 'Ahmad 6 succeeded him. He was a stronger character than Sultan 'Intl and sincerely endeavoured to raise the morals' of the country as a'? whole. Al-Ivu ayyad's efforts were, however, strongly 1. of. the article of J. Wansbrough on Sultän 1araj in vol. II pp. 280-2. 2. cf. Sachäwi, 7lajiz K, fola., 52a, 55b, 56a-b, 57a, 59a, also supra p. 3 fn. 4. 3. The technical term of al-'Ajläb trane. the persons who had been brought and possessed for the military service. 4. Für Sultän 'Inä1, see SakhITwi Daw', vol. II, no. 1080. ý 5" cf. Idem, Wajrz SS, pp. 70,76,81,88,94,110,124" 6. For al-;, iu'ayyad 'Ahmad (d. 093/1487) see Idem, Daw', vol. I, p. 246 5" disapproved of by the array and he was dethroned because of his attempts 1 to end corruption. Military revolts contined to increase during the followinT years, althou, h military influence fluctuated with the accession of the various Sultzns. As a natural result the economy of the state suffered greatly during this period. Conflicts with the contemporary powers played a major part 2 in its history. The decline of the economy had increased during the last decade of Suljän 0 yitbäy's reign (872-902/1467-1496) and ended in a slump. Not only Mamlük conflicts with their enemies and continued revolts of al-'Ajläb were responsible. Another factor was the vast sums spend by the Sult n on construction and reconstruction of a great number 3 of Mosques, schools, public buildings, bridgeq and other public services. Consequently, Sull1n Qayitbäy was powerless to meet the new demands of his soldiers (i. e. A1-'Ajläb) for greater financial privileges which 4 were markedly increased during this time. 1. Idem. 7la iz X, pp. 124-6. 2. cf. Infra, pp. 6-11 (2nd 3. cf. Ibn'Iyäs, Radi'i' al-Zuhßr, vol. II p. 329 Ed. by Mutiammad "us. lafa, Cairo, 1383T1963 lbr Qäyitbäy, see infra p. 14 rn"4" 4" See SakLlwi's remarks in his Wa Zz SS, P. 420 also 326,359" 6. '.7hen al-lA, jldb realised this fact, not only the dynasty, but masses of the population began to suffer. Al-3Aj]Zb's interference in public affairs became more pronounced and looting of property and merchandise 1 more a,; gressive. In addition to the revolts of al-'Ajläb, the dynasty throughout its history faced the threat of the Beduins of Egypt and Syria who had 2 always presented a menace. These nomadic people had a continual grudge a; ainst the settled population and never missed an opportunity to raid and harass townsfolk. They accepted no other rulers but those of their own tribes and they considered that they themselves should comprise the 3 ruling class and not the 2tamlüks who were of a slave origin. Nor was the dynasty free from etternal challenges, the first of which came from the Tay ürids- under Taymürlank4 (736-807/1335-1405) and was continued by his son a}äh R (807-850/14b5-1447)- 1. Loc. cit 2. Lrnong the many examples of their rebellions, see Ibid., pp. 76,94, 24,240,255-6,322-3,448-9" 3" Tarkyan, op. cit., p. 267 ý. For Taymürlank, see the article of L. Bourat in Elt vol. IV, pp. 777-9; also Satäwi, Daw', vol. III, no. 192 äwi, Davy' III, 1145- 5. ' For mäh Rukh ' see L. ßourat, Loc. oit y Sa , vol. no. 7. In the second half of the eighth century this new power began to emerge. The Taymürids came from Trdnsozania and they invaded the 1 many lands east of the Mamlük borders. It was not long (795/1392) 2 before they invaded And occupied Baghd1d. Here they came face to face with the 21.am1üks and commenced corresponding with Su1tän Bartide in an 3 exchange of threatening missives. 'E'hen Bar4üq died on 15 Shawwäl 801/20 Jan. 1399, TaYmürlazC invaded Syria; the eastern part of the Mamlük territories and occupied first 4 f: alab and then Damascus (803/1400). The invaders thus occupied a strong position in Syria but none the less they took the expedient of sending an ambassador to Egypt to 5 negotiate a peaceful treaty. Although outwardly the threats had become submerged in friendly exchanges of goodwill, Taymürlank's aon, Shäh nujýhtappears to have made a strategic move 1. Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. III, p. 46 2" cf. El2vol. I p. 903(article by A. A. D-uri). 3. Ibn 'Arabl}äh, 'AjVib al-MMagdür fl akhbär Taymür, Egypt, 1285/1868, pp. 70-1. 4. cf. Sakhawi, Vla lz X pp. 29-33 Tartran, op. cit., p. 78 5. Tarkhän, op. cit., p. 88 8. toward further conquest. On several occasions he begged of Sultän 2 11-irsabäy1 (825-841/1422-39) and Sultan Jagmaj (842-857/1438-53) the honour of being allowed to send a kiswa (i. e. a robe of honour) to the 3 Ka'ba in Necca. This roused strong opposition from the Mamlüks who 4 considered such a privilege to be theirs by tradition. Though Shah Ruth's finally fulfilled the . wish was and robe was 6 sent in 848/14625, his army moved towards the Mamlük borders. All this, however, was of no avail for he died before his plans were completely matured. His death in 850/1464 lessened the menace of the Taymürids, but during the last five decades of the reign of this dynasty (i. e. 872-923/1467-1517), the Mamlüks faced the more positive threat of Ottoman7 dominance. 1. For his biography, see Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 38 2. For his biography, see Ibid., no. 287 3. Säh 1 3sent several missions in this connection. Cf. Satawi, al-Masbük, PP-17,67,96. Vlaiiz a1-121l2m, X, pp. 211,233 ; al-Tibr Iden, 4. Cf. Tibr ..., p. 96 5" Loc. cit 6. Ibid., pp. 98,148 ?. For the Ottomans, see A. D. Alderson, The structure bf the Ottoman dynasty, (Oxford, 1956)= also the article. Turks, by J. H. Kranvers in EI, pp. 959ff" 9" The Ottomans first appeared as a small dynasty ruling in the north- western part of Asia Minor in about the year 700/1300- Gradually they they began to expand to the western part of Asia 1.Iinor, and succeeded in occupying Constantinople in 853/1453 in addition to establishing 1 their power in eastern Europe. : he Ottomans then looked east to the Asiatic front where allies of the '.'LamlCkso the families of Qhul ädir2 and the Qaram!-anids3 occupied the lands. These buffer states suffered from the competition between -T Ottom. +ns and Jamlüke as each sought to consolidate their empire, and the Manlüks sent contingents on several occasions to reinforce their 4 allies against the Ottomans. 5, In 886/1481 an incident occurred involving Prince Jem the brother of the Ottoman SU1tän Bayazid (886-918/1481-1512). After an unsuccessful but rebellion led by him, he fled to Egypt asking for asylum which was granted 1. C. E. Bosworth, The Islamic Dynasties, pp. 137-8; J. H. Kranvers, op. cit., pp. 962-3 2. For the Dhulnhadirs, see Tar än, op. cit., P-117- 3. For the Qaran nids, see C. E. Bosworth, op. cit., PP-134-5- 4. TarIb n, op. cit., p. 126 5. (d. 29 Jumädä 1.900/25 Feb., 1495)0 For his biography see the article DJEL by Kalil Inalcik in EI2 vol. 11 pp. 529-31 0 10. it also precipitated open warfare between the two aides in 691/1485.1 In 896/1490 a temporarily peaceful settlement was arrived at 2 between them. During the tenth/sixteenth century the Ottoman army led by 4 Sultan Salim the Grim3 (918-926/1512-1520), moved towards the east. Although Sultän Salim dent a friendly letter to Sultän Q"anguwa al-Ghürl 5 (906-922/1501-1517) of Egypt, the Mamlüks treated the alliance with 6 caution and sent their army to encamp along their north-western borders. The Manlük-Ottoman struggle, indeed, represents the competition for the lordship over the Muslim world and thus conflict was expected.? In 922/1516 in Marj Däbiq near Aleppo, the two 1. For the Mamlük-Ottoman conflict, see Sakhäwi, Wa iz SS, pp. 314, 325,419,459" 2. Ibid., P. 483 3. For Su1tän Salrm the Grim, see Ibn Zunbul, Tdrlkh al-Su1 n Sallm Khan Ibn al-Sultan Bayazid Khan ma'a gänuswa al-Ghürr Sultan ]Lt r wa-'A«mälihä. Egypt, 12871870. 4. Tar a-n, op. cit., p. 173 5. Ibid., p. 175 6. Loc. cit 7. Loc. cit 11. armies entered upon a decisive battle in which the Mumlüks were 1 defeated. The Ottomans then marched to Egypt and occupied Cairo in 923/1517.2 4 1. Cf. Ibn Zunbul, op. cit., PP-15'19- 2. Ibid., PP. 104-6 12, 2. THE INTELLECTUAL LIT 'Aben the Ayyübids came to power in 564/1169, Egypt witnessed 1 fundamental changes in the field of education and religion. Contrary to their predecessors, the FStimids, who had ruled Egypt from 358/969 until 567/1171 during, which time Ismä1Ili doctrine was the 2 official religious teaching, the A,yy"ubids promoted a strict Sunni religious 3, and educational policy. They established, several educational institutions 1 in which Sunni teaching was the main objective. 1. For the Ayyabids, see Bertold Spuler, The Muslim World Part I (translated from German by P. R. C. B. Agley, Leiden, 1960), . PP. 91-4; the article on the AyyIbids by Cahen in EI2, vol. It pp. 796-807. 2. cf. Bertold Spuler, op. cit., pp. 71,84. For the IcmA late faith, see Bernard Lewis, The origins of Iemä'ilism, Cambridge, 1940- 3. Bertold Spuler, op cit., pp. 92-4; Suyütl, Husn al-Mu$ädara fl talrlkh miir wa-al-ga'hira, vol. II, pp. 5,17- 4- Suyü%3, Husn, vol. IIpp. 256-63. 9 13. The mamruks who, in the seventh/thirteenth century became the successors of the Ayyübids in Egypt and Syria followed the same doctrine. 1 In addition, Cairo became the spiritual centre of Sunni mu3lims from all the Islamic lands. This happened when a member of the`Abbaoid family was established by the Mamlüks and continued the. caliphate in Cairo in 659/1261 after the collapse of Baghdäd2 in 656/1258. The underlying aim of the Mamlüks behind rehousing the ¶Abbäsid caliphate in Cairo, seems to have been a desire to gain recognition in other Muslim 3 countries and to be considered as the protectors of Isläm. Indeed they spared no efforts to emphasise this impression and it was during their period that Cairo took precedence over Baghdad and became the foremost city of 1. Bosworth, op. cit., p. 65 2. Suyüti, 22- cit. ', p. 94; of. article 4Abbäsid by B. Lewis in EI2 vol. I p. 21ff. On the Abbäsid'Caliphate. in Cairo, see Annemarie Schimmel, Kalif und KädI in ep7tmittelalterlichen Agypten, in Die Welt des Islams, 1943, pp. 3-27" 3. B. Lewis OP. cit., loc. citi of. also Lane-Fbol, The story of Cairo, pp. 205-6, London, 1902. / 14. education and culturo in the Muslim world. A vast number of religious and educational institutions worn established. Some of the Sultana and amirs took a special interest in this movement. They hold scholarly 1 meetin, }s in their own homes. Others. achieved a considerable degree of culture as did al-Näsir Hasan2 (d. 762/1361), al-Zähir Jaqmaq3 (d. 857/1453) and al-3As}jraf cyitbäy4 (d. 9o2/1496). In addition they vied with each other in building madäris, mosques and other similar, institutions. 5 In them the staff of teachers and students were given many privileges 6 by endowment (waqf). The subjects studied in these institutions differed from one school 7 to another, such as Dgr al-With al-Kgmiliyya, which specialised in Hadltjh 1. cf. Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. III9 p. 5, also his Wa 2z SS, pp. 2O9,213,219. 2. cf. Lane-Pool, op. cit., p. 220 3" Sa haw Daw' vol. III, p. 72 4. of. Lane-Pool, o. cit., pp. 237-8. Für Sultän Q; yitbäy, see Sakhäw!, Daw', vol. VI, no. 697. 5. Für the development of he Madrasa and similar institutions, see article 'asdjid' in EI vol. III p. 357ff. 6. 'Tarkhän, OP- cit. p. 318 7. For this school, see Qalgashandi, Subh, vol. III, P. 363 15. law. studies and al-Nirsiriyya1 school which specialized in Shäfi(i Many schools included the offer of chairs for various studies. Al-Madrasa a1-Jamf. liyyap' had six chairs for Shäfi'i, Hanafi, Hanbali and ?.ä1ikI Isl`emic law studies and one for Tradition and another for (i. Tafsir. Others included a Chair for al-'Ulüm al-'Agliyya e. Logic, 3 Ethics and Astronomy) and medicine. In addition to these academic studies, prominent traditionists of that time frequently held public lectures in which they dictated the 4 traditions to the public. This kind of lecturing was called 'ImTh. Scholars also held meetings (Halagät) in the Mosques or even in the 5 open air in which various subjects were taught. Amidst such a variety of subjects and the great educational movement, the standard of achievement should not be exaggerated. It is beyond the scope of this thesis to evaluate the standard or the originality of this 1. Für this school see Suyü I, op. cit., vol. II, p. 265 2. For this school see Mubärak, Khuj, aj, vol. III, p. 75 3. Tarkhän, op. cit., pp. 314-22" 442-5 4. For the term )Imlär, see jbalIb, 'Usül al-HadIth..., Pp. (Där al-Fikr"al"11adIth, Lebanon, 1967)- 5- of. Infra p. 43 16. stimulation, but an examination of book-titles of the eminent contemporary scholars such as Ibn Hajarl (d. 852/1448), Sakhäwi2 (d. 902/1497) and Suy t-13 (d. 911/1505) shows that most of the studies were concentrated either on continuation, abridgment, summarization, interpretation or classification of those produced in previous Islamic periods. In general, the research during this period reflects a clin3in9 to traditional expression. On the other hand, sophisticated discussions were a distinguished phenomenon of the age although scholars were often involved in arguing 4 simple matters. Neither should the value of this prolification of intellectual and literary activity be underestimated. Learning had assumed a greater importance; certain aspects of education were extremely important; much was gained by the prolific movement of research. 1. cf. Ibn Fiajar's list of works quoted by Sakhäwi in his al-Jawä. hir (Paris ) wa-al-Durar ... MS no. 2105. 2, c f. In f ra, pp " 50,87. ' 3. Suyüji's list in his Al-Tabadduth'. bi- cf. w... self-given work; zti1rnat Alläh (thesis, by Elizabeth Sartaih,. ICidbridg University, Ph. d. 6119. 4" Among the many examples, of., Sakhäwi a iz SS, pp. 190-1,219,220, 227,261,298.1 / 17. Such was the background againstwhich Sakhä,wi developed. He absorbed its culture and later became one of the most distinguished scholars of his age. I, 0 CHAPTER II" Sakhäwi's Life and Education I "1 18. CHAPTER II SAE ÄWVI'S LIFE AND EDUCATION Upon examination, most of the historians who dealt with Sajýrawi's 2 life, namely al-Chazzl19 Ibn al-'lmId al-HanbalI, al-'Aydarüsl3, al hawkdnl4 and 'All Mubarak5 based their information on Sachwl'a brief autobiography included in his 1?aw' and comprising 32 pages6 of the printed published volumes. The present study is mainly based on the information provided by Sakhäw 1. cf. his al-Kawäkib al-SP ira vol. I p. 53 2. of. Shadharät vol. VIII pp. 15-7- 3- of. al-Nur al-S fir pp. 16-21. 4. of. al-Badr al-T51i1 vol. II pp. 184-7- 5- cf. Khutat 1viubarak vol. XII p. 15- 6. of. Daw' vol. VIII pp. 1-32. x 19, himself throughout his works particularly in his comprehensive autobiography, Irth; zd al-ghäwi bal 'iscäd al-tälib wa-al-räwl li-al- Aam bi-tarjamat al-Sakhiwi' which comprises 643 pages. Any relevant information quoted by the above-mentioned historians or any other sources is given consideration in this study of Sakhäw! 's life. 1. Pbr this work cf. infra p. 80 fn. 1 I 20, 1. SAý:ILÄWI'S FAMILY 2 Shame al-dIn1, 'Abu al- bayr,, Muhammad b. 'Abdulr4man b. Muhammad b. 'AbI I3akr b. lUtJ män b. Muhammad' al-Sakhawi, the famous Egyptian hietoria and traditionist, was descended from a Baghdäd family, according to an 4 unverified statement made by Sakhawi's aunt. It is well known that many families were able to escape from BaChdäd to Syria and Egypt after the Tartar I. Sakhäwi was also nicknamed "Ibn al-Band" by some of his contemporaries. He states, however, that neither he nor his father was known as this; the appellation was, however, that by which his grandfather was known. 'läm See Sakhäwl, 'Irshäd al-ghäwl bal tie lid al-tälib wä al-räwI Li-al-i bi-tarjamat al-Sakhäwl, Leyden 145 no. 1724,. fol. 11b, of. also Ibn Abdulsaläm, Al-Badr al-t&li( min al-Daw)al-Lämi'g, (Vienna'MS no. Mct. 133, fol. 127b. 2. He was given sometimes the 'Kunya' of 'Abu 'Abdullä. k he I LI says S4.. JJ "- --e. of. Sakhäwl, 'Irghäd..., fol. 11b 3. Sakhäwi states that he knows norfurther names in his genealogical tree and has some doubt concerning the last name. He says: Ibid., vol. 10ll 6-0 CJ V 4. Sabäwi says 7Ia 140401 J61. is' Loo. cit., . " Wv He also added: n1 eJW cf. Ibid., fol. 11a.. For the biography of Sakhäwl's aunt, see Ibid., fol. 12b. i 1 21. t invasion in the seventh/thirteenth century. It is therefore probable that the story of the family's non-Egyptian origin is true. The family 2 lived at Sakhä, from which it took its name. It-seems that its rise to fame began after al-Sal'häwi's grandfather, Muhammad be 'Abi ßakr3 (d. 818/1415) emigrated from Sakhä to Cairo. The exact date of his arrival is not known, but presumably he emigrated some time before 793/1390.4 In Cairo he lived in iiärat (a district of) Bahäl al-din garaqüsh5; where he came under the influence of Al-Siräj al-Bulglni (d. 805/1402), the prominent "J 1. cf. Zetterst6en, Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mamluken Sultane, pp. 234-235" Sa 2. kh a is an old small city in Al-, iarbiyya district in Egypt. 'For this city see Ibn Ta, hrr Bird!, Al-Nu Cm al-Zähira fi mulük mi r ,, wa al-gähira, vol. Z, p. 319 fn 6, (ed. Mr al-Kutub, Cairo, 1963)9 vol. XII, pp. 12-14 (Bulge, Cairo, 1305/1887)- C 1ilahl 3- For his biography, see Satt äwi, Al-Daw' al- 1 ºi al-qarn al-täsit, vol. VII, no. 424 (ed. Qudsl Library, Cairo, 1353-55/1916. 4. I this date to the date birth of J:uhammad's son suggest according of Idem, 'Abü Bikr who was born in Cairo in about 793/1390" See fol. 12a; of. also Pols. 10b-11a. 5. A naTe of a district in Cairo. For this district, see Ibn Taghrl Bird!, o R. cit., vol. IV, p. 38 fn. 7; QalgathandZ, Subh, vol. III, p"352. .I 22, 1 religious authority of his time. Al-Siraj al-BulgYni and 1,tuhammad, Sakhawi's grandfather, became neighbours and friends. This was proved by Al-Dalglni, who gave Muhammad a house, asking only one favour in return, which was that b1uhammadshould visit the grave of his son each 2 Friday and place an aromatic plant upon it as a token of friendship. A.:uhammad worked as a knitting-yam seller in Süq Ibn Jawshani a market 3 in laydän al-gamI. He was described by some of his contemporaries as a holy and virtuous man, interested in attending religious meetings in company with those of 4 similar interests. (d. Both his sons were well educated, and the elder, 'Aba Bakr 822/ 1419), was devoted to religious study and worship and was also an expert 5 (d. in arithmetic and calligraphy. The younger son, 'Abdulrahmän 874/ . i 1469), was the more materially minded. He was interoatod in 654. I. For his biography, see Sakrawi, Daw', vol. VIII, no. 2. Ibid., p. 176 3. Idem, 'Irshäd, fol. llb 4. Ibid., fol. 12a. 5" Ibid., fol. 12a, b; Idem, nw', vol. XI, no. 202; al-Jawl;. hir wa-al- lurar fl tarjamat ;,haykh al-Isyl m Ibn Jajar, fol. 262 1.MS. Bib. Nat., Paris, no. 2105)- r 23. business and equally so in religion. Consid9rable success attended his sellin; of knitting-yarns and in his spare time he devoted himself to study. Ile knew many parts of the Qur'än by heart and was well-versed in Fiadith, of which he made a study, together with Arabic syntax and 1 Jurisprudence. According to 54bäwi, his tutor Ibn Iiajar (d. 852/ 2 1448), esteemed 'Abdulrahmän very highly. They had been neighbours since about 835/14313 and 'Abdulrahntän took his three sons to attend Ibn Hajar's lectures. 'Abdulrahmän's eldest son, SakhäwI, showed great 4 aptitude for study and was a favourite of his teacher, Ibn Hajar. Sakhäwi's younger brother 'Abdulgädir (d. 894/1488) was also a pupil of Ibn Hajar, although he had other teachers. He was chiefly 5 interested in the interpretation of the Qur'än.. 1. 260, 'IrLh7ad Idem, Daw', vol. IV, no. 332; Jaw. hir ..., fol. --op Pols. 12b-13a. 2. Idem, 'Irshäd 25a . '.., fol. Ybr Ibn 8ajar see infra p. 134 fn. 1 3. According to Sakhäwi, his father bought a new house in Ziýäq al-gatlä near to that of Ibn Hajcar when Sakhäwr was in his early fourth year fol. i. e. about 835/1431. of. Ibid., 15b 4" cf. Infra, pp. 6;-28 fol. 292; 5. cf. Saj wi, Daw', vol. IV, no. 715, Jawähir ..., ! Irshäd ..., Lola. 13b-14a. i 24. In no less degree than his brothers, Abü Barr (893/1487), the youngest, became a specialist in Arabic, Jurisprudence and Tradition, and 1 was the writer of some cottunentaries. 2. SA!J3bIT'S EARLY YEARS Sa'hhäwi was born in his grandfather's house at Cairo in Rabid al-'awwal 831/20 Dec. 1427 18 January 1428.2 His father watched 3 over his interests with great care and dire6tion. " Between 1. Idea, Da;7', vol. XI, no. 117; 'Irshad..., Pols 14a, b, 183b, 190a, b. 2. Iden, Daw', vol. VIII p. 2; 'Irshä. d..., fol. 15b; Tibr, pp. 151-2 Sakhäwi's date of birth was apparently wrongly given by al-Burhän al-Bigä'i (d. 885/1480). In his ýIrshýd'(fol. 19b-11a), Sakhäwi äs° ö, 'ý (ä: Ic1ýýý mils Cs`1;i. 1ý ýý says: 1 (Y 5- -; c3 (r'ý.: ý:.. Apparently, Sakhä.wl here referred to his biography included in Biqa'(! C' s 1h For thiß work; 'Umvan al- znmärn bi. -'ta,. rä jda al-Shuy tiva al-agrän . work, se© Infra P-143 IL. 3. 3" Cf., Sakhäwf, Irshäd..., Pols., 24a-b, 25a 25. 835/14311 and 842/14382 he was directed by him to attend five primary 3 schools (i. e. Merktab); the school of EIsa be 'Ahmad a1-MagaT4(d. 865/ 1452), of al-Badr Husayn be 'AhmadS (d. 878/1473)ß of Muhammad al-NahrirI a1-SOüdi6 (d. 849/1445), of Muhammad be 'Umar al-Qatjän7 (d. 843/1439) and of 'Ahmad be 'Asad8 (d. 872/1467). In these preliminary schools, he was taught to write and read, study and memorise the 41ur'än and the art of Qur'5nic recitation. In addition, he absorbed some knowledce 9 in tradition, Fiqh and Arabic. Among his guardians at this stage of his study, Ahmad I. SakhäwI states that he first attended the Maktab when his. father bought a new house. (In about 835/1431) cf. Supra, p. 20 In. 39 'Irshäd also ..., fol. 15b. 2. Ibid., fol., 313b. 3. See article Maktab by L. Brunot in vol. III pp. 177-180. 4. For his biography see Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. VI, no. 479, Ir had, fol. i5b. -ýý 5. Für his biography, see Sakhäwr, Daw', vol. III, p. 135; also 'Irshäd ..., fol., 30b. 6. Idem, 59, Ibn iaLhharat, cf. Daw', vol. VII, no. also al-'Imäd, , vol. II, pp. 264-5" 7. Known as Ibn 'Umar al-Tabbäkh. Für his bioSraphy, see SatbTwT, Daw', vol. VIII, no. 653 It 227 8. For the biography of Ibn 'Arad, see Satte wi, Daw', vol. p. Kahhala, I, 162 ? u'jam ..., vol., p. 9. '15b-16a; 313b. cf. SakhawI, 'Ir _had ... '-fol. i 26. Ibn 'Asad exercised the greatest influence upon him. He it was who taucht him to read and who cave him extensive lessons in Fiqh, Arabic 1 and Qur'tnic recitation. From then onwards, as was customary at the timos, he began to memorise parts of and to learn from the enormous textbooks of tiadIth, 23 Arabic and Fiqh. All of these he recited before various teachers. 3" SAY WI UNDER IIN HAJAR' S DIRECTION Subsequent to 839/1433 or a year later, Sa häwi spent more than fourteen years under the direction of Ibn Hajar (d. 852/1448)"4 The latter was the one who helped him most and who opened greater, opportunities for study not only with himself but. by introducing Sul üwi to, 1. Loc. cit. 2. The recitation of the text before the Shaykh is called CArcj. Fb r the technical meaning of this term see'Adud al-Din al fj; Tuhfat al-faq! r )ilä Sahib al-Sarir. (F. Rosenthal translation in his wor ) 'A history of Týislim Ilistorio ah, 2nd ed., Leiden, 1968, p. 210. 3. Sakhawi, 'Irsh7ld ..., fol., 1 a-b 4" Ibid., fol. 25a 0 27. ' learned he . other men. Under his direction Sakh. wl claims that studied 2 the iiadith sciences with more than four hundred teachers. 3 As a student, without responsibility or family ties, he was able to 4 devote his attention to the study of various Islamic sciences. He seldom missed the opportunity of. receiving instruction, particularly from his favourite tutor, Ibn Hajar. He never missed one of the lectures of Ibn rajar'e 1ImlAI (dictating tradition) during the six years 5 following the 11th Shawwäl 846/12 February 1443. Al Sath wl'e sagacity, together with his painstaking and scientific nature, commanded his tutor's, respect, and earned him private lessions 6 in al-Madrasa al-Mahmüdiyya and other schools. He was described ? by Ibn Hajar as the best among his students. Ibn Hajar certified that on. finishing his studies with him, Sakhäwi his favourite student deserved 1. Idem, Daw', vol. VIII0 P-71 Tibr, PP- 46,121. 2. Idem, 'Irth äd..., fol. 26a, 3. Ibid., vol. lwi, 4. In his own autobiography, 'Irshäd al SaklJ wl describes his daily and weekly programme. of. fol., 313a-b- 5. Idem., Tibr..., p. 46 6. Idem, 'Ir hsäd..., fols. 25b, 26a, 67a-b, 68a-b. Für al-Madrasa 34" biahmüdi see biub. rak, al-Khuta% al-Tawfi5iyya..., vol. III p. 7" SakhäwI Irsh 4 Pols. 25b-26ä, 67-68b. 1 28. to have the dipLo. ma (i. e the'Ijäza), which qualified him as a teacher 1 and educator in addition to compiler and writer. 4. SAuiÄw'If'S ACADEMIC JOURNEYS. After Ibn Hajar's death on the 18th Dhulhijja, 852/12 February 1449, Sakhnwi planned to travel in search of further knowledge. His first journey was to begin in Rajab 853/20 August-18 September 1449, but his parents seem to have objected on account of his youth, and he 2 was unable to fulfil his desire at that time. For more than three years after Ibn Hajar's death in 852/1448, he was involved in traditional studies with many Saykhs and musnids (i. e. tradition reoiters), mostof 3 whom were in Cairo. On Shawwäl of 854/7 Nov. -5 Dec. 1450, hetwent on 4 a short'journey'to Dimyät and heard from some of the musnids there. Early 1. Ibid., fol. 25b. The term 'Ijäza' trans. granting the 'right to and permitting transmission (of the material studied)e of., 'Mud al-Din al-IIjt, op. cit., p. 216. ' 2. Sa -awI, Tibr..., p. 226 3" Ibid., pp. 258,271,299-3001 Idem, 'Irshäd..., fol. 26a. 4" Idem, " Tibr..., p. 439; 'Irshäd..., fol. 26a. / 29. in Jumada al-Thlniya 856/around 19 June 1452, he went on a pilgrimage to the Muslim Holy Places in 14ecca and Madina, where he stayed for nearly seven months, studying under more than thirty Shaykha in 1 various educational centres there. In Mecca he met his friend al-Najm 'Umar Ibn Fahd (885/1480), who gave him free access to his father's library 3 and introduced him to other learned men. When he returned to E3yºpt late in MYulhajja 856/around 11 January 1453, he embarked on further studies, which he continued-to pursue in some educational 4 centres around Cairo. Before leaving on a second trip, this time to Syria, on 6th: Jum3,dä al-'Ü1ä 859/24 April 1455, he visited many educational centres in Upper Fzypt where he listened to and absorbed traditions and poetry from more 5 than fifty musnids and poets, In Syria he visited large numbers of the . cities until he finally came to Aleppo. 1. Idem., 26b; Ibn Tibr ._., p. 387; Irshäd ..., fol., al-ýImgid, Shadhar3t ..., vol. VII, p. 15 his time. 2. One of the prominent Hijäzi historians and traditionists of his For his bio, raphy, see Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. V, no. 409; On relations 90a-91a. with Sakhäwl, see Idem, Irehäd ..., fols., - 3. Ibid., Irshäd ..., fol. 26b 4. Ibid., fol. 27a 5. The cit. 30. On thin journey he listened to many traditional recitals from nearly 1 one hundred musnids. On both occasions, he read many books and was 2 involved in various scholarly activities. ,, 5"S gXw-' S JAYS Sakhäwi claims that. from the commencement of his studies with Ibn Hajar and until his"teturn from Syria to Cairo on the 14th Sha! bän, 659/3 July 1455, he had absorbed knowledge from, and listened to, over twelve hundred Shaykhe, muenids and poets in more than eighty places in 3 Egypt, Syria and-. Hijäz, Upon examination of most of Sakhäwt's quotations concerning his atudie with these Shaycjla, one concludes that the knowledge he. abeorbedlfrom most c 4 them was very limited. In many cases it represented his Sam. or reading 5 few Haditha. In some cases there is even no trace of any knowledge 1. Loc. cit 2. Ibid., fols. 27a, b, 314b. 3" Ibid., foie. 28a-53a in the of a speaker 4. The term SamaC(trans. - hearing a tradition words or a Shaykh who transmits it. ) of. CAdud al-Din al-'Ijl, ONcit", p. 219. 5. Examples of this are the knowledge he absorbed from Ibrähim al-Suwayfl Ibn Kat)Ir (d. 863/1458), Ibn al-Ju'ayyif (d`881/1476), Ibrahim (d. 789/1387 d. 852/1448). See SaMwl, Ireraad..., and'Ahmad al-Rlshi 2. fol. 29a-b; Daw', vol. I. pp 21,30,731 vol. II, no. / 31. being absorbed. Für instance, Sakhäwi mentions the name of Sultan Jagmaql (d. 2 857/1453) as one of his Shaycc)s. It is not known that Sultan Jagmaq had such a career. Thus, it is doubtful whether such a statement was based on a concrete foundation. Moreover, it was the custom of that era that the larger the number of teachers for a person, the higher the level claimed. It is the competition, perhaps, which is the cause of such enlargement of the onumbers of Sakhäw! 's Shaykhs. Flaw of these can be considered as Sakhäwl's main Shaykhs. Ibn Hajar, 3 as previously stated, was the most important one. Sakhäwl may justly be considered as the disciple of Ibn Hajar. His studies with'hiM were 1. '287 by For Sultan Jagmaq, see Idem, Darr' vol. III no. , article M. Sobernheimin EI2 vol. Il p. 6. 2. Sakh-awl, Irshäd ..., fol. 30b 3. cf. Supra pp. 26-8. .ý +. 32. concentrated on the Hadrth sciences in addition to Tafsir (the 1 interpretation of QurIFn), 'Arabic and history. Sak wi also studied Iiadi sciences with other Shayl_hs such as al-Zayn al-Sandabrsi2 (d. 853/1449) al-Zayn Itidwän3 (d. 855/1451) and 4 L. b. (Abdullih al-RashTd (4.854/1450)" He studied Fiqh and >Usül al-Fiqh with expert scholars in this field. Among them were al-Kamäl Ibn al-Humän5 (d. 861/1456), Sälih 1. Sakhäwl, Irshäd..., fol. 25a-b. 2. He was described by Sakhäwl the the Muhaddithin (i. as ,$haylft of e. Hadlth scholars) of al-Hikim 1.Mosque. Ibid., fol. 21a. For al- Sandabis!, see Ibn al-ýImäd, Shadharät..., vol. VIII, p. 279" For al-Hakim Mosque, see Popper, op. cit., p. 29 4. In the biography of al-Rash di, Sakh'ävii says: I sý/lrJ Ij&. ". xJ 1 of. Iden, bawl, vol. VIII, p. 102, of. also Idem, 'Irshäd... p fol. 54b, 56a. 5. M. b. CAbdulrahmän b. (Abdulwähid. For his biography see Idem, Daw' vol. VIII, no. 301; Irshäd..., fols. 34b, 70a; Tibr, p. 393" 0 33" al-Bulginil (d. 868/1463), Mahmüdal-'Ayni2 (d. 855/1451), al-Shams 1.'uha2Umad b. IamäCIl al-wann5 I3 (d. 849/1445), a1-Burhän Ibn Khidr4 (d. 852/1448), Muhamnad"b.'Ahmad b. 'Umar al-Shansh15 (d. 873/1498), Abü Zakariyyä al-Munäwi6 (d. 871/1466) and Q7asimal-Hanafi7 (d. 879/1474)9 1. Idem, Irshäd..., Pols. 19a, 72b. Für his biography see Idem, Daw' vol. III9 no. 312; Zirikli, lihäm vol. III, p. 277 2. Ideen, Irshäd ... q fols. 53bß 58a. For the biography of al-'Ayni, see EI2 vol. V PP- 0-1 article by W. Marcais. 3" Sakhäwi described" him i JIa. as q- .. yWI and addeds of. Irshä. d..., fol. 19a, also Daw' vol. VII no. 341 , &'J4J .ý 4" In the biography of Ibn Khidr, Sakhäwl said 0; 1-j YAP t4' -%">> +I (tC'I I.. aß: 1 q,;1ý mir' " ý "" ý1r'ýc. . "-- IrehM... cf. Sakhäwl, bawl vol. It PP. 43-61 vol. VIII, pp"4631 Idem, , fol. 19a. For the biography of Ibn Khidr, see Suyüti, Nazm al-'UQy n, P-15- 5. cf. SakhäwI, Irshäd...,. fol. 19a. For his biography, see Idem. Daw' vol. VII, no. 64. 6. Sakhýawi describes him as cf. Idem, Irshäd..., fol. 19a. bbr his biography see Idem, Dawn vol. X, no. 1033" 640. 7. Cf. Irshad..., fol. 21a. Für his biography see Idem, Daw', vol. VI, no. i / 34" He studied Arabic, philology, rhetoric and syntax with Ibn Khidr1 0 (4.852/1448), 'Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-'Ubbadi2 (4.860/1455), Ibn Hisham3 (4.855/1451), 'Abdulsaläm al-BaLhdädI4 (4.859/1454) and al-Shihäb al- Iiinn-awi5 (4.848/1444)" In addition, he studied philology with 1. In the biography of Ibn Xhidr, Sakhäwi sayss a.; ý csý (sip fs -1) a; LJ -ý Ideen, Daw' vol. It p. 45 2. cf. Ideen, Irshad..., fol. 17b, 30a. For the biography of a1-'Ubbad2, see Idem, ? awl vol. II, p. 180;, Zirikfl, 'Atl. m, vol. I, p. 218 3" Sakh"Awi, Irshad..., fol. 17b. For the biography, of Ibn Hiajiam, see Suyüt2, Nazm al-'Ugyän, p. 121; Ibn al-(Imäd, Shadhar7lt, vol. VII pp. 289-90. 4. cf. Sakhäwi, Irshäd..., folg. 21a, 31b. Für the biography of al- BaghdädI, see Idem, Daw', vol. IV9 no. 512 s 5. In his Irshäd (fol. 19b), Sakhäwl describes al-Hinnäwf aster 209. L\JI For his biography, see Idem, Daw', vol. II no. k 35" 'Abdulsaläm a1-Baghdäd1,1Tafsir (Rur'änic interpretation) with Ibn 2 Hajar, al-Tai q( al-Shumunni3 d. 8727/47) 16 and Ibn al-Da y( i4 d. 86 7/ 1467), calligraphy with Ibn al-§ä'igh5 (d. 845/1441), §fi teaching with several Lhaykhs such as Madyan al-'Ashrdün (d. 862/1459) and al- 7 Kamäl Ibn al-Humäm. 6. s WT'S APPOINTMENTS From his early twenties, SakhäwT's reputation 1. cf. Irahad Pols., 21a, 31b also supra p. 34 fn-5 2. In his äd (fol. 21a), (I. Vom---j Sakh4wi. sayss e t, , __ I) aü ýý Zi dis (DiJ t. C3 li//J ýý [ý; ý) as1.: . of. Supra, p. 23 fn. 2 3. cf. Ibid., Pols. 30a, 31a; Für al-Tagi al-ShumunnT, see SakkrawT, Daw' vol. II no. 493 4. Sakhäwi, Irshäd 21a, 53b. Für Ibn biography of. ..., fol. al-DayrVe see Idem, Daw', vol. III, P939; GAI. Supp., II, p. 44 5. In his Irshäd (fol. 21a), Sakhäwi says: For Ibn al-Sä'ish's biography, see Idem, Daw', vol. IV, no. 419 6. Idem, Irshäd biography, see Idem, ..., fol. 21a For al-'Aemünl's Daw', vol. X, No. 602 7. of. Supra, p. 32fn. 5 k 36. 1 attracted the attention of contemporary scholars. He was given every opportunity to acquire the knowledge necessary for the achievement of his ambition to become a Mudarris of Hadith. Moreover he had complete confidence in his own ability to realise this ambition. Between 650/1446 and 874/1469, however, he made three unsuccessful attempts to gain a Chair. The first was when he asked his tutor, Ibn Hajar, to appoint him to a Chair of Radich in al-Mu'ayyadiyya School, but he was told that the 2 vacancy was for Jurisprudence. The second occasion was When in 855/ 1451 he wrote a book for the attention of Sultän Jaqmaq3 (d. 857/1453)" 0' His aim, it would appear, in writing such a work was to draw the Sultän'e attention to his scholarly achievements and perhaps open the way to the 4 fulfilment of his dream. A letter commending al-Sahäwl's achievements and (d. scholarship was written by al-Kamial Ibn al-, gam 874/1469), the friend of the Sultan, and sent to the Sultan, whereupon'Sakhäwr was 1. Sakhäwi, Irshäd., fol. 26b. _' - 2. Ibid., fol. 67b. Für al-Mu'ayyadiyya School, doe Suyütl, Huen al- tnuhäzara, vol. II, pp. 272-3. 3" For Sultän Jaqmaq, see Supra re In. 2 4" In his Irshäd (fol. web D j_. 314), Sakhäwt saysi J. * 06 cu Pj 5" For "Ibn-Al-Mmäm see Supra p. 32th. 5 1 k 37. granted an interview with him in Rabl9 al-Thant 855/3-31 May 1451.1 The result of the interview ras disappointing and although he received a monetary gift from the Sultan, his ambition2 was not realised. The third of his unsuccessful attempts was *hen he was appointed to a position in al-ramiliyya school in about 074/1469.3 Shortly after that, however, he met so much opposition from the eons of al- Ka-mal Ibn Imäzn al-Kämiliyya4 that he had no option but to leave the 5 post. The combination of circumstances caused al-Sakhäwr to become depressed 6 'a and embittered. He compiled pamphlet under the title "Al-Furja bi-kä'inat al-Kämiliyya al-l, atl l. aysa tiha li-al-muläridi hujja", in which he explained his own views on the matter.? 1. In his Irshld (fol. djlsli gis 70a), Sakhäwl says: I&, 1) .. `u u nJl_ ep' lýiJ J% -) c ro csu-=ý &. II `' v t< l; b ir. VAA l.y e jjýL >. re y. L}: - .., "M . Jý 5ý ýs bU JI csy;. ., c3 n. . vý-" a. w sý) I (, "ýýcý ": ýtiJt ýL sý:.: ýý i,:.. 1J cf. also fol. 26b. 2. Sakräwi, 2ibr, p. 194 3. Idem, Irshäd ..., fol. 170a 4" Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. II, p. 181 Lt 5. In his Irshäd (fol. 316b), Sakhäwi sayss cJlb a-ý. (Ld I v . of, also Idem, Daw',. vol. II, p. 181 6. I_, Daw' vol. III no. 330, VII pp. 31,177 7" cf. Infra, p. 71. no. 103 38. However, he occupied the position of professor of Hadlth at al- SariRhtumshiyya school in 880/1475.1 He was also appointed as a deputy professor of HadTth at al-Z& iriyya al-Qadima school in about 870/14652 and at al-Bargtiqiyya school in about 889/1484,3 in addition to which he held less important posts such as "c}irilat al-Hadlth", (Tradition Reading) at Ibn al-ilt n's Mosque4 and shared an appointment with another scholar 5 at al-'Ashrafiyya Barsabay school. 7. SÄwI IN UJÄZ The practice of travelling to holy places for pilgrimage and worship is a time-honoured custom of many and varied religions. 1. Sakhäwi, Irshäd..., fol. 171b 2. Sakhäwi states he occupied this position after the death of al-Täj al-SikandarI (d. 870/1465). Loc, cit. For his biography see Idem Daw' vol. X no. Vlajiz SS, p. 160. -13; 3. In his Irahäd (fol. 171b) SakhawI states that he occupied this position after the death of al-BahVV al-MashhadI who died in 889/1484" For his biography see Ibid., vol. VII, no. 429, Idem, Wajtz SS, 310 4. Für this Mosque, see Mubärak, op. cit., vol. III, p. 31 5. SakhäWl, Irshäd..., fol. 171b. ý: 39" Sakhüwl's religious devotion caused him to reside in Mecca and Liadina several times. In Shawwäl 870/16 May - 13 June 1466 he went to Mecca and remained there for almost a year, during which time he visited both 1 Tilif and Madrna, and devoted himself to religious worship. His second visit was made in Shawwäl 885/4 December 1400 -I January 14812 and extended until the beginning of 888/around 9 February 1483. When he againdecided to travel, it was on the 14th Shawwäl 892/3 October 1487 the idea of emigration having crystallized in his mind. 4 His intention was to settle either in MadIna or in biecaa. There is no doubt that the friendliness and welcome which he had met with there influenced his decision. The friendship offered by the ruler of Iiijäzr Muharunad Ibn Barakät5, and by the distinguished HijrzI scholars al-Najm Bokr b. Ibn F'ahd6 (d. 885/1480), Ibra`h! m b,. Zuhayra (d. 891/1486)7 and Abu- 1. Ibid., 61b-62a, VII, 15. - fol. b; 316a, b; Ibn al-'Irrad Shadharät, vol. p. 2. Sakhäwi, 17ajiz, SS p. 268 3. Ibid., p. 295 4. Ideen, IrsL} d..., to.. 64a. 5. Loc. cit. akhäwi'a relation with him, see law', vol. VII PP-150-3- 6* of. E2 2M p. 29 fn. 2. 7. In his biography Ibn Sakhäwi La 3j of 7uhayra eayo: "" -ýý .. Je du i Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. 'I p. 94; also Irrhäd... 9 fo. 95b. i 40o Ir ?uhayra (d. 889/I484) by contrast with the difficulties he had experienced in Egypt in gaining a suitable teaching position, as 2 previously etated, doubtless offered Sa}} wi relaxation in this 3 concern. His decision also seems to have been related to his unhappiness in Egypt a year before he emigrated to Hijäz. It had arisen from the injustices from which the majority of Egyptians were suffering at that time. Sakhäwi expresses himself very strongly concerning these things 4 and the manner in which they affected his own health. With the exception of a short visit5to Cairo which was 1. Idem, Irshäd..., fol. 95b. Für the biography of ! Abü ßakr Ibn Zuhayºra see Idem, Daw', vol. XI no. 151 2, cf. su ra, p. 35-8. 3. SaUäw1 expresses the restfulness of the atmosphere of Hijaz, which he enjoyed on several occasions. Cf. Sak}Iwi, Wajtz S3, pp. 277,413; Daw' vol. VII p. 152 4. Ideen, Wa Iz, ss p. 335 5. This visit was occasioned by the death in Cairo of his two brothers. Ibid., P"447 0 i / .. 'ý 41. from 11th ;!uharram, 895/5 December 1489 until 896/1490, SatäwT 1 spent the-rest of his life in Hijäz. Though his position there was one of comfort, Sa äwi suffered from meagre finances. According to a letter written by him in about 900/1494, his total remuneration was insufficient to cover his daily 2 expenses. Moreover, none of his appointments in Cairo carried at that 3 time a regular salary. 8. SAk1SYI' S LATE YEARS The last decade of SakJ wPte life was spend between Mecca and MadIna. 4 He finally settled and spend the last few months in MadTna. He arrived there with hie family on Monday, 19th thulhijja of 901/31 Auq., 1496.5 Nearly seven months later, on Sunday lath Shý(bän of 902/1 May 1497 1.. Ibn al-'Imäd, Shadharat, vol. VII, p. 16. 2. SakhIwi, 'Irabäd... 243b-44b. In this letter Sahbäwl indicates , that he was in seventies which means that the letter was written about 900/1494 (Sak}Twi was born in 831/1427). 3. Loc_cit. 4. cf. Su ra, p. 38ff 5- SajawS, Irshäd fol. 65b. 1 I 42. 1 Sakhäwi died and was buried at al-BaglC Cemetery there. S,hawkanl states that the day of Sal-häwl's death was on Sunday 16th Zha'bän of 902 A. H. This statement seems to be incorrect. This date does not correspond to Sunday (16th Sha'bän 902 - Tuesday 19th April 1497)" In recent time Muhammad4Abdulläh (Inän was misled when stating that 2 Sakhäwl died in 13th Dhulhajja 902 Examination oftlu reference he $howl Ott by gave (i. e. al-Kawäkib al-Säi'ra al-Ghazzi)q this is the date of 3 Salät al-ghä b which was held in Damascus in Sakhäwlla memory CAydarüsI, 1. Ibn a1-'Imäd, Shadharät vol. VIII p. 17; al-Nür al-5afir p. 16; Suyüti, Nazm al-'Ugyan p. 153. In Frakihat al-Yhullön (I p. 178), Ibn ýiilün states mistakenly that Sakhäwi died in Mecca. 2" In his MOarrikhtt Misr al-'Iclümiyya (p. 141), Inün says: C3ý+ J 149 v)o. < 4; - ö, ýxý; 1 GS ýýt Li 3. In Kawäkib (vol. I p. 178), al-Ghazzi says (i ) I t Jc C3p'ý "t cs' L -J' eý' 4S'i C3 k Ä%l4W-ý i ,. 1 43" iý SA-2-AWIS LITERARY ACTIVITIES Sakhäwi devoted himself entirely to various literary activities. He spent nearly half a century delivering public lectures, teaching and writing. His first public activity began shortly after 855/14151. At this time, he began delivering some Hadith texts and reciting his own traditional Samäe2 at meetings held mostly in Ihr al-Hadlti al-Kämiliyya3 5 and in al-Häkim's Mosque4 and al-Mankütamriyya. These meetings were so popular that Sakhäwi held some of them in the open apace of Cairo and even in 6 his own house. Moreover, this success encouraged Sakhäwl to commence 7 a long term of the 'ImlVV. (d. Under the exhortation of al-Tagi al-Shumunn! 872/1467) 1. Sa1"häwr states that he began these lectures shortly after his son ~.r'Ahmad was born in 855/1415. See his Irshäd..., fol. 27b; of* also ti roes. 26b, 315b. 2. ' Für the term SamVV, see Supra, p. 43 f"4 3" For this school,, see Supra, p. 14 fn-9- 4 "' For this Mosque, see @algashand2, Subh al-)a«sha... vol. III p. 360. 5"' For this school, see Mubärak, op. cit., vol. III, p. 22 6. See his Irsh-ad..., fol. 315a; of. also Wajiz, SS P-117- 7-* cf. Irshäd 171b. For the term lIm1AV, see Supra, p. 15 ! n"4" 8., For his biography, see Supra. p. 35 Pa-3- 1 f 44" one of Sajhýawilu teachers who had repeatedly incited him to do co, he began the 'Im), on the tenth of Jumädä al-)Üla 864/2 April 1460, in his 1 own house. Between this date and 870/1465 he instituted a course of fifty-nine lectures either in his house or at one of the schools of Cairo, such as al-ýaraahtumshiyya2 and SaIld al-Sucacra13 This was followed by delivering four lectures in Mecca in 871/1466.4 On his teturn to Cairo, the same year, he continued his lectures and from the commencement of them until 895/1489, he delivered, in all, 5 some 600 lectures as he himself stated. After this, however, he stopped that as a protest against those who, he said, were lecturing without 6 adequate knowledge. In addition, Sakhäwi was very active as a teacher. Vast numbers 7 Of students from all over the Islamic world studied with him. I. Sakhäwi, Irnhäd,., fol 171b , . 2. For this school, see Mubärak, o P. cit.,. vol. III9 p. 120i Suyu%i, op. cit., vol. II p. 256. 3" For this school, see SuyitI, op. oit., vol. II pp. 256,260-1. 4. Sakhawl, Iraäd..., fol. 171bj Wain ss,, 64.; 5" Idem, Irshäd..., fol. 171b. 6., loc. cit. 7. Sakhawi presented an alphabetical list of the names of those who aboorbed knowledge from him* of. Ibid., folo. 266a-313a: 45. Between 856/1452 and 870/1465, Sakhäwl states that he was delivering lectures on tradition, daily, either in al-N, ankütamriyya school, or in 1 al-Chamrl's Mosque. In addition, during the late years of this period 2 he delivered lectures in al-2 hiriyya al-gadima school. Such was his love of teaching that he also used to meet his students in his library 3 in his own house. Sakhäwi, as previously stated, spent the rest of 4 his life between Cairo, Mecca and Madina. In these three cities he embarked on further lecturing. Ibn al-tImää al-HanbalI stated that 5 vast numbers of people studied with him while he was in ]Iijäz. " Sakhäwl himself, mentions extensive lists of books being studied with teaching him that his .6 There are also some quotations which indicate 1. Sakhäwl, Irshäd..., fol. 315b. Für al-Ghamrl Lloaqueºeee b'ubarak, op. cit., vol. III, p. 23; vol. IV, p. 61. 2. SakhäwI, Irshäd..., fol. 315b. Für a1-Zähiriyya eohool, see suyiti, op. cit., vol. II, p. 264. 3" SakhäwI, Ix h4..., Sol. 315b. 4. 40-1. cl. Supra, PP- ý 5. Shadharät, vol. VIII p. 16 6. Sakhäws, wa rz, S3 pp. 3649 376-7,4139 466,521.577-6. ., ` F 46. career continued up to his death on 28 Shäban 902/1 May 1497.1 Moreover, Sakhäwi was a prolific compiler and writer. According to the list of works written by him at most about eight months before 2 his death, he had written more than two hundred works. Since a time shortly before 850/1446, when he was nearly eighteen, 4 and until his late years, Sakhäwi was involved in research. He is aptly described by Ibn al-(Irrad al-Haubali (d. 1089/1679)ß the famous 5 historian of his time, as one who never ceased his literary activitiee. Ilia main interest centred on tradition and its ooienceo. ilia firnt attempt in this direction began with compiLAtion of works in which he tither mentions the ýi r 1. Sakhäwi states that Luhammad b. Zuhayºra studied with him in the Prophet's Mosque in Madina in 902/1496-7. See his Irshäd.., fol. 306b. 2. cf. Infra, pp. 50-1. 3. Sakhäwi states that he began his first writing shortly before 850/ 1446. cf. his Irshäd..., fol. 172a. 4. A few months before his death in 28th SWUM 902/1 May 1497 he 50. In his T*uhfa completed his autobiography, Irahäd..., of. infra, p. -_ an in (II no. 1680) Sakhäwi wrotelobituary of Sanqar a1-1 ml who died death). 6 Jumädn al-, 1iäniYa 902 (about three months before Sakhäwl'n 5. Ibn al-(Imäd, Shadhargt, vol. VIII pp. 15-17" i I 1 47. traditional 'hearin,,.,, s'1 of some contemporary scholars including himsolf 2 or from whop they also received it. The names he quotes in this connection are as follows: Mashyaaha, Fihrist, and fýI3 Perhaps his most comprehensive works in this field are those which comprise his interpretations or abridgments of some text books of FIadlth04 one of the most famous beinC his interpretation of 'Alfiyyat al-Fiaditt by al-'Ir: s.gi5 (d. 808/1*405) under the title Fath al-nugh7th bi-sha, rh 'alfiyyat al-Hadr-th .6 After J;iadith, 2akhawl concentrated on biographical and chronological histories dealing with various periods in addition to general biographical 1. Cn the term 'hearin ' or Saxäc, see Su ra, P 43 Sh"4 2. This kind of work is known as TaHhrrj. 3" For the torc. a : 'aFýyatha, Fihrist and r.li' jam, see Satawi, al-ihän bi-al-taabTkh (Rosentharn translation) p. 451 4. cf. Infra, pp. 60 ff 5. For al-'lräci, see Infra p. 60 fn. 2 135 6. Cf. Ibn Tarhri Birdl, al-Manhal al- äfi, vol. 1 p. .4 (Nujüti edition). 40. history beg-inning with the rise of'Isläm and ending with Sa awi'e 1 on period. Another keen interest was that which he took in compiling extensive volumes of biographies of individual scholars in addition to his own 2 autobioCraphy. Not. content with these works and always at the mercy of his own prolific brain, he further compiled two other works= one of which ropreaents a defence of history which he entitled, al-'IClan bi-al-tawbi li-man dhamma )ahla al-tawrikh, and the second dealt with the achievements of Muslim historians under the title Al-r^aal wa-al-bayxn i3 mu'arrikhT n1"3 In addition to his research on Iiadlth and history, SakhawT wrote a few works on religious ethics such as his work on Ibn (Arahl's aspect of philosophy under the title of al-Qp wl al-munbl fT tarjamat Ibn 'Arabia and another concernin some sects which he considered had departed fron Islnviic teaching. This volume appears under the title al-Oplaq wa-al- taraq 1. cf. Infra, PP 68 2. cf. Infra pp. 66-7. no. 82-88. 3" These two works appear to have become embodied under the title of the first, al-'I(l ,... cf. Infra, PP. 63-4 no. 74-5 'Arabi, Infra 4. cf. Infra, P. 48 no. 99 Fr the biography of Ibn see PP"70fn. 2 49" 1 bi-jam' al-mubtadi'In min al-Firaq. He continued his research by compiling works on Figh, syntax and 2 writing several Fatäwä and many pamphlets dealing with different subjects. Sakhäw! 's work comprises a wide range of interpretations, abridgments, summaries and classification of the works of other scholars. All of them testify to the wide scope of his knowledge, deep-rooted religious principles and an acute mind which was forever endeavouring to probe deeper into philosophy. 1. cf. Infra, p. 80 no. 169 fn-6 2. cf. Infra pp. 75-87" ý:.., \ý r 50- 2) TM LIST OF SAI IXW 'S WORKGIVEN BY HIMSELF The following description of Sakchawl's work is based on a list quoted by himself in his autobiography, Irshäd al-ghäwi which was written, at the highest estimation, about eight months before his 2 death. ... 1. ct. Irshäd Pols. 172a 174a. - 4 2. In his Irshäd, (fol. 306b), SakhäwT quotes the date 902/1496-7 the year in which he died. Consequently, his autobioiraphy was written the day between the beginning of this year (. 9 September 1496) and of Sakhäwi's death on 28th ShaCbän 902/iJ ay; 1497" / 51. In this list he speaks of approximately 220 bookä1 of which only some LAS are still extant. There is hope that other }4SS may have survived, perhaps in some Saudi Arabian and Yamani private or official libraries. There are two reasons to support such a possibility: (1) In al-1. 'utiarrvn, 901/21 September-20 October 1495, Sa_awr, wi.o was settled at that time in Itijäz, wanted to briny; his own library 2 to be considered as warjf in the prophet's Mosque in al-T4adina. If this was done, some of his works might yet emerge. (2) Sat-b7awi named a considerable number of his works that had been preserved during his life-time in private libraries in füjäz and 3 Yaaan. Sakhäwils own list4 included the followinG works: 1. SaYhäwi states that his works comprises more than 160. Apparently# this figure represents only his main works. Cf. Ibid., fol. 200b. In his Fihrist (II pp. 335-8), Katt7inr gives a rathe ac.. erated Ci U. "J number of Sa äw! 's works. He says: /IC. '; 'L*O ýayitbäy (d. 902/ 2. Sa]chäwi sent a letter in this connection to Sultön On Sul%än 1496). For the text of this lett9r, see Ibid., fol. 215. 9 yitbäy, see Supra, p. 14 fn-4 3. of. Ibid., fols. 175b-196a. fols. 172a-174a. 4. of. Sakhäwl's autobiography, Irehäd al- Chäwi , 52, SAKHA,YI'S TA.! RIJ1 1) Al-'Iqd al-thamin fi majyakhat khalib al-muslimin. A biographical dictionary of the teachers (shuy'ukh) of Mulammad Ibn 'Abdullah a1-Ra, (d. 854/1450)"2 2) Al-Fath al-qurbr fl mashyakhat al-shihäb a1-(ugbl. A biographical 3 dictionary of the teachers of 'Ahmad Ibn Muhammad a1-tUgbi (d. 661/1456). 3) Two major and minor biographical dictionaries (i. eo masbyakha) of the 4 teachers of al-Tagi al-SJumunnI, (8721468). 5 4) Takhrij of forty hadiths of Ibn Hajar's wife. 5) Takhri j of forty had! tj o of a1-Kania1 Ibn al- HIu L6 7. 6) TakhrIj of forty hadiths of a1. Amin a1-Aq$ar-aVS. 1. For the term Takhrij, see Supra, p. 47 tn. 2. 2. For his biography, Saw, Daw' vol. VIII, no. 212 see . , ..; F 3. For his biography, see Ibid., 'ol. II, pp. 212-3. L C^ee`Oy for 4" Sakhäwi says:. (; JJ1wýý "". äß=-r `J al- Shadharat..., ShumunnT, see Ibid., vol. II, no. 493, also Ibn al-'lead, 119; vol. VII9 p. 313; Shawkäni, al-Badr al-Täli'..., vol. it p. Zirikli, ýAclamp vol. I, p. 219. 5" This is 'Anas, the daughter of "Abdulkarim (d. 867/1462). See SakJ wi, Daw', vol. XII, no. 55 fol. 70a. 6. (d. 861/1456), cf. Ibid., vol. VIII9 no. 301= IdempIrahäd..., cf. DaW', X, no. 7" This is Yahya al-'Agqax%)I`(d. 880/1475). Idem, vol. 1000; Ibn al-«Imäd, op. cit. vol. VII, p. 328, Zirlkli, op. cit., vol. IX, p. 212. f 53- 7) Ta1_hrTj of forty hadiths of al-Tall al-9algaahandi al-magdisr1 2 0) Takhrrj of forty hzdiths of al-Badr Ibn Hajar. 3 9) Takhrij of forty hadiths of al-Sharaf al-Munäwl. 4 10) Takhrrj of forty hadlths of al-Muhibb Ibn al-'Aehgar al-HanafT. 5 11) Takhrrj of forty hadTths of al-l. ruhibb Ibn al-Shihna al-Hanafi. 12) Takhrij of forty hadiths of al-Zayn Ibn Muzhir. 7 13) Takhrij of one hundred hadiths of al-cAlami Ibn al-BulgInI. 14) TakhzI j of al dito musalsalät8 of the thearinF; s, of al-tAlarni Ibn al-Bu1glnI. I 1. (d. 867/1462). For his biography, see Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. XI, no. 197- 2. LUhammad Ibn Hajar (d. 869/1464). Ibid., vol. VII, no. 24 3"(d. 871/1466). For his biography see Ibid., Vol. X, no. 1033 4. (d. 863/1485). In his Daw', (vol. VIII no. 335) Sakhäwr says: gc' 5" (d. 890/1485). For his biography see Ibid., vol. IX, no. 308- 6* (d. 893/1487). For his biography see Ibid., vol. III, no. 11999 7. Sälih al-Bulg2nl (d. 868/1463)., of., Ibid., vol. III, no. 1199. 8. For al-HadTth al-1, salsal see Khatlb, IUAÜl, pp. 372-6. -. ., ' ... ,. ` aý..,,, "ý-.... s. ýý ý. ý tv.. t ",.tfq .. ý.. ,. r, ýýýaLr 54" 1 15) Fihriat Yahya al-'Ag9aräli. 2 10) Fihrist Ibn Yatqüb. 3 17) Fihrist al-Luhibb al-(aman7i. 4 18) Fihrist 'Abdulrahrn i al-F'SqüsI. 5 19) Fihrist al-Zayn al-Fäq5oT. 6 20) Fihrist al-'Alsvn al-I3ulgini. 7 21) Fihrist al-l,, %,nawi 8 22) Fihriat al-Shams al-Qar5fi. 9 23) Yihrist ibnat a1-HtrTni. 10 24) Fihrist für al-2idsiyya. 1. cf. Supra, p52fn 7 2. Prob., 'Thiad Ibn YaCqüb Ibn 'Ahmad (d. 856/1452), see SakhawT Daw', vol. II, p. 245 3. (D. 859/1452). Cf., Ibid., vol. VII, no. 442 (vol. 4. (d. (364/1459). In his Daw' IV, no. 338) SaLPawi says' V0 5. (d. 863/1458). In his Daw' (vol. IX, no. 190), Saktawl sayss V 0. (3 cW n-ýý 1, _- 1 al: J! ' .. _ .0ý-ý 6. EU of. M, P . 53 m"7 7. (d. 871/1466). In his Daw' (Vol. X,. rno. 1033) SakhäwI says: (zV-/ iI aJ ' "> , 8. (d. 867/1462). In his 3.iw''(Vol. VII, no. 56)saU7awl says: ter l.. lip ýýý_...... ý ,,,, A14k-- aJ r°' (d. In his Darr' 9" This is r. aryam, the daughter of al-11ürinl 871/1466). (Vol. XI, no. 980) Sakhäwl says: e. -U Lr..,P 10. (d. 844/1440). See Ibid., Vol. XIIº no. 807 55- 1 25) Fihrist al-Fakhr al-'Asyuti. 2 26) Filzrist ý1-Maltütl. 3 27) Fihrist al-HIusäm Ibn Hurayz. 4 28) Fihrist Ibn Imän al-}: ämiliyya. 5 29) ? ihrist al-'AbZdi. 6 30) Fihrist al-Zayni Zakariyyä. 31) Fihrist Ibn riuzhir. 8 32) Yu'jam FafId Sayyid! Ysuf al-CAjmi. 1. (d. 870/1465). for his biography, see Ibid., vol. IX, no. 97 2. This is '%1uhazmad Ibn CUmar (d. 873/1468). In his Davr', (Vol. VIII I ) 1,. no. 689 Sakhäti7i says s v... 4c. :.,:; ý ývý1s > 3. (d. 873/1468). In his Daw' (Vol. VII, no. 454) Sakha3:17 says: re, Uh. l 4. This is !.Tuhammad Ibn Muhammad (d. about 864/1459)" In his Daw' (Vol. IX, no. 259 Sakhäil says: j L_. (1 Lb I iV L., U414; C3 11jý:J qJ ý l, pý (Sll o; - Ij "c ý--ý-V (d. 5. Probably (Umar Ibn Hlzsayn Ibn i: asan al-'Abidi 865/1485); of- Ibid., vol. VI, no. 273 6. Probably Zakariyy Ibn Muhammad Ibn 'Ahmad (b. 826/1422), cf. Ibid., vol. III, no. 892. XI, 233" 7. Probably Abü BaYr Ibn 11uhamnad (d. 893/1487), of. Ibid., vol. no. (d. 890/1485). 8. This is tA1! Ibn I. zhanmad Ibn Ysuf Ibn 'Abdulläh Ibid., vol. V, no. 67 56. 1 33) iu'jam Ibn a1-Sayyid gAfif al-dln. 2 34) 1u'j Ta iiri Bird! al-Q7adiri. 3 35) tom'jam al-Shams al-' Amshrati. 4 36) A1-)AhddTth al-mutabäyinat al-mutün wa-al-'asänid. 5 37) A1-'49dlth al-buldäniyy'at. 6 38) A1-Ja4hir al-mukallala Li al-athbar al-musalaala. 1. This is 'AWWWal-Din Ibn al-Sayyid cAfSf al-Din al-FlasanI al-'Iir (d. 66a. 880/1475). See Ibid., Vol. IX, no. 572; Irshäd..., fol. (b. 2. around 830/1426) cf. Idem, Daw', vol. III, no. 141 (b. 3" 812/1409) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 591 ýiýl (fol. ýý ý'f°ý 4" In his Irsh d 172b), Saº'häwl says: "='ý;; ýý. ct. }', tom. 1 iJJ (öw Lýi,11 ý%I l: ""/ý'. t=ý -. -ý' ' .! C3 Crc f s c iý, V. c; ate-1 r yr. týýi. ýs _JUý ýý" , I 20 ) ýý w of. Dhayl Raýhf al-Luniri vol. p. 5" In his Irsl; äd (fol. Sa',häwi says: 1. Dl °172b), .: tvw LVI (s IV. "VI IL -z i6"14 cf. Tiayl hashf al-Zunün vol. 1 p. 29 Lam I i° ý 6. In his Irsha, d (fol. 172b) Sak}iäwi says s , Copies of this work are preserved at Dublin under ref. 3664(2); ('A'lTLL, Berlin under ref. 1619. It is mentioned wrongly by Ziriki! is vol. V, p. 154) and in Berlin index (vol. II, p. 273) Oat this work by'Ali b. b!uhaimad a1-Saljjawi (d. 643/1245)" 57. 1 39) 1uLlhyat al-räwi bi-man 'akhadha 'anhu al-Satäwl. 2 40) ^ihrist marºviyyät al-Salhäwi. 3 41) 4Ushäriyy7it al-Shuykh. 4 42) A1-'tihla al-Sikandariyya wa taräjimuhä. 5 43) Al- ihla al-Halabiyya ma'a taräjimihä. 44) Al-lUhla al-M. ýiyya. 7 45) A1- habt al-mieri. 8 46) Phart al- alad. 1. In his Irshäd (fol. 172b), Sakhäwi states that he compiled a biographical dictionary of his teachers arranged alphabetically in three'volumea. Cf. Dhayl Eathf al-Zunün, vol. I, p. 187. j. 'o. JF (fol. cý v 2. In his Irshäd 172b), SaFhäwi says: Cam-"./'1 Q. cl. Su r,, p. 29. 5. of. Sakhäwi, TAc. cit. 6. of., Idem, Tibr p. 393 7. Written in three Cf. Sakhäwi, Irshtt..., fol. 172b. volumes. 77 by 8. .! ritten in several pamphlets ('Ijza'). Probably Sakhzwi meant law', II, 'al-. Valad' his son 'Ahmad (d. 1364/1459)" Cf. Idem, vol. no. 360; also Irsh9d, Pols. 27b 58. 1 47) 1-:u' jar al-akhi(Lin can al-Sal h7awi. 2 48) A1- Tadhkira. 4 49) TalhrTj al_arbaCin3 of al-Nawawr. 50) Al-, awl al-barr5 7 51) TakhrTJ 'ahädith al-15dilin6 of AT NuCaym. 9 52) Takhrrj 'arba'i al-süfiyya8 of Abi 'Abdulrahnän al-Sulami. 1. In his Irsh9d (fol. 172b)ß Sakhäwl states that he compiled a dictionary of the names of his students in more than a volume. 2. Written in several volumes. Loc. cit.. 3. .! 'ritten in one volume. Loc. cit. 4" Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (d. 676/1278)" For his biography, see 'Ti br! zY, : Iishkät al-ma$äblh, vol. III, no. 1038= GAL, It PP-394-7- (d. 5o A continuation of Takhrrj al-'Adhkä. r by Ibn Hajar 852/1448) written in two volumes. Cf. Sakhäwl, Irrad, fol. 172b. ! ji 6. Sakhäwi compiled this work at the regtest of CAW al-Din al- (d-880/1475)- Ibid., fol. 85b, For the biography of a1-)Yji, see Idem, Daw', vol. IX, no. 572 (d. 430/1038). 7. Apparently Sakhäwi meant 'Ahmad b. cAbdull. h a1-'A$fahäni 1035 C£. Zirikli, 'A'17im..., vol. I, P-150; TibrIzi, OP. cit., vol. III no. 8. Sayhäwi compiled this work at the request of 'Aläl al-DIn al1! ji. cf. supra, P.56 fn. 1 9. (d. 412/1021). Für his biography, see the introduction of Kitäb Tabagät al-S-ufiyya, pp. 19-32, (Ed. by Johannes Pedersen, Leiden, E. T. Brill, 1960). 59" 1 53) A1-ßurhya. 3 54) Takht-ij uruq)2 hadith 'Inna A11äha la yaqbidu al-(ilma intizVan. 4 55) A1-Tu}hfa al-latifa fi ma waga'a Lahumin hadith al-Imäm 'Abi HanTfa. 5 56) A1-'A, 117,t12 al-Mutlaga. 57) A1-14agädid al-hasana fi bayan kathirin min al-'ah lth al-mushtahira (alä al=alsina. J 1. In his Irs a-d (Pol. 172b), Sakhäwi says: 1..äJ Sal-haw! * meant 'Abdulgädir b. 'Abdullah al-J111 (d. 561/1166). For (- his biography, see GAL, It pp. 435f" For his work al-Ghunya al- Ghunya li-tälib tartq al-hag: ), see Zirikn, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 171. 2. Added from Sakhaw 's list in his Daw', vol. VIII, p. 16 (fol. LA "t. 3.. In his Irshäd 172b), SaYhäwi says: L> 0 . c 4, al-Nu(män ibn Thäbit (d. 150/767). See Ti brTzs, op. cit., vol. III9 no. 1021. Cf. Dhayl Kashf al-Zunün, vol. It p. 259 5. Irritten in one volume. Cf. Sa hawr, Irshäd..., fol. 172b. 6. Published within other three works in Lucknow, India, 1303-4/1085-6, Cairo, 1375/ pp. 136-236. Edited also by CAbdulläh Muhammad Siddlgi, ' 1935. Cf. Xhatlb, )Usül al-Hadith, p. 436; Sarkis, VuCiam, P"1013; CAL. vol. II Ibn al-«Imäd in Shadharät al-Dhahab, vol. VIII, p. 16; PP- 43-4 / 60. Sakb7a7v!'s works on the Sciences of this subiectf (Häd, ia al-Shin, i. e. Hadith Sciences) 58) 2 Fath al-mu. ith bi-sharh alfiyyat al-hadithl by al-Zayn al-ýIräq!. 59) 3 Al-Ghäya fi shark man mat Ibn al-Jazari al-hidäya. 60) l' Al-1Idäh fi sharh nazm4 al-'Irägi of al-'Igtireh5. 1" -; q Iýý I In his Irshad (fol. 173a), Sakhäwi says: C3 of ý.. D 1 tsý W UW v U. V f;; p Path al-mughlth has been edited by CAbdulrahm2.n Muhammad 'UtJmän (2nd ed., Cairo, Cairo Library, 1968). 2. (d. 806/1404) 'Abdulrahmän Ibn Husayn. For his biography, see Ibn Fahd, Lahn )A617am, al-'alhäz, pp. 220ff; Ziriki , IV, p. 119; GAL, II, p. 66. 3. There is a copy of this work preserved in Dublin under ref. 3162(2). Cf. also GAL, II, 44(35). Another copy is preserved in ' rif Hikmat Library in Madlna under ref. 71 (one volume, 110 Pole., 23 lines) , written in 1081/1670). It is an interpretation of al-Hidä a by 1.zhammad Ibn Muhammadal-Jazari (d. 833/1429). For the biography of al-Jazari, see Ibn al-'Imäd,. Shadharät, vol. VII, pp. 204-6. 4" Nam al-'Igtir. h by al-cIräq! comprises 427 verses. Cf. Salhawr, Daw', vol. IV, p. 173; Liriklr, dp; 'cit, vol. IV, p. 119. 5. This is Al-'Igtiräh by Ibn Daqlq al-IId (d. 702/1303). Cf. CAL, II 63" P. Cf. Infra, p. 60 fn-7 l k 61. (quoted also as: A1-'Ifaäh bi-Sharh Nazm al-'Igtiräh). 1 61) Al-Nukat 'ala al-'alfiyya wa Sharhuh7i. 2 62) Fath al-qarlb ii shark mu)allaf al-Nacyawi al-tagr7b. =U1 63) al-TawdIh al-nmulgtabar Li-Tuihkirat Ibn al-blulagqin3f. T rat al-wAthar04 64) Bul7ut al-)aural bi-talkhis kitib al-DarsqutniSfr al-dilal. 7 65) Takmilat talkhis Ibn Ilajar li-al-muttafiq wa al-muftariq. 1. Sal-Ka-wt says: Cj asiJ cL" Ibid. e 2. Sakhäwi says: Jß-1 Ibid. Cf. also fol. 208a. A copy of this work is preserved at Sultan Salim's library in Istanbul under rof. 369. 3. This is lUmar ibn Ali ibn 'Ahmad (d. 804/1401). For his biography, see Sakhäwi, Daw', vol. VI, no. 330. 4" This work has been compiled by Sakhäwi in 900/1494" Cf. his ;7a iz, A, fol. 256 b. Für the Tadhkira, see Idem, Daw', vol. VI, p. 102 (d. 5 "" This is 'Ali ibn Umar 385/995)t see TSbrrzl, Mi t}1kät... r vol. III, no. 103 6. i. Sahäw"i says: : " Jj tf-1I of. his Irshäd fol. 173a. 79 Sakjäwi referred here to Ibn Hajar's incomplete summary of al-Muttafiq (d. wa-al-rnuftariq by al-Khatib al-BaphdIdT 463/1070)., For al-KhatTbo see GAL, Supp. Vol. It p. 564 .ý 62. 66) Al-Jams bayna mugannafay al- D5raqutnlwa al-khatlbI LI man haddatha 2 ova nuai. 67) Takmilat shard (Sahih) al-Tirmi cI lil-(Iräg2.3 68) 5 " Iiäshiya fl am. kin min sharh al-Bukhäri4... and other works by Ibn Hajar. 69)'Agrab al-wasäiil. 7 70) Al-qawl al-mufid i3 '! däh shark al-fUmda li-ibn 11q al-c! d. 1. Probably al-Khatlb al-Baghdad!. Cf. supra p. 61 ih. 7 2. In his Irshäd (fol. 173a), Sakhäw3 says: VýýItSiý I 3- Sakhäwi says e 11;. v Jd j ý 1:5u Ap v.:. v"' ac- v; Loo. cit. For Al-TirmidT (d. 279/892), see TibrTzl, biiahkät..., vol. III, no. 1027. 4" (gATO ýrý. a), Sachawls Pawl 38* " This iss cSýtJI cf, Vol-II P- 5" An instance of Sakhäwl's comments on some of Ibn ifajar'e works are his annotati1ons on al-barar al-K--w ina fl )atyän al-mi)a al-thamina. (ed. by Muhammad sayyid Jäd al-hagq, Cairo, 1966)vol. I pp. 36 ih2,91 in-3, 93 fn. 2,3,96 Lnl, 127 ih-5,136 Ln. 1,137 fn-1 ti - 6. In his Irsh'ad (fol. 173a), Sakhäwi says t Js 1. t ,ý-ý- j.. U) by has been 4.. .. Al-Shamäh1.,.. al-Tirmiahi published in Iiaydar, äbäd in India (I 'irat al-Matarif al-tUthmaniyya Press),. 1349/1930. 7. Sakti w3 referred here to Sharh tumdat al-'ahkäm by Ibn Daj14 a1-Cld (d. 702/1302)9 of. GAL, vol. II, p. 63. I 63. 71) Sharh'alfiyyat al-Sira li-al 'Irägl. 72) Al-Jan' bayn sharhay al-'Alfiyya li-Ibn al-Lusannif wa Ibn (AgS1 5 wa-tawdihuhä, 4 73) A1-T4q! q al-wajih fl sharh al-Tanbih. 5 74) Al-'I(län bi-al-tawb! kh li-man dhamma al-tawrieh. rýý sýti 1. In his Irshsd (fol. 173a), Sat DZwi says $ öý A3 for 'Alfiyyat al-Sira (n al-Durar al-Saniyya fl aaza al-Siyar al-zakiyya), it has been pu blishodin Ribät al-Fath in Moroodo. Cf. al-Tabsira wa-al-Tadhkira. Ed. by L:ahamxiad b. al-Husayn al- 'Iraq!, Fäs 1355/1936. 2. (d. 769/1367). Cf. I: ahhala, 1 u'jarn, vol. VI, pp. 70-1. 3. In his'IrshZd (fol. 173a), Salray says: 4. Sakha.tii says: Ibid. Sakti w3 meant by al-Taub h one of the main books on the ShäfiCl sect by Abi Ist q al-ShT25zI d. 4S9/1C57)" Several flSS of this work are available in Dar al-Kutub in Cairo. 5. In his chronicles of the year 097/1491, SakhawT states that he rye a 521. fair and clean copy of this work. Cf. his ,7a,, Sz, SS, p. This work was edited and trans., into Dialish by F. Rosenthal in his work, A History of T.tuslim Historioc; r^phy (cf. 2nd revised edition, Leiden, by Damascus, 1349/ 1968, 9-529 " It is also editcd al. -rudst, 1930. According. to F. Rosenthal this edition is very poor. Cf. his introduction to the above-mentioned work, p. 265. A fair and clean in Tübin, copy of Sa; j wi's work (written in 1137/1724) is preserved en in V1. Germany, under ref. Dv-.s. prongos 27. 64. 1 75) Al-Fasl wa-al-baya. n fl mu'arrikhl al-zaraän. 2 76) Al-Tibr al-masb-uk fl al-dhayl ýa1a tdrilt al-1, agriz2 a1-Su1ic. 3 77) Al-Davy' al-lämi c li-ahl al-garn a1-t, isi C. 78) Al-Ahay1 al-mutanah4 (quoted'also as: Bughyat al- 1. Cf. Supra, 48 fn. 3 p. . 2. Part of this work only in existance. Thie part has been edited by Arunad Zaki (BÜläq, 1896). This edition is very poor and full of mistakes. Cf. Sarkis, Mu'jam..., vol. II9 P-1013- Sak,j wl refers here to al-Sulük li-macrifat duwal al-mulük by al-MagrizI (845/1441)- For 1;aarizi sind his work, see SaTäwl, Tibr, p. 21; ShawkänT, 'al-Badr..., vol. I, p. 79, L7ub rak, Khutat..., vol. IX, p. 69. For the MS extant of this work, see Iutfi (Ab IC, Fihris al-J; a1,Ftutät..., TArik, Fl, vol. III, no. 136. 3" Edited by Maktabat al-2adsr in 12 volumes, Cairo, 1353/1934. 4. Cf. Sal-häwi, Irshäd, fol. 173a-b. Five copies of this work are extant Pbr them see GAL, vol. II p. 43, Si'PP" vol. II p. 32.1900). I. 65. 1U1azäl 1 Ewa-al-Riwät fi a1-Dhay1 '-alü Tdrjj, sha.ylch! Si al-qudät. 3 79) Al-1ay1 'a1. ß Tabagät al-qurrä)2 by Ilan al-Jazari. 80) ajiz al-Ka1 m f3 al-dhayl 4a1ä duwal al-Isläm4 (quoted also ass Al-Dhayl al-tammal'9 duwal al-Isläm) 81) Al-Shäfi min al-'alam fi-wafay'at al-lumam6 (quoted also 1. Here Sakhäwi meant his Shaykh Ibn Iiajar (d. 052/1448) and his work )Ab1 P,af c al-3i sr tan qudät ricer, ed. by It raid CAbdulmäjTd, Sina and M. 'Ismä'i1, Cairo, 1957. 2. In his Irshäd (fol. 173a), Sakhiwl says: Ibn A1-Jazari's work has been edited by G. BerCstraesser under the (2 title: Ghäyat al-Nih yaui Tabaq$t al-qu=V volumes, "al-Sa%da, press, Cairo, 1351/1932). 3. For Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833/1429), see Ibn al-CIrnäd, Sha¢harät, vol. VII, pp. 204-6. Section III ii 4" There are several copies of this work extant. Cf. Infra, p. ff (Cf. Part of this work has been edited by the author of this thesis. cAin Al-Dhayl al-T-a= Call duival a12Is15, m thesis, Cairo EIans University , 1968). (d. 74S/*1347) 5. Sakhäwr refers here to Duwal al-Islam by al-Dhahabi Ed. in IIaydaräbäd 1337 A. H. Foral-Dhahabi, see ZiriklTp 'Atläm, vol. VI, pp. 222-3. 6. In his Irsh 4 (fol. 173a), Say wi says: , ý)J 66. as: al-Shifä'min al-ýalam fi wafay'at hä4,hayn al-qarnayn al-'a irayn 1 min al-Carab wa-al $Ajam. 2 82) A1-Tahall wa-al-barman fI g1Qsat al-Sayyid Salman. 3 83) A1-Ltanhal al-'alb al-rawi fl tarjamat qutib al-)awliyä" al-Nawawl. 84) Al-IhtimThn bi-tarjamat al-nahwl al-Jamal Ibn Iiitbl m (quoted also ass 4 Intish man li-al-film rnuIrtani bi-tarjamat Ibn Hishäm Sahib al-MMudini). 5. 85) Al-Qawl al-mubin fl tarjamat al-gädl 4Adud al-din. 1. Cf. Sakhäwi, 'I clän... ,P "456. 2. Sakhäwi says: :./ 1; s (ýsý! t! üL M)1) ýJ (ýj LPL v lv Iv See his qi) 1ý -" ý-" lýl-- tom J, '^ý i Irshäd, fol. 175a; also Dhayl Xashf al-Zunün, vol. I, p. 236 Sakhäwi apparently meant by al-Sayyid Salmän one of the famous figures of the Sataba of the prophet known as Salmon al-F rieT (d. 36/ 656). For his biography see Zirikli, 'A'läm, vol. III, pp. 169-70. 3. (Cairo, 1354/1935)o For F"d. , by Mohammad Hasan Rabic, Bulaq al-Nawaw2 (d. 676/1278), see Supra, p. 58 fn. 4 4. Bf. SaJj wi, Irshad, fol. 173a Saahäwi referred here to al-Janfäl «Abdullah Ibn Yasuf (d. 761/1360) and to his work Llughnl al-labib (edo in Cairo, 1317/1899). For his biography see GAL, II, pp-23-5; Zirikll, 'A'lam, vol. IV, p. 291. 5o In his Ea 'iz (k, fol. 173a), SaJ J % .wi says s ...! "ýJI: 4XP'r meaning 4Adud al-din al-Z Sjr (d. 756/1355) ý? V YýO "1' 4"'`''ý' 66 For his biography, see Zirikll, 'A'lTn, vol.. IV, p. for al-)Asnawl Abdulrah! (i m Ibn Haean) (d-772T1-3-707, see GAL, II, p. 90. 67. 1 86) A1-Jawähir wa-al-durar fl tarjamat shaykh al-)Is1Tun Ibn iIajar. 2 87) A1-Ihtim7lm bi-tarjamat al-Kamä1 Ibn al-Humäm. 88) Tarjamat nafsihi3 (i. e. Sakhýýwi's. own autobiography). 89) lmnlatj na Calayhi min al-Fhuyukh wa-al-'agrän. 4 90) 2.'a galimahu minima »adara Canhu min al-sajaC. 5 91) Tarlkh al-madaniyyin. L? 1. In his Irshßd (fol. 173a), Sakh-awl says: J V'00 (3 Two copies of this work are preserved in Paris mnder Ref. or. 2105 and in the library of ºAhmad al-thälith in Istanbul. Cf. Iutfi, Fihrist, p. 204. For Ibn Hajar (d. 652/1448), see Su ray p. 134 fn-1 2. Cf. Dhayl Kashf al-Zur n, vol. It p. 151. For al-Kanal Ibn al-ihumäm (d. 874/1469)ß see Supra, p. 32 fn-5 3. Apparently this 4ütobiography was written several years before either 'Sa:LrawV s Ir häd, his detailed auotbio, *raphy, or the one included in his 3w' (vol. VIII, pp. 1-32), had been compiled. Sakh'awr sayer Cf. his Irshäd, Pols. 173a, 175a. 4" Sakh;ýwl states that this work and the preceding one are included in his own autobiography, Ir had al-Ghawi. Ibid., fol. 173a. 5" In his Irshäd (fol. 173a), " SaLh: wr says: (s (A, 242b), In his chronicles of the year 899/1493 in his wajr fol. ýj' ýs Sathawl says: ti, AA1Lr-, L-y. VL )I iC) lý' ". ý Three volumes of the main work were edited by 1uhammad mid al-PagI under the title, al-Tuhfa al-latifa ff tr? rTkh al-4'ý1Sna al-J trIrn (Cairo, 1957-8) with an introduction by Dr. T-ha Huseymj the fanoun F,,-yptian contemporary scholar. The other part I; still in manuscript cf. the copy of the 'Arif Hikmat Library in al-Madrna in J[ija s under 33. ref. 527F1197. Cf. LutfI, op. cit., no. 156; of. GAL, Supp. Vol. II p. ` 68. 1 92) A1-T. rIkh al-muhit. 93) Ta.7rid hawäFht Shaykhih1 (i. e. Ibn Iiajar) (a1a al- 1. In his (fol. Ir. C!ýad 173b), Saw says: ýS cj 9 lie also referred to works under the title al-Tdrthh al-Kabir (cf. his Du', vol. I, p. 250, vol. XI, no. 6; Irshfd, fol. 80b-81a; or " al-1'är1kh al-mugaffas (cf. his Irsh d, fol. 270b). In his 1I1lTn (Rosenthal's translation, 2nd ed., p. 438) Savh-awY says: I have compiled a substantial, alphabetically arran, ed work for which I used D_hahabI's History of'Is1äm as a basis, with my own addition of (persons) a number of whom a]. -Dhahabr had neglected or who had come after his time. Up to now, I have not yet completed the work in the way I want to do it. II jji Khallfa in Kashf al-Zunün, p. 295, the title r. . 1 l: VIJ quotes a work under > --ýýJ "ý .J Presumably all this refers to al-TrirT al-muhst. Ibr SakhäwI'a sources of thin wwork, see his'I(lün, PP-438-446 I 69. 1 2 Tabaq t a1-nustä of Ibn al-Subklo 94) Talfis git'a min Tabarat al-hanafiyye .3 95) Tabagät al-mälikiyya .4 5 96) Tartlb Taba4at al-mälikiyya of Ibn Farl; ün. 97) Tajrid m55,fl al-madärik lil-g754I 'Iy54 mimmä lam Yad_kurhu Ibn Farhün 1. In hiOI1län (p. 416), Sakýawi states that Ibn Iajar wrote marginal notes on his copy of Ibn al-Subki's Tabagät al-wustä, and these notes were edited by him in a separate volume. 2. Xr Taqiyy al-din al-Subki (d. 771/1370), see GAL, vol. II, p. 89; Zirikli, 1A'läm, vol. IV, pp. 335-6. 3. In his Irshäd (fol. 173b), Sakhäwi says: jUý. ýýr i Sakhäwi *ý I 4. says: (ý> IIq.:, i(ý-1I qst/ C3 In his Daw', (vol. III, p. 192), Sakhawi says: JJ t4rß (d"873(1468 ) 5. This is Ibr lim Ibn 'Al! Ibn Vuhammad (d. 799/1396). For him and his work, Tabagät al-mälikiyya (published in Cairo 1351/1932 by al-Macahid, Press under the title al-Dib7Ej al-muLhahhab ft'a'yýýan al-madhhab), See Zirikl!, )ACläm, I, p. 47. Cf. also GAL, II9 p. 33" 6. Al-MaAlrik by 'Iyäd Ibn M sa Ibn'Iyad (d. 544/1149) deals with L1likite biographies (Tabagät al-mälikiyya). For CIyiui, see GAL, vol. I, p. 369. / 70. 98) Tagfis ma iabtamala 'alayhi al-Shif-a'1 min al-rijä1. 2 99) Al-Raw41 al-munbi f tarjamat Ibn gArabT. 100) TaJIId 'asmä, ' al-'akhijin can Ibn IcArab!. 101) Al-Radd «a1 al-Majd al-lu., haw2.3 1. For al-Shifä see supra p. 69 in. 6. 2. In his Irshäd (vol. 173b) SakhäwI says lý ., ý th is Beatty in Az:. A copy of this work preserved at Cheater Library Dublin under ref. 4878. According to GAL, -another copy is kept at Staatsbibliothek in Berlin under ref. 2849. CAL, vol. II p. 44; H jjl Y.haltfa. Xashf al-Zunün p. 1365. For the Ibn CArabi (d. 6381/ 1240), see article by A. Ates in EI2 vol. III p. 707. 3. In his Irshäd (fol. 173b), Sakhäwl says: )-,, J I ä_ý1 In this statement, Sakhäwt referred to Muhammad Ibn Ya'qüb al-Fayrüzläbädi, known as al-Majd al-1ughawi (d. 817/1415) and to Ab-u Bakr Ibn MuhammadIbn Sälih, known as Ibn al-Miayyat (d. 811/1408). In his biography of Ibn al-Khayyät, (Dawn, vol. XI, no. 212), Sakhäwi says: 1 6kA" fei J .J aýj 2 ý. " l,.ýp acht For the biography of al-Maid al-1u3hawI, see GAL. Vol. II, DP"181-3i ZiriklI, 1Aý17am, vol. VII, p. 19. 71. 1 102) 'Ahsan al-musä'i fi iydäh hawödith al-ßigäCi. 103) Al-Furja bi-kä"nat al-kamiliyya al-latl Laysa fiha li-al-mu'äri4i hujja .2 3 104) Dafral-talbis wa-rafýal-tanjls an al-dhayl al-% hir al-nafla. 4 105) Talkaue Tärith al-Yaman, by al-K. ltazra jI. _. 5 106) TalkhIs Tabagät al-qurräl by Ibn al-Jazarl. 107) Muntagä Tdrijt Macca by al-Fäsi. 1. For the biography of Al-Bigall (d. 885/1480), see SakhnwI, Daw', vol. I, p. 101ff; Suyuti, Nazm al-'Ugyün, p. 24- 2. C.. Supra P 37- ° ýý 1 3- In his Ira äd (fol. 173b), Sak_awl says L J"ý) Apparently this work represents a supplement to his abridgment on Raft al-3igr by Ibn Hajar. Cf. Supra, p. 64 no. 78 4. This is WT ibn al-Hasan al-Uazrajl (d. 812/1409). Sakhäwl mentions three works on history of Yaman by al-Djazrajl; Tiräz 'a'lAm. al-zaman fi tabsqlat )Acynn al-Yaman (also quoted ass al-cag a-ra-, 3san I ayajuz A Mir afiýYaman), a History in we the events were arranged according to the years, and a third deals with the dynasties in Yaman. He did not specify which one of these three works he had summarised. For al-Khazrajl and his works, see Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. V. no. 706. 5. Cf. Supra, p. 65 in. 3. 6. Salchawi here refers to by Muhammad Ibn ' Ahmad a -r'äs d. 333 1429) of. 3akh-awl, Darr' vol. VII no. 33" 72. ýUmdat 1 108) al-'ashäb fi matriLat a11a1gäb. + 109) Tartlb Shuy'ukh al-Tabarän1,2 3 110) Tartlb Shuyükh Ab-u al-Yumn al-kindi. 111) Tartib jar6a(a min Shuyukb al-shuyqkh. 4 112) 'Umdat al-gäri' wa al-särni C fI kbatm al ýahIh al-Jümi: 5 113) Ghunyat al-muhtäj fl khatm SahTh Muslim Ibn al-Ha jj j. 1. According to Sakhnwi in his'Iclän (p. 457), he compiled two works, one deals with the Kunä and the other deals with the 'Algqb, each in one volume 2. Apparently Sa h:awl meant Sulaymän Ibn 'Ahmad Ibn'Ayyüb al-TAbaränt (d. 360/970). For his biography see Zirikli op. cit., vol. III p. 181. " 3. Apparently Sakhawr meant Zayd Ibn al-Hasan, known as Abg al-Ywmn al-Kind! (d. 613/1216), a scholar-who compiled a biographical dictionary of his teachers (Kitäb ShuyTijbihi). Cf. ZiriklI, vol. III, P-97- 4. This is a monograph on al Buk_härl (d. 256/869) and his $aiIh which was compiled on the occasion of finishing (Khatm SakhäwI's lecture on al-mao. this work. For al-Bukh3r3, see Tibrizi, bti_sbkät bI , vol. III, no. 1024; ZiriklS, 'A'läm, vol. VII, pp. 2558- Copies of this work are preserved at Dar al-Kutub in Egypt under ref. no. 329 hadIth, at 'Ärif Hikmat Library under ref. no. 40 (8 fols., written in 916/1510). Cf. Sayyid, Fihrist al-b'Gakhtütät (Cairo, 1954); GAL, Supp., vol. II p. 33, also the preface of al-Jaw? ihir wa al-durar (MLS, Paris, ref. 2105); al-Ghazzi, al-KawZkib vol. I p. 555. 5. Cf. Ibn al-'Imäd, M}adilarät, vol. VIII, p. 16. Copies of this work are preserved at Dar st-Kutub in Egypt under ref. no. 2569 Ha tth, at 'Arif Hikmat Library under ref. no. 40. For the biography of Muslim Ibn al-Iiajjij (d. 261/874), see KhatIb, op. cit., pp. 314-6" 73" 114) Bidh1 al-majhüd fi Khatm al-Sunan li-Abi"Dä)üd"1 115) Al-Lafz al-nific fi Khatm kitab al-Tizmidhi2 al-jämic. 4 116) Al-ga. wl al-muCtabar f3 Rhatm al-NasaII3 riwäyat Ibn al-'Ahmar. 117) Buphyat al-raghib5 al-mutamannl fl Khatm Sudan al-Naeäli riwäyat Ibn al-Sunni. 118) 'Ujälat Cinda li-Ibn al-dazura*wa al-häja khatm al-Sunan 111ja .7 1. Sak bgwi refers here to Sulaymän Ibn al-'A, hcatli (d. 275/888). Für his biography, see TibrTzl, op. cit., no. 1026, CjýhatIb, op. cit., pp. 320-21. A copy of this work is preserved at 'Arif Hikmat Library by in biadina under ref. 40. Cf. the preface of al-Jawahir ... SakhNT (US; Paris ref. 2105)i Dhayl kashf al-Zunün, vol. It p. 175 2. Cf. Supra. P. 62 fn. 3. 3. Sakbäwl meant here the Sunan by 'At=ad Ibn ghu'ayb al-Nasä'i (d. 303/ 915). Für his biography, see Tibrizl, op. cit., vol. III,, no. 1026 KhatTb, op. cit., pp. 324-26. ' 4. M. b. Mu'awiya b. 'Abdulrahmän (d. c. 365/975) of. Ziriklt op. cit., vol. VII p. 325 5. from SathFwI, Daw' (VIII 17); In MS. al-räwi ... the correction p. Dhayl Kashf al Zunun (I p. 187) and GAL, Supp., vol. II P-33- 6. A copy of this work is preserved in Rampur. See Fihrist Kitab zftbi catalogue of Arabic Books in the Rampur State Library 1902 ref. no. 1,67,26 of. also GAL., supp. vol. II p. 33 For Ibn al- Sunni (d. 364/974) ('. 'Abt Bakr 'Ahmad Ibn 114hammad) see Tibrrzi, op. cit., vol. III, no. 1967,26. Cf. GAL. wupp., vol. I p. 33; also Dhayl Kashf al-Zuntin, vol. I, p. 187- 7. This is :4uhammad Ibn Yazid (d. 273/886)ß Cf. Kahhäla, Muß am, vol. XII, pp. 115-6. / 74- l 119) Al-gawl al-murtagl fl khatm Daläi1 al-nubuwwa li-al-Bayhagl. 120) A1-Intih7ad fi khatm al-Shifa' li-tlya4o2 3 121) A1-Riy-, a. 4 122) A1- fi K atm al-Sirs al-nabawiyya li-Ibn Hin2Yhäm. 5 123) Daf' al-ilbas fl khatm errat Ibn Sayyid al-näs. 1. Also quoted by Sakhäwi in his Irahäd, (fol. 287a), as al-g4w1 al- murtagT bi-tarjamat al-Hafiz al-BayhagS (d. 458/1060). For his biography, see Tibrizi, op. cit., vol. III, no. 1036; Zirikli, op. cit., vol. I, p. 113. 2. 69 6 For 'Iyd and his work, al-Shifä, see §U rap p. fn. .A copy of this work is preserved at FÄrif Iiikmat Library in Mad! na under ref. 40 (17 Pole. written in 914/1508). of. also Phayl Kashf al- i2 vol. 1 p. 131 (fol. 3. Another monograph of al-11d1 tIyad. In his Irshäd 173b) 6J 1 f'-% Y vp1 Salchäwi says s (io 1: 4j (mal C1ý trp 4. Cf. Sakhäwi's Tibr (p. 121). For Ibn Hiehäm (d. 213/828) and his Sira'; nee Zirikli, op. cit., vol. IV p. 314 his 5. In chronicles of the year 897/1491 (Cf. Wa Iz, SS, p. 521), Sakhawi 1I it says v----1: J 6411 "" .3ý. rº ý For the biography of Ibn Sayyid al-Nis (d. 734/1333), see Suyüt!, (. ýIIyIn Oay1 Tabagät al-huffäz, pp. 350-1. His Srra a1)Athar fl funün al-maghäzl wa al-shama3il wa al-siyar) has been published in two volumes by al-Qudsl Library, Cairo, 1356 A. H. 75" ' 124) A1-Jawhara al-muzhira fi-khatm al-Tadhkira by al-Qurtubi. Sakhäwi's Compilations on Different Matters ('Abwäb wa-masä'i1) 2 125) Al-qawl al-badiC fl-al-Salät talä al-habib al-ShafTC. 126) A1-Fawä'id al=aliyya fi-allasmal al-nabawiyya. 93 127) Al-Salät gala al-Nabiyyi baCda mawtihi. 4 128) Al-Ibtihäj bi=adhkär al-musäfir al-häjj. 5 129) Al-qawl al-näfi( fl binär al-maeäjid wa al-JawämiC. ' ý" This is 'Abu ýAbdullah biubammad ibn 14mad al-'AneärT. For him, see Xal?I la, Mu jam vol. IX p. 19. 2. Published several times. Cf. Sarkis, op. cit., p. 1012. 3. In his Irs$äd (fol. 173b), Sak_äwr states that it was in its draft stage of., Fihrist Maktabat Qawala vol. II ref. 227 (Cairo, 1931-3); GAL. Vol. II p. 44. 4" This work was compiled at the request of Ibn al-7Amohat% (b. 812/ 1409). See Sakha,wi, Daw', vol. X, no. 541. A copy of this work is preserved at Köprülü Library in Istanbul under ref. 591- 5. In his Irshdd (fol. 173b), Sakhäwl says I / ýýý,. 76. 130) AiJ htifäl bi-jamC lull al-Zilä1.1 2 131) A1-11aLh wa al-tabylnfr maa)alat al-talgTn. 3 132) 'Irtiy. ýi 'akb-ad bi=arb faqd awlnd al .h al 133) Qurrat bi-al-thawab al-'ayn al-häsil ii-al-mayyit wa al-abawayn. 4 134) Al-Dustisn fl maa'alat al-ikhtitän. 5 135) Al-qawl al-tamm fl fa41 al-raml bi-al-sih7am. 6 136) Istijläb Ii'tigä' al-ghuraf bi-hubbi agrib3) al-Rasü1 wa dhawl'a1-sharaf. 1. According to Sakhäwl, Ibn al-Labbüdl (d. 896/1490), the Syrian traditionist and historianhad made an interpretation of this work. Cf. Sakhäwl Irahad, fol. 98b. For Ibn al-Labbüdr, see Infra, p. 147 fn. 4" 2. See Dhayl Kathf al-Zunün, vol. It p. 158 3" Copies of this work are preserved in the library of Yale University in U. S. A. i at Dar al-Kutub al-migriyya in Egypt under ref. 6558 (fols. 313, written in 964/1556); at 'Trif Hikmat Library in Hijäz under rof. n3.146; at Cheater Beatty Library in Dublin under ref. 3463 5174" gAwwed, 78 CAL, Süpp. and See Jawla ... , p. Cf. also vol. II, P-33- 4- In his chronicles of the year 895/1489 (Wajlz SS, p. 463). Sakhawl sayss LZ SJ 1... W$. [ý o. I " cs ü 1.... )I sci .-üLI i3 (cs 1ý;ý Vý c, th JJ ý", tf A copy of this work is preserved at the Library of Princeton University U. S. A. See 4Awwäd, Loo. cit. 5. A copy of this work is kept at El'Eocorial in Spain. of. U. Dorenbourg, Les L:anuscrits Arabes, Do L'escurial Dbcrits, Tom 2 (Paris, 1903) ref. 765= CAL, vol. II P-44- 6. Cf. Ibid., 'S, II, p. 32; Dayl kathf al-Lunen, vol. I, p. 70 A copy of this work is preserved at the library 01 al-flaram al-Makk% in 77" I 137) (Umfiat a1-n7aa bi-manaqib al-cAbbas. 2 138) RUjhän al-kaffa fl bay n )ahl al-Suffa. 139) Al-fir al-mutaw 1I li-man intaeaba'ila al-Nabiyy min al-Khadarn wa al-maw-all. 140) Al-Falte al-(U1wT fl al-mawlid al-Nabawi. 141) 'Umdat al-muhtaj fl hukm al-ahatranj. 3 142) I1timLa al-saCad fI al-wafä) bi-al-tahd. Hijäz under ref. Dahlawl 85(3). According to GAL (Supp., II p. 32) another copy is kept at, Stadtbibliothek in Leipzig under ref. 648. 1. in 'By ;7ritten one volume. Cf. SakhawI, Irshäd ..., fol. 173b. al- CAbbäs, it is meant here the uncle of the'Prophet Ltuhammadi al- 'Abbäa Ibn gAbdulmultalib (d. 32/653), the great grandfather of the Abbäsid Caliphs of Baghdäd and Cairo. Cf. Zirikli, o2. cit., vol. IV, P"35. A copy of this work Is preserved at Där al-Kutub al-Uieriyya;. Cf* ref. 272 in Fihrist al-Kutub al-'Arabbiyya ... L Cairo, 1345-8A. H. 2. A copy of this work is preserved at the Library of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta in India under ref. 1321 -F 3141. Cf. Fu'äd al-Sayyid, op. cit., vol. II (Tärfkh) Part 3 pp. 159-60; CAL., Supp., vol. II p. 33. 1 i 78. 143) Al-, 'Aal al-'asll if tahrim al-nagl min al-Tawrat wa al-Inj11. 2 144) Al-Qawl al-maIlüf if al-raddi 'ala munkir al-ma'rüf. 145) A -AhzdltLb al-SilIha fi al-musäfaha ,3 4 146) Al- Owl al-'atamm fi al-ism al-'a(lam. 5 147) Al-Sirr al-maktüm fl al-farq bayna al-mälayn al-mahmüd wa al-malhmüm. 148) Al-Q, awl al-ma'hüd fl mä 9al5 Pahl al-ý }1imma min al-'ühüd. 6 149) Al-Kaläm Calä hadlt}j al-khatam. 150) Al-Kalüm (alis qa$$ al-zifr. 1. Cf. 'Ibn a1-'Irr d, ^hzdhirät, vol. VIII9 p. 16. Acc. to F. Rosenthal (A History 1968 359 fn. 5), of Muslim PistorioQraphy , 2nd Ed.,. p. a copy of this work is said to exist in private possession. 2. See H5jji Ehalifa, op.. oit. p"1364; SakhÄwi, bawl, vol. I, p. 105 3" Dhay l Knchf al-zunün, vol. Ip. 28. 4" A copy of this work is preserved in Cairo. Cf. Fihriet a1;; Kutub al-Mahtüza bi-al-Kutubkhäna al-Ithidlwiyya al-Liisriyya, vol. VI, ref. 127, Cairo, 1862. 5. A copy of this work is preserved at 'rya gofia in Istanbul under ref. 1849. Cf. GAL vol. II, p. 44 (vol. 6. Cf. Sa%t37wr, Daw', vol. V, no. 630. In his i'awTikib... It p. 53), ö ý°ý al-Q1 azzl quoted this work ass FI C3 /ýýý ýý;; > 78- 1 143) Al-3Asl al-'asil fl tahrim al-naql min al-Tawrät wa al-Injll. 2 144) Al-Qawl al-mallüf fl al-raddi 'ala munkir al-ma'rüf. 3 145) Al-Ahädith al-ýäl1ha fi al-musäfaha 4 146) Al-0awl al-'stamm fl al-ism al-'a'4am. 5 147) Al-Sirr al-maktüm fl al-farq bayna al-mälayn al-mahmüd wa al-ma4j mun. 148) Al-Qawl al-ma'hüd fl mä Calzr Pahl al-7J}iimma min al-LtThüd. 149) Al-Kalän (alä hadith al-khätam. 150) Al-Kalian (alä gass al-zifr. 1. Cf. 'Ibn to Rosenthal a1-'Irrad, Shrtdharät, vol. VIII9 p. 16. Acc. F. (A 359 m"5). Flistory of Muslim Pistorioo; raphy , 2nd Ed., 1968 p. a copy of this work is said to exist in private possession. 2. See HSjji Eha1 fa, op. -alt. p. 1364; Sakhawi, Daw', vol. It p. 105 3" Dhayl Kachf al-zunün, vol. Ip. 28. 4" A copy of this work is, preserved in Cairo. Cf. Fihriat n1;: Kutub al-Mahfüza bi-al-Kutubkhäna al-Khidlwiyya al-Liieriyya, vol. VI, ref. 127, Cairo, 1862. 5" A copy of this work is preserved at 'Aya Sofia in Istanbul under ref. 1849. Cf. GAL vol. II, p. 44 (vol. It 53), 6. Cf. SakjaTi, Daw', vol. v, no. 630. In his Y.aw&kib... P. .. 151 ýýb ý"ý al-GQ1azzi quoted this work as$ C3 ° 79" 1 151) Al-Kaläm Calä a1-mizän. 2 152) Al-. ýýnära fi-ma-yahsunu a12ihätatu bih3 min 'aßhrät al-S Via:t. 153) Tahrir al-magä. l fl al-Kaläm Ira1 hadith kullu samrin dhl bal. 154) Al-crawl al-matTn f3 ta}}sln al-Gann bi-al-makhlügtn. 155) A1-Kallim talc gawl lä. takun hulwiyyan fatustarat 3 156) Al-Kaläm talä kull al-Sayd fi jawf al-faxt. 157) Al-Kaläm (alä hadith inna alläha yakrahu al-hibr al-gamin. 4 158) Al-Kaläm LaU hadItJ al-munbatt la 'ardan gataC wa lä zahran 'abgä. 5 159) Ai-}: aläm gala hadit1 tanzalu al-rahmät calä al-bayt al-mug d4am. 1. In his (vol. P Kawäkib .... Is, p. 53) Ghazzi quoted this work'ae: T4rir a1-bayän fl-al-Ka1äm gala al-mizän. 2. Cf. GAL., vol. II p. 44, supp., vol. II p. 32 3" Cf. 'Sakhawi, Irshad..., fol. 279ai Daw', vol. III, p. 215 4. In his Irshäd (fol. ), SakhäwS says z 5" Cf. Ibid., fol. 174a. "! 80. calm 160) Al-'Idäh al-murshid min al-fhayy fI al-Kaläm hadith hubbiba 1 min dunyikum ilayy. 161) A1-Mustajib du'a)uhum. 2 162) Tajdrd al-dhikr IT sujnd al-Shukr. 163) Nazm al-1a3ä1 fi hadith al-'abdäl. 3 164) Intigäd mudda'i al-ijtihad. 165) A1-)Aslila al-dimyntiyya:. 166) A1-Itti)iz bi-al-jawrab an masä)il ba)d al- wucäd4 167) Tahrrr a1-jawab can madalat darb al-dawäb. 5 168) A1-Imtinä. n'bi-al-haras min daft al-iftitän bi-al-faras. 16%1-Magäsid al-mubäraka fI 'Idäh al-firaq al-hälika. 170) Badhl al-himmat fl- ab7adith al-rahma. 171) Al-Sayr al-gawi if al-tibb al-nabawI. 172) Raf3 al-Shakwi fl mafäkbLir al-mulük. 1. Cf. Ibid., fol. 78b. 2. Cf. Thayl Kashf al-Zunün, vol. I, p. 227 3. Ibid-, p. 131 4. Cf. 1hayl Kashf al-Zurr n, vol. I, P-159 5. Ibid., p. 125; Sakhäwi, W 'z SS, P-327 he for 6. In his Irshäd, (fol. 194a), Satrawl states that recommended bi-jam' al-mubtadit`in his work the title ofsal-Qala-gwa-al-' aq (Wa iz SS p. 521), in al-Firaq. In his chronicles of 897/1491 Lo Ji ý''' ý""s' i1 Sakh äwi says : (; j aJ I (3 (ýy-i. >>--ý "iýý. .. `3 t 81. 1 173) A1-lIthär bi-nubdha min lugnq'al-j9r. 2 174) A1-Kanz al-muddakhar fl fatäwä Shaykhihi Ibn Hajar. 3 175) A1-Raly a1-mualb fl al-murür 'fall al-Targhib. 176) Al-liathtt talc to«alluni al-now. 4 177) Can Al-I"Ajwiba al-Caliyya; al-masVil al-natJt riyya; _. 178) A1-Ihtif. 1 bi-al-'ajwiba Can mi)at su)äl. 5 179) A1-Tawajjuh lil-rabb bi-da«awät al-äarb. 180) Ma fl al-Bukhäri min al-'adhkär. 0' 181) A1-Irsh5d wa al-mawtiza li-Zä'im rt%)yat al-Nabiyy batda mawtihi' fl al-Yaqaza .! - 182) Juz)un fI faqd al-ba$ar. ' 183) Juz'un fS )Alif, l7A-m,mIm, tanzI1 . 097i 1. Cf. Dhayl Kashf al-Zunnn, Vol. I, p. 151. 2. Sa awl 1 Sakhawi, loc cit.. says: 4.., . ýrei9 3" Sakhäwi sayss Loci cit. - 4. In' (fol. hi, s Irshäd 174a) 9 Sakt wr says s this is kept Cf. Dhayl Kashf al-Zunün, vol. `I, p. 27. A copy of work in Chester Beatty Library in Dublin under ref. 4908. 5. 'Aya Sufia in Istanbul under ref* A copy of this work is preserved at Defteri Kütübhäne&i AYa no. 1743. See GAL, vol. II, p. 44" of. also Sofia, Istanbul, 1304 A. H. 6. Cf. Su 72 fn-4 Sakha, I meant-here the S414by al-Bgikhäri. ra, p. 7" Sürat Qur'än, 32 APParently Sakhawr meant by 'A1if-11 _mIm, al-Sajda, 4%X)1 ( 1%JJ1 verse I. U. e( C. ', -ý a3 82. 184) Juzlun fi kullu mawlüdin yuladu gala al-fitra. 1 185) Jzmi4 al-'ummah7at wa al-masän7id. 2 186) Jams al-Kutub al-Sittä bi-tamyrz'asänidihd wa 'alfziha. 3 187) Tartib FawVid Ta+nmä.mraig al-labwab. 188) TartIb al-}'inns"iyyät. 189) Tartib ahadIth al-Khula'Ciyya-t. 190) Tartib Musnad al-HamIdi4calä al-masänrd. 191) Tarttb busnad al-Tayälisi5 gala al-mas9n1d. 192) Tartib Musnad al-CAdani 'ala al-masännd. 193) Tartib L' snarl Abi Yatlä7 I(alä al-rasänld. 1. Sakhäwr states that he wrote only one volume of this work. of. his Irshý. d fol. 174a. loo. 2. The author states that he wrote more than one volume of this work. oit then he knew that 3" The author states that he compiled only part. of it, Loc. one other scholar had dealt with the task. cit 4. This is Muhammad Ibn Abi Nasr (d. 488/1095). Cf. Tibrizi, Mis_ikät al-masäbih, vol. III, no. 1037. (d. 5. ' This ü Dä! d Sulaymän Ibn Da-lid al-BasrT 203/818-19) or (204 A. H) Cf.. GAL, S, I, p. 257. 6. M. B. Yahyä b. 'Abi 'Umar (d. 243/850). of. Kahhäla, op. cit. V01- . XII p. 107. (d. Cf. GAL, vol. II, 7. This is 'Ahmad ibn CAli al-tlawsill 307/919)" II PP-17-8 p. 82; Supp. vol. I, p. 258, Kahb7ala, cp. cit., vol. 83. 194) Tatmim tatrlf äträf Vrýld al-Däraqutnl li-'Ibn 'ahir. 1 195) Tatrlf Mashyakhat al-Zayn al-Maraghh calä al-masärild. 196) TatrTf 'iddat )ajzä' Calä al-masän'id. 197) Tartlb al-ghlläniyy'at tall al-'abwäb. 2 198) Tartlb Fawa,)id Tammäm Calä al-'Abwäb. 3 199) Tajrld ma wagalra it Kutub al-rijä1 wa tartibuha gala al-madanid. Notes on Sakhäwl's List of Works Sakhäwl's list, as presented in his autobiography, Irehad al-Ghnwr, apparently covered only his main works. Some modern indexes quote other works in addition to those mentioned by Sakhäwt himself9 particularly in (d. 1. Für Mashyat at al-Zayn al-MaräghT 816/1414), see SaLhffa-w'rt Pawl vol. XI, no. 29; Cf. CAL, vol. II, p. 172. 2. In his Irghäd (fol. 75b)ß Sa]Qj wr states that Yahya al-MunIWI requested him to classify the 7AhädIth of Musnad al-FirdaweT, of (! bwäb) al-Ghilliniyyät and Favra)id Tammämaccording to the subjects and he had compiled some of them. 3. Sakhäwr made use particularly of the Kutub al-Rijal which deal with a1-4u(afV) Ibid. fol. 174a %" 0 84. his chronicles. These works area 200) Tarjanat al-Sakhäwl under the titles Irsi d al-Qäwi bal Ia(Ad 1 al-tälib wa-al-raw! li-a12ICl7am bi-tarjamat al-SakhäwI. 201) Al-ºIfsäh bi-ma la yajmulu bi-hi al-Kitmän min dhikr malik al-Rum Ibn (Uthmän. 2 3 202) Al-Ilhäq fr Tärikh al-NfadTna. 203) 4 Madäris al-Diyär al-14isriyya wa-, Jaws cu I. - Cf. Sakhäwi, ]ja 1z..., A., fol. 242a. Two copies of this work are preserved in Universitatsbibliothek in Leiden under ref. 1106 and in the library of Aya Sofia, Istanbul, under ref. 2950. 2. In his chronicles of the year 900/1494, in his Wa Iz (A, fol. $75a), U fir' tv L Lzý eJý tf+ »`ý Sakh3w3 says: lcU a -1 c;L+ l. ." .3 ý lip (i- t rJ - Ile states that it was compiled at someone's request and it comprises several pamphlets (Karirrs). 3. In his chronicles of the year 899/1493, (Ibid., fol. 242a)s For Sa} häwi's work on TdrlLh al-Madfna (ý al-Tahfa al-latifa if tdrIkh al-MadZna al-Lharlfa or Tdrlky al-1, adaniyyrn), see Su ra, p. 67 fn-5- 4- In his chronicles of the year 816/1413, Sa Swi states that he cömpiled a work on the schools and mosques of Egypt. Cf. Wa fz X, p"92 i 85. 204) 'Asmä1 al-rijä1.1 2 205) A1-Kawkab al-mu4ij. 3 206) Al-ß, w1 al-mastür fl IzAlat al-; h4ür. 207) An interpretation to the Qur)1nic verse: 5 208) Ris'A1a tashtamil 'alp majälis Sanad al-Im-am a1-Bukb-&rl. 1. According to GAL Supp., vol. II, p. 33 a copy of a work under the above mentioned title is preserved at K udäbat}}sii Batna, ref. XII, 729" in his t0rI 3 1017, FLL'äd Fihrist ..., (vol. II, , part ref. I Sayyid describes this copy as: La q-slP ýLs q-A? ."s ý ln.;::/ýý rl'`'ý' ät ýP Lc-- I l CS'I v' t? J i .. J .. s _A-CJ i ý> . &-' 'vý'9y I äýyj 1 lb isiý tsls v') r° f. cJ L. )Is ý-- c3 i9. ß-----J C.S In his Irsh ld (fol. 94a) Sakhäwi himself says: Most probably this referring to the work mentioned,. above. 2. cf. GAL., supp., vol. II p. 32 3" See Sakhäwl, Daw', vol. VI p. 211. I 4. In his Irshäd (fol. 170b) Sakhäwl says: JJ. zma__z J. 9 -&'}J I C, L.., (e 1t ýi. l Ifaýeý U" IJ ctý. lt J7-". .. e Lj. AUi,, _' Qur' Sürat 18. cf. n, al-Tawba, sl .. 5. of. GAL., supp., vol. II P-33- Sakhawr_ himself says - a .., .' 4p 00 meanin, T one of his students This could be referring to the Risäla mentioned above. Sakhäwr, Irsh .d fol., 74b. 0 86. 1 209) Thabt al-}utub. 2 210) Al-: 'atäwä al-Hadithiyya... 3 211) A Text of Ijaza (Diploma) by Sakhäwi. 4 212) IAjwibat masa? il. 5 213) A1-'Ajwiba al-murdiya fl-ma Suli1a 'anhu in al-'ahadlth-al-Nabawwiyya. 214) A1-Jawähir a1-aajmüCa wa al-nawddir al-masmüga. (d. 1. A record of what Sakhäwi had studied with his tutor Ibn iajar 852/ 1448) written in his handwriting. It is preserved at Köprülü Library, under ref. 1591/8- See Sayyid, op. cit., p. 72 2. A copy of this work is preserved at 'tlrif Hiknat Library in Vadlna in the Hijäz, under ref. 74. 3. This work has been edited by A. Arberry under tho title: Sa_hävdana. This edition is based on the Chestor Beatty NS, 'Arab 773(Chester Beatty Monographs, I)26 Cm. London, I950. Sa uwS claims that ho compiled vast numbors of'Ijazat and othor similar works. cf. his Wajiz, A, fol., 242a, 375a. -ý ý'ýL "'ý"°i 4" In his Irshäd (fol. 175a), SakhäwI says: ö =ý ýwJ ' " 5. A copy of this work is kept in Chester Beatty Library, Dublin under ref- 4908. Cf. Also Berlin Index, vol. II, p. 283 ref. 1641. 6. in Spain. It A COPY of this work is preserved at El'Escorial was written in 881/1476. In the preface of this copy, the author says: L;G (w l ve tus aýu fi t . JA.,Pr .O>". , t ý:, I irw aýäx, L. 1jsJ Nerits, of. H. Derenboürg, Les manuscrits Arabes, De L'escur-ial Tome Premier, ref. 502 (Paris, 1884) Cf. also GAL, vol. II, pp. 43-4. 87. 215) 1 Al-(urf al-nasim min al-thasvhr al-basrm. 2 216) Urjiza fi 'alfäz al-mutashäbihät. 3 217) Al-Sayf a1-g1tiC. 218) A1-mawdücit. 4 5 219) A tiork without title. 6 220)'Arbarün hadith. 7. Cf. no. 860 in Defteri Kütüphanesi 'Aghir Efendi Istanbul, 1306 A. H., also GAL, supp., vol. II, p. 33 2. Cf. Lubäb al-ma0arif al-Cilmiya fi maktabat Dar al-'Ultim al-Isläriiya, Pe. awerki fihrist Kutub, PeSawer, O. J., also GAL, supp., vol. II, P-33- ý' Wý ü.. I 3- In Kashf al-Zuntin (ref. 1017 )' Häj jI Khalifa says: --j of. also Berlin index, vol. VII, ref. 9509(72). 4. Cf. Defteri Kütuphänesi 'Ä9hir. ref. 271 in Yeni 5. According to GAL (S, II, p. 33), this work is quoted (Istanj O. J. ) riitiip ianesinde Mahf[iz Kütübi mev udeni:. defteri dir, ttl ' under ref. 864. 6. Cf. GAL,. supp. vol. II p. 33" 88. Research into the works not mentioned by Sakhäwi himself is necessary in order to establish the true authorship. Upon examination the following works are found to be attributed wrongly to Sakhäwi with whom we are dealing: 1) Tuhfat al-)Ahbäb wa buLhyat al-tulläb fr-al-1 utat wa-al-mazarät 1 2, wa-al-taräjim waý-al-biciä(. Also quoted under different titles* 3 2) Sifr al-SaC da. 1. This work is quoted in some indexes (cf. GAL, II, p. 44; Dayl Kagbf al-Zunün, vol. I, p. 238; Mu"jam... of Sarkis, vol. II, p. 1013) as by , al Sack wI, while in fact it was compiled by another Sakhäwi'whose name is Mir al-Dta 'Al! al-Sa%bSwi. This work was published in the margin of Nafh al-tlb... by al-Magqarl (of. vol. IV, Cairo, 1302-4 A. H. ). It was also edited by Muhammad RabI( and tiasan 97aaim, tat ed., Cairo, 1937/1956. 2. cf. Sarkis, Mu'jam al-Matbü(ät vol. II p. 1013s )hayl Kaehf al-Zunün vol. I p. 238; also the above mentioned editions. (vol. 68) 3" This work quoted by Zirikll in his )ACläm VII p. as of Muhammad al-SaL_äwl, while in fact it was written by Abi al-Itaaan CA1 b. M. b. `Abduigamadal-Ir. gd a1-Sakhäwl (d. 643/1245). Cf. Sayyid, Fihrist al-Mat fütat..., vol. II, P-357 r .1 89. 1 3) (I1m al-iiisäb. 4) 2 al-Durra al-mudiyya fi-al-ma)athir a1-aghrariyya. 5) 3 An abridgment of Vlaj! z al-Ka1äm. 4 6) T2rDh al-Sac] äwi. 1. (vol. According to GAL II PP. 32-3) this work is attributed to Muhammad SaiJäwi in Bibliotheque de Paul Sbath, Cairo, 1928, under ref. 914. Examination of the copy preserved in the library of al-Haram in Mecca under the title Risälat al-Sakhäwr fi-al-hidäb (ref. 66 - Dahiawl), shows that it is by`AbdulgZdir ibn 'Al! al-Sakhäwi al-ShäfiCE. 2. (vol. Attributed to Muhammad Sakhäwi in GAL II, S, II, p. 33) and in Catalogue Des MS Arabes par M. Le Baron do Slane, Parier 1883-959 ref. 16153. Upon examination the copy preserved in Bib. Nat in Paris (ref. tdrih 1615) was found to have been written by QädI al-quoit al-Sa3 j wi al-M liki. 3" This work is quoted in Die Arabischen, Peroiechen und Türkischen Handschriften der Xaeserl-(6nigl Hofbibliothek zu Wien. Dd. 1-3 Wien 1865-7 under _ef. 809. The title quoted here is (ýS)'ý1> > Výýý> cpýý `'>> Examination of this copy, shown that it is an abridgment of Waj! z a14aläm written by an unnamod person after ' the death of Sakhäwi. Cf. also CAL, vol. II, P. 43" 4" This work is kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Parisi under ref. 1600 untitled s Examination of this COPY that it is history by from Damascus shows a written a scholar ., who was student of Ibn Hijjr (d. 816/1413) aS is mentioned in the TrPrn^e this Infra 153 ft - of work. For lb, * f]i, ij! see p. .4 9o. (j)Sakhäwi, the Scholar of his Time. In 855/1451, when Sakh-awi was only 24 years old, al-Kamäl Ibn al- Humäml (d. 874/1469), one of the prominent authorities on Islamic jurisprudence of his time, confessed, according to Sak}äwl himself, that 2 he had benefited from his tradtional knowledge. When he set out to visit Syria in an academic capacity in 859/14549 Sakti-Ui claims that al-Mz ibb Ibn al-1Ashgar3 (d. 863/1458)ß the confidential secretary in Cairo, caused a letter to be sent to all officials to encourage people to study tradition with him. This letter cites SakhFaWTas a leading authority in the field of tradition since the death of Ibn Hajar in 4 852/1448, the eminent traditionist of his time. On this journey he states that he was highly appreciated by Syrian intellectuals auch as 'Ibrahlm al-Tagi Ibn Qundua5 (d. 870/1465)t b. 'AYmad al-BVunI al-Dimagh416 (d. 870/1465)" 1. Cf. Supra, p. 32 fn-5 2. Cf. Supra, p. 37 fn. 1 3. b,uhanmad Ibn 'ULhhmän. For his biography, see SakhSwZ, Daw' vol. VIII no. 334" 4" In his Irshäd, (fol. 71a), Sacj wi says: G t. ýýi is ü L`uý ý;, nvý I ism `., td s, ýyý'i ý.-ý sJ q; is : Il iss d crW' . s; "r -=ý 5. Ibid., fol. 69. For the biography of Ibn lyundue, see Idem, ýN!, vol. XI no. 37. SuyUUX, Nazm, p. 13; ,Shawk5nl, al-Badr al-T'aliC, vol. I, p. 8. 6. Sachäwl, Irt13d..., fol. 74d. For hie biography, see Ideen, am', vol. I, pp. 26-8. 91. Men it was announced in Yaman that Sal_häwi would visit the country, he states that he received a letter from Hamza al-Näshirl (d. 926/1519), one of the YamanI scholars welcoming him. It further said that his visit would be as if it were the grace of God for the Yamahl as the tradition of the prophet would be spread there. Though these views may scarcely be considered as evidence of Sa }ä-YI's high scholarly standard, as they were quoted by himself, there are many statements by other scholars which confirm SaUaiwi'a claim. Suyuuti1 (d. 911/1505)ß who was Sat w3's great contemporary rival and the one who wrote a detrimental biography of him could not ignore his capability for tradition. He saids Sa1h wi knows only the science of 2 tradition. He also confessed that he spent most of his life working 3 on hietory. 1. Für the biography of Suyüti, see Sakhawi, Daw', vol. IV no. 203 Ibn al-'Ira d, Shadhardt, vol. VIII9 p. 51; Zirikll, vol. IV, pp. 71-2. 2. In Nazm a1-CIIgyÄn, 152, Suyuti described SaU«äwi as C: p. r 3" Loc. cit 92, Sakhäwi was obviously an important person. 'Abdulgedir al-JazirI (b. 880/1475) the author of Durar al-faw4d al-rnunazzama ff athbär al hajj wa turuq Macca al-mu'azzama1 mentioned his name among the very distinguished people who had completed the pilgrimage in 892/1486 and in 896/1490. Here he was described as 'Häfiz al-(ast al-Rihla' and as 2 Kh'atimat al-Huffäz... al-mut}addithln: According to awkäni3 (d. 1250/1834), Jära11 h Ibn Fahd,t4 (d. 954/ 1547), the Hijäzi scholar, described Sakhäwl by saying: I have never. seen among the late experts in Hadlib (Huffäz) another like Sa&äwi 5 and this fact is known to all those who. have met him or read his books. 6 Ibn'al-4Imäd al-Hanbali (d. 1089/1679)ß the prominent historian and the author of various historical works, speaks of his incomparable 1. Published by a1-Matbaca al-Salafiyya, Cairo, 1384/1929. For the biography of the author, see this book, pp. 128-30. 2. See Ibid., PP-342# 43" 3. For Shawkäni, see Kahhala, op. cit., vol. XI P-53- 4. M. b. «Abdul'azIz b. (Umar b. Fahd (d. 954/1549) is a Hij zT historian. For his biography, see Ziriklr, op. cit., vol. II p. 93. bi-mallüsin Bacda 5. Al-NUr. n)-; )'flfir p. 21; Shawkäni, al-P. adr al-tälit man 1340) Is al-qarn al-SSbiC (ist Fd, al-Sacada Pross, Cairo vol. P-184- For his biography 6. Abß al-Faläh CAbdulhayy Ibn'Ahmad (d. 1089/1679). IV, 61. see GAL, Supp. vol. II0 p. 403; Ziriklr, OP. cit., vol. p. r 93" 1 knowledge in Cilm al-jarh wa-al-TaCdil. He adds: It is said that no trnditionist could hope to outclass him since the death of al-Häfiz 2 al-Dhahabl (d. 448/1347). ShawkänT (d. 1250/1834) also detailed his biography in his Al-Badr al-T lic bi-mahäsin man ba(da al-qarn al-5abilc and described him as one of the great scholars of his time (wa-bi-al jumla fa-huwa min al-'a'imma al-)akäbir)3 He states that Sakh wT's extensive knowledge in his work ), on the history of the ninth century A. H. (15th A. D. al-Daw' al-lemiC..., 4 is the evidence of his high scholarly achievements. In his Bi, Lhyat al-mustafld LiYakhbär madlnat ZabTd, 'Abdulrahman 1. VII9 15-6. For fIlm Ibn al-ýImid, Shadharät al-Dhahab ..., vol. PP. al-Jarh wa-al-Ta'dil (i. e. a science which deals with the; 'methods by which the standard of the reliability of the transmitters of the traditions can be evaluated), see jlatIb, :IIIsül..., pp. 260ff. 2. Ibn al-fImad referred here to the famous Hadltb expert and historian 'Ahmad M. b. al-Dhahabi. For his biography, see Suyullp Dhayl Tabagät al-Huffäz, P-347- 3- Cf. al-Badr al-taliC..., vol. It p. 104 4. Ibid., p. 185 94" Ibn al-Dayba'1 (d. 944/1537), the Yamani scholar and one of Sakhäwi's students, called him, al-'Im'a, m, häfizu faarihi, musnidu al-dunya, farrd al- 2 wait. Indeed, there was a general coxnent among many of Sa UT'a contenporaries and those of the following periods that his works are of a high standard and he was considered. one of the great figures among the intellectual section of his community. I 1. For his biography, see Ibid., vol. I, p. 335i (article CAydarüsI, Al-Nür al-Säfir, p. 212. EI2 vol. III p. 746 by C. Van Arendonk (G. Rentz) 2. Ibn al-DaybaC, BuLhyat al-rnustafid..., fol. 84b (Br. Mus. ref. or. 3265). 0 r SECTION TWO Sakffäwl as a historian I of the 9th/15th century. 0 CHAPTER IV (1) Sakj. wI'e works on the 9th/15th century. (2) The motives, methods and literary style of his works. (3) His treatment of the history of the 9th/ 15th century. N ' '/ t 95" (1) " SaýLäw3's works on the 9th/l5th century. The 9th/15th century was the period which claimed Sathlwl's attention. He compiled a biographical history of the prominent people of this century under the title: al-Daw' al-lämiC Li-'ahl al-qarn al- t1si'1 comprising some 12580 of his subjects. In addition, he compiled two detailed biographies. One of them dealt with the life story of Ibn Hajar2 (d. 852/1448) under the titles al-Jawänir wa-al durar fI-tarjamat shaykh al-isläm Ibn Hajar; while the other is an autobiography entitled: 'IrXhäA al-Byawi bal'is rad 4 al-1111b wa-al-räwl li-al )Itläm bi-tarjamat al-Sah, wi. He also compiled two biographical histories, the one comprising the judges of Egypt is known as s al-Ti yl al-tutanäh5and another on 1) cf. supra p,. 6 no. 77 f"3 2) For Ibn Iiajar, of., Supra p. 134 fn-1 3) For this work, of., Supra p. 67 fn-1 4) For this work, of., Supra p. 84 fn. 1 5) For this work, of., supra 64 fn-4 96. the prominent people of Madina in Hijäz under the title of al-Tuhfa I al-latifa fi tarik}1 al-madIna al Sharifa. Al-JD}ayl al-mut a continuation of Ibn Hajar's work on the judges of Egypt; Raft al)i9rCan qutIt Mier. Among the 48 biographios are included 44 of judges who lived during the 9th/15th century. A1-Tuhfa... is a general local history of Madlna, commencing with the rise of'Isläm and continuing to SatCawi ls own time. Sakha'wi further adds value to his information concerning this century by writing in chronicle foym al-Tibr al-masbük fl-al-Dhayl ta1a al-Sulfik2 3 and '.*. ajrz al-kalä. m ft ayl du: 'val a1=Isläm. Al-Tibr... is a continuation of al-Sulu"c li-maCrifat duwal al-mut k by D2aq;rizl commencing from the year 845/1441 where the latter's work had concluded. Sakhiiw! 'a only extant 1. For this work of., Supra p. 67 fn. 5 2. For this work, see Supra p. 64 ft. 2 3. For this work, see Supra p. 65 f"4 4. Most of this work has been edited by M. Mustafa Ziada in 2 volumes, the first is comprised of three parts and the second of two, Cairo, "' 1939,1956,1957,1941,1942" / " 97" Work comprised the poriod which ended at the beginning of 857/1453.1 There are many references to Tibr in Sakraw 's other works which supply theinformation that, it covered the second half2 of the 9th/15th century aLmost untiL its conclusion. Vajiz al-Kalte... is a continuation of Duwral-al-islamx 3by al- iahabi (d. 748/1347) commences in 745/1441, the year in which P ahabi's work concludes and it includes the period until 902/1495.4 In addition, Sakhäwi claims that he compiled other works which, ýal however, have not survived. They are: a1-Ta'rikh a1-mau; t, _cy1Ca1 t 1 likiyya, Urikh a1-qurräý by Ibn al-Jazari7 (d. 833/1429), Tabaq. al- 1. Cf. Supra p. 64 fn. 2 463; Irshid., 2. JI'län (Rosenthal trans., ) p. 456, .'lajSz SS, pp-359P fol. 172a. " 3. Ed., in 2 volumes, F.aydar äbwd, 1337. ' 4" Sayyid, op. cit., vol. II Tärikh, part 3 P-155- 5- For this work, see Supra p. 66 fn. 1. 6. For this work, see Supra p. 65 fn-3 7. For Ibn al-Jazari see loc. cit.. 8. For this work, see Supra p. 69 fn-5 9©" al-4Ihtim3m bi-tarjamat ak-Kamal Ibn al-Humäm1(d. 874/1469), Wafayät al-lUmam r tdrikh hädhayn al-qarnayn al-lakhlrayn min al-'FArab wa al- ; Ajam2, J,tu' jam shuyu 11 al-Sajh3wi; P.[u' ja i al-l . )Ji' idhin an a1-SakhäwZ4, . al-Rihla al-Sikandar yya wa-taräjimuha, a1-Rih1a al-Halabiyya malre 5 tarTjimiha and al-Rihla al-Makkiyya. Sai wi frequently refers to additional information obtainable from these works6 which, as their titles imply, were partly or wholly dealing with the history of the 9th/15th century. In this connection he particularly quotes al-Tdrlkh al-muhlt. 7 The fact that, unfortunately, some of Sakhawl's work has not survived creates a problem in a study of him as a historian. Nevertheless a considerable amount of his work has survived in MSS and presents an 1. For this work, see Supra. p. 67 fh-1 2. For this work, see Supra p. 65 fn. 6 3. For this work, see Supra p. 57 fn. 1 4" For this work, see Supra p. 58 th. 1 5" Für these works,. see Supra p. 57 tn. 4,5,6. 6. e. g. Daw' vol. IV no. 113, VII no. 184 7" e. g. Daw' vol. I p. 250, IV no. 166,233,269,355,399, VII no. 654, XI no. 92. 99. opportunity for study of the life and conditions prevailing during the 9th/15th century. In addition some of Sa h'W'e inextant worker namely 1.',u' jam Lhhuy-ukh al-Sakhäwr and Mu' jam al-'tilchid '! n 'an al-Sa1th wi were 1 included in al-Dawl al-lämic as Sakhawi himself states. Moreover the comparison between the section dealing with the 9th/15th century in both Tuhfa... and al-Dhayl al-mutanah with Daw' shows that in most cases the material of the first mentionod of these two works is a summary of Dan' 2 with some additional material. In this study al-Daw' al-l-amic, al- Tibr al-masbtik, 'vYajrz al-Kalla, al-Jgähir wa-al-durar and'Irshäd al- ghäwi provide the basis of this thesis. 'a- From the other works, namely al-Tuýfa al-lat! fa and al-Dhayl mutanäh any further relevant information has received consideration in' this study. 1. See his Irshäd fol., 173a, ' ) 2. Al-Dhayl al-mutanäh (Bib. Nat., Paris ret. ZI 5o Lola., 2a-4a, 20a-23b, 27b-31a, 43a-b, 44b-6a, 54a-56a, 68b-70b, 71a, -75b, and Tuhfa... vol. I no. 282,5179 532 II no. 1284,1316 III no. 2926, 2929 compare with Daw' vol. I PP"151-1, II pp. 36-40,233,8, IV p. 246 IV P"34, VII pp. 118-21 IX PP. 58-9,95-101, II no. 394,992, 1041. III no. 857,403 V no. 497, no. 199. 0 / 100. C2) The motives, methods and literary style of his works. 0 By compiling his chronicles and biographies Sakh. w! carried on the tradition of his predecessors. His own instructor Ibn Hajar (d. 852/ 1448) had written biographies of the 8th/14th century1 in addition to an annalistic history of his contemporaries2 and whether this tradition was used as a means of 'recording the history of these periods or, (which is perhaps more likely) that it was a method of moral and religious instruction. If the latter it would be a method of balancing good and evil by the example of the lives led by the subjects of each work. In his works, Sakhäwi followed a systematic order. In Dawl the biographies were arranged lexicographically with supplementary alphabetical index of surnames (sing., Kunya and Laqab) for the complete work and this forms the basis of interpretation for his other volumes. In Tibr... every year is divided into two parts. The first beginning with the word ýustuhillat (trans., the year began... ) gives an outline of those who occupied the higher appointments in Egypt, Syria and Iiijäz. This is followed by the names of the rulers in other muslim states and & ______ 1. i. e. al-Duran al-Mina fl )a(yNn a1-mi)a al-tJi mina. Ed., in 4 volumes, iiaydar'abäd al-Dakn, 1348-50 also by M., Sayyid Jad 'Abdul- haqq in 5 volumes, Cairo, 1966. 2. i. e. Inba) al-Ghumr... Für this work see Infra 134 fn. 2 101. the events which took place month by month. The second part deals with the obituaries which were arranged in alphabetical order. In Wajiz al-Kaläm..., Sakh'awI basically followed the same pattern as in Tibr..., with two exceptions. In general the record of the 1Iawädit are very brief1 and theM'afayat are not given any special title, or even arran ed in alphabetical order. First come those who belong to the Shäfi 'I school, followed by the Hanafls, Mälikre and IjanbalTs. 2 By contrast to most contemporary historians, Sakhäwl's writing is notable in its grammatical correctness and its various styles. Generally his language is refined, simple and definite and avoids exaggeration. He used such a style when dealing with factual material and examples of this can readily be seen in any reading from his works. 1. Exceptionally, the last ten years of the period covorod by this work (i. e. 891-901/1486/1495) are presented in a very detailed account. _9 In his W7ajiz (fol., 208b) Sakhäwl says i meaning wajrz al-Kal7am LVJ 2. of. Ziada, al-M 'arrikllün fr misr fi-al-. garn al-Y}ramis'ashar al-malad! (2nd FA., Cairo 1954) p"105 102. Yet, Sa1hawi would use a more attractive mode when he wanted to give a more live picture of his personalities. In one example, he described y ý! one of his subects ass týý-11 >9---- 11 ^--= `J 9 ti. aýýa W 2 1ý, w als cI tý. ls I (w. ý crýls o1% ý' 9 , -ý, ýs .ý ý In another example, he described one of his friends as: >jl ". >J9 ý> " 3 j Cc ýý Cs. 1J1. v ý> 4ý.D wý sz1 M±J ý') )ý lsc:ýý C1"`'ß There are several examples of Sa iäw! 's use of rhymed prose, but in most cases he was not successful. This material shows more attention 4 to the words than to the meaning. Like many of the contemporary scholars, Sakhäwi also made wide use of Turkish words as this was the spoken language of the Maäüük ruling. 5 class. His writings also comprise many colloquial usages but in most cases they were used when Sakhäw3 wanted to give more ideas in fewer words. For instance, Sakhäwl stated that one of the Ma3il k officials 1. So for jti, b 2. Daw' vol. X p. 153 3. of. 'Ibid., vol. VIII no. 179 177ff 4. e. g. Ibi d-vol. VI pp. 201-11, Tibr. pp 430-19 Irshäd Pols., 5. of., Ziada, be. cit. 103. %P 10 paid the government a great sum; then he added 't-. It is clear that Sakhäwi used this phrase in order to give an idea that this sum has been collected illegally from the people. In another example, SakhäwT spoke of the position of sale and purchase in Cairo and was successfully able to present a clear picture of this 2 situation by using only two colloquial words i. e. JL I UL, In conclusion, SakhAwl's writing reveals, his high literary-capacity and shows his mastership over language. 1. Tibr p. 266 2. cf. Wajiz X, 53. 104. C3) His treatment of the history of the 9th/15th century Sakhäwi claimed that his work dealt with all the different sections of the Tslämic world. This is also demonstrated by the titles of his works al-Daw) al-lämig li-)ahl al-qarn al-tlasi`,, Wlaj! z al-kaläm fl dhayl duwal al-Isläm fS-al-dhayl 'a1ä ta'rI b. al-Magrizl and al-Tibr al-masbtk . al-Sultlk (i. e. al-Sulük li-maCrifat duwal al-mulMC) Examination of his works shows that his knowledge of Egypt, Syria and flij'lz is far more extensive than that of other parts of Muslim lands. As an Egyptian citizen who had spent most of his life in Cairo before settling in Hijiz for nearly fifteen years2, Satrawi had a wide knowledge 0 of the personalities and events of which he wrote. He was also more cognizant of the virtues of the people of these countries to a greater 3 degree trap he was with those of other regions. Moreover, Sakhäwi 4 visited Syria in 859/1454 and stayed there for about four months, 1. Dawn vol. I p. 5. 2. of. Supra pp. 26-9,38-41- 3- No doubt SakhäwI's residence in iiijäz also gave him an opportunity to meet many scholars from various Muslim countries from whom he absorbed considerable information on their countries of. Infra pp. 120-1,127-9,162-70. 4" of., Su ra pp. 29-30 105. during which time he redorded, as he himself stated, extensive material 1 about his Syrian subjects. Probably for this reason he concentrated more effort on the history / of these countries during the 9th/15th century and upon the Mamluk regime of which he was himself a subject. Sakhäwi'a information on the history of the 9th/15th century may. be classified as follows: - (a) His treatment of the Circassian Mamlük administration The Circassian Mamlük regime was essentially, as previously mentioned2, a military one and military personnel were predominant in the administration. In his account in this regard, SakhAwT focused his information on those internal military challenges with which this regime had been faced since its inception in 784/1382.3 He spoke of the series of conspiracies, plots and rebellions led by the military amirs of Egypt and Syria and this comprises the most part of his chronicles concerning the first five decades of the reign of this dynasty4 (i. e. 784-824/1382-1421)" 1. Irahäd, fol., 314b. 2. cf. Supra p. 2-3 3. of. Sara p. 2 4" rrajiz, K, fold., 2a, 5b, 6a-b, 13b, 15a, 20b, 27b, 44b, 55b, 56a, X pp. 2,18-9,48,57,66,699 73,76,81,86,979 100. 106. Sakh! Iwi also tried to throw light on the corruption of al-3Ajläb (i. e. the Sultäns' bodyguard) whose influence was as mentioned above remarkably increased during the. second half of the 9th/15th century and in particular during the reign of al-'A.. hraf Q5yitbäyl (872-901/ 1467-1495) SakhFiwi considered the revolts of al-IAj1äb to be the cause of undermining the Mamlük administration2 and thus he concentrated on describing their frequent attacks upon and looting of official and public properties particularly during the last decade of the 9th/15th 3 century (891-900/1486-1494). By the general unrest which they created they caused financial distress, demanded more money for their services and finally caused a situation which today would be described as inflation. Of all this, Sahrawi gives a vivid picture of the period 04 Satbawl dealt extensively with other aspects of the Liamlfk administrations In his chronicles, he mentioned almost continuously 3Ajläb 1. cf. Supra pp, 7-6 For the technical teria of see Supra p. 4 fn. 3 2. Wa Sz, SS, P"94 3. Ibid pp. 81,88,94,110,124-6,326,327,353-6,359,419-20.456, 481, For further information on al-'A, j1. b and their corruption, see Su ra pp. 4-6 4. Na iz, be. cit. 107. the changes in personnel among Maml k officials of the administration 1 particularly at the beginning of the reign of Lach Sull5n. In'addition, he wrote biographies of most of thosd who formed the MamlUlk administrative body which comprised thosewho held office in Cairo and formed a species of military executive, such as larbäb al-Siläh (trans., the Men of the Sword) and the. -personnel of Courts in addition to those military and civilian officials of the Egyptian and Syrian provinces. In most cases he dealt with their background, the positions they occupied, the general trends of their policies, particularly in regard to finance and the impression left by them upon the ordinary people until the final phase 2 of their lives. 1f 1. e. g. Wa Tz Ss, pp"70-1,116,131,164; Tibr pp. 6,61,86-7,114. 2. e. g. Daw' vol. II no. 1085, III no. 24, IV no. 81, V no. 265, 279, X no. 716, 759,780,983" / 108. Sakhäwi gave no less attention to Mam1T.iks who were involved in 1 the administration in Hijäz. This is portrayed in the biographies of most of those who held posts in the Hijäzi administration of Mecca, Madina and particularly of Judda2, which had become the main biamlTik 3 trade-port during this period. 1. Though it by the hhurafä? Mecca (i. the Hasanids), was ruled , of e, Hi jäz was iuider the Suzerainty, of the Maml7uks and the machinery of Hijäzi. administration was almost in their hand. In addition to the large number of the military and civilian Mamltlcs who ran the administration the SLadds(i. e. superintendents of Judda who usually appointed by the Mamlüks exerted agreat influence to the extant that Sakhäwr described one of them as: > yü 6- "" J'rýý " ý%"ýý%Jý low 61 výJ ý _,,;, VJa:. W "s: M; td i l. of. Sal-häwi, bawl vol. III p. 58 alto below fn. 2 2. e. g. Davy' vol. III no. 105,235,867,1040,1123, IV no. 37, V no. 745, Wai z SS, pp. 64,287,363-4 414; Tibr PP-43,449 321; Tuhfa vol. I PP. 80-1,367-8, no. 927, II no. 1316. 0 3. Tarkhän, op. cit. p. 286-8 i 109. Such material brings, indeed, a very clear picture of the administrative patterns, the nature of institutions and the%terms being used. This clarity renders SakJ wi's work of unique value and is indispensible for any study devoted to the 2damlük administration in Egypt, Syria and Hijäz. (b) Saktawi's attitude to Ma.mltik foreign relations In his account of the Circassian Mamlük relations with contemporary pourers, SaU7awi chiefly focussed his attention on times of crisis and war. During the first forty-four years of the century, Sakhäwl is not very informative. Beyond speaking very briefly of the MamluMcconflicts with the Tay zrids, the Lusingnans of Cyprus, the Qaramänids and the Tarkumän 1 of 'Aq- Royunlu, he has little to say. In contrast, Sakhäwl detailed his information on the external challenges the Mamlu'ks had faced in successive years particularly during the reign of al-Zahir Jagmaq2 (842-857/1438-1453) and al-IIAiraf Q"ayitbäy3 (872-901/1467r1495)" 1. Waj! z X, pp. 29-339,62,114-5 133,137,142-3,1499 180,190,199i 2II. Purcell, C For these dynasties see Supra p. 9 fn. 2,3; H. 1). rus (London, 1969) pp. 120ff. 2" For Jaqmaq, see Supra p. 8 ln. 2 3" For VI QäyitbAy see SakhäW , Daw' vol. no. 110. Sakh7awi's work on Jagmaq's external relations, dealt mainly with three topics, the relations with the Tayrn rids, the Ethiopians and the Pranks. Mamlük-Taym-urid relations had worsened since the reign of al-)A. hraf Barsabäy2 (825-841/1422-39) owing to his refusal to give the Taymürid ruler; Sliah Rukh3 (d. 850/1447) permission to send a robe of honour for the Ka'Cba4. When the moderate Sultän al-Thir Jaqmaq cane to power in 842/1438, Shah ich sent various missions to Cairo with the main purpose of receiving permission to send the robe to the 5 Kasba which finally (848/1442) was given to him. According to Sakhäwi, however, these diplomatic attempts did not reflect, a mutual friendship, but were in his opinion representation of a strategy 6 towards an expected invasion. 1. For the Taym-urids, Ethiopians and the Frank, see Bosworth, op. cit pp. 165_6; El2 vol. III pp. 2-5 (article by E. Ullendorff ) 2. cf. Supra p. 8 fn. 1 3" For mäh gukh see Sa, äwl, Daw' vol. III no. 4" cf. Su ra p. 8 also Tibr p. 98 5. cf. Supra p. 8 fn. 3 6. Tibr pp. 98,148 of. Supra p. 8 111. His account of this matter included the exchange of missions and , I, gifts from both sides but he conQentrated more deeply on a description (Ulamä' of the opposition against Shah Ruth's desire by the and the public 2 in E, ypt. As for the relations with the Christians of Ethiopia, these too entered a decisive stage. In 847/1443 an Ethiopian mission arrived in Cairo with a letter from King Ya'qüb b. Dälüd3 (838-873/1434-1466) in which he asked for better treatment of the Christians of Egypt, the Copts. The letter, however, threatgned indirectly to divert the course of the Nile. Thereafter, relations deteriorated and the two states 4 were on the verge of war. Sakhäwi gave a detailed account of this incident1 presented nearly a full text of the Ethiotfan King's letter to Sultän Jaqmaq and spoke 5 of all the consequences during this period. 1. of. Supra p. 8 fn-3 2. of. Su ra p. 8 fn-4 3. of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 1111 4" Tar`b n op. cit pp. 155-161. 5" Tibr 67-729 309; Wa iz pp. .'X# PP-237-8 Daw' vol. VII no. 379 ,ý w 112. The Franks, particularly the knights of St. John in Rhodes, played an inportant role in interrupting Mam1Tik trade in the Mediterranean during the 9th/15th century1. Since the reign of al-'Ashraf Ba'xsabäy the Mamlüks apparently had planned to occupy the main centres of the Franks in the Mediterranean, that is Cyprus and Rhodes and Barsabay 2 had fulfilled the occupation of Cyprus in 829/1425 Al-Zähir Jagmaq followed the same policy and tried to invade Rhodes several times, Iraid apparently as a result of the Pranks in 845/1441.3 Sakhäwi dealt with Jagmaq's second and third attempts to occupy 4 Rhodes, but gave practically no information on the first expedition 1 which took place in 844/1440.5 (Cairo, 1. of. )Ahmad Darräj, al-Mamälik wa al-Firank 1961) pp"17-8. For the Knights of St. John, (in the Arabic source they are called *the Arabicizod term for the iiocpital of St-John Jerusalem) of. Ramzi N, vol. IV p. 33 fn. 2 2. ;'la Sz X, p. 142-3 For further information on the Mamlük occupation (London, 1955) to Cyprus, see Alastros, D., Cyprus In History pp. 204-5. in 3" After this raid, Jagmaq gave his orders to build ships Cairo as these well as other cities such as Tripoli and Beirut, and steps were taken ace. to Sakhäwi as being among Jagmaq's preparations to fight the Franks of. Tibr pp. 9,11,14,47" 4. of. Ibid pp. 61,62-5,87-9" 5", Ibid., p. 62 113. In dealing with Sultän QIyitbäy's foreign relations, Sakhävw! Mainly dealt with his conflicts with the Turcurän dynasties along, the northern and eastern frontiers and with the Ottomans. When Q yitbäy came to power in 872/1467 the Mamlüks faced a challenge from the dynasty of the Turkumän of Dhulghadir1 who managed to defeat the Maml'ak army in 873/1468. Sak,b-awi expresses his astonishment at to be the news of the Manlük's defeat by a dynasty which he considered 2 a lesser power and since then his attention was mostly concentrated on the Z.aml7uk situation along the north and ndrth eastern frontiers. He spoke of expeditions sent by Qäyitbay between 872/1467 and 877/1472 and of the developments of the war till the Mamlüks succeeded in capturinG the ruler of this dynasty, Shäh Sir in 877/1472.3 1. cf. Supra p. 9 fn. 2 2.7ajiz SS, p. 180 to 3" Ibid., pp. 174,179,180,213. With the exception a conflict with in this dynasty in 889/1484, its relation with the Manlu-ks was general friendly. Infra 116 fn. 2 For ah Siviar, see Saw w, 1)avr' cf. p. .: vol. III no. 1046 114. In the same year as the fall of Sf ih Siwär Rayitbäy faced yet another challenae from Hasan al-Tawil1 (857-832/1453-1477) of 7Aq - 2 UyUnlu who invaded the eastern amluk frontiers. Moreover, in 878/1473 a group of his men arrived in ; iijäz for the pilgrimage and in al-aadina; they forced the Khutabä? of the Prophet's Mosque to mention the name of Al-Taw-11 in the Friday Ceremony as "al-malik al-gädil... 3 Khädimu al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn". Such a claim which was the right of the 11aml1cs by tradition4 put them in the face of another serious challenge and so they embarked on a new war. Sakhäwi spoke of this 4 I. For him, see article 'Uzün Hasan in Ell vol., IV pp. 1065-9. 2. Loc. cit. '3. Tarkhän, op. cit. p. 137. 4. Cf. supra p. 8 fn. 4. 115" war which lasted a short time and was followed *ith the exception of one occasion in 885/14801 by a period of mutual friendship particularly after the death of al-Taw31 in 882/1477.2 The last decade of Qäyitbäy's reign saw a new threat arise. Since Prince Jem, the brother of Ottoman Sultän Bayazid (886-918/1481-1512) was granted an asylum by the biamlüks, relations with the Ottomans reached 1. In this year a Mamlük army led by Ya }bak min Mahdi was sent to Syria to gubd ue mtribe of )äl Fad1. But for unclear reasons the army invaded al-Ruhä which belonged to the Turkumäns of Aq Qoyunlu; though the Mamlük army was defeated and its leader as well as many of his men were killed, the relations between the two dynasties were not badly affected. Sakhäwi briefly dealt with this'war and the efforts taken by the b. Masan (d. 896/1490 ) ruler of Aq Qoyunlu , Yacqüb who sent several missions to Cairo conveying his apology and his sincere desire for friendship. cf. Wajiz SS, pp. 266-268 p. 281 2. cf. Ibid., pp. 214,215,220,226,266-8,281-2,298,325,526, A fol., 262a, 236a. r 116. a critical stage and in 891/1486 the two states entered1 a period of 2 warfare which lasted nearly six years. In his account of this matter, SaLh7aw has presented very rich material. He described Qäyitbäy's military steps in the face of the Ottomans, his expeditions, the name of his leading military officers, the number of the soldiers, the 3 movements of both armies and the cities and citadels occupied by them. He also dealt with the attempts of the peaceful settlements, the exchange 4 of correspondence and diplomatic missions between the two sides. 1. cf. Supra pp. 9-10 2. This war was preceded in 889/1448 by indirect conflict. The Ottomans state, encouraged and backed a small buffer the dynasty of Dhul&hädir, to challenge the Mamlüks and the"lattor were defeated in a battle between the two aides. of. Wajiz SS, pp. 306, A, fol., 236 a-b. For further information on this war see Ibn'Iyas Badäk4al-Zuhür vol. III pp. 210ff. 3. of. Wajiz SS, pp. 314,347,378-9,419,421,459,482. 4. Wajiz, loc. cit., Sakhäww participated personally in achieving the peace between the two dynasties. of. Wajiz SS, p. 481-2. f 117. the (C) His treatment of the intellectuals and other strata of/Muslim population. Sakhäwi gave most of his attention to the activities of the intellectual section of the Muslim community. He recorded many of their lectures discussions2, the public , the main topics of their names of new schools and the teaching posts available in most of them as well as of the. scholars who occupied them3. Most of the biographies of his Daw' which number about 12J thousand are of scholars from Egypt, Syria and Hijäz, while an examination of his Wajiz shows that he wrote " 4 obituaries of some 650 Egyptian, 268 Syrian and 176 Hijäzi scholars. 1. e. g. Wajiz SS, pp"305-6,347-8- 2* e. g. Ibid., pp 164,190-1,219,261,284,298,348-9 Daw' vol. II no. 153, IV no. 437, VII no. 401, IX no. 25,751 X no. 603- 3. e. g. Wajiz SS, pp. 117,156 (i. 4. These figures are derived from the edition of Wajiz e. al-DJ ayl LAin al-tamm)by the author of this thesis (Thesis, Cairo, Shama University, 1968). 118. Sa1cj wi did not limit himself to one special stratum of the intellectual community. His biographies included theologians, judges, deputy judges1, calligraphers and many others. He also took special 2 interest in describing the scholarly activities of women. In most of these he writes of their sg}aykkts, their studies, the names of books 1. In addition to the biographies of Egyptian judges included in his Daw', Sakhäwl wrote biographies of 44 of them in his al-Dhayl al- m äh. Though most of the material is repeated in the two works, al-Dhayl... included some additional material which mostly concerned the literary activities of his subjects. Al-Dhayl al-mutanäh fols., 21-38a, 38b-70b, 71a-111a, compare with Daw' vol. I pp. 150-1,161-3 205-7,211-13, II pP"36-40,99-101,231-3,233-8, III pp. 113-4, I 249,312-4, IV pp. 263,246, vi pp-8p 34,301, VII pp"5,51,90, 90-2,118-21#, VII pp. 143-5,212-4,232-4,235-6,263-4,294-5, IX PP. 58-9,95-101,113-4,134,295-305,349 X PP- 135 XI PP- 88-9. 2. Sakhäwi wrote some 1070 biographies of the women of his century l comprising one complete volume of his Daw' entitled Mzcjam al-moo and'most of these were learned women. See Daw' vol. XII r 119. they studied, their works and other features of their literary careers. He was also interested in and recorded many examples of-their prose and 1 poetrys both in standard and colloquial language. Moreover, the 643 pages his 596 of own autobiography, Irshäd al-ghäwi ... and the pages of the 2 biography he wrote on his instructor Ibn Hajar, a1-Jawahir... mirror the standard of education in Egypt during this century. They are considered the most detailed of all biographical accounts written by 3 Vuslim writers whose works are known to us. In them he presented. an almost complete account of the families of himself and Ibn Hajar, their studies, the names of their teachers, their appointments, the teaching they gave, their public lectures, their works, their students' names and the characters of both his shaykh and himself. He also included in his chapters rich information concerning their literary achievements. 1. e. g. Bawl vol. I PP- 199,373, II no. 343,363,383.416, III no. 191,748 V no. 947,948, VII no. 571, X no. 994- (under 2. These figures occur in the MS preserved in Bib. Nat. ` ref 2105 ) and in Leiden under ref. 2950 3" Compare for instance these works with al-SuyütZ's autobiography entitled At-Tal; Allgh (ed., by Elizabeth Sartain, . addut gj-Nitmat 2 vols:, thesis Cambridge University, Ph*). 6149), also Al-Folk al-, ýTaq.bhün fi 'ahwäl muhammad b. Tülfin, which is Ibn Tül in' autobiography (Ed., by al-Taragqi Press, Damascus, 1348). 120. Furthermore, examining SaJwi's material, it appears that the intellectual sections of the communities of YamanI, Tu-nisia2, Morocco3 and Muslim Spain4 are well, reprosented. He also provided several biographies of scholars from Sh'ir5z5, 8 'Iabahan6, Yhhwarazm7, Samarqand and of certain cities in Arabia9 1 and India0. 1. Daw' vol. I pp. 115,117,180, III no. 414, IV no. 209,251, V no. 56, 413 VI no. 18,251,940, VIII no. 46,47,227,724 X no. 756,960 XI no. 160. 961, 2. Ibid., vol. I pp. 248,305,407, II no. 386,920, II no. 920, VI no. 1006, VII no. 5; WYajiz SS, pp. 183,321,407- 3. Daw' vol. I p. 169, II no. 747, IV no. 67,393, V no. 240,479, VII no. 280,254,7720 IX no. 56, X no. 821,722; VTajiz X, pp. 31,49,62,70, 79,112,174.187,197,55, p. 477. 77,78- 4" Daw' vol. I p. 30, II no. 78, IX no. 56,77,95,141, X no. 5. Ibid., vol. I p. 172, II no. 98,312,348,552, VII no. 17,766, IX no. 27 X no. 705., 6. Ibid., vol. VI no. 580 7. Ibid., vol. VI no. 103, VII no. 766 62; Wa Yz SS, 476 8. Ibid., vol. III no. 98, VI no. 821, IX no. p. 284, A fol. 253b 9. Daw' vol. V no. 55,912, VII no. 692; VWajfz SS, p. 1161 XI no. 118 10. Daw' vol. III no. 64, X no. 454,587,601,1007o i 121, With the exception of a very few biographies 0 Sakhäwi gave practically no information on scholars of Iraq and Asia Minor. This material reveals, in general, valuable 'information about the state of teaching, together with the general standard of education, In other Egypt, Syria and Hijäz, as well as many parts of the Muslim world of the 9th/15th century; this is indispensible for any study of this subject. By his biographies of individual Mamlüks, Sakjiäwi alerts his readers to the position of this class of ]gyptian population. By Sas.b wi, aspects of their social life, skills, religious and educational attitudes 2 are depicted. He took special interest in their architecture expressed in the mosques, mad is, K_}i aagät and othor construction which thoy built for religious purposes or amenities to public advantage, more 3 especially, in Cairo, Mecca and Madina. He has the great gift of painting word-pictures and through his eyes a pageant of the 9th/15th 4 L:ailüks is presented. 1. Ibid., vol. I pp. 7,241, III no. 492,510, V no. 111 X no. 1108. 2. e. g. Wajiz SS, pp. 132,188,249,250,256,261,302,323,358; Dawn vol. III pp. 73,167 3" e. g. WYajIz SS, pp. 198,207 677,809. 4" e. g. Da ol. III no. 141; 142,152,167, vol. IV no. .I 122. Neither does Sak,,bawi confine his interest to intellectuals and ralers but it embraces also the merchants, the non-Muslim minorities, the Bedouin and the ordinary people, although not so fully. He wrote the biographies of many merchants but spent little time on their trading activities1 despite the fact that commerce was very 2 active during this century. However, Sa'häw3 did pay greater attention to trade in the region of the Red sea during the last decade of the 3 century. This was apparently the result of his residence in Hijäz. Be provided valuable information on the Indian-MamlSlk trade via Judda and Aden and wrote biographies of many merchants. He speaks of the number and the names of some of the ships arriving in Judda and indicates 4 their owners. The Christians and Jews of Egypt and Syria alike suffered from the repercussions of the struggle between the M nl ks and the last 5 Crusaders. 1, e. g. Daw' vol. I pp. 197,231, III no. 325,327,388,406,813, VI no. 652,695, VII no. 273 IX no. 129,136,153- 2. Cf.. S., Labib, Egyptian Commercial Policy in the Middle A,-os. (Lecture deliverd in the Conference on the Economic History of the Middle East, School of Oriental&African Studies, July 1967. 3. Cf. Supra pp. 35-1;1 4. W'ajlz SS PP. 427,5Q1,530,542-45,. A, folg., 248b-9a, 255b 5. The diterranian witnessed a vital struggle between the Muslims and the last Crusaders during the 9th/15th century. See Darräj, 'd, al-Mam11k wa al-Firank (Cairo, 1961). pp. 17-8. 123" Sakhäwi himself was a man of religion who was greatly affected by the spirit of his age towards the non-muslim minorities and he compiled a work on the regulations which should be imposed upon them entitled Badhl al-majhüd fi-ma talä )ahl al-Dhimma min al-tühüd which 1 unfortunately is not extant. Sakhäwi provided rich information on the relations between the .; yrptian non-muslim minorities and the official authorities particularly during the reign of Sulýän Jagmac. He delved into juridical discussions in which christians were accused of either breaking regulations or of 2 secret complaints to the. Ethiopian christians. In dealing with their position in. Syria Sakhäwr presented very scanty information3. However, on one occasion he provided a full text of his own Fatwä concerning the rebuilding of a synagogue in Jerusalem in 879/1474.4 There is hardly any information about the domestic life of these minorities but some information-is obtainable from a few biographies written of their prominent religious personalities and from some 5 scattered information in his record of events. 1. cf. wall z SS, p. 144 also Supra p. 73 fn-1 2. cf. Tibr pp. 20-2,36-40,124-5,180-2,210,215,306,385" Waiz X pp. 230,237 ss, pp. 10,17,18,60,67,82,144,215,226, At fol. 270b, Daw' vol. X p. 273- 3. Aa iz SS9 p. 227 4" Irshä, d fols., 262b-5b. 5" of. Daw' vol. I pp. 116-7, VII no. 455, X io. 822, Tibr p. 385. 124. Sahäwi provided practically no information of the domestic life of the Bedouin Arabs. He dealt only with their revolts against the Mri&lüks in Egypt' and Syria2, their raids on the caravans of the pilgrims 4 in Iiij7jz3 and the disputes among them. Even in the biographies he wrote on some of the Bedouin tribal Shaykhs, the material included on 5. the Bedouin themselves is very sparse. On the contrary, the ordinary people took up much of Sakhäwt'e attention. He does not write individual biographies of them, but deals extensively with their poverty and the economical difficulties they had to face. He delved in particular into their condition during the economic crisis which Egypt faced during the reigns of the Sulläns 6 al-7,. dhir Jaqmaq (842-857/1438-1453) and al-)Ashraf Cayitbäy (872-901/ 1467-1495)7. This period produced greater crisis than the country had 1. See Tibr pp. 93,102,116,117,175,187-8,199-200,262, Wa Iz 55, PP"94,201,240,255-6,337,346,448/9. of. also Daw' vol. III no. 311- 2. See Tibr pp. 268,308, Ha Sz X pp. 150,173, SS9 PP-322-3,4279 A fol. 257a-258a. 3. See Wa2z SS pp. 171,189,363,414,523, A Pols., 258a-9a. 4" See 2a iz ss, pp. 116,240,322-3. 5. See law' vol. I p. 244, II no. 309,331, III no. 75,99,309,500,501, VI no. 516,532,579.611 X no. 1077,1304- 6. of. Supra p. 8 fn. 2 7. of. Supra P"14ih. 4 125. faced previously, which is the probable reason of his concentration. The crisis was largely due to the low ebb of water in the Nile which 1 had its effect on all agricultural produce. Moreover, the problem has worsened by the warfare rife during the last quarter of the 9th/ 15th century. The war between the Mamlüks and the Turkum'n of DhulghAdir and the Ottomans consumed great sums of money and was the 2 major factor in creating a desperate economic crisis. Sakhäwl gives a full description of these crisis and the situation arising from it. He spoke of the movements of the river Nile particularly as it affected the elevated prices of agricultural produce and the consequent effects of undernourishment, the famine and disease that followed, the rise and the fall of the prices of commodities, and 3 the many deaths consequent upon disease and starvation. He gives rich information of the currency particularly when related to economic 4 crisis. He speaks scathingly of monopolies and various conditions by 1. cf. Infra jh, 3 2. of. Su ra p. 5,113-6 3. Tibr pp. 259-62,300-1,31o, 346,352-3,. 381-2; wa iz Ss, PP- 352. 354,355,422. ý.., 4. Wajiz SS, pp 317,352-3 126. 1 which the fevr enriched themselves at the expense of the poor. SaHi wi's chief aim through his general impression of the time of inflation seems to show how all this affected the mass of population. His sympathy. -towards them can be easily noticed in many parts of his writing. There are many examples in which he criticized the lavish lives and selfishness of the rich people and those administrators who did (al-ducafrP 2 not show sympathy towards wa al-masäklnl. He also dealt with the mass revolts against the financial pressures imposed by 3 successive governments. Sakhäwl also took special interest on descri6ing those events occupied the curiosity of the people of his time, odd things, strange sidereal coustellations and natural phenominas such as fires, heavy rains, floods, 4 violent winds, droughts, earthquakes and thunderbolts. All this information gives a vivid picture not only of the position of the ordinary people and their way of thinking but throws a light on the economic situation of the period and adds to the understanding of succeeding generations of historians. f I. e. g. Ibid., pn. 354-5 2" e. g. Ibid., PP- 336,352,423,491" .6 3" e. g. Tibr pp. 259 - 62 4. e. g. , rajiz SS, pp. 82,102,110,123,136,278,279-81,289-91, 429-30,540: 127. (ä) Saj wi's material on the contemporary powers. In his chronicles, Sakhäw2 paid very little attention to the contemporary powers. His main intention was to show the relationship between some of these powers and the Circassian Mamllik dynasty. In this connection, however, scattered information can be found. He wrote biographies of many of those who ruled during this century and included notes on their political role, their wars, rebellions against them and their relations with other rulers. Of particular importance is his information 2 on the Shuraf ? of Mecca (i: e. Bann Hasan)0 and of Madina 1. of. Su ra pp. 109-16 2. In addition to his account on Banü Hasan as:: Shurafll ('Armre) of (since Mecca, Sakh'Awi spoke of their role as rulers of Hijäz 811/1408) they were authorized by the Mamlük Sultän to spread their suzeraintyy over Hijäz as a whole). He also presented some valuable information on the Hijäzi personalities who formed the Lhharifate administration. Daw, vol. III no. 17,50,403,417,868,886, v no. 709, VI no. 468, " 734. VII no. 377; Tubfa vol. I pp. 80-1 also no. 159,927. II no. 1316; Waltz SS, pp. For the sharifato and the nature of its ruling system, see (article Qalgashand2, Subh vol. IV p. 276; Ell vol. III pp. 444 by A. - J. Wensinck-: ). S 128. 2 4(i. e. Banü Husayn)1, the Rsülidsand T'ahirids3 of Yaman, the Ottomans, 1. In his presentation of the history of this sharifate, Sakhäwicentered his information on describing the disputes among the ruling family, the struggle between the §b'j}a and Sunna and the relations with both the t%mlüks and the Shurafä) of Mecca. Daw' vol. 'II no. 1041, III no. 3Q7, 403,648,673,886,1022, IV no. It 4, V no. 497º VI no. 530,734º 819; 616, WajIz SS pp. 289,552-3; T4fa vol. I pp. 62,80,81,82 also no. 704i 1134, II no. 532,703,927,1134,1647,1844,1848, '2926. Für this Sharifate see Qalgashandi op. cit., vol. IV p. 302 2. Law' vol. I pp. 239-40, II no., 906,962, IV no. 12, V no. 14, X no. 937,954,1228, XI no. 432. For the Rasülids who ruled Yaman between 626/1229 and 858/1458 see Bosworth op. cit pp. 76-7- 3. Daw' vol. III no. 1114, IV no. 61,62 V no. 784, ova Tz SS, pp. 466,485. down to 495,495. The Ta-hirids ruled most of Yaman from 858/1454 Bosworth the Ottoman conquest early in the 10th/16th century* of. OP- cit. p.? 7 485,486, 4" Daw' vol. III p. 48, VI no. 593, X no. 163,604, XI no. to awT, in 898/ Tibr pp. 98-9,123, ja-1z A, fol. 262 a-b. Acc., Sa lä bihi 1492 he compiled a work under a title I. yajmulu al-Xitmän has min Khabar Malik al-Mm Ibn (üthmän which not survived and appears Wajlz A, fol., to deal with Su1jän Bayazid II (886-918/1+481-1512). of. 239a, For the Ottomans (680-1342/1281-1924) see Bosworth op. it PP-136-140- 129. The Qaramänids1 and Dhulpfadirs2 of Anatolia, the Turkuman of Aq Qoyunlu (or Z'hite Sheep)3 of Diyarbakr, eastern Anatolia and Azerbayjan, the (or Turkuni n of tiara QOyun u Black Sheo f )4 of Azerbayjan, and Iraq, 6 the Taymürids5 of Transoxania and Persia, the dynasty of Gujarat of 1. cf. Daw' vol. I p. 155, II pp. 276-7, VIII no. 531. For the Qaramanids " (c. 654-888/c. 1250-1483), see Bosworth op.ppp. cit 134-5 2. of. Daw' vol. II no. 991, V no. 736; Wajlz X, PP-1939 199,217- SS, pp. 162,174,177,213,306,421. For the dynasty of Dhulghädirs , 738=928/1337-1522), see EI2 vol. II p. 237 3. cf., Pawl vol. III no. 113,315,442 V no. 474, -X no. 878,1110. Por Aq Qoyunlu (780-914/1378-1508), see Bosworth op. cit. P. 170 4. of., Daw' vol. II no. 885, III no. 314, VI no. 723,759 For Qara Qoynuzlu(782-873/1380-1468), see Bosworth op. cit pp. 168-9. 671, 5. ct., Daw' vol. III no. 1,192,1119, IV no. 927, VII no. XI no. 361. For the Taymürids, see Supra pp. 6-8 6. cf. Daw' vol. III no. 653, X no. 454,574, XI PP- 183,258; wajrz SS, p. 270 A, Pols., 255b, 273b, For this dynasty (793-991/1391-1583), see Bosworth, op. cit., pp. 199-200. 130. Western India, the Bahmänids1 of Northern Deccan, h1grinids2 of Morocco, 4 the IIafsids3 of Tunisia and Banü Nagr of Granada. 1. cf. Daw' vol. I p. 210, X no. 236,454,576. For the Bahmänid dynasty (748-934/1347-1527), see Bosworth, off.cit., pp. 205-6. 2. cf., Daw' vol. IV no. 113,604, V O. 145,441,818, VIII no. 97, X no.. 996. For the 1 rinid dynasty (592-875/1196-1470)o8ee Bosworth, op. cit., pp. 32-4. 3" cf. Daw' vol. IV no. 547, V no. 479,818, IX no. 280, X no. 10, 1024. Waj! z SS, p. 384. For the Hafsid dynasty (625-982/1228-1574)' see EI vol. III pp. 466-9 (article by H. R. 'Idris). 4. cf. ý9ajlz SS pp. 469-72. Tbr the Nasrld (called also Banü-al-')A1xnar) dynasty (627-897/1230-1492), see Bosworth, op. cit pp. 18-9. 131. ( 1) Sakhlwi's methods of selecting his information. In dealing with the history of the 9th/15th century, Saliawr enphasises that he did his utmost to achieve accuracy and fairness. 1 He also stated that he followed the approach of reliable historians. Obviously a mere statement gives no explanation of what methods he employed to reach his objective. It is indicated, however, in al- 141än bi-al-tawbikh ii-iian- ikh he speaks dhamna 'ahlä'al-tr ., where of the qualifications-necessary for a true historian which can perhaps be summarised as followss- ( a) "The necessary qualifications required of those who occupy themselves with history are fairness, together with complete correctness which generates (extraordinary) accuracy, and discretion"2 (b) "Discretion is indicated (in the case of the historian) who he harbours enmity and hatred against(the person on whom writes) (among them) which are the result of the existence of jealousy 3 concerning their respective ranks: (3) transmission. "The historian must be acquainted with the process of has found to He must pronounce himself only with regard to what he he ie to be true. Without a reliable authority, not permitted 1. Dawn vol. I p. 6; Tibr p. 1; 17ajiz K, fol. la. ) 2. )I'län P"358 (F. Rosenthal translation, 2nd ed. 3. Ibid., p. 364 132. transmit a tradition... The historian should... protect himself (baseless) against the unconscious commission of expansions, vilifications, Vituperations, and (acts of) hostility"1 (d) (of "The historian should not be satisfied with the dissemination material), especially of the material entails a detestable attack against the merits of a pious scholar. "2 (0) The historian "should know the different merits, conditions, and (more stations of people. He should not exalt men of lowly rank less than they deserve), and he should not give men of high rank honour (than they deserve). "3 (f) (moral) "Another qualification required for the historian is austerity (fairness, wara') and the fear of God. He will thus refrain from resorting to guesswork and disputed combinations. him Austerity and the fear of God will restrain him and require to investigate, to do independent research, and to desist from (baseless) expansions. "4 that he did his utmost Close examination of Saa wi's works shows to practise his avowed principles. His standard of meticulous accuracy is reflected in his treatment of his sources and his methods of sifting and collecting his material. 1. I bid., p. 367 2. Ibid. p. 368 3. Loc. cit -4- Ibid. p. 370 133. Contrary to most of his contemporaries, Sakhäwi was very intent to provide minutely detailed information on his sources. In the preface to Daw', his main work dealing with the history of the 9th/15th century, Sakhv, I states that he had made wide use of the histories written by Ahnad b" gAli (d. b. 4ajar 852/1448), 'Ahead Ibn Ali a1-Magr3z15(81f5/I441) and Mahmüd al-'Aynl (d. 855/1451)" He also admits the use of other works, though he names only those of Ibn Khatlb-al-Nisiriyya (d. 843/1439) al-Tagi gsi (d. al-l; 832/1428), al-Najm Ibn Fahd (d. 885/1840), al-Layn Ridwän (d. 855/ 1451) ß and Muhammad Ibn Hajar (d. 869/1964). Furthermore he refers to several other histories in addition to anonymous different sources such as current literature, documents and oral information. Upon exaýination, Sakirwi's material on the history of the 9th/15th century may be classified as follows: (1) Information derived from contemporary histories. Sakhtivi seems to realize the importance of each of his authorities as a local contemporary who had actually lived in the countries concerned. For his information on Egypt durin the first half of the century, Sa1haivi Ibn ; iajar mostly relied on Egyptian historians, namely, , MagrizS: and CAyn3:. 1. DarrI vol. I p. 5 2. In several cases, Sa;hAwl also used the material of these historians for his information on different localities particularly on Syria, Arabia, Iraq, Asia Minor and North Africa during the first half of the century. e. g. See Da'i' vol. I pp"239-40,244-5,292, II no. 873,885, III no. 192,312,327,1119,1144, IV no. 58, V no. 12,474,547,784, 913, VI no. 723, IX no. 280. 134. Ibn Hajar was a well-known authority of his time as a traditionist and historian besides being for many years the chief shäfi'i judge which brought him into close contact with both the officials and the people of his time. 1 Sakhäwl based a considerable part of his information on )Inb3? a1-ghumr fI-)anbä) al-CUmr2 and al-MajmaC al-mu>assas li-al-mu(jam al-mufahras3 by Ibn Hajar. The first of these is a chronicle of events and the biographical records of personalities who had died between 773/1371 and 850/1446, the latter is a biographical dictionary of Ibn 1tajar's own teachers. Vew pages of Daw' are without reference to one or other of these two works; they are also widely used, mainlyýInb'g), in his Tibr for the period from 845/1441 to 850/1446.4 By contrast, they are rarely 1. See article 'Ibn Hajar' by F. Rosenthal, EI2 vol. III pp. 776-8; Ziada, al-mu'arriiün al-miýriyyün..: pp. 17-20" by 2. There are several copies of this work. Für them see the preface the 8th! Prof. Hasan Habash2 to his edition of the part dealing with 14th (i. 773-799/1371-1396), Cairo, 1389/1969- century ofýInva) ... e. Museum; 9677, 3- One copy of this work is preserved in the British ref. Istanbul: 75- another in the library of Mustafa 'Ishir efendi, ref. (i. 4., Sa häwT refers to Ibn Hajar by using the words 'Shaykhuna' e. )- (vol. he our -abaYth. In 3w' I p. 5) says c!' Lil: ýl vrI csý 135. 1 E.entioned by name in Wajiz. Close study of this and Ibn Hajar's Inbäl reveals that Sakhävri relied greatly upon this latter source when writing the annals of the first five decades of the century (801- 858/1398-1446). 2 3 On rare occasions only he makes use of Ibn Hajar's other works. Sometimes he quotes Ibn Hajar's taciliq (marginal references) without 4 specifying from where the quotations are derived. Although Sakhävýi respected Ibn Hajar, he did not completely rely on information presented by him, but investigated even his evidence. 1. e. g. Tibr pp. 12,13,24,61,62,64,65,87,101- 2. O. G. Inba2 al-ghumr fols. 103a ff, 106b-111a, 116a-119a, 124b-134a, 135b ff, 141b-145b, 146a ff, 152b-155a, 157b ff, 166a ff, 172a-175b, 226b-228a, 225b-230b, compare with S7a Tz X, pp. 1-2,6-11,18-20, 29-33,43-4,51-2,54-5,57-8,62-3,66,103- 3. e. g. Daw' vol. I p. 179, III P-73- is 4. In Daw' (VII p. 16) Skhäw1 sayss4% 4referring to certain part of information S 136. When Ibn Hajar noted that one of, hie subjects had died in Aleppo, having copied his information from Tär1kh al-Badr 11 awq fahl a1=aqr by flahmßd a1=Ayni (d. 855/1451)1 SakhäwI checked this book and found that 2 the person died änd'viaa"buried'in_onother city. Sakh9wI freely used MagrIzi's Durar al-tuqüd al-farlda if tafajim al-'aCyZEn al-mufIda which is a biographical history of the author's 3 contemporaries. By contrast, he made less use of his annalistic history; al-Sulük li-matrifat duwal Comparison between this and al-mulük. " work chäwl'a ".Va lz shows that Sultlk... was used by SacJ w2 only in few 4 occasions. Jdacrizl, considered by many to be the sole authority on the history his of time, was for many years a Muhtasib ( marketsupervisor)in Cairo. Ile also occupied various important posts both in Egypt and Syria. In 821/1418 he resigned from official life and devoted his attention entirely 5 to historical research. 1. of. Infra p. 13$ 2. In paw (V no. 333) sakt,dwi [ý I ,y says :t cs-tZZr1 c1 (ýf I ý: ýý;J ocq: lý ý"ý i P`"'ý `ý-- iS 1 }r CV l3 ýý tS .ý1. iý ... r. J7 t 41JW 3" e. g. see Daw' vol. I pp. 520 179,325, II no. 259 III no. 11190 11441 1185. IV n 58r 700 124.1540 285, VII no. 7020 VIII no. 9r 260 280 XI 69. no. % 65a-b. 4. Wa Iz S3 pp. 153,206-8, compare with Sulßk tole. 12b-13a-b, 5. SakTiwl, Daw' vol. I no. 66; Tibr p. 21; 51 awkän!, al-i3adr vol. I p. 79 137" Although SaLhflw3 accuses him of omitting acknowledgment of his authorities, he nevertheless describes Maqriz% as a master among 2 contemporary historians. One special case of SaJib wS's criticism is 3, worth noting. Magrizi'e thuta, he said, was based on a draft copy of a work written by a1-aAwhadl4(d. 811/1408),, although he failed to 5 acknowledge the source. The only evidence given by SajI wT in this 6 matter is that MagrIzI has admitted in his 'Uqüd..., to using the work 1. Sakhäwi, Day' vol. I p. 22 2. Idem, Irshad., fol. 283a. " 3. Ed. by Da-r al-tibä(a al-misriyya, 2 volumes, Cairo, 1270/1853, by al-Millji, 4 volumes, Cairo 1324/1906 - 1326/1908 and by al-Shayyäh, 3 volumes, Lebanon, 1379/1959- 4* 'Ahmad b. tAbdullah al-rAwhadl. For him see Sath'Awi Daw' vol. I P"358; GAL, vol. II p. 39 fn. 1; ZiriklS, OP. cit., p. 153 5. Sak}ffwI, Daw' vol. I p. 358 6. library The only copy of this work is preserved in a private belonging to the JalllI family in Mosul, Iraq. Many attempts it for the have been made to gain permission to inspect purposes of this thesis, without success. l' 138. 1 of al-)Awwhadi. However, it was commonly acceptable among the historians of that time, including Satrawli himself, to derive information from other 2 sources without acknowledging them. Thus, Sakhäwi's accusation. although it ziieht be true cannot be taken as a proof of Magrizi's having an 3 unscientific approach. Just as he employed the works of Ibn Hajar and MagrTz'I, Satrawi used Ta'ri fi )awsäf 'ahl by Ylai;müd al-qyni particularly .* al-Badr al-lasr al-Badr for his information on the ruling class and the affairs of the Y.=lt&k 4 Courts. Tarr al-badr... is the author's chronicles of his time 1. Daw' vol. I p. 22 2. of. Infra p. iIL1I 3. For further infox ation on Sa}-Yawi's accusation of A,agrizi, see (Abdulläh M. cinän, 24i$r al-isl'amiyya... (2nd ed., Cairo, 1969) PP"49- 63, also Phi Dunlop, Arab civilization to AD 1500 (London, 1971) 132 p. . 4. o. g. Tibr pp. 14,40,41,42,43,61,62,65,76,98,99,100, 1185, 140, Daw' vol. I p. 52, II no. 25, III no. 325,327,11449 IV no. 285,1439 XI no. 69. 139" up to 850/1446.1 'AyºnI, one of the distinguished scholars of his time, was described by 3. Ibn Taghri Birdi2 (d. 874/1489) as the sole authority on hietory. In addition to his mastery of both the Arabic and Turkish languages, his Position carried with it the privilege of working in close proximity to the ruling personnel of his era. He was a Muhtasib in addition to 4 enjoying friendly relations with the Sultäns of his time. «AynI'e It may be that information concerning the ruling class is biased by his proximity to them and this fact may detract from the 7 r validity of his historical information. Nonetheless his work is of considerable importance since the information he gives is first-hand and from personal observation. Sakhäw! also used the works of Ibn Taaghrr BBSrdi (d. 5 Phul-)ajja 874/5 June 1470) and Bigä63 (d. 885/1480) particularly after the year 850/1446 which the works of previous historians do not cover. 1. This work apparently represents the last volume of CAyal'e general history; 'Iqd al-jum: En fl ta)rlkh "ahl Zan. Sabäwi states that he had seen the last volume of tIgd... and the author finished at the year 850/1446. Part of TaIrik.. lt, a1-Badr is-preserved at the British Museum under ref. Add; 22,360. 2. of., Infra p. 140 fn. 1 3. Ibn al-cImäd, adhaxat vol. VII pp. 286-8. 4" SakhäwI, Daw' vol. X no. 545; GAL., vol. II P"531 Ziada op. cit. pp. 20-1. 140. Ibn Tamhri Bird-11; the son of a Circassian am r, was a prolific historian and great part of his works; al-Nujüm al-Z3hirca fl mulük Misr 2 3 wa al-gähira, FTawädith al-duhür, and al-r: anhal al-Säfi wa-a1-mustawfa tacda 4deal a1=7ifi, with the first seven decades of the century. 1. For him see Sa häwi, Dawn vol. X pp. 305-8; GAL., vol. II p. 41; EI2 vol. I p. 138 (tii. Popper). 2. A history of Egypt from 20/641 to 872/1467. There are several editions of this work. For them see EI2 vol. I p. 138 (17. Popper). 3. Chronicles from 845/1441 to 12 Muh., 874/July 16,1469 were written as a continuation of the Sul-uk by Magrrzl. The passages of this work not represented in Nujim, vol. VII (Popper ed. ) have been edited by 17. Popper under the title: Extracts from 'Abu't-lah'Isin Ibn Taghri Birth's Chronicle Iiawwä.dith al-DuhUr (University Cal. Pub. In semitic Phil., viii), 1930-42. For the copies of this work soo GAL vol. II p. 41. 4" A. biographical history of the Sultäns and other prominant personalities covarin- the period 650/1248-855/1451 with some additions as late as 862/1458. An annotated resum4 of this work was edited h:. d published by ;7iet, ( Cairo 1932 ). One volume was also edited and published by 3Ahmad Najäti (Cairo, 1375/1956). For the copies of t". is work see GAL, II p. 41. 0 141. Sa.klawi, however, rarely mentioned Ibn Taahr! Birdl as a source of information. Moreover, he tried to reduce the historical value his of information. He stated specifically that all the compilers (including Ibn TaL22rT Birdr) who covered the period following the Sulük:.. 1 by Magrizi were unreliable. He also presented a list of the mistakes he found in Ibn Tahr3 BirdI'e material in confirmation 2 of his own opinion of his work. Upon examination of this list, however, the mistakes are of a kind which might perhaps be expected from auch a wide range'of material as that used by Ibn Taahri Bird!. There is no doubt that Ibn TaJhhr! Bird! 's personal observation particularly on the b4amlük ruling class, to which he himself " belonged, is of special importance for any study of this period. .. Deapite. his criticism, Sakh'5wt made considerable use of Ibn Taghri Birdi'a works. Comparison between al-Tibr 'a1-maab7lk and IIawädith al- 0 duhIIr shows that Sall äwi made full use of the information given in iiawädith concerning the b7amltik administration between 845/1441 and the 1. In his 11CITCn (Rosenthan trans., p. 455) Sakhäwi sayst I wrote a Supplement to (the Su1Gk), al-Tibr al-masbGk. Several untrustworthy and unreliable bunglers (or"nobodies" also wrote supplements to (the Sulük). 2" Paw' vol. X pp. 305-8. In this connection, see the useful artiolb' in "Sakhdwl's Criticism of Ibn'Taghrl Bird! " by W. Popper Studi Orientalistio in onore di Giorgio Levi Della, vol. II pp. 371-81 Roma, 1956). i 142, beginning of 857/1453.1 In several cases he even used the same 2 sentences as those of Ibn: Ta, hri Birdl. SakhäwI apparently derived information in this concern from Ibn 10afi`hri Airdi'e. other works more than is acknowledged ,in the text. Sakhäwi made a statement blaaning himself for having trusted euch information on an un-named historian whom he described as. a supposed so-called authmrity-on the Turks3, büt there is little doubt as to whom Sakhäw3 was referring to, and that Ibn Taý,,iýrl Birdl was the sole 4 authority of'his-information in this direction. However, the 1. This is noticeable when comparing, for instance, Haw dit, b fole., 124b- 27b, 35a-42a, 47b-64a, 68a-74b, 80a, 89b ff with Tibr pp. 199-222, 253-271.299 ff. 344 fft 381-81, '423 ff. 2. Loo. cit 3" In his Tibr (p. 4) ' Sakhäwi sayss 'JW1 ZL; (. i i1 (Jý tPý: p ý ý,. (v iýD i CS lrýjs ( l? iº) tivJ .. `, ýL CS lý 'ý L'Jý j (. j 585,0-0 üi : ýa I &L ýfý A.V-j c%; tS " .. ýcc ýý O e. c.!P ý 1' lr ý % r . -: .PI Aw , ýiý,; "-c;. urtl .. "y ! L 4" In his biography of Ibn TaghrT $ird2, SaUawl desoribed him ass ýý Daw' vol. X p. 306 143" comparison between Sakiawl's material and that of al-Manhal äl-säfi shows that in many cases of his information on the MamlTiks, he relied on this work! The information given by the Syrian historian who lived a considerable part of his life in Egypt Ibrählm al-Biqa'!, is treated by Sakhäwl in a similarly sceptical manner. Biq. dI compiled a contemporary history which is known as 'Izhär al-tagr li. J asr%r )ahl al-Casr2 and also a biographical history of his teaclers. This bears the 3 es 'Unwen al-gUnwMi fl taräjim al-Shuyükh wa al-agrän. y: His work is criticised by Sakhäwl as having uncritical approach and the 4 material as being full of errors. Bic I, however, was an energetic scholar and also travelled continuously, and much information he gives is that acquired as a result of having been an eye-witness of events*- Many scholars appreciated Bigä'I'a literary achievements, among them Ibn al-tImäd al-Haubali who declared him to be "al-ýalläma al-)imäm 5 al-muhaddit al-mufaaair al. mu'arrikh". 7. e. g. Daw' vol. VI no. 705,729,727, compared with Manhal vol. V "17b-19a, fblo. 19A-21a, 21a-b, of. also Daw'vol. II no. 1081, III no. 3699 822, IV no. 44,783, VII no. 741,762, VIII no. 556, X no. 1157 in which Sahbui referred to Ibn TaZbrr Bird!. 'Ärif Hikmnt in 2" A copy of this work is preserved at the library of II talri) MadIna under ref. Ta'r1 j 89. of. Sayyid, Fihrie... vol. , part III P. 21 1119 3" A copy of it is preserved at Köprülu library, Istanbul ref. 4. w' vol. I pp. 105-6. 5., I ff Ibn al- tImäd, AdhArIt vol. VII P-339 o Sa]cb wI, 'w' vol. P-101 SuyU%I Nazm al-'UclyM p. 24 144" Bigai's work, however, was not entirely ignored by Salb awl and in spite of his adverse criticism he makes use of the information, I)Jfaii gave when it was derived from personal experience. From him, he obtained considerable information concerning Egypt as well as other 1 parts of the Muslim world. But in most of these cases he either 2 passed his critical remarks or repudiated any responsibility for them. A great deal of Sa äwi's information on Syria was obtained from 1A1I Ibn MuhammadIbn Khatlb al-Nasiriyya (d. 843/1430)ß )Abü Bakr Ibn q14 Shuhba (d. 851/1447), IbrähIm Ibn Muhammad Sibt Ibn al-CAjm13 (d. 841/1447) and )Atmad Ibn Iia1I1 Ibn al-Labbüdl4 (d. 895/1489)" Ibn Ehatib al-Näsiryya was a native of Aleppo and its ah_äfili judge. He compiled a continuation of Zubdat al-Talab it tJrlk Halab by Ibn al-(AdIm6 (d. 660/1262) entitled al-Dorr al-biuntakniab fI takmilat tärl cLhHalab. 1" e. g. Pawl vol. ' I pp. 9,56,145,395, III no. 87, IV no. 169,234, 284, 2359 260,279, VII no. 681, VIII no. 164, IX no. 395,466, X p. XI no. 38,62,78,395" 2. Loc. cit. I Sakh Daw' I p. 138. 3" Known also as v': JI j., JI and of. wf, vol. ýI 293 fn- 4. Known also as of. Ibid., p. also is kept the library of J'erton 1-5e A complete MS of this work in 4 volumes at College XI NV. to F. Rosenthal the" Gotha in Oxford, Codde or Acc. " (of. Der Ielamiaci. e M has a reader's note by Salyawi M. Weismeiler, lw Bucheinband, 128 (Wiesbaden 1962) of. F. Rosenthal iiiatory of alim HiatOriography pp. 445 "1" 6. lUmar IbnJAhmad. See Zirikll op. cit., vol. V p. 197. 145" Contemporary scholars, among them Ibn q'i ehuhba, Magrizi and Ibn I1ajar, raked his 'work highly and Sakhäwl considered his work a valuable 1 reference. It supplied him with'most of his information on the 2 prominent personalities of Aleppo and other Syrian cities. Moreover, a considerable part of his material on the Ottomans, Taymürids, Al Qoyunlu 3 and Qara ýoyunlu was derived from him. Ibn qä41 shuhba, the scholar of Damascus was described by SuyütI4 (D"911/1505) aee 'Fagih al-shäm... wa-mularrikhuhu'. He is an author 242; 1. Sakhäxi, Daw' vol. V no. 10161 Ibn al-gImäd, a $harät vol. VII p. Shawkänr, al-Badr al-täli C vol. I p. 476. ofe also Ziriklt, OPo Cite vol. V pp. 160-1; GAL, vol. II P"34t supp., vol. II P. 30 2. e. g. Daw' vol. I p. 244, III no. 128,183,192,3019 304,1164,1190, IV no. 21,723, VII no. 700, VIII no. 531,577, X no. 274,1157, XI no. 105,144" VI 723, VII 3i e. g. Ibid., vol. III no. 192, V no. 474,723,736. no. no. 531; al-]hay1 al-mutanäh Pols., 91b-99b" 4. Suyütr, Nazm al-'Ugyän p. 94" i k 146, is of several historical works including Tabaq5t al -shäfi«iyya, which 1 the described by SakhAwI as a useful work. The latter made use of part Of this work dealing with the ninth century up to 840/1436 as the 2 comparison between the materials of the two authors shows. In addition Satäw2 by but does in many times referred to Ibn gad3 ghuhba name not state from which part of his work he obtained ffiis information. in Sibt Ibn al-(Ajm2 was a native of Aleppo. He was a traditioniat 4 addition to being a man of letters. His Thabt in which he speaks of 1. SaUlEwt, Daw' vol. XI no. 61. For further information on Shuhba see Ibn al-'Imäd, Q adarrt vol. VII no. 269; ZiriklZ, op. cit., vol. XI P-35- 2. compare Tabagät al-ab-dficiyya fols., 180b, 181a, 185a, 186b-88a, 188b, 194b, 195a-b, 196a-b, 197a-b, 198a-b, 198b-199a, 200a-b, 201a-b, 202b, 203b, 204a, with Daw' vol. I pp. 257-8.239,271, IV P"171,88, IV VI p. 104, I p. 19, XI p. 63, I P"357,3419 II p. 187, III p. 248, P"185, VI P"79, VII p. 111, VIII p. 153, X p. 264,302. " XI 61. 3. e. g. Daw' vol. I pp. 26-7, II no. 914, IV no. 285,294,3199 no. Fend' LR] al- 4. Ibn al-'Irrad, 4had arat vol. VII p. 237; a1-Tagi Ibn , 'ali}a4... p. 308, GAL., vol. II p. 67" / s 147" his studies and of some of his shaykhs is considered by Ibn Hajar as extremely valuable. He also compiled a bio, 3raphical work on some of his 2 students. Sakh&wl respected his scholarliness and, as examination 3 of hie material shows, he made use of his two works. Ibn al-Labbüdl was a native of the Sälihiyya of Damascus. He was considered by Sam wl as a sincere scholar of tradition and also gave his to history. he history attention Aco. 0 to Satäwt compiled commencing with the year in which he was born (i. e. 834/1430) and continuing to sometime shortly before his death in 896/1489.4 Sa a-WI made wide use of this work particularly for his information on the second half of the century which the works of the previous 5 historians do not cover. 1. Sa aw3, Daw' vol. I pp. 138-45" 2. (I J ü_ In Maw' p. 142) Saki gwi Bayst .JI.;; C--:.. qJý 3" e. g. Daw' vol. I p. 12,200,219-20,248- 4- Sa}_hawr, Irked fol. 98a,; idem, Daw' vol. I pp. 293-4; of., Zirikl2, II The latter op. cit., v p. 119, CAL., supp ol. P-85- but information is mentions some of Ibn al-labbUdY's works no given " on his history quoted by Sakrawl. 5" e. g. Law' vol. I p. 255, III no. 1135,1136,1161, VI no. 1639 401, 785, VII no. 541, VIII nö. 401, X no. 930,963"' t 148. For his information on i,Iijäzl SakYawl mostly relied on al-Tagt Liha ad Ibn YAhmad al-Fäs3 (d. 832/1428) and al-Najm (Umar Ibn Fahd (d. 885/1480). Al-Taq! al-Fäsr was a native of Mecca whose opinion was greatly respected by contemporary scholars. Fdagrizi described him as highly specialized in tradition, history and jurisprudence. Others considered him a trustworthy historian with a good memory and a complete knowledge 1 of history. Sai' wi often used his al-tIgd al-than an fl tarlth al-Balad A1-'numin, 2 a local history of Lecca. He also relied on few occasions on hic other worka3. Al-Najm Ibn Fahd (d. 885/10 Nov. 1460); the son of a famious Hijäzi scholar al-Tagi4, was himself also a distinguished scholar' and the coapiler of various traditional and historical works. In addition to his 1. Sakhawi, Tu2;fa vol. I fois., 242-4,- kl-(Iq d 2. e. g. Daw1 vIp. 144, III no. 197, IV no. 162, XI no. 31. (vol. has bn published in 8 vols. ', by Fjaiid Fa S I)-# ik' lld VIII), CairoI958-GI Sayyid(vols., II-VII), and Mahaad M. al-T. inähi(Cvol., 30 e. g. Tuhfa vol. II fols., 211 ff; bawl vol. I p. 144, II p. 110, III no. 197" X no. 824- 40 of. Infra p. 153 fh"y" El2 II 259-6c 5. Ibn al-CImäd, haart vol. VII p. 242; F. Rosenthal vol. pp. 149" two histories of Mecca; Ithäf a1-warä bi-)akhb'r umm al-qur1 and Al=Dorr al-Kamin bi-$hayl al-IIgd al-thamin IT tarlkjy al-Salad al-'amin2 3 he wrote smaller works on several Meccan families including his own. 4 him. SakhT[wl was a close friend of al-Najm and greatly trusted He described him ass Muhaddith al-Hijäz wa Mu'arrikhuhu5. Though SakJIwI referred rarely to Ibn Fahd as a source of his WajIz, the that Sad} comparison between this work and Ithäf al-warä.. e shows 1. Two copies of this work are preserved at Da-r al-Kutub in Cairo under ref. Taymür 2204 Täriljj, and at al-Haram al-tdakfcl library in Mecca under ref. Dahlaw3 2. 2. For this work, see Sayyid, Fihris al-ma hJUJIt al-musawwara... vol. II (3 Ta'r1 ) no. 1042. 3. For these works, see Sath wl, Daw' vol. VI p. 128. 4. of. Supra p. 29 rn. 2 5. a iz SS, p. 123. / 1 150. ' made wider use of this work than is acknowledged. He also based great part of his information on al-Najm's other works particularly al-durr 2 al"KemIn..., the ?dui am and The Fihriat he compiled for his father 4 as Sakhäwl himself stated3 and as is shown in his material. For the information concerning Yaman, SakýFäw3 was indebted to the (Uthmän works of the contemporary Yamanl historians, namely al-CAfif al- (d. Nat irr (d. 848/1444), Husayn Ibn 'Abdulrahman Ibn al-)Ahdal 855/1451) and AM Müsä al-Mukashkish al-Dhu)ali (d. 9o4/1498)" Al-cAfrfi al- In 111shir3 was a Yamanr scholar who was expert in Fiqh and qir. t. addition to his works in this field, he compiled a biographical history of the 'ulamä1 of his own family and relatives under the titlest al-Busten a1-Zähir fl tabaglLt (Ulamä) Banc Näshir. This work which was frequently referred to by Sakhaw15 was described by him as a source but Of valuable information not only on the scholars of Bans N571hir 6 also on other Yamani scholars. 1. 'Ithäf al-war.... ' vol. II fols., 127,127-8,188,197,204,212,216, 236, compare with Pla iz X, pp. 21,43,138,158,172. 2. cf. Daw' vol. I P-5- 3- (d. (1? IX p. 727) In his biography of al-Tagi Ibn Fahd 871/1466) aw' Salo}'awi (tiý.. qJ says t J. vý G1I" a1ý 308, 4. e. g. Daw' vol. I pp. 31,198, III no. 108,205,206,207,2409 218, VII no. 9, 334,378, IV no. 36,64,240, V no. 195,197, VI no. 527, VIII no. 827,725,624,836,853,747- 134,468,480,7849 XI no. 71 5. e. g. Daw' vol. II no. 914, IV no. 55,259, V no. 6. In Daw no. 470) Sakttäwl referred to al-Nagbiri and sayer qJ 1t_ß, , '% %r t. º 6 151. Ibn al-3Ahdal was an expert on HadI FiSh and history whose his scholarly achievements earned him much respect among contemporaries, some of w1-omreferred to him as: "Shaykh al-Yaman. * al-Faglh al-1älim al-'as21"1. S chäwI consulted hie-work; "Tuhfat al-Zaman2 which'is a summary of Ta)klk 4 al-yaman3 by Ibn al-Jandl. According to Sa rawl, the value his of work Is enhanced by the additional information which Ibn al- 5 'Ahdal gives. Abi tu-ea al-Mukaq kig, } was a traditionist described by Sathäw3, hiss teacher, as "having good knowledge of the history of Yaman6, an opinion 1. Satbäwi, pawl vol. III na. ' 557, Shawkän'i, al-Badr... vol. Ip. 318, Zirikl2 op. cit., vol. III p. 259 2" g. e. Daw' vol. I p. 197, IV no. 144, VIII no. 724, °806,847, IX no. 44r X no. 800,841,1280, XI no. 40,44,423. 30 Also quoted ass al-Sulük fl Tabagät al-(Ulamäl wa al-mulüko of. Sayyid, op. cit. no. 976,979- 4. Al-Bahal Yüeuf b. Ya(g7ub (d. 732/1331) Iosc . 5" see Daw' vol. III no. 557- see Ibid., X 756. 16. vol. no. ,. ý 152. äWy(t Cß,, endorsed by al- tAydaru-si (d. 1038/1628 ) who defines him as: 1(v Hie 6; ukbtaAar of Sula}ýäl al-Yaman2 was used by Sakýiw33 who claimed that the 4 L;ukhttagar was compiled for his own particular use. In addition to the above primary sources, certain lesser authorities are acknowledged by Sac awl. Among them are al-Zayn Ri44n (d. 855/1451)"5 0Ibrähim (d. 6 7 Ibn Duqmaq 809/1406), al-slams Ibn al-Munayyir, al-Tagi 1" «Aydarüsi, al-Mir al-säfir p. 40 2. In (I aw' P. 214), Sa&awl states that 'Ahmad al-Zab! dl (d. 893/1487) Compiled a work entitled: TabagAt al-khawäQ a1-Sulabä)min 'ahl al- Yamani Khap; a. Probably this is Sulaba' al-Yaman. 3. e. g. w: vol. II no. 913, III no. 321, V no. 55, X no. 800, XI no. 422. 4" In _ (X 756) -C$I W no. Sakhawl says: ( may. t"1 ) ýý, 01 y 0.11 #4ý1 L c asý_ý .1Jc3>_:, 5. In (I p. 5) Sa)nwl states that he derived information from 'al- ýw'88e biographical collections. e. g. aw' vol. IV no. 155,3179 329, 361, XI no. 62. For al-Zayn, the Egyptian traditionist, see Suyut2, Na al-CU yin p. 112; Ibn al-(Im77d, op. cit. vol. VII pp. 274-51 GAL*. vol. " I1 p. i ZiriklI, )Atläm vol. V p. 38f 6" SaWawl made use of his works for his information on the first decade . of the 9th/15th century. e. g. ]haw' vol. III no. 48- MUD X, P . 10 lbr Ibn Dugmäq who is known as 'muýarricbu al-diyAr al-migriyya see Ziriklj o: cit vol. I pp. 61-2, EI2 vol. III p. 756 article by J. Pedersen. , 7. from him, it Upon examination of the information Salb wT derived I 184, represents mostly very scanty material* e. g. awl vol. p. 131,285, II no. 766, III no. 1135,1.136, VI no. 209,438, VII no. 288,541, X no. 463,1191. dcc., to Sathäwl who was the teacher of Ibn CA1I Ibn al-Munayyir his name is Muhammad Ibn Lbaltl Ibn'Ibr hIm lga t aYkb al-zuwwar al-1Z1q! (i. e. originally from ?& of Spain) al- him the j hirl. Evidence to supply further information on and nature of his works is not availablo. 153" M }?ammad Ibn Fahd (d. 671/1466)1, al-Jamäl Itahammad Ibn Maa al-biurrakiql! 3>Ahmad al Makkl' (d. 823/1420)2, 'Ahmad Ibn )Ab3 CUdhayba (d. 856/1452); Ibn HijjI Ibn M sa (d. 816/1413)4, WI Ibn al-Hasen Ibn Abt B3kr, known 1. Sakhlwi made use of Lahz al-'alhäz bi dhayl Tabagät al-huffäz by this Hijäzi scholar. e. g. Daw' vol. IV no. 64,204, Für Ibn Fahd, see EI2 vol. III pp. 259-60 article by F. Rosenthal. 2. Al-Jamal, the native of Mecca was considered to be an accurate recorder and supplied, some information for Sakh_Ul which he took from his Mu(jam (i. e. the, biographical dictionary of his Lhayiths)@ e. g. Daw' vol. I p. 269 II p. 157 of. also vol. X no. 200; ZiriklT o2. cit., vol. VII p. 341. 3" Sakbäwi describes the contemporary history and biographical dictionary of Ibn 'Abt tUdhayba, the Syrian historian as inaccurate, full of errors and random remarks, though he considered it of some value. He seldom uses this writer and when he does, in most cases he either 396; comments on the errors or corrects themo e. g. Tibr p. Daw' vol. 1Udhayba I pp. 198-200, II no. 461, XI no. 37. Für IbnýAbl see Zirikli op. cit., vol. I p. 218 Ibn Uijj!, 4" SaLhäw3 confirms the opinion of other historians concerning the He described by al-Taq% Ibn Fahd ass native of Damascus. was , Ibn Fnhd, Uh; al-'Im', A häfizu al-dam wa mu'arrijýbü al-lisläm'. 269-71. al-alhlz p. 247, SakhawT, Daw' vol. I pp. I 1549 as al-Muwaffai al-khazrajI (d. 812/1409)1, Muhammad Ibn 'Umar Ibn ? Ibn tAzam (d. 891/1456)20 Ibn RAbdullah Ibn IgAbdulc dir iuhammad and'Akunad. . a1-?c4isI (x. 871/1466)3. L' " A1-k}azraji, the Yaman? scholar was noted for his historical and literary achivvements. His histories of Yaman were of assistance -'-to Sak, iäwi for his information on Yaman during the first decade the of century. e. g. Daw' vol, 'I pp. 263-4, II no, 914, IVno. 397, V 85,, no. 6829 706,914, For al {nazraji, see Ibid, Vol, V 706; no. Ibn al-`Imrad, Shadharat al-dhahab vol. VII p. 971 Zirikll, `op, cit, ' vol, V pp. 83-4. 2. Before he settled in Hijäz, the Tunisian scholar Ibn IAzam made various journeys for academic purposes. Sa äwi, who was a friend ' of Ibn 'Azam, refers to him several times, particularly for his information on North Africa, although he did-not give any information the on nature of the work he used. ' According to GAL( Supp. II p.. 223)Ibn CAzam compiled a work entitled: which is extant in several copies; cf. alco Sayyid, Fihrio vol. ' II p. 61, Lutfi, F. hris, vol. II 132. Examples of the information Sakbaw"ri derived from be in pnw' vol. Ip. g2I, him, can easily seen , 10,23,279 II no. 122, I92, I94, VI no. 558, IX no. 20,141, X4454, " 3. SatrawI to In addition to'the several quotations in which referred the Persia the scholar of tradition al-Tasi, native of ,Lh1räz of and teaching, hie Maghyakha and cüfl Sakjiwi stated that he had used 360-1, XI 221 as a source of information. of. Tdaw' vol. I pp. p. Al ueaynl, Muzhat al-k iwtir wa bahjat al-masümi c wa al-naw7; ir tlt . ed., Haydar)Abäd, 1371/1951). of. also 31-w' vol. I P. 36p 155" their Most historians of his age used each other's compiLatZons in from own works and Sa1J w1 is no exception. He often quotes anonymous contemporary 'wa historians, merely employing such phrases as : ra'aytu 'wa man arraUahu 'wa qad twrjamahu bald al-mutarakh khifrInt tarjamahu bacciuhum'3. he It seems that he saw no need to name those writers whom considered to be of lese importance. 1. flaw' vol. VIII no. 758. 2. Ibid vol. I p. 28 I 322, 3" Ibid vol. IV no. 294, Für other similar examples see vol. p. X 57, XI no. 60. I no, 924, IY no. 100, '244,360, IX no. 39,74, no. e4, ` I 156. 2) Informrttion derived from other. sources. Taking into consideration the limited available material at his disposal, Sakh7iw3 presents a colourful picture of his period extracted from other sources he was able to use. These sources may be classified as follows i- (a) S.,tkxwl's observation SahawT lived 69 years during the 9th/15th century and was an eye witness of many events and of the lives of the people whose biographies he wrote. In addition'to his own observation, in moot casee,. he passed his critical comments on many aspects of the character of the people around " him. However, this critical approach was severely critized, by some contemporary and later historians. Suyütt, an outstanding scholar of the 9th/15th century, wrote a critique of Sakyawl under the titles 4SU % L$, IL I. 'Ile also wrote & -detrimental biography 3 of him in his Nahm a1-fUquän... On both occasions he accused him of 1. e. g. Titer P. 61; Wajjlz SS, p. 24; Daw' vol. X pp. 118,153. 2. A copy of this work is preserved is Dr al-Kutub in Cairo under ref. Let., 1510. 3" ?tazm al-(Ugyän... pp. 152-3. / ýý 0 157ti. deliberate intention to discredit hie contemporaries. In i3ada'i ' al- Zuhür Ibn 1Iyas described pawl..., as "full of insults against the people (whom ' he dealt with)". Lhawkänl when referring to Daw' deplored the fact that this great work spoke detrimentally of his prominent contemporary 2 acholara. None of these scholars, however, quote evidences of euch accusations. Their statemente. reflect only a general and indefinite impression of SatFhwr. It is true that Sakkrawl severely criticited some of the 5, contemporary scholars such as Ibn Tagrl iiird13, Bigäc14 and Suy1%! but riot this does necessarily indicate a desire to discredit their reputations. Examination of hie work reveals that SaUSwI did not only criticize those with whom hie relations wore not friendly, but also those who were hie close friends. On one occasion one of his friends asked for hie opinion on the ; iadlthe he collected and SakJiäw!'a reply was so critical that his friend became very angry. $akawr commented on his friend's ti " le Ibn'IYäe in BadAi' (vol. III p. 361 Cr W1 C9ý c.s '(S) l. I öL- `' 1ý:. C' La-i Ic cý,,, ü1 ý{ _ýL cl+ , 2. 1awkänl in (I 185) s ULI iý l+o al-Badr... p. "-. ý i1ý:. D a"ý ýý moaning al-Daw twA. ü{j ll'y INS j V. lsýJ 1 {i, c3 tý . C. &,rA -*1 < 4" Ibid. vol. I p. 101 5. Ibid., volIV;; no. 203. ' 141- , 1; 8 " reaction by quoting this poems t4 ýýý C9-ßI wb Cý csÄ. C:.Jý9 L 1. I L-, (trans. 'It is not wrong to say what I believe. Let the ignorant 1 think that truth is hostilify). It is more likely that beinC a traditionist, Sakh wl followed the by strict course of transmission after the canner practised traditionists. This would be rather in the nature of a principle and not a personal feeling. (b) Oral inform-nts, correspondents and reports, Sal-hüwr's information is largely drawn from the various people who actually took part or were personal witnesses of the events he describos. Among them were many prominent members of society. High officials such (d. as YaAhbak min Mahd! (d. 885/1480)2, Yahya Ibn'Al; msd 689/1434), known 3 the as gäsid al-Habatha, were often the means of throwing light on 4 events he dealt with. beine 1. Daw' vol. IX no. 250. Another friend also became angry after to this frankly criticized by Sakhaw!. The latter referred occasion äl ý. v li ibid, X 139. and says A: % gý! 'ýýs: "cý"Nv cls.- . º: sý c:.: o vol. p. k during the 2. Yathbak was one of the distinguished Maml personalities Ho many high official second half of the 9th/15th century. occupied (ß729O1/14671495)1' vo.. X posts and was tho next to Sui n Qritbäy no. 1077 (Da'' X 939)" S 5*1 a3Y41 3. In his biography of glisid a1-Habasha no. Lei tý) ''"i y. 3 'ý= ýý o cS C cJ L" C. U'ff' .º. " 4.0-kg. Tibr pp. 187,430 0 15g. On many other occasions, Sakhawi consulted those who were considered as first-hand authorities., After the invasion of I3aghdüd by " (841-872/1438-1467) Jih: nAý 1ih of Via.ra Qoyunlu, Sath"awi received Information concerning prices of commodities there. This he records as being first-hand information from a personal witness*' Similarly he based his information on the Mamlük invasion of,, Rhodes on conversation with certain persona who had been attached to the Ifamliik army when it 2 invaded Rhodes. In addition, Sa äwI's subjects were in many cases his informants concerning certain points of their own activities. In his, works one frequently meets phrases euch ass 'Iagltuhü fa-d, }lakara 1Z'3, 'wa- aktharu tarjamatihi min gawlihi4, 'häkadha 'amlValayya naaabahu'5. 1. In Daw' (III no. 8) SaWawl says: .MJ ajýe. l:" äi l,ý csjý L- I v- JFov Qara Qoyunlo, see Boswotth, op. cit pP. 106-7 sv 2. In Tibr (p. 88) SakliAw3 saysemeaning the expodition ly jýý s lv j Q-CP4"1 to Rhodos ýNN 3" bawl vol. II no. 354 4" Ibid., vol. IV no. 67 5" Ibid., vol. I p. 316 I6Ö. Furthermore, Sakhäwi named large numbertof his contemporaries who passed information 1 to him concerning their relatives, Qlayt s or friends. Although Sakha-w3 never completely relied upon hearsay, he did not ignore it. When he uses verbal report it is accompanied either by comments of affirmation or denial according to his personal fact-finding. This is as true of events as of biographies. There is an instance when he heard that the Franks occupied Granada in Spain(897/1492 )nd he verified 2 the rumour before stating it as a fact. A fire broke out in Damascus in 859/1454 which was rumoured as being caused either by foreigners o1^ Christian inhabitants. He investigated the report and 3 states that he could find no proof of such accusation. Sak}AwT seems to be anxious to verify the character of his informants for this'purpose and to testify to the honesty of their information, many people, often located in distant lands, would send correspondence concerning his subjects. At his request many contemporary scholars contributed to build, as far as possible, a true picture of their own 1. e. g. Ibid., vol. I p. 172, III no. 187; 294, IV p. 139, VII p. 205, IX no. 27, p. 15, X P-157- 2. ?aJTz A, fol., 249a. 3" Tibr p. 67 / 0 I 0 16f. 1 activities or of that of other scholars. To satisfy Sah wI's sense of truth the reports would be compared with all other available sources 2 and carefully sifted and evaluated. Those he trusted were usually hie friends or had been his students. When, for instance, he wrote the biographies of certain Indian subjects he would seek information from among those Who had lived in that country and were able to give personal reports such as al-Falter 'Ab-u Bakr al- 4 Sulam-13 (b. 863/1458) and Räjih al-'Abmad)äbädi (b. 871/1466). Vainza 1. An instance of this is shown in SaUgwl'e letter to Jaläl al-dIn Ibn Suwayd. In this letter (of. Irak-Ad, Pols., 242b-243a), .vy SaWawi says: yam C1'; x^; Cýeý [3 v jJ ý , .. 2. In WajIz (SS e. g. P"537) Satäwi says: "" $0"' Jr 0 ß'c3 0, c :;, lr°,r is t, w . +cr ý, ý ü; = sJ c ý;"ý 3" Al-Fathr h: 4 spent much time in India and was able to impart much hand knowledge the Gujarat Court* nzw' vol. 4 of the personalities of Ibid., 653. XI no. 92 e. g. of the information derived from him v III no. for 4" He was himself an Indian subjeot who resided in fIijf z several äwi him with some 4. Years and there he studied with Sa and supplied information of his information on Indio. Ibid. no. 834. e. g. of the derived from him, see Daw' vol. X no. 587,601. .,ý-ý. 162 (d. a1-LTrshiril(d. 926/1519) and )tkbü Nüsa al-nhulall al-A'-! Zkathkic12 904/ 1498), the Yamani scholars, are quoted by saLhawi as beine his infors=ts concerning part of his information on the history of and current events in Yaman and gives text of a letter to a1-7?iulä1S concerning receipt of some bio raphical information given by him and requesting further informatic 3 dealing with certain aspects of Yaman histozy. .- 1. In his biography v.. ý, P 19 of al-Näshiri Sak",,,1}aw says: _.rý yý '9 Lj 1' ö^, ir j nav' III no. 630. ", vol. 2. b A., Sakh'aril describes al-DhOEli by saying: c1! 1frw l. esý--1 ý+"" ire ý-ý. m 9l also says: .jIL;:, Z,... *' cs' li I9 Daw' vol. X no. 756. e. g. of the information derived from tle so scholars, see Dativ'. vol. I p. 115,117 II no. 914, III no. 630, IV no. 55, VI no. 940,993, VII no. 227, XI no. 203; ;, ajiz SS, PP. 559,563- 3- In this lotter (Irshäd fols., 239b-240a), S:t) hä.wi says J e> ýý lsJ 1ý. ý:. tw. (i ý iý-u td1r. ß., oýgtr >/> " is I C3 iJ 1 il+ýJ'i ". "a. ý'I c-... C !r ire Cri r (" Cl-ý-ü J1 i. w n..., - ýýisv u"" r? ý,, "ýjý-"" tý/. a.! L(j1L 1C Cwt/ IL a-" I. ý ý. > U tß. 1% C1.ß, "0 .L i/i .. 163 Whendealing with his subjects fftom Tunisia and Morocco, btuhammad al-'Arbus2 (c. b 827/1423) a Tunisian scholar, 'Aiunad Ibn'Ahmad Ibn l; uii known as Zarraq (b. 846/1442) from morocco who both had been students under SaUUI supplied him with biographical material on some Moroccan and 1 Tunisian personalities as he himself states. Many whose names remain anonymous either by more omission or design were helpful to Sajcäwi. They were resident all over the A,uslim lands, 6 of Egypt2, Syria3, Hijäz4, Yaman5 and btorocco. In such cases he specifies the particular importance of them in connection with the information they transmitted or pasets hi$ comments 7`. fýý upon them typified by such phrases as y Jý, ý "' ý' referring to J I I L. j. 3 number cL, V",: (, ,ý .. f.. + of deaths pI;, ýI9 Cý )1 9, is ý-° 1. Daw' vol. I p. 222, VIII no. 254 2. e g- Wajlz SS, "432.536, A, fol. 383bj Tibr p. 505 , . pp. 3" e. g. W SS, P-4211 Daw' vol. I p. 12 4. e. g. WajIz SS, pp. 298,330,505P, 551- 5* e. g. Da vol. I p. 115, IV no. 209, V no. 56,704, VII no. 10. 6.. e. g. paws vol. I p. 169, III no. 1173, IV no. 113,939. X no. 406. 7. Wajrz SS p. 556, as Ibid., p. 526 9" ibid., p. 537. / `N 0 164. (2) DOCULUNTARYSOURCES Sakllwl obviously was able to obtain access to many personal and official documents relating to the 9th/15th century, whioh, may be classified in three groups as unders- Educational Certificates Certificates, such as 'Ijfizät were issued to their students by contemporary scholars. These Sathwi was able to examine as in the case of his information on al-Karkl (d. 880/1475). Of this he saysi 1 )I ýý ý. I 'cs,ý. ý.ý f ýý Iýý; tý 4AA cl"..: ý, ýý r c; r J" t3 P' ... ýý 2, Also there were those certificates known as 'Ar4 Sam".c3 and Istid Cad. From such sources SakýllzwTwas able to gather considerable part of his information on literary activities of his subjects. Official Documents 2t Official documents such as marasTm and mujli1 and government correspondence6 to which he had access were considered by Sakbriwl to 1. Daw' vol. IV no. 330. For other examples, see Ibid. vol. I p. 244, IV no. 329, VI no. 99" 2. e. g. Ibid., vol. III no. 9, XI p. 48 3" e. g. Ibid., vol. I pp. 9-1o, 31, VIII no. 108, XI no. 481,263- I 5 4. e. g. Ibid., vol. V no. 203,363. cf. also vol. p. 79b. 5: e. g. Waj z SS, p. 540; al-Dhayl d-mutanlh, fol. 6. e. g. Tibr p. 67-71. I/ k 165. be a reliable source of information as were the certificates of Waqf 1 and the records of the courts. In one incident he corrects 2 information supplied by Ibn Hajar from documentary evidence of Wagf. (3) Contemporary HandwrittenEvidence. Diaries were not introduced into this era, but often a record of ? an event, perhaps of birth, death, marriage or other mattere, were written by family or friends in a note at the back or margin of a book. SaIrawl used many such jottings as evidence in the writing of hie bior; raphies. In one instance he gives the date of birth of Yasuf Ibn (d. LhzLhIn 899/1493) which, he said, he derived from writing by his subject's grandfather.? In many other cases, SahnwI relied on un- 4 named writers who, in his opinion, gave reliable evidence. Though, he considered high the value of documentary evidence, SatäwT seemed to be aware of the faot that they might have been falsified and investigated any which he suspected. Für his information on 1. e. g. Ibid., PP- 14,125. 2. (P"407) Iy-? I J. ý)) .01 In Tibr Sakj äwI says t ý. ý J y_L &11 A-AP Lf.; Ltoýj 3. In Daw' (X no. 1192) Sa WT says t0 - I- -= .1 4" In such oases Sai wI employed such phrases aet f" W äJ 'A! Isv li: J (C -' CS1ý'I', (9'y i, -# a. 0:, L A. Cf., WajIs SS p. 536) Tibr, 254 pp. 18p ,, 166. 'Ibrahim al-galqag}3andi, he consulted a certificate which Ibn ifajar had apparently issued to him. Closer investigation revealed that the certificate belonged to al-9alSachandl ba fathor. It had been, according to Sachäwi's faot-findini, falsified by al-ga1gag}1an di who " 1 deleted his father's name and replaced by his own. 0 1. Daw' vol. I P"77 167 OBSERVATIONSAND L'VALUATION. his I" The methods Sakh-Swl employed in sifting and collecting his facts information confirm, as is shown above, that he investigated he dis-satisfied wherever and whenever possible. In instances where was him to with his information he stated the specific points which caused to doubt its authenticity. In some cases he uses similar phrases ýJJ 2 referrinc to one whose na. o is his II. Another feature of Sakhätivt's work is his courage to state ignorance when necessary. when he referred to a letter sent by Sultän Jac machto the Ring of Ethiopia in 847/1443, he says: (,gig 1 u\. ) 3 ýýº ý. l ýP: 1n t.? ýs -- cý ":c ýJ -ý°, cJ .ý ctr. ý1ý oýlý. rýý III"The information at SakhawT's disposal pladed him in a uniquo. position knowledge as a historian. He himself had acquired a high standard of of the culture and education of his time. into Moreover, the pursuit of such studies had brought him contact 4 learned during with the prominent personalities of the day. He much 28th gha'ban 902/1 '-'Ay 1497.5 his travel from 856/1452 until his death in SaIL 2 An Hic eagerness for and his mamitude of learning earnod No outstanding place among the Musliris of his conturi. contemporary 1. Daw' vol. X no. 719 Tibr p. 24 soo vol. I p. 224, IV no. 2. Ibid., vol. VI no. 217. For other oxamplea, 36, X no. 246,980. IV p. 36 3. Tibr. p. 71, Wajiz SS, p. 472, Dawn vol. 4. of. Supra pp. 30-5,43 5. of. Supra pp. 20-30,30-41. 168 hiotorian has left as such a clear and detailed record of nearly all " strata of society. His observation of the lives of ordinary people in addition to his intimacy with the intellectuals and those responsible for the formation of the history of the period, placed Sakhäwl in a unique position. He Presents a mine of accumulated knowledge concerning it, which would have his biographies those otherwice been lost. , Comparison between and I Tuhri of some of his contemporaries such as Suyfi%i in Nazm al-«Ugyan, Ibn. Dirdr in HawiditF al-duhür2 and al-Manhal al-SäfI93 Ibn 3IyIs in 1. In Nahm a1-CUgyn, Suyütl gives very brief information similar to that of al-BMMünl, al-Chujandl, Ibn E}idr, al-Ram1I, Rhuqll4adam and Yusuf Ibn Barsabäy. Nazmno. 1,2,3,31,75.199, compare with Daw' vol. I pp. 26-9.24-5,327, III no. 681, X no. 1174" 2. e. g. Hawadith folg., 4b, 8a-9b, 12a-b, 15a-b, 17b-18b, 20a-21b, "25 24b - -34b, 43a-46b, 65b-78a, 85a-89b, compare with Tibr pp. 21-35,47-61,77-86,105-170,188-198,222-253" 3" Compare for instance the biographies of Q5nibTy al-Ifuhammad!, Q;inibäy 7a-8b, al-Bahlawän and tujäjiq Ibn'Abdulläh in ? inhal fole., 4a-6a, 653 698. 10a-llb, 18b-19a with Darr vol. VI no. . I t 169 ( the n'ida1 al-Zuh-ur1 and Ibn gÄdi Shuhba in Tabagat al-ehafi'iyya2 thowe greater knowledge he possessed. Ibn Tap±rl ßirdi'e record of events in iiawidith al-duhur on the period 845-857/1441-1453 provides much less information on the Maml-uk dynasty, education, juridical affairs, 3 the Egyptian Community and contemporary powers. This contrast can be seen also by comparing Sakhawi'e chronicles on the years 872-901/ /15241 1467-1495 with Bad&( al-Zuhfr Ibn 'tyäe (d. 931 who in highly 4 valued as a historian of this period. The latter paid lese attention 1. e. g. Bad'di1 pp. 19,31,263 compare with Wajlz SS, pp. 180,181-2, 442. 2. Taba4At Pole., 180b-204a, compare with Daw' vol. I pp. 257-8, 239,271, IV p. 171, VI pp. 88,104, I p. 19, XI P. 63, I P" 3579 341,11 pp. 1879 247, III p. 248, IV p. 185, VI P" 79, VII p. 111, VII p. 282, VIII p. 153, X p. 191,264,302. 3" Tibr pp. 154-5,175.182-4,187,209,21$-9,220,254-5,256,2679 2 323 compare with Majadilli Pole., 24aff, 26b-89b. 205 4. For Ibn 'Iyäe eee CAL., vol. II p. 275, eupp. vol. II p. 4 i. x 170 l to education and the non-Egyptian side of the Muslim community, L:oreover, the information presented by Sl; hMIwI's coverage of the last decade of the period covered by his Waj1z (i. e. 891-901/1486-1495) is far more extensive than that of Ibn 'Iyiis. Ho chronicled this period in a more 92 pages while Saj: rawl wrote some 600 pages in which ho 2 furnished very rich information. IV, r of the histories on which Sa 3wi relied, although extant in manuscripts, have not yet been either edited or published and, if they are dealt with in the future, may undermine some of Sa3:r-w1's validity. Nevertheless his material is, in many respects, no loss important than the original works on which ho relied. In this connection it may be well to consider the following factorss- (iý As a result of his extreaoly critical approach, Saran'V was able to correct considerable part of the information 3 given by the contemporary historians. 1. o. g. Bad i( pp. 37-61,89-95,144-150. compare with tiiaJ!z SS, Pp. 183-91,197-201,218-20,255-7- 2. Subject matter may vary according to printed presentation. 2h. (Cairo, number 92 is accordinG to edition by X. =14Fafa 1963). S7. by The nuaibor 600 is taken from an edition of "n the author of this thesis (Cairo, 1968). __'_ 3. o. g. v7ajrz X, pp-24 fn, &o, 64 fn. a, b, 139 fn. 6, 93,143, vol. I p. 52,145, II no. 25, VII no. 702,741, VIII no. 325,556, of. aloo 5u rn p. 136 fn. 2 171 (ii) In addition to writings he produced the evidence of documents, official and personal, literary works, correspondence, reports, oral and written to confirm his facts. This cannot be found in any of the original works he consulted. (iii) lie has also recorded many valuable extracts from non-extant I, 2 wore, such as those of Ibn al-Labbtld! E1üaI al-Muka@bkiqb and many other materiale related to this century. By the above statement, it is not meant that Sa äwt's works achieved the same degree of importance. In contrast to the material covering the period 801-844/1390-1440 gathered by Ibn Hajar3 and M9rfz14 and that presented by Ibn Tachrl a BirdI5 and Ibn 'Iyäe6 covering the period 857-890/1453-1485 SaUlUl 'e 1. cf. Supra p. 151 2. of. Supra p. 147 30 e. g. $Inbä! fols., 135b-166b compare with KZajlz X, pp. 43-4,58-9,54-5,62- 4" 0.9. Su18k fola., 15a-36b, compare with WA T% X pp 156-7,162,166,180, 185.190 N 5. e. g. WaTz SS, pp. 67-71,75-6,81-2, ßß, 93-96,101-3,1o9-to, 115-7 compare with Jiawtdith fol., ß9b ft 6. e. g. 1Yajrz SS, pp. 179-80 compare with Bad=I pp. 10-37" 6 r A 172 information on the Circassian MSamitik administration during these years is very scanty. A strange omission in his works is his lack of acknowledgment of Ibn Taghrl Bird! whose history Hawädith he used as a main source for his material concerning the Circassian Mamltik administration during the period 851-857/1447-1453.1 Another inexplicable omission on Sakhäwi's part occurs in Wajrz al- RalAm. When writing the obituaries. which are a part of this volumet he 41 used the original wdrk of Ibn Haar ignoring the corrections he had 2 previously mule of it in Daw: i 1. of. Supra pp. 141-2 2. cf. Infra, soction III p. VII. .,*Wl 1739 (3). A Xyl 'S WORKAS A SOURCE It had been common practice among traditionists and historians of this era to quote information they derived from other writers, often " Without mentioning from whom they were quoting. Sah&wi claims that many of his contemporaries derived some of their information from him. 'Ahmad Ibn 'Ibrählm al-Hanball1 (d. 876/1471), Ibn al-S-abiq al-Hamawi2 (d. 877/1472), al-Najm Ibn Hiji0 (d. 888/1485) al-Shams Ibn CAzam4(d. 691/1486), Ibn al-Labbüd15 (d. 896/1490) are a few amongst many other scholars. It is not possible either todeny or confirm SatäwI's claim as he not did nwne in what works these writers had used his material. ýl 1. SaU7awi in Irsh7d (fol. 81a) meaning al-Iianbal'I / '& äl+j a. ýaxý t3 7} , uljW Für the biography of al-Hanball see Sakh"IwIp iw' vol. I pp. 205-7- 2. S- (fol. in Irtad 82a) V-+ s° Css meaning al-ßamax L -.- For n -HamawI, see Ibid vol. IX no. 756. A 3- Sakhäwi in Ir` (fol. 91b) meaning Ibn Ili jJ For Ibn Iiijjr see Ibid., vol. X no. 1030- 4- Sakh7wl in IrnbFýd (fol. 951) meaning Ibn 'Azam ý='1°"'.iýý ý, ýj'ý1ý8 'Azaun Surn I54 fn. 2. Lt" 't .I For Ibn see p. V 5. Sa3ºhaw2in Irr sA (fol. 90a): meaning Ibn al-Iabbüd2 ý", ý For Ibn a1-LabbüdT, eee. Surrrt p. 144 fn. 4 174 i: owevur, upon examination in the material of the later hictorians whose works are known to us, considerable part of their information on the 9th/15th century was derived from Sal-häwl's work3 particularly his Zaw' Aymon. them are to be found 'Iydarasr in al-Nür al-SSfir 'an akhbsr a]. -garn 1, al-t5shir, Ibn al-(Imäd al-Hanball in Shadharät al-dhahab fl aLhV r man (1010/1601), qiyy al-din al-TFUnrmi al-l, hazzT (d. 1005/1596) in (d. a gMtal-Saniyya fl taräjim al-. Hianafiyyy3 al-F. usaynT 1341/1922) in in ! uzhat al Rhaw tir wa Bahjat al-maäa iC. via al-Nawäzir4, and Kai '.ala ýA'1am i8 a1-n; . 1. e. g. al . NTr a1-STfir.. pp. 15,43,49,56-79 569 60,92,109,111, 117.147.14ßi 202. 2. e. g. Shadharät vol. VIII pp. 36,65,73,75,85.96.103. 3. e. g. al- ... vol. I pp. 196,203,204,206,208-9,221,236, 243,252,253,261,267,269,281,304,305,3079 310,310,377,390,434. 4. 58,178,219 cf. r'uzha ... vol. III no. 5. of. )AC1ämvol. II pp. 2º 9º 11,15º 36º 45,59,68,72,102,108, 1149 119,136,139,150, II PP- 369 44-69 53,73.789 99-100,106, 124,137-409 151-3,157-8,164,166,183,169,228,273,2969 299, 305,316, III pp. 7-8,131-2,156-7,181-2,186,194,282,265,306, 04,6nº 94-5, 332, IV PP. 7º 13,23,25,30,36,53-4.61,70,749 97. V PP- 379 41-3,65,103,113,1299 176,197,200,203. ft 175" Moreover, SaXcaw1'a historical works made an impaot on acholara of his own and later periods. Ibn P, a1Z1 a1-Dimaqjjql oompiled a summary of a1-Jaw5hhir wa. al-durar under the titles 1 Juan n al-durar ft tarjamat jay] al-isliui Ibn Hajar. 'Ahmad Ibn 'Abdulealtm2 (d. 931/1524), 'Ahma& al-gastalünl (d. 936/1529), 'Umar Ibn 'A)mad al-Shammät al-Ha1abI (d. 936/1529)4,77uhammadIbn 'Abdul 'aztz 1. Sayyid, o E. cit no. 198. 2. He selected some biographies from Daw' and wrote them in a separate volume under the titles al-Badr al-tälit min al-Dar' al-Inmi'. In his preface to this work, its compiler says sWLt, ý.,e>> M .. f -r 1 I. j .: J lac ý. ät 16M.as x/91 r' "' (Silur-Jt U, ý---ý 1s1" LS tJI- '- ', J1 ýstj &-e acs 1CLC ., .9 'a LD : äý+ ', t j,1,1 41t jj L-A t ,,, sP '%1 J .9t O 16, ý, 1ý Lsv OJUt ""-,ýý--. ..(Od )4 tJ 11,.. oje) ,,v rc. ýýv (ý. o of. Paris TS no. 2078 Lol. 3a. Für the copies extant of this work, see CAL., vol. II P. 43. 3. Ho dompiled a summary of Daw' under the titlo, al-Nür al-S il min al-Daw' M mile of. Hajjl 1ChalTfa, Ka.ýhf al-Zuntin pp. 1009,1090. titles 4. He collected some of the biographies of Daw' Under the al-Qvtbas 1=of this are preserved al-1i w li-j, hurar Dater'al-Snkhn , Two work D. in Indiao in Oxford under ref. Marsh 645 and in hudab«fit t antna II 43" For the biography of. Sayyid, off., p. 233 GAL", vol. p. V pp" 197-8, Ibn al-'Imäd of al-HalabI see Zirikll, vol. chadharat., vol. VIII P. 218 'Oellý 176 ibn tUmar ibn Fahd, (d. 954/1547)1 wrote abridgoments of his main biographical history al-pawl al-Lämi( li-'ahl al-qarn al-täni: Sahen Shawkäni, the Yamani . historian, roforn to Dativ' ho aayn: -I4 I ý`ý% Lr referring to Sakhäwr °, j; j ý`D 2.4 j. 0 > J b:4aimnad Mustafa Ziada, the modern Egyptian historian deecribos this work I i by '3 (S p L;, I ýi lrJ, saying: ' -j -%. -P him in No doubt, such wide influence Sakhäwi left, placed a unique 9th/15th position as a source of information for the history of the century. 7. Zirikli in )A'11. (II a% m P-93): . -R- VV s l^a 3)I cri (& ý) " syýeJl t3 (tu°. 1". IºI ýý 1ý> > 2. al-Badr al-tä1it vol. I p. 185 3. al-. "Var. rikhün al-Mitriyyün.. pp. ' 44-45: 177. CONCLUSION When evaluating 5akh. 's work und the controversy it aroused among his contemporaries, it should be remembered that he had been trained first and foremost as a traditionst. As such, exact words of description would be of the utmost irportance, far in excess of, a sense of accuracy acquired through any other training. For many hundreds of years historical information had been transmitted by word of mouth and, under such conditions it was necessary to impose the importance of meticulous accuracy in transmission. Taking this fact into consideration it is understandable that SaUlvil would use his early training to sift his material and to concentrate upon as accurate an account as-it was possible to prepare. As a consequence, his contribution to history becomes of greater importance than those which have been written without similar experience. From this can be drawn the conclusion that his facts and information are reliable in the main except in those instances where Satuwl himself confesses that his investigations are incomplete or have not been made for some specific or unknown reason. Certain parts of his histories have not received the same attention and their periods are less informative in consequence. Nevertheless 170. the same critical facultie3 which characterise his work are very apparent and the points raised by him bear the stamp of a personality with a keen mind and an insatiable desire for the truth. With this in mind, Sa'ryawi's status as a historian would seem to be raised to the level of modern writers who, perhaps, are inspired by the same methods to present their own factual evidence. 0 SECTION 3 0 WAJIZ AL-KALXM IT AL-DHAYL`AI7 DUWALAL-ISLÄM (800-849/1403-1445) by SHAMSAL-DIN MUTAMMAD IBN'ABDULRMJ14ÄN AL-SAKHAWI ii " PREFACE The importance of SakhTv as a historian of the 9th/15th century is undoubted and the following text is the only remaining unedited portion of Wajiz al-Kalam1 dealing, with the first, half of the history of this 2 century. This work is referred to in a number of modern indices and from 3 references by Sa3--bdwi himself. The conies of the R?S: Four ]tISS of this work are extant. They are: (1) The Y5 prülü TS (h). This is preserved in K8prülü library in Istanbul and covers the period 745 - 895/1344-1489.4 Although the exact date of this copy is not known, there is a note in the margin by the 5 author himself, indicating that it was made during his own lifetime. (2) The Bodleian TX (0) is an almost complete copy which covers the 6 period 745-898/1344-1492. Like the Köprülü LS, the exact date of copying is unknown, but authenticity can be proved by the following points: 65 1. Also called al-Dhayl al-a= gala duwal a1=1släm of. Supra p. fr. 4 2. The part of this work coverinG the period 850-898/1446-1492 has been 'Ain edited bytluwriter of this thesis (thesis, §hams University, Cairo, 196 3. of. Sakhtwi, lIr_had fols., 208b, 240a. 4. of. X6p ri izada Ivehmed Päßä KUtubhäno defteri, Istanbul ref. 1189 of. also GAL., vol. II p" 43, suPP"º vol. II P. 32. 5. 'rAbduibadl Lutfi, Fihris... Tdrlkth- vol. II no. 284 of. also Infra p. i. ii fn. 4. 6. of. Ref. Marsh 611,508 in Bodleian Library in Oxford, also GAL., vol. II p. 43. iii (a) JL On the first page, the copyist referred to the author with JJI o(v1 which indicated that the author was alive at that time. (b) [God There is a marginal note trans., fulfilled the peace between our Sultan (i. e. al-IA4hraf Qäyitbäy (872-901/1467-1495) and Ibn 'Uthmän (i. e. Bayazid II 886-918/1481-1512)... This peace was achieved completely in this date; I mean the year 897/14913.1 But Sarawi, as is known, lived until 28th Shatb-. n 902/1 May 1497.2 (c) There are many marginal notes which correct the work of the copyist 3 or add additional information. Close scrutiny and comparison of them as well as the marginal note of the K6prülü D7Swith his known handwriting 4 leave little doubt that they were actually written by Sakhäwi himself. Certainly the question of his personal supervision is beyond reasonable doubt; and this fact places the two b$ as draft copies of enormous value. 1.17a iz 0, fol. 176a. 2. of. Su ra pp. 41-2. 3.0, Pols. 3b, 50a, 59a, 61a, 64a, 68a, 71a, 82b, 86a-b, 92b, 93b, 94a, b, 98a-b, 99b, 100b, 101b, 102a-b, 105b, 106a. 4. These marginal notes were compared with SayXäwi's handwriting found t. on his work 'Irtiyäh al-'akbid preserved at rif Hikmat Library in Madina no. 146 (last page). 111*11 iv (3) The Tübingen M3 (T) This text is also incomplete, and includes 1 that part of the work which covers the period (828-896/1424-1490). Its importance lies in the fact that it might have been written during SakJ wI'e lifetime. There is a note on the last page which reader ISO t e J t4 A"-. ... s Interest is here focussed on the blank space after. U which gives two Possible interpretations: ' (a) that the mieeing'letter is CS' which indicates that the date concerned is 901/1495, or (b) that. the blank space represents the word _ý , in which case the date would be 911/1505" Whichever of the interpretations is correct, there seems little doubt that the copyist was acquainted with Sakk &wi. In-any case. the MS copy is important. (4) The 'Abdaliyya MS (A): This MS is preserved at the 'Abdaliyya Library in Tunisia. It is the only complete copy extant which was written 77 years after Sak] wi's death (i. e. in 979/1571)? Though its copyist made a lot of mistakes, this copy was of some help in the edition of the text. 1. of. Ref. or wetzetein IT '3439 in ünivereitätabibliothek in Tübingen. 2. tlrlti 3 155º Barnlma of. Sayyidº Fihris. o vol. II part p. al-ldaktaba al-ºAbdaliyya ref. 2916. t V Brockelmann claims that there are two other copies oxtant, ono he refers to as being in the British Museum and the other in Vienfll. ' Comparisons of the text. of the British Museum under reference given by Brockelmann SakhäwI's Waiiz that the work is .with al-kal5m shows entirely different. ' It is a collection of a number of historical works. it and part of Covers the period concerned Brockelmann was probably confused because it is arranged in a similar manner. I: GAL,', supp. vol, 4 II P-' 32-4 2.. "Cf: fol. , I25 b ff. vi ' Upon examination the work preserved in Vienna under the reference 1 given by I3rockelmann, it is not W9ajiz"al-Kaläm but merely an anonymouo ., E 2 analysis of it as is shown in the text itself. Brockelmann and'Sarkis werd also misled when stating that VTa.Yz was published in ]3tydar'abad3 and, indeed, they repeated the mistakes of the publisher of Haydarabad edition of Duval al-'Isliun by al-bhahabS (d. 774/ 1469) vzho states-wrongly that his edition includes Duwal al=Islam and its (i. 4 Dhayl e. V7ajiz) by Sakhäwr. Duwal a1=Islam covers the period from early Islam till 740/1436. Al-Phahabi himself extended his work 1. GAL., vol. II p. 43; 0. Flügel, die of pers., U. türk. Hdes. der K. K. iiofbibliothek, 3 Bde, Wien 1863-7 ref. 809. '2. In the Hawä,ditb of the year 831/1427, the compiler refers to, Sakhässi as cf. Loc. cit 3" CAL., supp., Vol- 11 p. 32, Sarkis, Mu'jam al-Matbücät Pb 911. this 4. In this edition, the. publisher gives. title' 13 1IU. b-Ii ýYl.. 9:i b aU I. CS" c----- t; J I C3 ý. ýJ , ýt _.. - -9 of. Duwal a1?Islrm, Däirat al-maiärif al-nizämiyya, i, aydaräbäd al-Dakin, 1337 P. I. vii from 740/1436 to 744/1440 which is the 'continuation' the publisher 1 mistakenly accords to Sal.:häwi. The latter continued the work 2 -commencing with the year 745/1344, as he hittself states. 't 'rye , 60-1 113- 1. of. Sayyid, Fihris al-makhtütat, vol. 2 tA. rikh, part, 2 pp. no. 2. In his'Ire ad (fol. 240a), Sakhäwi says: I., I. ý, J "V -0. tý" I. -.1 toe 7 viii Methods employed in this edition The present edition is based on the Bodeleian MS which was also 'compared with the copies of Köprülü, Tübingen and the 'Abdaliyya. In order to establish the author's original text, the following methods have been employed. (1) All the textual variants occur in ?ASS; that which seems to be most appropriate has been chosen and all other readings are indicated in footnotes. (2) The text is also compared with Sakhrawl'e paw'. In this work, the author corrected the information by other historians auch as Ibn iiajar and Magrrzr, but when he dealt with the same material in1Wa iz he ignored, in most cases, his own corrections. For this reason the comparison is made between these works which, it is hoped, will add value to the study. 6 (3)M oat of the idioms, colloquial words and phrases, the names of personalities, places, schools are explained butthey are separated from those dealt with in the notes on mere textual variants. They are mentioned in a supplement to the teat. (4) the To produce the exaot forms, whereever possible, of names " included in, the text, the main contemporary works have been consulted and references concerned are given in the footnotes. is the (5) After the section on liawädith there one of Wafay1t this is commencing with After the first obituary order abbreviated to lwäw', but in the present edition in to give greater clarity, v(, Is placed in brackets thus I, (6) The Fiarakät are included when there is a posibility of various readings. References are given on which these Harakät are based. (7) The folios of both the Bodleian and Köprülü MSS are . referred to in the footnotes. (8) Hamza in IISS is always either (a) replaced by y'a) as in the case of (D for or (b) omitted (W in the (,ýýtJ after ...4J, such as' case of for %1. Such mistakes have been corrected without reference. :J CSC Minor orthographical idiosyncrasies as for instance for I (Sv and (y) for ý- or vice versa have not been recorded in 1 extenso. (9) The footnotes to the edition are indicated by letters placed with brackets. When the bracket is to the left of the letter the word referred to is that on the right and vice versa* A.MI (awl e. g. i) i (a refers to s a%I ii) a) s b) refera'to c. ßI (IO)For thesake of clarity few words are added to the text and placed in brackets. ' (i. C e. jr or i 1 " d. I.. ý. y tý. ++ ý. ) I L1_JfiLý; u 'W1 I. L. Ik i:; ýº v--; i r-N- .. ý..: ., ý,rr ,sr.:,: . LOA JjýI ! ý-'+ . Jýr 111 10 "__,_Si_. ý _-_ ..,_+, k, ýý., 63 !<, tß) s (6) 0, f0L", 109 (c) a-»t . (d) l<., cs, l (e.. k, Icri e) ate" c :ºai1 (f) M55, lxx.,.....ý . Cdvýi.ctý n" 'ýri wý. (ý äJt e. 1 wo- ýt ßp 116 s 170 (ý , ., ."x . . ýý. f1 I 6" J11, SJ U:, Jr s Ic L- , ,: v ýI .ýJ .ir:. zC., y (I, (6 W )Lj Ics L; ,JIa. J . yloQýjk.:. Jt o I L L ia L-w ii J.; a_: a_.. &-, 'o d' Gf 4i L_.. JL. rrýi:, 'üL... 0L.;. fi 4 Lý a ;;1 I IJ l_, I :4 I_J I LS .-: , - bJ . I IL flr_; 1v l_ iý1 'ý-''I'J "L--: ° ---; /j `y I I lr I "ý.1 I ý:r-" -s--, v--z(e',? _ __ý; -. v-. . i". (Q..Q) k, cs44r- (b) K 1 J, uytý CO .host c.Qc. ý (c(""d) k' ory () R, )J . '.. ' 3 L 1:;LJ I Ji I ý.,,: ý.: `ýI rSl t-r-' 5ýýý a:. t . ý,lA . vIý. ý" .: a rý ý'ý i3+ß to ( - ... t, Lrl 21 ý 1ý 1 ý-ý ýý s --ý-, -- u: >>r-" uý ý., r" u. -ß. -ý-ý u ýº-- v' ,, H (., L, U. I L- JI o--SL ý. ý J :.: L:,JI cL.. mtir t. J Iyav tS " ý= " . i.= ý.ý; . c.ý. tie-,a'- c-ý ulp ý02", C°) k? Cb) 1<, 40t c,Q44.7? (c) d Io9g 'Cý) IN 9 ', ,, j t--11j4 j3ý1 Lr--i 0ce -,-- 0, J-- D-. &j j (.=. L) ý . N JdJ, I; L`' C A_.. ti .G ; 1 1` I/o 1" /"ý r' 4! L--e1 71 e iSy.:. J 22 -t'ýº.(C 9t 0 S0W iýs ; r d i. ý Sl!Jis 13. I jIv, :, 1. c,-i'v v.. ý, jl. ,j " all j4. %lo, , ýº= c CC 33 .s 32 N (' 12 ä. j1v; &i: 13 J 4+, vý ; =j 0ju ziei a*G fit"', t, r", ý:. .J& r' ` A, Co.) k, cý_J i cbýR cc) I<, c? is I (d) k, J.o-Q ", 63b (e) k, 01 cr' ýý n It ti JL ( L ) vý 'r -j c) .. ýý.. L, L. L' Io L- .rte ý.ý,; s1 Yý.;JI J ." 37 39 V OL 4 i. v (b,l J I 33 ., 39 4äi L Lt.. LS) tiIIJ I ý. %ýJ C) .so a ýl 1Y " j., 1.tg Lr+jLi. )1 cr: ý "11 41 I lu j al 1 r s 41 %D j4 (a) l< , CP I (6) W 1ä22,e,. 1 J, sv ovs jUZ !: cý"0 aw 1.4 . IM (C) Q t 63) Lýs{s rr" 17,4z (D a'r ., ý, " im P. : ý. s M., g'» (d) O, lo_ (e) D, .+. (f W' C.BT p. 22.6) le tb.Da 1 6 Gý .: ý I. ISJ.J 1 LJ i L ) Xr°r --a- O°C,. ýJ ;rL uý car .. %47- ,1- .. L- u- 0 1.ýP J'z;.:: v tS) l..p j ig u; --J, P.0 011 00 ýLUj,;. s..l' - Cý v I) 10, L, 1 ~AN L"yý lt:, Iý, ý f Iý sJJ J r ýr u ºr rý l _.:ýt ý1; . .. rr . JL--SI ý: L.. 1 Ir vL ý, -mac irr vý cý rP' -U-?` 45 plow Ls q/NrVi!! Q iiý ýA (fit oL Aý 42. t)- Týý pt, 4ii .ýF .2 . I'7 9f«. As a,'s. o aýw,ýi N, ýn.o2. Sit '. 2 (b) týjJ º 0, 4 jvt k» ºv iWs ý% Cc) Ms,alt a'`"' a)t. ¢o. -. 2-w º t- 3r'ß::. 4--- FA ik4 w--&U, £CL S F. 6 4M .$ (ol) A" csvW 17 Yi (Q J L" 1ý (1ý1..J I r oJ____,;.e .: ý,; ý, :; vý ýyý 47 LAy, I l. J LJ ( Zj S..I ý:r---ý %,ýyýS(J i.ti, º c-, -'-+t a. c_4I rrj ! 1 "0 L.. j L 4, Iy 4L7ý u _i'LJ ti,,ý' u49 )J. %--.0-13 Zo .: LW : `-ro' yJ 0 "1*y1ý! s ...... l4 ß (ýý' L-7) L, i, ` äß, #j r 1 . 1. .J 1, 4.... J 4f .tL., L.. $0 S ü I Il 1-1 v 1; . 11 °x.11 !b1., J : v.. l?? Q ..: "ý.,:. ýý., I ýýJ II ýý "J)I 14Ja i5 oý ý`°J rk u' `rte" . r+ý'ý L,l.. J L ' Ir y I, :llt, u- r-u,: - r:.. zit , ýº,- nom;4 , 11 ,1:: -er, (0' 6t4-146 lQ) Mss . 3ýf % Cduur,ý'L'srý {Aý QtW p.oas of /155 1136 K, fý 2au?ý g "w " 87! " C6)!ý "68ý , ýj*JJ (C-" k, iý. O, f 6. C) mac. (dý 1<ý a,ýt cLt..77 Ce) or ", 110 8 I is L-I I In; J WJ :J L,; . %: r ,JI. s* I JJ) J 53 IUj 1;. d10.; ='-L rI &J;. -4L.. c,; r,, -. ß. -V) C,.o'L" 0,;-, c, ý 5t t : ILL I4 IL I ýý lý 4---+Iý co`) `'°1a T6 J.j. sJ ýºJ U. ; ý Iýor" J I 7-IJ L. J I4t6 u cýL U cý-°ý 6 fr cý+ ý: u ý. . M .. 6 5s 57 Cc a IjI Jj 'WNrWI1; ,UI .wJ =I J+ý JIý4ý1:. lA L: II vº ýý v--x ýr '-ýr"ý y-+ rý: E" I j. UIL j-" uý%yJJI &L"J ýI .:..,: k ýýt Lwbb (P" 4) -re., g. Cb) 253) ße1 .: cs, l: lº ýw GIC-) (9) k2'ºwtj4a ,e ,>. 41. 6e ' %r+ Ir I, I) S1 % ---=ti c ,-iA 4 I) I cý L j:. 4LLi uýýl,; Ca js r lo. ;'y Lj I LW U uls r- -) .: -iý ýýº%Iý=: ý ýLý-ýr ýL"tý, l., lý1 0----" =_5 Iv; L"L-1rL%L- UiI%. lSý iu*=Iu5jot+'- aJ to c.: ..:.. c4 ýh 62 I, I;.L LI ý1. i""'. £L-y I J.. 60)I I i ý,: ý.! .o Lt rý= Y..%, 4-- f.. i J b v r -! ý. L y4I, 4ý. i I L,. L 1,41Z.. ý. yp, »r ar' -- .tvt; rrt %L uwý, t u L,1 W4 I :.,A c1ý; 1 :zWI:, J I '5 (2) k 1 f' Cb) k, A ý. ýi he (C) O, 1) ", ill g. ýi ºý+ ci! ) ^s,( ýº' t-arý 2g ýý S "'" (e) KI Jl " . A'U, - lo JJ j) 'ýý---+ý j JS Imo, 1 ýrý? - , s-LW rt, uý rWI L Wa,-Cj lS 111L, : ý, Sl I; L'j, Ir) ' 1,W I) rIIII v. .4 o) rd ." 46 1 It L-ýJ I,; I JwIL.; i -. z-4 jl vii av) "JUI(. x6 is 106 'LSIj.OC7 L 1JLJ II JI rU c, ß: ýr ýb 's 69 ss ý" JS I. ISS , 41r" I., J)I 4 ;ý. --" v. tom "" ý1ý: ý cý-ýL cx' ><' '', 90 5 I, J ý--ýý ý, ýý,,'ý L,, J Jýºý uý : ; L.. A.U ZI- J Lt).:. Ley I ý.- ., . ý,: r.. 'jJJ qr r (C W irr ~ fi ýý a) k, Cb. Ds w" t tip ä`f 0ýº1 " Nss.vt"ý t a 'ýt,ý. º,, ýwts ' tc I 0-:'il w 1 ä, O-M 0-f - Ift.L St : LSD-1+-L 6aj yt+t1 I tr+r. -1 I r ? ?S ?4, If 92 ýý%ý- ý ýý4ýýý 1, 3r--ß J ýýv-rºý.1 r--. c 77 L '>W 1u t5 u*-v, pt JS Jrti L.4 . t- :..: - vt rWI ý.ý L_..... Ji. lS ýý lý'týý I t 1 v a: s"sJ `r " , ý.ý u' "roc s ý-- ' 'ý 1,. c; ý,. i ý, OF " ..o W) , :. 6AoLr-Ai j Jý rvýIl. lr.,u 1 ti Lj : 441j Cr %,:w zr 1JI. 'rjS1ü IkLJ I llýl i I, . +ß: . JoaýP 60e4.0 ) r-i "/7 ..__; r : s.: cd 979 . . ., el. ro) I. e 797 4. N/1394 4. v. (b) (c) 01 J4"1 M a) L_j LjI Z".4.1 gýLjI ý. Irr, r= 4ý L4Il, 1I Ib JI Jv lS, L-,:l s a ,, ,_. ß; ý. v Cýs l: JI 22 " )n 4 t,sý.. ý..,.: y, :,:, i., J, I ýI Is,:; ýI.r I, :I ý" ý-, fok b k, (c) (a) k "l 6ý C6) 1P9/y1 '"e c9,iýý:, vtl; 1ý ýýý (f) k, ýýL= - cg) 0, ýA t1 Jul ( L ) v' r. (.. 86 '! I L" ý-eLe I WI rýJ', 1 ý1 ti,; , r%J sro ý1 11JIýrý " .ýlý .ýUs ýýý ýý sr4b :JIC . Iý;, 1I I 1) I wýLJ I 1ý"ý..: (r. L ) r: L : ., ý---j a.ca ., . rýý v J I ý_. r "Jý; a; v_. ý. Z*LW aj J lý S.iý is aýd I ýý Iý 4-.,; I----+? - C C,ý` , v t" u' 'ý r ºr =- AAL-I) 1.°JSl IU1 V---j J4 J,.s.. a1 W 4ý LA v=' J I Ir, l I ý---{Ls , x. fjt i.; .st :. V: J--a t :r J3-) JI rl° V6 1111-Z 4;rýy cr. r+. ,UI 0-1 ,rL J,, 'u.! 3 JS`: U.., ;)Q II": r -Li6t.., 1r^J L. 4, 'A I (4- Ij t) r. J I) ýJwI L' ) u3 rW1,; ý1, Wem:,lb-- j,; J 14t: `' a 0601 L. -cI''ý' 015 &; .% C,') K, ºI. Ac (6) p orw' C p. >>Iý : c;." ' (P l?_I . j)p, rk.J 1,9 I 4tv.. x ýgi e t-! J, o' (C) 0C YE r. -75S 1 cs+ sý t t, ýiý.41 > c, ;Jt td) y CXp. i3 aw' t) : :, lsv' f yý"ý cýkiJ I Fc, is tý" , cýý, , DCL. 4) i,, 09M" ýý'ý -ýl" cc'>ej, (4)ý 1l .: (s) Pý j or-r" 14 9/ f lö LM " 4-a+- uý rý aal. ,.,Y o-) C) 92 il I t LA J,; WI(.. L ), ., , 1141 93 ý: 1I ;.J, ý IJ L-( " c, ý. c,..,ý ýc CycjJ L1 tiJI.: m c,,d `L) , (6 9 9S s. 4Si WI Lý ýý ;,,4. ýJ , off uýý u IJ I il IJ.. . sua. . s.... v . 4j u" W 1jJ (» LA - WI cad K, Vc b) Pna, 4n D (I ) t,tt4,. , o.w P. 242 J, ,,,tý% f. S1D6 (C) C) (J) fr 15 aL. , om " ,fa"i 3" 15 99 'i )I I 1fIs1. v. _ -Lp cx) ZL- ý, ý, .. ý, a.,,ý vl Y IpL. j1.4j I uI UI L- I%J, J I s.. sJ c,. a Lei . ºt 99 q- 98 c6is , r t.:. f C; - 10 ýC--ý, 0" Ioj w4.; .Li I loo s 1 (.: l;. ) ( "IJ;J I výý iv ýL >> ý;ý _.,ýý sß.:. v " ýJ,ý.. ýJ{,<, ý, rs vý 101 I' YOC ý,' I I: Iß:1 I Iýý, u--ý ýýcr ýýý " v..,.., t Y.:,W loll lSý. J I üý` Lý : L"ý, J l; I. A,, rý ýLi1=J om, J rlrý.. ýr° ýr =I".... ý: 'r ý o? U Lu W: lS) 4.ßl: '.S.. *' Lr ä...J h l- v... ý,, '0v.-ý,. ...:.. v :). ,sr,; t v !ý Pn (a K, Ay cb) k :ýr- ý Cc) ., ' 'Y" t ." 6 ( IIL gýzoo) Cd) 0ff o2" IiZ (e) O ýýýýýý d)K lký 16 105 It op log I :.:... 1, y Is I "aJJ (vl) Jl-J (u)P-' y:: , ,3 tel:! ."1.:.. i cr-. AL ý,. r._ ,, C:, (a) /9 ' yýý 1 17 In ' llo ; rI . -fit- -ý -i-ý Poll M 113 (c JL LU I p-U L1J r. 6 clr4,, 24 WI;:... 1I J cp-i a, :: il I I) ý.:: r. fL . mo"-;rW lilt iJ I L,SI I' Ir'Y I I u r,ýý. i.º bL, J Ij. J. y U4 aJ is " i . J ., ci ý-ý JLLAJIrt. S ; /LUI, LLßJIZ,.., ;. LAJI LL1JI, Z1JL 4 Pnvu"., (a) fw' foe. l'4 C6) K, +w.t ts º' " . tý. (C) k, cc'. ýý', (d) op ' 113 a IS 4Lj1.:; DIW LU 1 L" Iý1 11 lU 1v Lk.U I; i,.... (,ygl Es;`I i -J ; j a1t- .1 lea ý, yl L, I;, ISU; : 2-ji Lto. <,. ýIý,:. _ r rý., 119 L-1II, 1,. 1I, Jt l: li. I lJ I ý..._; ,ý.,... ýr : ýº; :; u1,;, c, ý rý .J 120 V6 U%.U I6`j L. LU I"ß4 I, 401(y. L;. L. s__. "L f'ý1° '4°1 121 (c <1:1- I 14º1..J I'1, - Iß. l, I i) 1.L,. r: v 1,,, ý,, .ý rr,,.. ) .. - Cr) -.WA r23 122. 125 list UI L" 119L. J lJ .r,: ß,: 11;.j r L"JI d I cai ý.t. Co) k, csý--ýý cb) k, f""6ý. (0) l< , ak- k+%. (d) ý Cc) (. c, -Lp Jý 19 0t Lt ý1 ) zel-- ; "J)IrsL: l h . r- rs.:' -t, u crCj jw ýfý 4sý Lý ý+'ý-=ýJ-tc=--= ýJý lý: =---ý u"ý ýS r= v u c,sý ýUI:, ý c,; t* 1LLJ ILJ.. Jr 4 L Uj J:,. l I JI u" v &,. v' v'" l1$ 127 JIvW, CI IJ 11:J(S' CI I.. sýl_.: *" -i ý. .olI, j -, 4I ý'; Z)K ' 129 00 9 9.133 132 111 1$0 i 10 i*1) j-t-J , zi ' ý(V. UN m L.. -LOJ 4Y(... Jýiý r>L--o dL 0 i; J(i lit Il M WI L"ýr-J::. ('n) k, .P (c) P {ýzdrý >. --' I (b) O, ot", 113b rt c++ýtM." ' t2.1 8a (il) k, -äº? . sot cýc. ºýr " 20 ä.: ýl'J Ilt, I): j. 1 i Iýl, ý. I ý'Iý s.i ý1 rt«:.Lr 'J v ir. ti.;. ýJ.:.: -o rl. ý ºa (I. 11 I-r; ßi. Ly+,"y I3 l.! Iý ti- r+yý . '~3 '' c% u10 UL:.i1 Jt,, uI vý>; U I L, ý'ý Ir Iv c ý:. ýt, ý. ý,:., yý.. ý,ý; ºý r-r1 -Iý 1tÄ; t. 1 j 1. 5ý:: Ii rLu4 Lvis JI -Ir) .:. 1.c :. ßJ ýx; -91 ..... 3 s1 Z, i crL c: s11 ;.;, t'. J 4u---%N. J= L ß-^. Ix : WI JY. lSý 'ý=ýr ý*i-= ýý cr 3J vi ra v ßr,: ýN, L<; J 1ý "I ýý.r:. v .,ý .u 4vec. Q2on CL) R" (TL P" 31z) tt-j ý ý. ý s L. S L" di : ý.Yý! a1 ,ý°! 21 %;: J lý Ir" C)i.,r, j l 5 (d., (c L nJ I : , .. rýl I i:. v. v J. ý ý- _. I. 142 7"ire Iý7;. l I : ý. ý1Itiro ý, ýýi'SI L) ) -F 01 &ýIp de . ". j----j aej JI-am LJ1rv. ýwº9IJ ýý L12 r .-ý% jir4 y s (. ) IM SIL f2) L- 54uJ -bJ- FZ Cü e" uo) . TC ý.ýs 127-8" cb) k4ý; cc) g" c ý"s,; a;ý Zr ", j, _ý iiC (r 400 : Gam. f9 seil Cdr k s» e) p" . LO Ai I, ýr'j'1(ý o> > °a'' 9"_ " /ý ý' j ,1 11, j j1 U, 1 yIws 1 t. r ' Cý }u iýo lýcl "ýýý, -l cý C»ýo oý fir' ýý c- ý .. ý' 0, oý ", t 11t 22 (4 tti9 t ti7 Lam' ý.1 I>iý Lt.! I t;. t ýý ý,,r, v^' ýr ý'I =-ý.. l C I---... x, sý.: 44r (jI ýJ L,J! J I. Iý-!, ý, Jt `l I-ýJ! crTýsý"... c; "L: ý,. ül: . alL po, <.: ýýL'ý 1ý2 /f/ j9 . Ca) D aw' CIp. 19y): 41&' c. tom'Ir cy (b) Loc"I ý 46 Col) A, h, 0.2.", a C:"=f" " e) C; -i l" 23 153 (c ! I 1I ý.. lj> I (.. L ) ý____ý r-l .,rte. u. ý u--ß. ýr" r- výa1 ýJLJ `ý"ýI), (csýrl ýIsý I)ý1=fir 4ýr WIs; Ir c ýý) Cc ý s J. JII rW.; I 4 (t,; I u*:,, -J t'.Ä. }A, u .ºý; ;r LI--j-; t; u6 dT2 ld 1vl. JSyf&, "1- r*A mi Zx jJ o,.i x41 j 5 li 1ý ý- I I 1u l: J IýeýsIj.J 11 0.. .b cä--50wI ýJ.ri; ý, ý; Jt (a) Q. (g p" 31o) 1r_::,%i:: 0 .w_. _' ii- ý};ý ,ý -.:, s. (6) aw' ( ýi I9k) a. 1ýIý_-C j ý.. ýto ý" i ý; ý! t , c) JI c o. L u.b. b P. 5l (c) y lI p aýw' (-Z p3o 9) : a1ý I L'. cs, 1. lI c ý.. . p" 24 4nß" d (e) flaº,w' cr'. S2) :+ a+ iii' 14 (b L--ý-1 L.. Lit. 1, 1, 1 IJ... (ýs týJ t)i JA . ý: ý"f, ýJ sJ r. n! ý. ý; a11c J' , , I ice = J)1 tS t17J l:, ,. __:ý L. , ý.; '" r--- ýýrý' v :. ýJy ... z,,.-. o J, IIýJI 1. 4. I 1:; "WI. iJ YI : 1 u. >1! L;zvt. r .s_i:,.: :: _.: ý.. ý : e.-J Axt L, '-"1ý.. tiJ 1 L! 1 1IZ; 6 t L° 4,ß,. r' V-: ý. .. ý... t . t.... y. ý., Ssi I i Lj " r... V., %- 157 sºt; t "ti' ItYt i tt L; e, Jj Jt. (mot-' i ý. ý;ý. _; . ý.. . ý..ý.. .,j ýJ sib 111(ß yy L: l..: t)1. ý. 1.J t LSJ14,. 1ý , ý+: sW1r; ý. ;, . ý, _; .ý.,.. ý;r" i l. ' C I >-0 r. j-S cr- 64,,..")t: iifýi 1)_'J "ý(:. ný ý I lJI "L _Jl ":. ýý1 al . sýi >_t f W C) 0t ", I 14 b (6) ý< ý (C) k. 0-M co(..cI ) 07 , . . A o),. 9M p "W) Cr f- 141"; ý J, 3ý 1 i1': ß1 ý a .. .9.0 s (i ýJ Jý Lý fý,,.! (f f tJt .La. 1 N' tJ ;. 1 1>>+; lt 1:: !,ý ýýj-J) LjJ, ý; ý. 14 C Cf Lou 12 ,o. 297) = tsýter- 4- cs Lý>c: 25 eI I Aj Co 'J s, 1 -..:,.. DTIyJ 1L4 ý1.d yJ ýý.., ry 4 11j "i il -/ "/i"ý 04 Jam-L%JI LIJI; L 4;, uv.: 1I ß.: 14, ".j ( :. L ) a.,: t., ) .; 161 l lkl Iý I s. ý .iJ 1- sr i iIJ 1I . ,. WI ý,:; Cd Jj U) Lj I IIj r u; rL.) ajs uIIa cb) ý) CST p"I f') A? 1 ä..: % ý t' . ý f` t`v 't cs iru .VJl: j iI >yt. w Wir --- Ciº%ý cý> :p (c) k3 ZU L4 t to Ci" au oLue. 29 . Cd) c. v. a 26 Lt.. J, 162 fßJ l '! -oýý cf 163 C J Iö 1sH I( ) a,,. ý.,.. " 2)1. ýJ ýL Cd U) (: ISSW'ý1 Iv', Iv, 1 p Li 1 1.s1 v v., ß:, v, c5f-all r ýyý iJti.., tytýr'ºý+%S, tý. . Jtýý; 1 1611 (e *, jjl 1C2V F 6A1je,0 Lib.,4, rt-*.. &t; ýt; L..ý: JI ý! º.= I :,; aW , o: C,l LuIo K) "j L-41ZýJý Z.: U41 U-j I Lo A*JC, 4;, Kf ýa2 GG6 Cý) is 9l c6) k9 ", CO Qa w' ýrý p 149): A L; -°7ýy ý1ý, a csm, lw » iaci L;.,i 14L:,..ßi cx-ý U .Lj ýý rýý 145 p) LoIr(. ilI,, f v., .s,... io L-- i ; L-, o týJ j..&; is (x , 46 , .a 1 " ul r-i Ji 1; s, Is_y; L), AL. -mau .. '.. ý1(l`....., l,, l ý, 4611 , ý.. ".. ti J L' l.,,,; lS, j 1J. L iJ1 Lr,: lri r. v6v-41 s fir. 9 cýs`11 :. li: LL U ý. l; 11,;5 J I 11)l: 1. _.. a. jj ,; x, k, A, -aýuI,, ý (6) J< K, c cab' 2$ 169 IýIy,. ýý L,,. !ý1,,.: lSý:.. 4ý1 lý iý ern sr' l4J I ý:.: u ý:.., u' -'ý ý;..,,.!r (ý. " äý! +ý ýrtý L Jc+-. , 1.. rL j90 Ca cl' , ýrti1I I 1.W I tS, i "' c,; ,i.; .. .. v Cý.;,)L'J i 17! (b ," lI 6v I.,1' L" L) -JArj- v-Sr u -, j I D041 3146) 115.6 29 Iý LLJ 1 I L-j`1Iý L i r1u;; v otI crsý! cr3r+=-c ,:. E..:., ýý---Ks .ru ýr"ý wývýý rý i J Ilý.. J. lJ "n. ý%ý- ýý "'ý yý L,: J 1 ZU 1.ii ý. ý, *' ýL, , 177 '174 1 !I I LJ I L ij. ijIý; ýl%l,, ýSL.ýJ c,; "ý I I1 raj, LAI1 LJIi4., x:1I 11 t j rt a dJy 0 -4; m:. (, t 4.1}: &,,, I LJf LW G','A. ufAß, 1 :. :,. 4- w -. rU v4 . r L. j - C ir-ý I ý. LYI IS LI it. r'ý+I tir c vý r.t. "Aiý. C) L:1Ll; vL LJ D ml s J:ý' CO 0 j> 1 (c) k, 15."L 30 Q lý ýSL." L:. I Lo L"ý1:1I 1 lýº,. 1 ý; ý. ýx cý :..,.. ý. ý ,qIO, C)L. 4L,. U- ý--'L. J; y- I %!!i ; C)). -,; 4-j- - Cjjý Os ! L". I I l pl ! ISS L-,I, 6 1,b ý. ý. Cr ; -= 0- jI :; -r yr ,u r,. , r, I I J).:. I u' 11; 4J L_.: ý j Lv-; ,J Ir y11., 6) 0LJ I J;l.;, js ý ý--ý Ls-; y, ImL..ä- 1t. JI zoil 1v* Ir L I) L c; A "- ß,; `)) ý.:. 178 Jr " UI '* v; ui -e "rSl-t 'WSJ Iý L:.J I äAL-ry:La I, uj. JI AL"c,; , v,. Co') i< oý Lq" (b) p Cc c) 1t sf ", as&; .. 31 179 Iý>V. J ý.. ý ;'J.. J t1u Jt°V'ýý iIsJ v. t. s. r S` i3` I$i V, WA f UI lb () L' ;: LY.; 11,.1.. J ýý !o cUI v. j ß,: (A,' I 1 Iýý ý I 'ý It `-ý*-ý r"ý rýcr ýýýrý ums- cý r°ý- f' ý, cat` Cý'rý v ýý ý 6 oop ,j 41141; Z4W 1 c 16 - ji dL." Irv (c)t YI iý rI,. 1 1)... u cr &- c0, JA &te -jj-f j ,; CU fl' u---- rciJ I J-AJ I ý.ýº.: Yi I') I ,: ýiI ' 182 yý ... ý. L; 1J j"" j I LiLý I "I V 1w ,, výý %-+w f`Y1 C4) l<, i. ý I (6) A, 4: lb O0w vet. 0 t 92 I )t Lei 1 ; IS j> J 1. L. SI J J.: J zr t v--b. -10 t.: -15 4. Y..; ý; A r_1s. . rr- v; WIsýt,. 1ý.. "ý ý,,: ýýý.. 1 t) L- JA I ,. -- U6 Cý.:.i C,,. oUI -"* L% I J L "I - I. I Ltta ;Lt LVIP%:., L; LJ ý. il I e-J I ,1v. ,t1, i; 1 ~ I it 1.'. L l,.Aº, l%ý ý-r"ý j '--I Cr Z. Lei ý'ý .. lri ý.... ) .6I1I, al., Ca) crm", (6) Soi r+ MSS :ý,;: WI tr !p` C-c) k, ", s1º Cd) /, `ß^4v Gc) A, f 33 j4 i ICW1 1 ti° ý, te-L-94 j»j;; j --c jY-l r rA rý- ßt r, l; j .94L,,-d j»_, 0 4-.: -2JL. :..,... ý1 p, rL 4i t J.. ý jU1. J, 'Ify Iý ;LJIý. L"JI L:J I t5' i 1) ýý1.;.ý ý, .ýdIz; c,,.,;; V c ... 1jc? J 1) Lew 1) LoI I) 1i vIc, "''' 4-- iY ca6ü '" 0 0 s-IyJ "Ji l. .:.OL ... ) U. a.)eL v). Ljr. -Ui s;- j I Lt:o I C--Ij;IL;Q 1.1...9, Jý- t--Ui rp.:tv; ) 03-LýI-# -1,0 rrL*-. ri I- jI Iß4 j ýeý" CA) 0, 116 b Cb) 1ý 67b. 34 ILJ I)I JIUI.,,; L; J. 1, C'- I ýýL, ) J J I al CýIl. ý.. 1(ý Lam) Lt, 5 I l. ý'+Iý, ý,, 4: Flo -- r-: Cýt ý%'; JSt+ c, rýlS1 ijv tS> i;, I If3,1( W (hrý : LSYI. i;. >L. ai s)» LS%l Jam. s . J J. J GJ IhpW I L" Z- U) I 4j I IJ ):; C, J.: u + c-L ;,,. LcL J, i;. J I I, 1 I I w) "s-ý;. : , JJ -B, .rý WLI"? ; J 1v LS I S-1ßI ".t% l14' J*J SA 4J1'LIý. ý.: Lk, IS ICJL" II I ., -.ý_. AJ ý ° A%r0 p" ;JýIt. 11 11, &" (sue 1 189 v---6 cm u-s J.. SW I 'ILr, l llI L"1( L- t J-td `i-f I.." d-*-" ý, ö üº lL'1 ä: ýb ) 1I v., -.;,. l,, J 1 y1v lSý Ihrs l; l l '' 1 t ßj1;. ý; ý+l csý wttýº _s+rýrý la i; 1b " ý. iL )1ý:.t (a) P7LVXMM. pt 0a -- , w_` (xe. 228) C6) L MU (e. 132). - (c) 0, w., 117. Z. 35 10 o-- Ol "l. l I 5'J I, L =L ) (: ,11 r, u*^-uýýc+-u' c .)( (6 WI I"llI ýL, rt 1 i., ui iu, L".1I Sv K) JS I J. uI I1 11 1Iý )J a vi . ý. "Lß: ý,; ýL"ý, y, ý,: "1 11 , $1 -11 c Lsfcr0 is ý8! K) 1 i ý---1iC0 v+-ý r u6w .ý... .s--- um C-, -r u+Li-x uxLJIJ!. t 41 ýý. %ý ý, (' CVJ4:. J) 5 Iß Lýy+/b's' W7ºLJ V~ý ý Vi I, 1ý7+ý. flaut i IJ L_rJ I L". W. Iý 3Uii 1,,ý ä; r, I =411C.*VJI Li ýp :ý "1 ' ýJ .tSw i rýJ) Q OAIJl ýSýýý i ci Ca) cur p" 2Z5) _ Ls, tcý ýtJ 6). DA? ý CSI to. I92) : ý,,,,;, ýi ý,, c "a:.^ ý, ".ý'' r CI t'. 336 ý-, ý _z " t,: , , ,,. 36 I i.. )l; v,,,; L Iý L :Siý0 ýý . _.. t J;;; r'l r:-6 l: jt; J Ir1 ,; j Li 14 jýý 9; (a v-----ý (ums V ä: Is ( L) "4 ý: - uý ..-ýý C, us rJ .iU; :. ) 190 1.4 Ct ; tu UIJ L, J I i cri; ýhrý ýý. i-SI'4 0 Z? Jsr'ý'. m.% 4ý Uli ýJ. 9- ". ; c A II JILyI.. L, (4) D aw' (SL p" 73) : ý.; q,:..ý c3 a: t9ý cr vIý. 1 ' C Mr Wt :% Lr L I) :Sk CLcULal F. 2 9) ::,,, csý cs Dom' CIM zu) c6) k, . '" " ö8a (c) f" :.. ýý 14s> 6ý ý, ý. ý & I"ý 0) k, ro-, ' wzw0 37 19º i'w / ) XU-1Z t- .IJI Cý; AjU wd, <<---r 1(; 1 ü», 1 ..4, »jj clL-b o>W u6 J. 4L tAi Li jtu'' 0r -'ý hjr%`J it-u L. i`I I aýýý. of v. ý. ý"vs 'J . 1;;1ý, i, J1; . ý, Ljih ru ý11 Jy J 1 JU1 ý1 uýýcýr srý. r sn', sl vý- uý9 v4 JA 44912 4 Ca)' (IX PP. 24 I- 2) R' ý 'ý1 4-ý `:. º; ý,? cS: ý¢J ýý " f-o-Q-117 b cc) 0, ý.. r Cd) 2"' C8' P. zc z) " a1,1 tW- 99 " ,ü; l 1J UI L'v., 1 jclý Is L. (c-L wa, r. c,; ; Lai I ;rý .ý..,.. C." r *Ainl ý..,.ýiO IA,. I k;. ,4 M. i- I Lc I IS L% I d ir'v U; r-U s, ' u &-'J' j4, tL+-4I ,;;? Lu Lj. 411. 195 ýb I IjL, 41 JIý.. 'ý...; I .0. ý, 196 ( C) I 1. 1I (cL .UI a# . s... rL*..: :AUIl; e.: lýS Yý rº d 1-i I " ý,: -ý-ý,c kx; rt'' :. L-J 1 t; 1 _! ý uj Jd....ý u' "4,i u' 0t r*a 1-ý---- Li I 6L J I Lýl.. I ICI I I cr% c, "J . l... ý,ý..: ýJ ti.,4 .u1 .. 190 u, -" 'i I tk-I!s-u1; 4 may' -, (A) P 4,ý' CTP. 55 fat. 7tvnýu.,+., oý+ tc... e) k. s. (pl) Dom' 39 17y , 400 202 1 N ýý I. i L L. iC 9I ll1 ulSý'`rrsý1 -ý+ýs ýrrý -ý cr'!: . j. 4; (c 203 If << 4" I JIrl Iv. lf ý cý-w-1 vy:.. uý cadýs , ý.ý. u ýý, L-) 4--o4. I Zg. si (ýu-ý' " rß ul - c `a'» -Liu 0, (m: ýI) (0) o-2", il8a (L) Dc u' p. 23v) : c" rs,. I>.. ý"! rte- tS 1.' (3 ýý v Lei __ /" tý i/ c5jýrZL) . cs co Cc) Da Cp"3s ý t, "ý- ýsý c3 :., .s w' ýý ..ý.; s ýý ...::, ý (äs %äý,,,. J IJV, Cd) 1ý, 686 tc tý ý) -ý %, gis : csy,: "t "ý,"Q"" 4o' 2o4 to; 1i. froL". wLi1( 111LS u"ýlJ#': utJJ ý-'ý. LOL 11 j.. ,. ri jzýII Ad, 1 XL; : riy j -_ý; ý.ýJ LJ 0 .,,r fW .5;; 2o(, (,,t, .a (a) c- 3o i) '4-I3 L- p. : LL- .j i3 J t; L4 t. cs Ap .. Z #I... k, fib) c (.c.. c) d , ö4 . n92M . 41 Cb C ""' ý++ s. 'III '1:.; 71.x: 1 lw ty6 4» L:; Lt-,j i 6 43- 4 Ji; 0*- -*! ` -0) zo 2 o'} ."C ')J I: 4 Cm4,6 j:. t rd Jam, v>> 4V 75)LV6) J ý,.--y , ,; ýº,ý, .ý'W 4y, ur - s, A4 -) (e 202 . L10 209ý t-OLUI1 1 ý g'1 tai ,.. 00 1) ý-, WU; u ýý PAe+.., ýsýatiº' Ca) K, tk, ' ` crft " (6) wy! "p Cr p. 265) (c) 101 4 2. C37 $46) S. liSt . %; ý2 -o. s 6,11 tä a..: 3 -. v Lt, d2d c ate,, .. li >e ö g.; i, lýeý v ýj.. ý iý t ýr ' c3 at: c:;,sYºý [o cs . ý; cJr,: i ý, ý a:, AA--. (0()0t1 "º$b (e) Q.. '' C Iý e"s3) ), ýi ö-m t..;,J-La cscf""9) .k' ýr 41 1)I,,.. 51I, ilI Swl. JI: YyIs L, (:. L ) 3; i,ý v{,. r.4, ý ý,; 211 s, " 't... oi GL ..,,,.; 4J L. -1C 211 (b Iwv 2J3 .0 ý,-ý ýý- - uKrx ) ums ýsý; J BIS _- u-cs (c) p (XL 3 6) ý-- . . OIA-i' f. ti 0 q L,3 2 LI-Leil ZL- .... 2ý6 1'J I 1 iLl. Lf) uff' »r a: uý ti.: 1 tS lrr- lJ `4 L" s yº.: -.:; . 1-' LýJ ýýrýr t 1ýº.,,i U ýý% ý ( ýý'ý'ý t rL° cri ý1 ,. ý. ýe csýýrý c. S 4%zli J. ' ( :, iI I f'ß"5 W (ý I i: " ýýo"-r, ___ ý:. ý ' cr, ýS ý' .. J Is3 ýýb J Ali: "Lr,.ý ., ,i; :..ý.. ýy ý.. ýiý: '::' uý 221 ýf-r') La 1) ZI4I,ý,J 14Si ý`1t) JýJ JI lu": t) J L7441) c;- tirt v' ' Cc I2ý _....,,JI:;. j LJt) "trIt t3tiro in`=- ?1uß-, 1/ I L, L. 1I J, L' u--.. ").., ýJ .. ý.jdo rijI --) ýf---, m ; )o---; ,ýY Ic Ca) Ks A+9 C') ,J Cd) d, 1lre", II ß I "1 I -ý It JY6 C .76 'o j; i' I.; 1' 1i Lv L. :. -J jULL1LLJfi. f `1I ý: º % 4:----' :"r-L: ý; ý:.ý ý,. ý1=ý.. -: (,. Imo....: ' I äý.. lý. ýýý ý ý ý J ý- ýýt " ;ý ý:: i ýylc .: mss! ý,S ý. U 2: jIej Iýj CL^Jlce -J J ý-I I `1(,;;.:. ý (I %' ý: s; v'-ý`-= , Ctc, U. U- ' Cd J>IIj Ll I J t J. .229 ( sr-^ , 4. ,.r 3ý Zir-J 1JI LýJ iI JL_Ji ß': T, ý,, %ý bý -i? : ý..c (c) Q !. ; ýc) 7 'ý 765AC /.. -). c,,,ý . vet .so ry: cu "b9a (d) b a'-1J 45 a 4 La. 14, ij, ., e=- --r-Sv tom- ' rT ý' J :.:... J crT, . 4 ýl- " .. uý J... LJ sJ °t r (b ss (ý s 210 i ;: I W, J1., 4,:,:>.; t )a J. ., J I, s i,, ts jy, :.:i L "JI,; uýl--ý 4, 'rr-ý, Iu ý I is3 (( )) cýýi uý u-". -'-," uýýü2sl-;° r, ý! :., ý. J z. L , I,_.,:. ýyl Li L. t,, 1,L, Küý Iv 41 t;, I) t L., j 1= I) " -z.v'S) aal, = r,, " Z- ýýf ... 132 4-" C r, Iý JIB "/ i:sV I ýsls lj KA -1. ss`ý > cs> 1 1= "r ep >-,o iL au j.. '-y "4" (c) Q'C EI '. s s)t Cd) b K, Cf) ?n1. o, -ý0-2 "f 19 (e5 A++4n.22'4 t 441., ißt C xt JI c W' p" 19l) (9) S"c .oii +- L-ý, "s c 4. i t.. r. Z1c b 46 2$$ J Ir JJ LJ 1,, 111 J4, J3 ýwý ýýý Ono--ý I on u-ý G) M4I" 0. P e ,.., 14 8.0 -Li 13 ý ýý I 1t,:.ß' " , ý,,,ý ; ý-ti-=u ;h--ý-ý' J ýý ý,i=- -ý ýr"ý 23 6 L 1. Li 1YIsd Le ( )j a-r u. ý -ý-1(cß., , r%>, i c,; yL (: 04 CI I irl Iý IýY Iý 'rrj ,r. zr v° r 11..1 JI L& (.:. L) J- of , dme äol. Sjj L:l 1, ä:J I :; 1,: l "i .ý ý. .. - IC.0 ý-'r^ -. J... b Ca) 1<, "ýoý " 69 C6) sJch arg- Cp. 4ºý 1s, 1 Cc) (c sA ýr" () ks Os-ýCA "" (e) -, 120« " 47 239 (Q 23 ü%. AJI Jar JAI J, ' L) SUS i. t to-u t, (- (. JA 16 r--- Lt u ZL- -5 -1 a-t, 1 j4 dI A d'a L wl 4'r---t ti ": vii cw% ,i yowl (4l :r , (C C) ýý-ý ä. " u'-, ý%J "4ýs uy ýjý a r+ tom: ý., ttv; v6 Výj ,vý;, ý. .. .. 2'ß..y J°j Jt 1js,6, Sýy, l" r"., Q1t 4I h.;,.t wSt+.;e n.. J1 .,:A 'ý'ý ;. 1_. LJt ýJJx t. J, ;.:.. { %Jt J{ 4Jd +4 ut . La 4ý f* 4t "e j"" 41 iii L A:1A;, J'u1' 4-r tie CMjI Jill ýd 1S3 , rtr brti:. 4P . vJ,:. 246 ýýY". Oct : ý° owl vt CA- -, 'IA: t%ý+, 1I (QjL ) "'G'' ýi .0+. txý I t,... ". ýr %G . JY. r ý tu :yIý.: -1 uýl! art -ý-. » L º. e1,v ßs--1. qU t ýJ--o a' L 4i °'9 `°- C.3 CS i'rý-b Cl-e. ý'! ý cý)C-"ý L:..Jý . ý! '-ý1.. ir41ý> -ý Cs. W lc' Cb) k, t. li D a.ýw Cäc. r" 255 )s i Lt8 ä; -. - "l ; %- ß. 1l ) lo ý1; Cs týt'JI C.I. 4. %17,, ý Irv I Y_Jlj Jt1Jl, jU -) C.., ý: -+ý týý o (C Jrý L aLat j vw v-'I ZL4 ýf . 'f a Jli ?r ev . (ý ': e; yV9'. jail,,,. 1.. ý f"e SJ 4; i., A : ý1/If a.+ýlý a; 1..+ý "J1 .i ß d ,JJ "ý 150 ýý Very irr- ý' li Lai l` JI F. u ý-4 ýº. ý r Ylac 41 kJ L.,% 2.51 C) . L ý--ý L4, 4t-ß 4- 1-101- 4 .wL, C ý rýW *L6 Iss f-oýJ (a) 0) ; g"' 12.0 Cb) Sc L, ý1Ss 5L c f.., 5 P" Ito ýM. C. CC) ! 'v u----ci, 4-ý ti.. il iv KJ Jý Lº 11 J v . o! J- , 4,,. x.: 0.. ß: 4rc, ý, I ltiJ I J(ä J I 1, cr-% ,ý, p ý, :. u' uý. "- .ý1 u.ý -s- CU- > 44--c zsa 4 , -..ý I L"1I ti. L" ý !cuj "ý-- LJ I -ý- ý, ,o . o ß=-r4 ý u*"ý+ý-hr-ý- vý " -Lr c,ý 11.i I J}L. ; r---ý. ß: ): v,: J I u. Ztý, L".:J I, Z i lý L" ý) ýdL 04. jic .JI jL .,: J oU Cl 1., luj Ij 4t L 1:.. Li 1 L;,, 1, I1s3 . ß :.,. 00 l $, 'L-. " ý. (Jc. il I ý1,:.. S + . -I cr- c ýL"ý f .. > " 4tJLJIJ)I,. ý AwI 3... 1 .. x. J L, J x1 9I Uc (s W(", 1 ( j,,, L"ý JI 1.. yt . i.. %, l,! 17 i. Jl:J i, L 1I if v+ ýº . `,; ý.ý,; LaJ 14,,. l.o y_L:. y ý..i.;. l ä. ý%ý"t "' i.. yl rS, 'lr., %ýLº (at:,: ý ýý+ýt "L",ý 4 ý. c'2?*tl, c,; 9 IrLyIä.:.., j*1:J I yI ( L) ý.. _,.. ub.ýº*-ý 'ý". u' ý, , s1.ýCv1, ýt .t!. r u' , :); L"J I 1,1.:,1 Ir s»J IJ f.... ý "-X I I cr. ý; M, . u. ý iuK-il ý+iOui -ý- ; N.. t1 . t,.. ý 1A) WI lä vý ä: l (ý,; " , ýlA .t4 ' ß: JL Ca) A, ýI Qmm' (Lp. Sý) (1) t csý ý, ý: ,sý fir. ßi11 (c) d"1 !g (ol) ýaw. 12 rý (1It e. 2S 4) týý ý. ý 5o Da 11;ý,; l.J 1 J 1gJ;.,; ( u--ý -s---"%> u ; ,: y,; .. aL) 3 1 I L-11 t,: J 1 J, ý. 111 -x-14 rw rY-ý=" u"' rý ý, . a.,p ýb. 4 l.; ýý. l,,.. Lý,.i I Y LJ 1C I: i;, 1Si " c. . ýý..,r t .,:s, ý3 v ýý(Sl `I I u- 1 I 'rß-`1IsL. i ý a_ll s.F D-t u' -4; u' r cy ý-L I 'w j 14 Larýý äe%>;. I I U1s 11. J I ý1---LJJ jr- ý:. rj. L. S, rA sJ r v, r. J, 4 >1 Zý 5 i Jilr Z'- Is ( cr-t u-t u-a-)11+ as :. ci .ic,: c-L) j W1ý ) U', 1 .J1 C>. ti:rt . ý.o.. . ý..ý. 4U J. e "'""' w (csý JJý.. I U1 " J' 'ýW csi ".i 'w1 vi f 1i: v.. IJ II14.,; ( al 8 öy ;üJ ja t. JJI j, I 1.;,.. J.. CXa1t Jis (0 zts J. L.,J I J I . J, --ý.+ jc 1 u,4U ry. uº J, i Lß,.;1I) y, J 1cJ tosIi Cr- UI ;r----% tpl,:,."" -_L, ýiý i (tS JI I i" J JV t.. i . -i- .ic, 'rL. Jr 41 `-*--%3tJ' `I tir ýtJ+-ý C," ýj..: ý . "J 14te,,zr%1 4`1, , »_U " 2C1 .17cp 1 Li 1 Ley I J, L LjI. IS Lt., JJtc I zes u; . p3I, ;. 1j. b.,J v L- M Wit= (b) K2 R2e'- (0) Dww' CZ ß'"n9): &-=. L5 3 a41,5"'Cc> I' 9) tici4 äw Cur p. ýo):ý, ý1 i d, , cd) 4 '' C ý°" '- 'i `cs;ci (e) A, c%-.ý` I CfýD oar' CýT Q" ýzaý:ý X1,1 ' '" 19ý? ä' 1. %w 0,11.1 b `:,, ý all uj b ": aJ ` ýý1 C9) Z CIS)k, ýý ci) k, A, 4.61s c;) Ski .a. C gL ý" t ý; f (K) k, -ý"' 7a b CL) <., A, .ý. -ý. c:..ý -.ý. .ý---ý'(Mý cam. 51 1. J tý ýr ß(ý-L i ý.,ý. DL: :r" -4,r L; cr VL.u. ýZ- Z!. 273 Jc 331L rý .u . ° WI ýr" 1Jý t lý : lam,;I Ls ý,. u ate; t: ý. aJi-s vr" ý:.,ý.:. aý. ý. i a . r: Alaa ý. y-- t- y lý tt,., ;t tA; tý fir I L,,.,L,:, o J) I t. J-c J1 l 'ý' tý "1) il I)a. I c,_1 , ý.ý aý.r a ý; "r J :1I, ý1I, %!o . a.rJ (. tu Lit 27J "_J JI' L"J 11, t, LY.:.. :. A IyJ II d -A.... .1 IJ tJU, lJ I 1 1ý. l, :1Iv t$ý.:,, a.,. rI cl. taa',° cri ýa CC °j yiC.., = J I l+'-"Ii ;.,: -, lam..; ai .; r.. .i r!: ,iiI . 'r; cev ý4j I; Lti 1ta: rý )U U: u( ,lt_ vrý%! ýI oaf ý.: ýJ "Jý:; ..L: 4.1 ..ýýý (ýr. i.,rß.. 1t 1-% L4) J, =%ý4. i ýý.,oS LuIJ.ý.. J. t. J. ýý.:ý, Y a, _II, _,Q, ý i ý, t, ýý:,o. >____-T. ý ß,"u .1i 1 v--ai ýr-c I---, I IU. I a5---_-_ v6 fir. ýr u -15CrItji ro sU OJ L,, I 14 -1 LkL-c01 ý' cc) CQ)1c f emit ckýaýr Cb) d, ". 12"tu k, = 1$I; 1em4. ? (d) O, d4 " () 0, om. Cf)A9k, ofl"C. 3) f>>ý"`' 51 o' ý v ý----+ q--" J-4 M 6 , POO' 0 .9 J L.; P L. JWIC, -'. t I I - -s jIý '`j A-J -k 2J .;: I il' cli I Cs- LJ I cr= L 't, =JIs jlt, %rs Jt rd äYI: r'. J-ß`1 Lam;YI I. ý, I, ý. Laste.:, . J;, JIr' LiI`pitY Ir`1I>A- -t1; JtcLtý-LUI, vwI I t v__.. ':. Cr it .ILa; "f :ý. g u{, sJ J.^. - L, JL 2 I I WIJ. oIII ors 1041 :.:,.J L.. +LJ s,. A J.., l Is . s;1 Is JIL L---ILiI r-As rrs., cr u. )L ý-ýý=s uz; 4 trUVLi, ) 1t. 0 1s ýý. ýlt v.,. ýIip ßs1t j. -UI, -fUi rj. JI c-L t. ß; t j j, -- -j 4*6 UI ",siý.. i, .: `iitiº sj'ý i o. , yta. J t L: ý.., t t 1J I ý1; - ý; ; "', ý. .,, r.o ý; ý. ,. -ta..-, rý : ..! ý:, . ; r-ýs rLj ýa 4, lay! "aý dYý " ant, ?týiýa. ceý ýpýa 1: UI 1 %J, Cb).O>>. ý:ý Cý) I< .f 71 Cot) 0, ! ((n) Jý iSý t. ýý ý ýIý., týt, : ü ký ý LL; ý 'ý,iýsJ1 s ý lý v-> 'ý ý.. +º acs- l, 1 (9) 0" `ý sý,;."' tin. -ýý c,- r" -ycrý crm. 1 53 L"y,.!I UI JIIIV& ý,--J. . c.ý.. . t. ý.. riI =-L, L". l.. ILLIv LS) IJ+II 17 SJLJ I .,. "J j(rW-1 j4 ý, " `ýI 283 ..: 11J4;; JLJI Jtý, lS JI JJIJ ) r...... ß.r. ý, ý,.ýt,: p tUI . c(ýL ixJ., i! i LLJIý, to &-J 4t. I. 4-1 l; j, U ý.: l IsJ I I Ir I ( a. of (S uL Jt ýj=`I'"' Jý ý(+ JYl j-J _j c-L 10)). li.. yivý, )l l.i . cý+u; al ,. ý s1 » 225 il I l-J I < ! i . .s,,,.. .i J4 ., r= ,a. 0-C ! ý`" IJL r' `' v'r' csýc, ý-- -s º+cr>, cý-ý'J NM J)w t sly ýJ1ý.1 t ýJý tý :Jt; J äý tJJIsJe , u+wr«wý c, crt uý ,i 27 s, I C)4 roA t IuI. 'rj IJt J) jI (ý. L) ; `'J rs Jt .w*s ýv ur LSD T. 211 J 41, l, Ui"I u f. JI cr lA, C j; i .1.; L JA ' J--. a-.. v+ JL: 2 210 I `----ý ; L6 u r- `ý'J"% uº +1üi "=JSjj Cf rv- 211 J 1 L. =j I (i IJ!. ( ý-L) OLS2 49Z: -. " ,;rt - v-. jj t c,, 3 11-PS;Olt 44) I.P: Lr Li 6 c)o 1M C ýt ? ý u. P" 2ý4) 0.t.w. "i (" )2ti' : csM; (f) r"e jitzL. 31 7y : SG.;1.-ýL't- ZI- l, J tiIv, L" J I& t l. ýr..` ;r' ,. + :.. t ._.: S .tý.ý. cam' ti''t''' cý Ir I). il 1LSl. 1 ý. '1''r' 'ý-.!; JWvIý, 1I 1A) luL6 j JJ t) jz iIx.,,. 10 ý---a r°l: LV6 .' 214 A# LL-Ji 20L-- ý; lJ Is%, t ýS 'ý-ý% t _..% "l: r-s -ý r-c-I r'L"t -115 If 1. L" 1zL J L14 1, toI I :. ýA IS UO UJ..J I t4 # ýy.:.. t.. - zJ s, :..: J-ý, iJt, Imo; LJ t Uý, L t; J1 JýC ý4 S . E.ý1 rvt: :. r-r" ri'ý r " -ý» ýýIý 29 L Iý b)ý" tý' `Xc-=- 1J iS iýý. J iJ t. l:: i WJ v-ý cri r. %º1-ývI ý1 ß: . _ý.. ý: . ýl ; ate. ý" ; t... t ýjyº; I ° iu. 'ý1(cý r' J'. ý jrtý "s,ow 4 L"ý"ý I'LrLI Lr. 6 jL I I . ý. _. jI4UL, cý s-L- c, rAi "! ") ls L. r.,, j.:, 2ý. I LJ I Lhl..l I 1s;jt `r.. " I- u '300 290 ? 98 4ý1r tý L-ý Z...W t ýl... LJ I ýIýS " 4-! ý--t uý cý ý)l.. f. r ý. sAm -º-,,, I Jt i ý;x: J I" tr i Jr Jý ýe fir. ýi ,:.ý .ý,: A Lv IS I Iý ..or rtr, rWtI 20, - I'c- I : Le. WIuI, a 1. Lt4 w to <<---=J -c c) ". S. d» r° -4w ,,. J I 106 Ir 1I u FIC. ... cý. r J1 Irt; L-; ? l.wýýiý.: JI( : 41 Lo vyýUI LL Irk r<,r) b 1<, (a) }ý ý02". 71 b (6) 0, M", 123 AI (Jýº1I I ýc+'J i ý...1 Iý WIý, ý i !. 'J""'ý'°, -; '::ý{"i ü'' t,lýJ' vý. Ja ti 'ýJ `J'=4ý t,ssf iiTttl' rJ I lami 7 ý1.., 1I, (ý lS, i,:; LiI (s: l, I 1°, u . ý., J' .JIý Jýý. aJ v ý. u" "Y.:, ýl ý*-). ý.. u-Y 1 1L 1 s J-. ý, -ý." of u{tJ &41 D1'% ui Jay 'J 3oýA I CLc,LJ 1)f f I : S, 1ý. l,. J I" Iý;yc J I 1( -'-ý uº "J , J,; . ý. i y, .Lc, .iL: ý,.,fi.,, ý:. il I IC Lv. I Im- LS, " Jr zr rl : iJ v-ý. sJ crl. u LAJ J, L '21&.., j z. I I£P1ý, 1, :.,. I, : 1t I J j 1 .._: J;,.: ýJbJ (,; ßäsW ý;:,, syt.ýº ý.: l YJ .ý. c.; I YrJ r I, J IC Jr=ý l! I L".., lýL L L'.1 I r--°LJ ý. Jý1 u{., J" -J ý., r.. fr L IJ1... 11 I.; Lti4 1I.: I. vI.,, vfJ,,; ßy: - cj f c) 113 j yICJI., r., J4sUJ-iI Cd 3, c 11 UJ 1 1.,.,, Imoe I. jJ L41 S J.a c., t 19 v, al! tý DLJ J-c, - '1+1 1 :1, - 21.41 309 Li I 001Z)' i Uti ( .L... C, s1 J°L" ýJ"r11u *-, ; Ji yt v+ r-L 1:ß., ( JA I J I 1(;,..,, J 1, a-:. - r sJ : Cm ei;, ß. > uu `,. << p,. J11,, ,, 1. LJ Ir 1r..:. lJ I LJi U- 4 >I 3 r z- i '_.4U :j .:. vý &j c,,;e-,;, r :, >_ ?c9 j-- S 14 Z, b: 91: W1 LS_ (..:. u r J" :1 s: """j1; 4l%) iUIv.. U 1 `" L41 1u53 "-11 jjJ h L%U I, J J ajJ -ar'IyJ Lj i LW cxjj -e'-11c t: 6; ." CA) O 124 A, Cc) I{ Cdý ,'o?. , a Cb) cs,;y oý 72g tr>' &- v Jt,, ". LJ , ,ý uff,,, ! 24 6 56 Ji--"-ýIý-ý: WI JýyIC: ( 1 crýýuIvýý v° ý c, ýL I1 t '7L' (-L+ OL-S3 v"w t' -' u-t -'" ui (*o° o ft-- o, &u ýaý--1ý"1I 4r- %I. L"L-1Iý. lý.l I y) Iý°ý.... Lamv LL ý xs1, (ý,vý1Iw u-ý 3St tº. U11 L"" LIA 1, iUt" li, .U1vS1LvfS,, :J1,c,, cJt uJ j- 4- rte-uxi JL) ) °'(d r o., (e _ý. `' ~; I I Iý 1I ý! I lý,; It I1Slý ýSý--=ti ý-ý`w cý ýº! 3i2 -311 L. I jAI J I JIv: (z. L) v CL-zmr-: -i J+ z4l:,. C*- 3 J lJ I L,, is, I, J I, I LJ4s, WIrsJi ý ",;. v JSL .ý,. ý, ý. cJ , i., J" A ,L:. ý11 Irj W rY IC, (ý. L) .4ß, t1 L>b ) c,; , 3ý.5 s, ':. u° iii- Ix: I .. ýrý aJI, I, lý L" 1 1.ý..., J 1 ° -.. j zJ (Sr -i I Jýý, LcJtQL,.,. J Lsj 316 v, ýJ ýl L:J I 1:1 I.ýl Ivr; I. I l+ý ) w, x: j. :, J J, J` u : :-L I...:1 i,. yt I, 1,,,1 t, 4 Y (bý IS, IJl, qt '; Lx;r.; j241 . L+, J-i v 94ii r tir WI 1I J... toodL f. L. It Ju --r-SL+ JJI., J, .ýjJIv ýý rJtv ý' ý1,9) lý..; JI 1I Yj J t Jr, L ' LJ I Iý,.. 4., .i, ,L; Y. ,ýI . ý;ý; ;ýý". -It .r, .»J r, iY :,., ý LSI1 (: 1....1 I ý.; "ý:.:.I I ý,,,ý.; ýt JY., ýý T , , v, ý ýi x. ý,.; ,; ýt; i Wir---ý ý. i i" Imo,; , ý"1ýý.. s ýº JrJt ,... .. L;. .t::,... ° ý. . ýr (a) k, sl kJI (b. A ýýj Co) k, ý'a2", 72 b . "b) cul. s . Cý) k.. D . ý,.at c1ýed,ýt Ce) 0I1! ýý) aw' XL p. 23o) loý (5) Otf C1+..I) k,. aý", 125 Q 1 57 '. i LAJio .. cy ba 320 ý 3'os t ttýf t Ir i Ji: JL+iJ ý} ttý L-j 4ý ý rk rlý C,- 0 14 I. `t `JtcitJ. J= L'- JI, trgi; (, ti . tom. v' ý-: 4I a1 ,I L_ý. Lý I ý1II>-16-":. 6_: _-j cý, J I; It, JLJý S'1 L" I t rte--"iý ýYJ i '. LL ýý-: yJ ra .jr i-J J-ý 'ý-i' : .Jt: ":.:.J 'l:.. J IIJt_.:: ý :JJ, 1ýr1., oWI ZC-ui,: -"a I Jf 1ýr"ýý). '1sl.. l; :., I : U. v---ý o-s! `rr1' r°I:! >ý. - wJ I Jý ý l; ?-,: I I!- 4S"' L L-I `11 1): LQ 3ýG I L*^JI 1ý..: L«. = ý1-ýa-ý ýr" v- Lo J ý. ý1ý ýr"ý fir- cýý iJ ur-.. J 1 Z. :, S1,:.,, I 9 ß. s-7jý" s,,ý-: aß%1r --"-ý .:-- V., cý=ý ca) l< 0-4) k, '') 0, . '., I1 ýb Q-,,," c9) A It b U) a. I< 7 ,,, 52 a ýor J*; - J Lo l; W1 i L, r32. ß Zif . ti. .. ; U1tJ1u,., WI &Iý;.., ^; s, ýº cýr-ýý ý 91 i ý. " a1ºi JI Li gis ý 330 de J 1.9 (ý. ýl (s Le. L) s1( 1,.... r) , i( `. ; f L":, 1() L" lam, l:. 1I l ý WIr , 9 rA, .L. sý, º ýJ IS, äß; L" 4jLÜd; In Iýý, ý---" v ! >rji) .1j ', (:zL utý ýr'ýý 1 4J e,.. iJI I IJt ., 4 yý ý.. a. .ý ?31 L. G ýä A v, :.;,, J L t¬. 1i I. U I(syJ Is?.; ý. . r,,. o ý,ýº; ý? (ý I, I )u. ý; ýJ IU I".; L" ;. J I, 1I, ' -%3JIs"y ýJ uSL1 ý, ý, ý.. .: art .s' ý i..ss" ? L'L l; +ýI, " al iJ, G:% 40 cr a+l. %ýý-r= 3s7 l +ý, I L" !JI l'J Ir l: Ji i! s-A'- J i'C: , 1.,ýJ ýrw) ýý ý,. ýi srA sari-ý ý. ;Tý 324 iý» l. 1 tv iS, tw 13 j L. A, -W 4-0rZ: ri -'1 ýr -mssape ß:4. I, . lý,J I, W I jS I I i t1 ý, .LJI ýlJ .i cý :4Jrf!, ` *. `st. i.! ýtý; col) A, cb) AK, ehvi dw? Cd) DAS,,' C317 g: lý co 1- f-ý ". c. cý.: c c tý tc! ý v 1ý="a:. . ýs ý. -. - Le (e)D CXL. $131: aw' p. t85) : :ö Wit :-JJt gis" y' (fý D 73 a (14) 0 {ý 6 i) oý ", 12 °! l .0 aw' C 59 IrLII(c. L) , t6 ý: W1sAWIr 1,1611.. ý el j r: J,-O- - uýr"-+- )' cri' t >> 0 : v. ayý, -3-Jv% =-L L I's J 1 4 WI U. J.. u.. 1 ; 1) rsy 'LAU g 41 (e. pot 1 1...J, Its I i. iý... s1( ýtýºi: %Iý iýY'ý! at" J'j t)" ý. 3uý-ýI- 3C U'Jf)'"t L) 4,; )LJI r'1aý)I4, .Vb1; U. La IJs 4*; 0 J 4J C 3ýs -4; y r L&..; ( JI iI lAn . J. I 4 loci v t? .L) " , t113v tU'i rf. ?. y ISJI. ) J--rt ý+-"1; LAttf j)y ýr "L ts . ý.a.. Li( LWI LblI Li i 11;, 4-A .S1 .JI L, ý ýýy. ý..'.. ý ýº qy y: - 01AJ, "L'rte L% ; J'rJ ýf-- :SJ LJ I ') I -. =IS) +.i' iY ý--a jC ..w tIc. r; t"' I j;;j4 I,j 1ý ýº Cyr-) rIJ,jI s, -U:. L.. ß Z; j)L u-,. ' 0 ,; jr° v4 9) k, Pnýrrvvº+ Q ' P"%8 ýbý d" tý) (a) ", 'ý+ a,ý, iuofi (e) ýýT. 1°"ZLSýti wý läß. LW o' ýýý ýJ . ,ý IL ýjl ("ý (ý) 6,0 Cff P. 146) =- L d,. l w/-ý' 4 o, - oL"., 126 mw' .: b. .,,, d ýýýi - (, )<, ' ".. 73 iii w rr*ý ýý , uv."r r_ cs ""(9) +) 60 I WI J-A I Lt. L; I J: L. J I4u. 6 %raL.. 11,ýý5ý ". '_J &%- rya' *; -=ý -c c.sJ ) -Li 34$ ( JI uý UJ 1f '7.6t,.ß. CJ-4j`' Cri Cj-- 'I.., ra, k)U 71(v... 1ý,. I "Lý1 `a``ý. l (, Iý'J I) L", r-ý+ý ý 91 ýý'`ý1 ms'sj N,+(`*t' f° y) 4 " "ry -L. vjj : =J rr ý9 1 I% UIfL. i ,. t, az: JLID .ý. ý.. .I1 s- L,, 350 + 1I I Ir il I jA I L I ý1-- ýr ýýC -ils ýý' 4-º4ý srý . s, -j L"JIJ) la .: ý.. r_J, Z,: u' JP." Li oleo ip Ko (7 127 'w . Cc) , -f o-e", = 61 351 (a 4J I Jý: J 4U cal' i 19. Ir Vl JIJ.; L- ) I"I u-1---, aU vL C . id's J'"ý css ' ý, ý.. ý-t":. ä+(ý. S 1-- -" a,'.. ' J'am' J `} J L! II;, ~! rte--1I rL ß.1I ý L. I1 I cr-ý ý ýe" J, . tt. o vIL a-., iJ), "-+, cm JJ J, - LAJ 1J. IUý 1, J, 1 j_a I UI cu, ý1! .: : J1(.ß JJ v)l.;. i äJ I .L Ys L:;, I "vL u" u*,ý=-ý; Cp- ýl> J3; : J l; äýýJ : i 11 YS 345.,.4LýJ I LllýJ.,ý v J1 ZL Irr JI 4i "Ii uK. . -`. C';) &'(. Ir 8) . 16 'ý C? i t' ý" sý1 c3 _. l'/ co o-»n . ý. Sr"-ýý , _ý. u-:ß-4J ýJ ºrý 'u 4 u*ý..rý,. t º "º' ý-i-ý=-! srAtu º J. Li LA) º "-L'-ii L:r zr cri i j.Vr .. s ir--i E-- x.., : Ii ºýý º-*ýý rAW >>u fir -4-.. -4 ; L"j 4 L" 1:,U ºrJ, Y J-r=--- jni ., ir< L ý.. L- ) J L, L. :. th II::. Li1, L I VQ 'r J-S J»r aLt -41 --i ., ; `i"-r,. -Lr 3S2 ý1ý,.,1 ll (ý Iv 1SýJ1 1 I `4 ý.. .ý". ý t: ý, 1,ý.. sý., u" ýr,ý-ý-ý el, clý+'rý1ý. ýrý-, SOW ý. :lI Ji CL-J116, J i 4 CkI;, EL.I, rº, JIýIý, ý" .;. IS Si..; L..; LS» ILu l+vU I 'iJ I, . dar u JjJIL1. 6 l.,. tS, !) ý. s v : J-^3114sJ t'. 4 cJ :.:.. J Ir IyJ 1 4,1+ yý: J I la:S 'L:. o`I 1 k, (a) 0,4, t., 12ýb iQý 4 I ý, I 4x14 t1:J t Ir =ý~csV 4Ls -ý ýý -4tr"ý r--J , vý, I, t.. + JSJI: -=6 Ll s) -ýI .,, ,is ;rxr mºUI .ýr, L,::. `-. ý 341 1 Ltice;.. l.: I cp-j 1dI a# i.,,. "L1i 14,, " ,`Ulv. ý, - JJ Lj ey, , 362 (e " ¢) A,,, IrLI(..i L) ,. -. l V: J ý J-,i JJ ý9ý. L"1s t Lý.. ýý!I S 1I LSD J t I3 _lý. 'ý ýý .b ýJ .,, r. ý; ., ýý:; v; 00 UA la 4w 1 if 'a LiIt J» Iý ý' tý I ", " '-j.; crýº; jyI, csý lrj Jý ýZ JJJ ý"ý ý' rrý u. 0 (ý Cc) D (4ýI. p. C4) .9ºga Cbý , o-yý . aw' 13h) Q -; --týý s cs Lý ýaý" ö8 (o) aM'' (e.. eý k, tº sýý (f) k, t Cg) 0 ýý ()iý p" 5 6) t JP's I, ý. ý wto t =-b (1) A-(I . CP" 10- 71)'ß. ö, cý º i ___ -P j cs ý:,ýs Iö i sec BSIC )äff. oý ay 6 LJIrI, {vß, J I ;! i(;, ýý «.. _. , ;ý. ý ,iLý IL-L'c, " M 4JI 3sr`=I : J I ýý 11-"? I' ' `I-tý' >>i r' rý. ýý.ý.. ýý'ý ý J"ýv"'ý1 Z JI 111.4 11 jII iS, v--'}, . º.,ý i1' . v.; ` ., J." v., 1'a L X. P I ' ý) ,! ýJ ; mot fd 167 L IuL. J-- Is(r.. L) cr-"rý! iý-ýýYý-:. 07 Lj "J ýý 14 r1(ß ý''S (cri jL-J I cr---ý» ýwrc: ""-. of sb -'ý c`4v;:, C :: ýJ I 1,.1 1 (v..; 15) LJI 1A1; ' :r : , 7,.w :.,... _ ,. JI J "L 5fl ; j. 4JI Ca)=' CSC'°ý" 155- 6) ýý b) 1ý ÜG (59 a, uv' p ý, . -6 b) ;v1 y'cs. ý-P1. c3 cýu; 1. is) ß ' ý -'ý o? ' Z-: .-moo ý/ t ý; "i cý ('a: 1. . >;:. s. i.: "rs Cs. ' 1. s` -J ý'"1ý '- ,' ýý ý ý; -ý ', (c) D cm;' X P. 6 0ý a,;ý W ýr ý1ý ý ý; ý- (d) Df' ý )< C Q. t 6) : ýý,,,, ° :,, ýýý L:ýL-cam (e) ,. " 174 o'w' ( Z[ P 19 ->t. A ' (>.'. _b ,n cý' :ý is i"u: 1.:ýt ' ' »J lP crr v>ý cs I :yý-=-- a.b. .. 1 ., -`ý, Js l ICJ i' Z$ Cf ar., '. - ý -23 01 'mow' d' ýý c3 (4) So .s, Mss C91 ., 12gb. 65 l. I I I> lT l Is YIýt (ýL) fý _. ý.,, aJ ýL .ý1 ýý'r u ý-. 1 a'ý Ü.ý. ý In I I I L"1IJLJ ICI il u-. ý C, : ý.J .:. 6)i'r uß-1 srý .ý.,.. . C is JJJ (a 39z A', ß`;Äi uwtC,,,.. aýu.t ,0., 393 ,; YIý; Iý.;I I 1I Iý ý1;.. J Li " ý,. v: -ý ,ý. a,. 3 94 j (d I iJ I I l Iu= %r l1°Jtt L°'ý . ßx1 . a.,F v.,ý .s. ý . rl,.ý. w. u° uý v csýý-L) ý.. c f p. WI 1-4 J yts., (=-L ) ýi.. r ýr" u-c &U l,,,J :, y I. t ý; LA SI G. iýi tS w. " r. ti.:c ý" . tý' . ý.. 79171 `: ) !,J %(,: -L I tlý1I lye " ý: 1 ý,; s> :.ýr` ý 39$ " lAnaý: IJ._siIý: 4 (4) CI r"24 9) : (., 4 z"I) (,;sý oJý. 6. 'J I. J. 1r Cri 'tvL. lam;: JV1 Zr ."f cr A: cs ý1> ý.;; (c (b) o aýwý Cc" t9; ) :c ý", ý,.ýC cs "" c) , d44)j ve CepQ' ýýý°" 3,ý) ; ýý Ný.i ýýýý cP t.. cs . ofc_? 64 :: 1.: ýýt;.:: w gciw U-j (u" Lrýl+ I Lß. I 'n. ý 1 j7Jr' Cýtx , -L;: -J . ý--=- J AJYJ0W! Jp 1) I 3ý9 ' 4 ovi L. Lr4%L" C, =; xIj- J () L 1* L1 ---c. - r. ý, t=s crbM y' 710 lo ,I jWrj 0 I J-c I t, =' LA, ý I z w 4 r%-: r9 -J)w co r-ci J') cri0-0- -S) ... (__5 1...1 IA.? yIt. l;.,,. ryIý: -,41 ýý'ý"--t V. c'2 r 4 yý r .1 ,; Le.L. 5 L; yi "J I JYi 14. 1 J,ýj 16 ja ,-,. t5 s jr) rW j),Jr ;z C.,;' u 4JYj Jý,ºýG, ý Ljo KID: I t. " 13jý 1 J. I) 4 Lvj I ý, Lej " u. 4IJ°-t (U ,! v1 cY+ 6=i ji%I cr"- -Z:.YJ f. z r" ire) ýjý... I LJ I WIL, J 1 L. 1 "; ' - ý... 0-; srº sL. p. j. - C.), <, . 3.x. I< krL_ (, (c) (o) 0! at -! I19 «, (b) . 7 5. S Cold paw' $) ý' (c) Ors ý> p" ui . r- - 67 385 SS4 y L1 ý L4.1ýSý'ýý ((sue (s. (ý-[+) ý; ýý w*s ý tý vel ;ýc 'iJ ý 1 L4. " A:rä- Z-r4=J rJJ) jJf Iss. J1 4r " . 389 I ýi:,, J (, t,. l i. c -LJ (a 7, v1SdL. ( ) c, ýl . a. p u*'ý+.. u" - c) ý-I" f) tEý 3'0 ""I iII ILr ýi, (r xv ýi (1 ýý t IU', r+ Js1 J 4+ý y-t ýl ý3^..' .xt 'týJ=yý. 's' I L-t La., s c: D j( =-L) cwt crtý`1 J. c plat 3 (k " al t4I, j. L x;14 V,b'ýLa t 393 392 1I I, iJ I Li ti.,; WJI Z*U (".. L) a.-. -. "" . ý.a .. ý,...: 11 , J9 ot u -, r 3 i " týCr' I Lß.1 I i c,_. ýI ßs1 Jul,. 3 KW ü > Ij Li 11 j 1 ". JI LL- 1; v--L i 0. -J j, ti-i., ti Z" Ct J.. i. -. Ca) 0 (' ý. wý "Jz96 Cb) Dmow' C '"32 ?ý =cr.ý'csý- v ý%-y. v'1 V l> j t Lcrý i, J lw iJ ý> ; ý; r.: .., cj--y_ a.,_ ý°> "" cam- a,: fes; . ý>. `ý' " ýý'. it '. tm s> °? c3 ýiý. J/ . Cc) r7a, ) CAL p. Zog) " ýtý >I I"".ý. ý, Cd)I<, (e) 0, cr-M 9.3 aL) 1ät,;1 c;ý: e, ý .ýa ý' CI) I?aw' C ]ü p" 31t) ý`i ý$J z. iC j) Rüt. ý..- Ck) dC M st zL "se 9) at. " L.) A: ý.-ý , 69 jWI I) I "Mi ; -j r1 rwp aý lj- ý,.! ., Ir Li -ii . i -. a- li -L" C) CA, go-04 ). ; 11 b iii 'LJI ew / 1j. 2 4OI +t{oo ? 91 Sig (iJýýY7 II L) I J.; LJ LrJ- JI I 4tf I cr' JL1 ýSýIJ"J JýsY) Lo "C,, L; j4 14s 1511z-., jJI s-,. 4m- ' ($ Pf- 114 4.". c , ys b. (c) DccW 2"79 ý; ý' C. Cd)D mau' (1 r" ) ýýý . 69 : ý, Z"a) 403 S 40!. lý.. 1ýv I I- [kU I J Jý.. 1l . _. _t o > ý, j9J) crl ýYý 1ý ý'v ý. ýM s lb I J ) -1, :.ý: IýN, -ý-ýI ý) t.ý. i.>. tº j. ýýI ,ý-}, J, I) .iIr., ý,; .. _ýI, J I 1ýlam. ýý ý3ur Kýj `=42..c.. = ýr rdL"1 , ,, ý:ý uI `"--ý-4 u W I& I 4ý- IC.,; lJ 1 SL. J1 L I,, , r° ýr"ý ,JL. ýL cs'jjjr ': ' :rM1 "(1. &:Ia. 1, ALJ Cd40t' ýLI,, I Li I u--t j'. '. ' )1 rý tf aJ rJ tj,: J I 14 ýu-ý x,, ý, 405 1JIJ`I I. I I J I(--L ) c, _-: ßa ).i u-i r°W r. Cy.,uL *L.. jj 0.013 L:J Iý (y L"I l. I, JI ;ý-. ----ýr s z.)L-) tx° .ý; " C 0. ;, Vr d,C;,.: % rI 1 ý,t4Jy tt A 4o7 -1; ti ,, 110C Lrj I 1) LJ (J, J I $A) . 4-c j :r0.1-- _IJ, la--. rr r. ..LiI JýyI, I, tt L IjI s JI U L3 4:: J I) sý-ýIý CQ)C3" 40t., 13o ý6..L) K, cri . (c) D c40' ($I ?. 79)' g52Lp L Le;; ý (als 7 3) K' 6' ý"f) ums " (9) ký ý" 70 (6, , a) H0ß 'r- Lwrº 4 k 4 J, , j2 w, , .; `'u- 03-4 ;, iJ j, jr *U -ki- r,%i 'fir ýrý i! Pi , 0,-% v'u of9 'ý v L3 (ýv-c _%_; ,rß. 1 sue,, D5J s cý-ºcy .tJ d. ys ,. ys ýt Lys uii4 z Ia bi .Ip: LI Ali: li Of N 1, J L`JI t: I at 4 .9 so 1* 10 11 to. ý (d JU I As' 1cU J (a) OZ i3o6 (b) I<, (d d) So is+ -,155 (c) D +c. ry- ". i aw; " -i 71 y 1? L J l; I. Ij Jýu l-... L.J 4(ý L) v-- ýr" .,.ý.. u. ý ý, u.ý r- r., ýJ »¬ ý , WI 1 I < WIL,; W . ýJ.; sß. W: yý.! CC Iß (L_ ä1I'rý"ý, ý.; L. :JL)ß',. ý,: ., 3W . ý. y,.; Z-616 ýs Iý+ý" la (ti 10 I 090iJLj # L4 ; L- V vt ' (f : ý-c ý1aý .L. ii c. X12 lr" I LFL--ý, (`'.ý. "L ) u-s J- ºu-ýcslc ui -t'ý ýU i . r, ýý cý' v; J I L"ß J I ýv°ý " of ý,,;ý `4, ý; 4. «i' .ýL, f) ýr 0,413 "ýý'J lý I 'ý1ý, lý1'J I %4 t' Iý ' u' c.r'"'rý ý u rmf cal-°ý'ýrv- X1; (ýL) "`' 1 ; mot U.,r. , s 4t6 " srý P") vs Ca) O' 131a (b) k' f0t. 176a (c) TZs a- S__ `l Z ". 66 "- Ia4 "- cý"5S' 11 P" to. i 19 ý ä,º Iýsýº r CepOA F° ºi ("f) p o" air p" I0 CP. is 6 &.o , ), (3) lW ., 21) csýý,ýr :JJc; "2 72 17 Ar ;JLYI, !;At ztx-, tJ., S, LJt ,J UI L;.4( :.L) 1 1,:; ý1:1 t 1ý,1 I 5, i, (ý, t;ý. r, : WIZ, JI v, rSý, . ý; ý...ýJ i,.; ýº (, Jj -u rtyt, a4Jth 4 --r ü--1; 41C61 44;Z)is ý) -"Ax T, J t, i, J u: ýr**J i ter i LS " a..:,A Ls WtJ.r ý, :, A;.s. .... (a) 01 {' 13I6 ks k" oý ", Cbý nýw cýýJC Cý) 73 ä: (.: ý ý1 ti:.. .: ý,: s I----c-: L" ý; sJ j, _.., f 4, lJ I ýn V- ýký .ýo lSL.. 4J -r'-" r:, ýs c 420 ti! 9 ii ýy , "i .i J --.;l UIL; L,,, I1 s-7- ,A ý--ý-ý W4 422- " ý r, ýLy. ý-.1I: t : 1ý;,.: º.JI.; r' tf;. ýI ý,; ý:: tý.ýr ý, ýI ý;:: ýJ; ý.: ý1; ýý.ý. 1ýI! 1;LZ' 1 1Fi y. IJ; Ln -.: ß, J1 (6 Lý. :oS., lY. : WI Jý ýý I I lam- I, lJ i J. ý 7f s .º Y t ýa cr ý=-ý-:f' ý^° r LI I (. r L" j .... J. JI j I) ýs c.s-ýr ý,.. vL.. -r-,,, .. w, y.ý S . º, r), cýýY :. tý.J I, J (ý, LJ UI:.; t J.. Iý i ýº".:. t, a. ý. .J 1ýýr'J :. ýtj. ý, ý1ýJ c,;ý; ýJ 429 I 'J I IJL,. UI Jy..! J., . ý.ý.. s. ý. ý:.. x il 3" u»WI Po ý) `+zy ,jIjL,..., . vL ý 4a= ßs4 1. 4-=ý1 6.4) r ý .f14.,. 14-trt-=JIý .. sJ, "Iý,- 3jý: T2ý Ts I J ýtvy:!. J Is"%1 ýr ':. vd'.: -. ý,,,,J , L-3 ,;. (ýeya"-J (Cl J, I t IlI il IcL. 4JL ÄY171sJ lý. ar. .- -ýý . ,. i Orý-J I_ Wir" '., CA) K, T, o-M. Cb) f:, $°J.. 9äb (c) p,. ý t32a Ca""ý) k, o-1 Cep 1< . , 7L1 Iý4 I) =a-: a; 1L: Y 11; ý. (rv. !;: J 1) l r" 4i f 'Lc ß.,. C.... ý I eil ') L_.. 1ld L:. S J L--V L, KL i) j(. o 43 L" f1 rl "' ý. ýiiu (I 'uº ý>lý: t. l; L L'9.ý. U L... J II: J. 1) ý: }, ý . , ý,;Mýýn `iý. j 1.1, lr I " J-*; x:! 29 ý0. '.l I. J Iv. L,, 'V; 1b ýýY S L-, c,--cI ýJ: a, ý.,II v.; . c,ý... v... ý; r" ,,: .t IrJ 1 UL 1J 6 L) UIs, [J 1r ll rý 0,. Nrr iý ý' J I i... s, Cam ) %-K I i 1ýJI 1, v--ý ºa=. ý; . ý , ., 'r»iý csý c ;1-ý ,ýS. 4.: ,ý,, . l.., "" jzz 7!I J I L,J J I ý il I ti,.,,, A.:# L,. . v. s. ý. . ti3 t ltI: v,,...1I I bL ; L.,, ( L) r. r° ý:r"s, ý.. sJ ý., ,el; z. , cý33 I 0 .,, Jyt)yJi) Cf) g 415 M il1C; Ji. Jf, f UWr`.. ý1lJi<<,,;4,1Jr ", ,1f,,., ý, ý.,., Qt, ., cý, Dawl ý "ý' ä' (Y'ß` 7 a) cc) D (Q. toy) to ", fa-ý aw' 'ý ok) ý.tpc. ý. ý^ : CSýý fl aw' ý2 P. 2 8) : ý'ý., Lý. ýý '' ýSýJ t , o.,. a;;" ý. ; 4 ýIoý cksJA CWiV" CSýD V..; C .. &U-6 -. .Z, p. 13. 75 4 &1,. J I J)L O--. c i. zmj, --1z £11 ßtD. 0 1i (-L4 1. f +,:1 01S3 si ý: , ßy s1, Jam, yý---'" L. I". I I I (ý. L ) (Ji Jt,°ý u-ý ý- u-c'+ý' uýs } ý caJ r. b), I. >i,Ju is'..: I ý.,ýru 4.z, y'Z.:,.J iI L., si ,; Z)K) %ý,ý- 439 439 (d (c e =' CooL' COD i A) N_ mow' C1 '. 34ý :: , ý"ýý ýsý ý ý> (, CP ü-ý, b ýe... 1, r ed., p" 292); &-U' eý w a., U414 bo" ý6 ,:ý, ý Z:L. uý :-%- Z" I ji ,JI,. oUI J." JsI I <<, 41 Z. WIý. 3 I Lº4.,:.Sts I.?%. 1 I lý. l i 1yt. IJl,; : J 1 .:. ýJ..,ý; ý,; 4. ý ýld ýlU ý:. "ý - Ls 14a6 L-I" O-A Irl. ; sjrl sL rý-,ý. s=JIv ;o j*- SON ) u. Lt.:. oL-L ý,:, sºJI4.4 JS ys.. " r. f1vL; IIJ-/ L& rJ l:,-is Jr u$I (d ,+6 ý-V- is s' L"LLIt 4f3! J)lyý (0, LA IJ65 Jýs "'(-' Cri I 6,., l 4 6j (. W.. ýl , &; , a. ýºj s I (SL, t Lk. l; Uyv.:. I Is1 ' +1 `*-L:'ý vl rý: a1,ýý J u1 ýrý Y uý ý% 4-L- i. _ lb l",..y: L Ä1.,1. J I 4 LJL. T5 ;, WI ýl, ý.;. .,ý 01, c.. J-..s cý= r º' utIri4J ý.. '! I},, LU 1 IL! IUý.,, { L; 1ILL i 1. IrL, ýIý., J (ýºv lrs ýý "s9.., 'J o,, IJI IsL-s Irj I 1».; I; L Iri rS1 4.rß- 1 IA y, % .L91-4 -= v --I 3) 4bv Iv1 I Lºý L. ll.:. r'U IýJ cr--i "ý ýJ s t iJ ,. V.,4 rvj fU i; 1S J. ýs ý+% 1 t, 1 ýýrý " -ý,ae 4-+ýº1(: a. ý.:..: s ý,. ý- s=u. iý ý, tl .ý,! ýa i< CSyLe-. CC) 1< ' O-j) (b) C) ,f", I33 Q Cd) O (f) k o-m. (e) I,,i , MSs 77 L '" °' I ý!f =) 1ýI! f> ß. rývý-C ýý aLJ r` ý') ms's7! ) 'r , ý'~= `I Jý 1a f 5 ti 5ý 'Lill I la 1ýL,. ° sý "' . '' J ' L$. Cg-j ,i. Al -.....1, .l1... I, mal;LylP.,, ü ;JI Ipl, 1,I5U r,lr) l-t- &-s J- a, .1L LV6 Cr cr. P) eJ -4 (s, 1IIf :; LyI lý°) L; L°ý Uj I 14 l; ý.ý., .sJ ýý t. u= '. ' S) - Awl JfJIJ, pf,, L"1ysa, Uýl 21 5 L,J ly = ý,;ý Z. t; L » t', .. >,:, - i, z. D. IA I * i 4j, i ;: ýo %LtJ (6 b) ý1J J-) i ' (ý s= t..,.M. t :, AW4t, tS! sS, 44ý v ! ýsu-ý I d iI:, 1 ss csý -'ULL csý-,rJ om Lt. i c o% uK! $o ºý+ c') D, -ýý" 133 b_ (b.. b) /S'15S'A (1 I )4--, (c.ß 73 wis L,. ý csJvlI " °: " iLJ ;+ý ý.:. I JI Li 1 yý. af''W r.; ui . ,. C" (b 449 I am L! I, ..,. U Ibn ýý. Iv'Yý Lý Iýý'ýyý! 4 ___ yd) ý,,, .a:. + .ý-º-s ýJ 450 &v4, Ist 1 1ý w1J1 ( ý, J-". ýJ Lyý,sJ ; cU *"*. " r: ui z-L) s iI 'y' UIj J Iils. (w ; ý. 1» 4 jy4 t, "J Jc. -16 .,.: I ,a.. ev, Is L 4 LUI u-' -LJ r4 414 öy lý, l I J I Is. ý1 I :. )LJ I L: J I.,. ý.º, JI ( ýL) . r..... ,; sý: ý, .,, ; ý,: ýli . r" c i ý 451 tkiJ I> J I 1I I t; cs", J"J j u" u &+l. ;J-. j. ° uM .s"r' Z+ 4.Y6 Z,ýi 452 453 JI 1, lt jj) (.:. L) c.,-ý1. ý: "ý ms's u; L. 13 J 13 Ic J1J0, J (LJ I ; I A+ " ''"1 `ezJ ' ,, 1s4 . t1 . u; ti 0- (a) 0 C Iý 4k % Ir ä acv' ýý"1 8) y .. .$) LL b.. b) <ý ä. 3 t,ý 1 aUli fb ý,,ý i. ý.1 i yl. l ý" ýýýe1 ý,,., ýý äi"WI, Q'^_'' (j[ gis () DM) (c) ýO. 16tt): üL*-' .?AItýý.: e-n ;p 19 J)Y 1,;. L, cJ-ý-ýr c ýýºsý º ýrý' ýr ý"r' =LJIIy .i: j 5- (CýSJ t::: L i d1I J- WI I 1 I .t1 ac L,; jL: v.. crLJ v}ýrJ ýy1ýJ (°ý 45 t UI Ji JI ( ) , rte W ý. `L;. ý. 0.4-LJI»); &. ý,; ýI" ý' º' I;, Jrs w11 iý. ýil (ý C} ý" c3 A, v3 46° (ý t.. fI> iJ I C. ýý . ß aw I Ißt: Iý; ý rr" LýJIý 4-; eau 10. ' ý= vý ,, rý j J. "J& L-0_jL1I; "!, 1": s" t3 L,:11 »1a., (.. J Li ,SiL. --.; lVj iI .sue vl r '. ,; J----s Iý J li ýS + 4L: Lýs1LywLý'Ls! I '.,. ý=ý c --sJ s,, .z= ý, L° ßt , ýs v 1-"JI Jýý-ý'1iJ,: 11lý. J1ý;bS L f-.. ýjr't cý;; " ""ý _[ý.: ý ßy...:.. ,; ý;yJL, v: or p0-e", C4) 13 q (h) Q.! ý (ZL P"39) :- 2-4 so ý p 61 46z 4L; 41 jIv IS,I 1I J I L) rj. r .lI ,6L,. ,. j4 , .JI(1,. ý s Jý4r. Ir k;.::..i ý,..J, ýý ý-ý J ºrýU i.ý Yi ý-ý,443,sý t-- ý; ý%1 ý . il J J) N Pt 4L3 ;_ --.-ý. ýcX_, U:.Jº JUJ JJ ;j º " ^;, Iji, OW,J 4 44 ; L; (7ý.``ý IS lýJ t ýý"";, W is j (L) a>>r' ý ! tirý v :; PA r" cs' 11ý-t h+týJl L;. ( ý cr"-ej".csrý-ýý 4-ý r`ý ý,, ýý.. ý cL) ý 467 1J S4vI JJ, I> >lI äl.. b Imo..I J " ý.a,; ß c,, .J ý1.., rl?.,; ti: L--j- C)t5j Zvjl,, j L-,Sj.. Ul; iez:.il e) 3. LL-i (G) 0° '4 KZ'?- 24 5) :ýa,: s , wb 1d, w j r, to cb) k, ýý". 921- (c) nau., ý r yý 5) dlS1ý =sc: '' (d) P 1., p "21 ý. Jl. 4rýýý! r9', CJ, i Zt 91 I zLL, ;)-. WL 6f W 1,.; (V", 1 L., z-9 yj u J jrJ Lt,; L bIv lS i ,, -, wI I I Isjv L" I L-j J>Q ül ý,ý! I -D U)l: ý-L I Z= Lýj I L 492 cij Ot -j L. 'z LS...J I I, lu,, U I, J 14J L, L, (rte -o ,» ýJJ tJ"'Jýl t; Jý, Jspy>J ý,<) J473 I 1IJ,, IivI, SIJ I, 1ß it-IV C; .uLI, i C. i I Iý;. Lm. lý. J y7ý zNLJ ,.: iti, , t tJI iý L; ýº-' crýr Cr r-'Sý ýrcr JI ýr")l;, 6. J , iJ s1 J--S Iy i (.. 1I, I,. yI,. l'.., ýLIjs,.,. ýý .-IL 1} Yý Is Lß.1 I LJ Lv " ýs-rý^, -"v `i, J ý,; J_, .ýI. ý Mý5 s "ý r, tidy ý-4-=1 I, ' ItytJJI 1: tJl:.. yts I joL", .ýý( ý,:; ýs , r,! jL JI JLtc jib ph 4 98 º .a J-=-s SJ üýý. J Lý.:. J--;: 105 10-71 J. ýs 'ýI. o JL" ), ac! 'j'p J-- Ch I ý lý'ý 1:, !b J Is .J., ol; :,., ta) R, 6) A 4'.. ` Cc) CA) 0, .ºý ýLa r Ce)ý C Pole? yr P. 257): cýI:, ',. 133 a_' C97' gjmA " ", ow, LýoR", p"3r2 Cý) Dawn I P" ýAcjr Igo). C:q 11º . ,pcs J äst9ý sý t -. csýjI J:. 82 ý.it .1ä. . r1F , 1s; 490 T f, 1.lt" lJ J L. 3JI0 L-.;, Jlc1 a) ". -4. ýy .'ý,, ý ý+ &J., N I" "" ýý 1 ý ý}; u.; L'L- 'J.; vvti'e. c31ý 4is (" ýcýý. ýý" Li I i lI 1I (; 1 (: ) .s. _ý. u-ýi .. ý. ý., yý" fr`^J ý,' -[" L-. I. ý+lycrlý 1.11 ill Aj.. JIr, UI JI"U; cs.; L., 1) 6. "!.x I j" jo.: J1 0 t.rUIopC-. Jr. `-15r v; .(e 49 j. 1 L-3," ( . &. ti 0, u; . -L), L"11 i J &A -Z: ýj 1.; ý 1ýtJ " r; ý.. .tit . 1i: x-11 Zý. 485 ,>, JJi M ''9.; i; y ji 1` l-. l is ---; -ý ý° "U ,»f -ý ýr' ", ý1 (a) 1< ý.,.2 8b ý -,? ýbý Q orw' (sZ p"23 t) : ý. ý_ <;ý.. ý rr lc"; r-s (c) I' n M-$ ; 'do ý, "spa, ' ýý=ý f CSI p. ýý1ý ýdý ("Z r"1 -33) " f'd ý., ýwr (e) D it º. ý1 L;sti-= -, a%" i' C{" 199) :j ýJ i, r°J ýs 0 ßc: 1 ,Ls&`sUi >& I 41. Lt csy, iJ fok" b f) 4a; 2 Ci-" trot ., ^ o. 04 7. Cf) 0 , " 135 (2) ,tC. . 93 L"U& Iy St " j. tJtý. J.. :. Lsill 404 ý-'ý: : 4 ý.. l: 1t ý:yý t t i.: i. I r- - ý--ý sý%r- 7J ,3 ,"r- ,, ýLýJ t ýr" r-; ý: ý"_-..,ruI(;; Iý I. 1yJL :; I L+ey LýJ I L Ja .. y. ýJ ýw ,.;' M v,, ýJ tr t; ta it 5 1ý.,; --'---- r-ý .rte ýy ": rý,-. 'Jt,;; 4$46 JJ t 10.;tß. 1 I tß,.1 IfLII L> (ý-L ) x,,,.. .ýsa .`'lý, cý' (s 1--, c-ý) 9 º I- 1(ý; Iý,: ytt, U. 6, J 9+ J WIIc,, s. l I le ý, cs, ýý. vl, .11(f iß.:1 Ia [-=, itli ir lyJ ýýI uJ Jr-.. j I (J _1 ý1$$ ý-: If1 I I> i-j it ,t >srd J I `} L. L 1L- .C&, 0- %-, . i., :.; ýý ß:r: 1 s if 0 v.; l t; L, J + I> k I. K. '-----« - -+ äL Gs1 Z; J ' 1i 4ý " ý..; f; f I; (, I !; I: f f; I; t,... lbJ I; E+; . .; -b`s. r ý, cy'ý1 ýy; ý. `+yJ ýy.;. 491 j J$ ! 1iTý4vr'ý. t ýrºýä! %,-GJ Ca) ýa. Ip isýtEýr=ý=. Q ýýi' 203) : :ývýl JL' Cb) awe Tý e. 17$): A L4$z Cýj S!W1 1I l I. Ill I " ý, ýsý.ý. sýS, ýý a.,f 1193 I, I-. zl J I j I Li (r.: i.ýJ I ; ». I " ýSý+L;. Lvi ,.. uLti: L,"J -"-. J. ºLJ LJ º ý,_. t:.ýl C1;. ZI-i al) j tý.,.º º 1L J, il ýLA JIZ 10- t &.:i º " ßt4 , zjrj ,r41, J: ý.; Z,-ii ý,: ,J Ind il l ý ý IU IU .J . ý= ýý (d 49G 499 I' ti98 ce aj k, G) D C 1T p" 3ý3): (a) Iýa,º, ýe 6) 79 a OýW' i- d :: - t cd) K, ým (e) k, 85 491 týýi ";., ý,;,, ý: , ý.ý , ýtýwrwi;. 'r,Y, Uli.;, ý:.1. u, - ri; rJ ., ý, f z 86 L- "" W Jam, gis,! (ý:ll L Lr-+sL" Lt. y:.. ` -3ýýt" .iý,; ý:. ýS., rý. Syw ý-ý:, ýýl:y v.. ý.:; ., i1 Q, 1Jr J ^, I, ''; J. ý I) Jul is LI I L,1 ' cr rW O 5. re1.; rw). , ý.:'' =' I, ) f LI uºý ii 11,1S.i f.; Yß:,.11 ý: JII i I JA1 Iri 'll ., L L"1Iýý1, l l t; N 4, r. ', ýýr,., ýr:, v- - Z, r 503 i s ,.. iL! I L". 1it ;s. ý. .,, . wes -y .: .tý.: ý:! Iý LLI Jý': 1I dL, 11 Lc Jý r.: :JL.. J ý%cý. , x: Y v' ý: ý"° YSJ:Jýi J° L. 1`lsl JJv)Iý., ý-' : j: ýr. pA r=ow r. r ý' '*l' ýL I1 (J. u z:.. 'u". J. 1 J. :O v6°vl1, iv=', jl , r1, rtJ'J o-tf 5u=-ýý '" 1 (i, ) NuC PAP' (0) 0>ý o-ý", 194b. ". Pff `J Ö/ ý!I il L"1I U1 61 K J, L;.: J L' :ý W.:; L". ý>L..... L, j.! . ý .1 ýL ý1, .Ii, iU ; ý, U. 5j° L"1I I.,;.,L J }: ,. _:.; re 1,,.1. ß LU 5oýnb`L. l+t... L (i;. 611. Su tSs J 1 4Jsy1 !% vI ,. fI " ?° '-.. -I v ;LfL Gº `----: ý% rL.,. ;.: tý.l.... 1 I J i, iý., i ý)l: L :ý (ý; :.:.,. v' ý,; ý,, ýr.,. , ý,,, s ý.Y ;i ý, . JS L: 1 1; 1WIf11; X j I 1,. J_LJ sII Wi ß: I. .a.; zý; 3 : j4:.... Clr- :.. i u-tL,;. s.. its I L;jI Imo..: WI Ir 4ý Jas : -i y. 'J C,,a -L:. I rl W : ,ß's. 1 t,:, (a) k, ýoý" 79 b Cb.. e) k, Cý) d, ý.. Q"r J39 ý d,, " . a Num... 2 7o) - l% r-z Cf) Loc ý cs>----. k. y . ci, -º ö.=sý (9 ""9) 88 50$ o I".li JA--i L41 i:6; w Iýý 14-JL+ It: ý-C-zýL Ir LJI I u" J r ý-'7 ,wI --c vom-- cr ,ý1 a ''. ý ý: Siwo iý (: ý. ý1(: IIJ.. 1 I 1 Jý A n. " Jý J"'ý. Y'S "ýý J +. ý.::.. +S S +. J- .- J'~ ý J , 1"J ý u' J-t"S mot` Lam. LJ JIý, L JI;,; r `"r 1 " :, .u; J rte: J ums-' '. l }y lsý4. (: ) .U... v" '-I `ras-=j 14--ýý i CsýJýI :. ylýJ 7, t -ý Iý y 1. L1J I (. Lý,, ý; j; J I , Z4,. J L, J c,;, ý, ý`::: ýJ" -v, r.; --JI ,Vti -11; -0) I,.. (,J L- 6 ISS vj I 41 J 0 ýý - s. co i `r -J) J)l I x"L C. fgz z; JIIl L; I s.... i, ly! Iý1 I" l.. -Cz LOW J, a C'N J.,.,. . (ý--'ýj ý) ( J k. t.: I, I 5 LS I : L", :J ii, , ýQ c, , '.. ý-- s,. JJ ý,; V .: ý, .: Or 9ý L_Sý IJL: y 1 lý.:.. is Lý1IJ i) ;; «.. Jý",,,. ..ra. J Jý*'3ýy;... r 'L-' ern t'' Ic,: ajc, JLi I oti; : Cs s. o ,J -J, ý,ý. WI. J» Le.IAIs -z: _. . UG r' ýº`' ß': U :L f`c r'ý r ý4 "J r'3 1,,.: ll. J L'_ J LI; l Ia "' L'J Ii lJ 1Co " LL JIv.: 0 513 f ý:'' -taýý. v' io. 1" ol_, rtj ( Ijtj.,. (fIUIv P- j-' u ) 6 I "J I JJ-J auJ v: yý; v. r1- j '. a1J "L. P1ýw+. ýºe+« p Ca) U OAV' (r 7) : rý jºI ntr. Slsvj W uýyý" ýý.Z3 r .. i, c23 P",ia) cc) o, f', 1396 (CO1<, L.- (e) LAýffp D «AA' ti" tJ cs:Cs & l< .. .. so 89 I, : 4.A., Cr) dj I ;,_., ..xs,,..., ý.:.. u y .. ,e. ".. 511 . .0' ' t; d"l: 11(, t, :Sý4; L11. v ; r aü: ý... j LA tý'w1(r% ýsý'"1 law L LiJ 1 " , 0/ 515 I i J1 ßJ l.,,, J I 1A L ý.,.. s. i. JLI(1. I. ) .. , , v.; c, . ý. . ý.. . A. J--ý IJt J,. U cN jhrý L"ý,ýt 4vc iv J I J f v' ) ý ý1'. :ý ", ý +ý ... v;. 0A JAI 0 I #I 516 zL " 5191.1 'ý: ti---Iý-s t ýý. I: (c- L - -=%8výsýý%-rte cs., ý N tý=+ýs ý,,.. 0;"" : J5 I I 11. 1I Ij L-; I L.,. L- ýv-e-- ., C,; x: ß, >>^J ý !L r ý, i ; ý. %J .;.. a,. ýtý rte;I.:,, r.,. ý %w uýý nJýors-; r-, ý4-',) "t t ''ý ,, f °,ý fý LJ r. J .ý.,. ý ...ý: ýt,,. t gis is .: , tw "I,. rop irJ tC(. ý l... urn, LbJ t) " ý.;;; :. 4 ýýj: ýý ýý-r' 51 ý lSl,l lý('ý ýS '.1. (ýL) u-ccrýý; "`ý . s. 3. v-c .t..,...... v, rl---11.. ý ý: i (Js ý,5ý :., t3 sJI P. 1 1-- ý.:; , . . .r ,JJ , w (aý U 1< `r`" " (I) ,a oW I tc) 0, 138a (ol) ýý' Cri e-ý", P. 14 5% '. &4 L% i jt JI .I, "/, ý- iso l aý l; _ -I. - ttý I, ýý' f :'i. r o. I h:. P. 24" Ce) - ., ýº C 1.9) : f '. o " ". . 01, toi. " ýýýýJ (r I vý ýý. iI 90 tir---- =i l. a:.Gbý'týj: I iYIS Lam. ý A)1 . a ,. tJ' ý'ý- f"=at .S Csi ý-(" (-ice " 'v 6 iil. I.ý yt. yJ º. Ly= J', -. 523 521 W ýs L"1 Z1, ý-L '____ -ýi: v' ý-i ' - .º; r tv a.A" J I LWI. I;, L J.; cv¢ Cs;ý j); L( L 3 a ZL) IJfi (.ýiý. 1 L,,,;. WIv. (1 aay. -... ti.; v. ýy J ýý! 'r" , ýj..:. . 91 CL 6) a) z! L U;, "...ý c- Lý IWI, Lý. 0,.:-i .:. r .. L 11 " ýsý._,.. . JYIý,; rSj Ls 11,J IÜ I . v us' ýyrJ ý,: : ýr ý' = (V < J, 0 j___.._$ 5J, IJ JI ý; u'tZ. )WI 1i c ýj aýý. vaýr... ýJt uri ;. Iri 4-s X. tJ J-ýi, A" CJs cri s ,y-ýý 7ý1 -'O - ua .3 . Oum I Lo 4W il I J I Z2 L L1j, 1 1.01,l. m ý, J-1 .I as vý..,. . sl.,.. y4 J - (! 1I, 1.::l+' l4j f.,:. J I: IjI0.0. LS :.. rý ..I. .5L4:.:,, J"J v ü? ý. U I, lý Imo.; I: IyJ 1 JtJ.: Lt-.,j I ýý1.. a:,.. qs ýr r; s, . Jýý.« J; " ý,: 01 lý Iý.: yl: 1>a; t"'t li Ll; IJ J1"!, ti`eº .i ý; `+Il, ý . r,. m -1 cr' tu a:. ý" E. Lie J. 1-; Ir (i.: 1JWLJI "}-, ý": .:; J ý. ý:.ý, o, a: J; Ll'r. 5ý,, LJ I L , _ . i.. ß ý17ý 1.,, J I E,L" t; JIJ..... J I t lQ ý,ý-, :. ý. s y, ýJ ý J1. j"J I. 1, J 1If 0 #*IuI ..L - U; 'CJs . %J vim ßt^: Jý. t :J c, ' 1,. ;lrJ 1,-5) I 1 Lams L; I I " 7, k.. Lj-j J,;:1 1, . : o: J ;: 4Jý1 tae Ca) 0, 'M 139b Cb b) A, !ýý v' (c) K, ". -, .i--=t gob (d...o) 4, C) . '' 92 s26 CIK bvW IIý: J I Ict.. I 1.,,;; J Is i. ý..l I 'i(., t a_.,: .is: ýý,,ý3U t1 ý; . .t.., ""i . ý1 ý", tý.. t, yll týv-)J t, :: l .LJ IC "r ,,: %;sr ýt iss ý-L--ý ..,ýaJ I-,; 4j91) ý---ý r,. 4 J, , 1o' Ji . z%Gri1 111 li -i, b, t__... 1yI i .q I. l I Lt Iß j&-- 1>-i r-t-ýý-"" ý00 ý. tL J I IJ (J+''tyl (ö; ;j ý,.. cý aJ uý r=-c :wIOWY j(ý-41I)i( ) L"JI) . s1Isst, ;iv, r : l, 7rº W (ý iLc j=am :*i l'J Iy-l, ' J I (=-L) ý-- ý ý1 a'ý . ys .. w,; , szt I 41Ic, I-r..,,. .,W I : 4L J..,. crr"N JtJ Cri P pu , 1w" lt) I I J$, t, ) ;. t v , i,,`J ,..,m %cl. ti. l. Iý iu}Y 1,4 : il I, iJl ý i .L. v ý,", ýý. uý. , r,.. t ý (b) 11 (ý o 01 e, all ) U -. ý.. Ob .#e 44 .41 ZWA 90 1 je :,0ti 1 j, >6) M +~' 1ý30 ji:. " wI, ºý I ýýýesýI I L,. 1.) JI( L), u-ýý ;t -'-+r ;3ý yl' ; ;,.,..," .sJ . JLJ LJ Iý vº C. d(ý I r-L. Jr, ', NMcr v% s 1) J I) I - -L----A) j*; exij G,e . sit " Iý rý I..... i{,;t,;, t, "ý IYI. Iis s,, "ý, ýs; cý4 ) J L. _._... ,,,;, IsIc, , Is WIr,ýý ý.:l,,,ý,: l 1 ý. _; Q JJ u"' syý ýº+U fn .ý. ýI r. ýºIýI I I L", : ZJ +1y, 1 I l+ " ýL'J C} `r c, c, cil*r- Ca). C.X p. 3o) t c., csjG &", "1,,ßt .,: -Aý,.., cs; ý} ci.. ý.t. 4.4--l tj ý-o a; t tS I !,., ý. } ;cA 1 t.ýiS v.. a.:ý t1 44 -tL ýyý. ý.tý cr"=ý " lt 'i Cc) k, #c.. L + Cd) k, ttý,.. 'w Cý) t< ýý ,. i#' oý+ " ,L Cf) Q C w_ý nr p. tio) t$ tP .. ts.:;.Jý its.. ýý. 'u 5) ý'. L ý"': ýý! L: ý... ý--ý .. ýJ, v--J "ý (j ýýP;, ýý ti "- " cif ' W-. - !S96 Cl) D w' (sr e. i8 f) y4 S14 l,' L"i :JAu IS J I,.,; I'S 2-ýJ MN r1. L.... )L 1S J I. JIj :v "4 v;, 11 : I, I I, i: 1bý11 LJ i, l (-SJ LJI 1; 4 "ýb"ýIJ .iJ ý. ýý, . s3s ,, : W 1,: 1I LJ 1 :,; sl IL.,. I %r-L. I 1,=; J 14. J1 t -Vi. t1z: C, ý; -j , Ui ,; A& 06 on L! IOW- 0-1.11 Lef 44, - -LSj ss9 11 º` u ýc, º J I. L,; i I ýj i UJ I r.... . r. "ý' c, mal, cr JYI cm J...,. v--J» 1º; ' Lß:1 I;; :ýW Iý y, "/ý f "ýý ". O "! C ýJI. (a)D CCr"t8 3) )I (b) K" (c) awl :J----. s[s1. .dt c4o! Li nýr, ýi i, " 1i 1 aöi I.,v cd) d CP" 3ýg)ýºý.. frc4 I ; »to94., ovcris"/A 4; Ltr L3dL.p ä,JJ1I (1 . -. " 1M N- t At. Iý tc 'vs uc °ý -T ä4sL l 'ý+ 8 ST114 3 Li "f i.a ola ýt c. o-stý , MGAt , . Ce)0, ýý"" 14co a Cý11< ; o4") 8t 95 9 1ý,. lr1vlýJ, l> 91 .' lIv,.,,.., JI; j: J cý. ý u' 1v u cy'J 1' J's v, '" "MM nJ"J ý tS, J 1ä..:.:rä t ý 1 "L(. Li. Li1. ý " J,. fv 1G Sf o "ur.; j Jý L, Ji 91r! ýý.; I L 91 J vs aý ý:, jam. v L--Si r" I: lo LE JI,. ) I 1; ý. ya J i 1J t :J1i, lý, t J ýr,F.: r, ,;, cri ýJ ý Jam. 542 is U Is J 1,; J L) , al;:,:., r,, z. s ý' jLp- Wirs I lýý iii lý j, .ý, ºf. ox4 S.-A yJ ,., J-- omr*.. v 1 ., t I, WL.J I Y Ll L; L, C. -LJ C. ,[Z. Ij .rl s; v üy $ý LýY Lb :l1`, 1, I' 'A I Ki L. JI `ý 1, I rýt. .:. C,; V-7 ; ; J. ,.oUI I UJI ý ::,.. rU) 14,, "r Ca) b caw) 23) ý.:-. d.,!j I ";. i," ý... u (b) 4 a,ý,, ý' I (ý) p ILr ý+ý ý" 23) 11 ow P"ßo 1) =t ,ý LZJ CI: I.; Zr.Is"º; ) en4" aº-V ý: tZoIvr. ., ,t IDaýty' CIp. `ý3ý) 96 r ti CJsI r....cýr .. IC.v LA C-L d J t Cýl UIa. lo IV-14f cr J-As j44 J, ý r, ,WI iL-) ti 4s ;vIj Zju4, Iv., U. IL to ZA tr", 21 ;. lJ 1r Z- LO)(t = its I. 1, ý, J:. y J ý t iyiL 4- IJt, -- <:. ý; ýs .ýt, s;; cý"Gs ý.ý ýººr' LY!S ý: L"1rW I ice u ---_1:.r Ail; , tY. JJ Iý yt;, L" y, I: " . 4r. e.ý" .ý.. rc rJ i L. >-ý1 * J,.. t I Na;1.41 J, ' 1, ( :.G) s ftzJ ,, t,; : I, 1 tSt L,,: 15, ". . tý.t. _ v j Jru" tiry i1 549 LLe jT . 1..L, 5i"8 J,. v---ýb" ; 1ý ß 6Jrrr ýº:.º :. ý: ý º cýI. ) 1 u.W J.X, ,tsý,;Wýý ItJ Iv It's j, .. u - r*- 549 "4 ýs,; t,; x:, tý t ) " , ý,,:.ý s .,.,,..ý, ý. F. ýJ ts.;; ý ýi J : ýº Wit. s rJý. 4s 4 (%.L) " , .ß"; I ý; .41 --w s (a) a ý> ý' ý: tom- ", w Cb) pn4, Zf p"º 6ý c,-,. -awl tu 4". f+ d, ýý"j 140 b 1) paw' C=p. ý91) " CCM C4"" O , (e) D, ova (4) D ctw' r" f4 6) s I ýv> jam " ý--"" "w 97 Li ýp-5 7,, {scar Lr L J1+. Ui j, j, 5s/ tire:. j- M"wr; $5Z 4ej I '----ý u- jn JUUII., - :,: I LJ 4 ý-u - 1, 'ý ------ý ors mgr 'fsL. tJ ý4, wI" Ib I; r- .-1 I 1, is v----ý -+4dj ju1 )l ZJ;.JI . L,, I s..eLJI s. ,,iI, :,,iw S; , _ý u11.) :Jt. s,11 1; 1:_.. ýyC Le. u 11,.11 Jýs rs c-) V rrt, r-*` l: L J;,,. f: ZeA , I (tY L, lStL..Li. l,:. 9 fi; ' s-ý=, r -4J-= 1 "I.JJ Iý .: .1 LJ1t J.ý'J I . ý: ý--. Ie J 2*UL 1 w- 1 l-j ( ti-1; 12 Jr U.! ul wf -4ý cZLIJ -macrJ ' 1.4'r v l%rýJ-sý Cu) fý e. ý---- Cb) 0fý. t41 (c) k' 0,2", ,ý. (000ý dza n 4 98 &UI Jf a.. i. L, Ijl, J 1.; 1. J1 1. .0-" 11&I, J 1; &1 t LS; Z:.. i (; I r1- - . ý,.L, u; j. I:. Z) uI3,.,: 1», L JI LIj I; 1; 14,; L,.:. b-cl; 4. 1)%>.:.. ESL. Zar cri JI, 1 :. r 4. ja y(s jLJ J s la. fi ;.,. JI Ir4 L" f (:. , ;.t`?.;.,:. uI t, u: ý--ý .uý rý ý} i. ) '" S,L,,. 11 1(i " I"I-I,,, a,.. . Iß,1 LW1ý.., ý l.. Wi; v. 'r. 1 j-. WI, rr w Ig- L L9 L)U.i. yh1; 1J1 J., J 1 ß..A . ý_ýL' rSºýrý Jr i. i L- " 5L . ai 1a i; j --Liecm UL 04. J C42' ký 1 JP 1'ß-I 55a I ý+"-= J, t (=t') `i`41 ;uý crý+uýc -ý- ý}i.-ý . tom- u w J 13 lt4J Nils Slat; tS t. J 1 v 4. - vý' v, t41 ý, J Is J L1 ""L. ____; ri jJ ý' °ý Cý P" 5)z ta, ýjýctc... " tä.rw (W Dawn Cý p. 86)s ý1týarrusý+ [ý I cs, _r. (Cý D, 4.0Q"i It &I) ý.t1o"ºtt p .ý ", 4.ý+/ ( fir p .2f) cý) I<, ýýý + Cf) k, M>J CL Li *#r ctSal; (9i 1<, t aM1 CIp. ýo.ýý'ýýi"< .ý(! +) rob ö19ýtýýt4ý ý ä1"c Ls. `ý:. Lstjt t sý e- ý t3l. s . oJ; tý l.. s; = ZA- ^' Pnwstl Csx ý'"23ý) (I) kýf -e". 82 b (L) ýUswiQ aw' C. p.13 z) . ; ;, y ý. ý SIC) i t. sý t,; : !; yt, t.ý Jlýºt t LrJ i Wt ,: ,t ,ý,:. s ,ý..,; ý,.-: ýrý -ý,,- ý,ý,:. ý s, ýº ýjý iIr, " iýýlJl, iýl,:, )Iý Jl, iJlr, ýll, ý, i1IC. S64 " tu-: +jL, C. 4A v-t v I. äß,:J I Z: j-J If Zr, Isj (:. L ) o1.- r" Lo 0 1 i V4-J jj Z l- Z `-°ý 6-'. u" Z*-.vJ 1; tßJ1 ýýýr'-06j. j; ei .L) LA; 4 0 ii /ýi >--4 4i w1Z4 Cb) p do a,,,,, (ur 2.9oý qý (Cý w, Jý'tSS (d) Do C P" 2h) : Cr. 100 L- 7? L"X" Z: 5 ý I--. LJ I.; JI L11J I L: J Iý ýý ý1-ß%4ü -c r% ýsl1 -! r--I.M "r 6 tl.,.. "t:. y ý,.uý; ý;,;, ý u us' )-o ý,; Jýý;;,-, AWLuýU J ýI ý' ý.. I: L 1I., J. t iý,. J Is ýy Icý _ _,, ýy ii ß,. 3 , ,ý", .4 ýa .ý.: o + tI ü4ý. 1., JIrI, 1 Wt4IAJI2,4 W U-) --. ý, ý. ý. ßrä +rc-". ý,; rwI Al. 1ý1I, I) j. L..J I W L':jr r4.. äl. ýl q.el. .I .s. sý a: .30, .Li1 Al)! 1, I 1r 1 I; ý. 1ý.,1Iv tS, J lº YI, ,4",. `u ý., """ý,. X14 ýý1 . l. 4j il;... I; .; J i 4j tº =*: ar "IJ J <.,;ý, %)Z--r41 - v L. UJ I to . s; I, u', s t,.- L; 1.14L"Ct. il l: J I Iv LW-JI ýn Y. , r uJ ý"ý"Jcýý w (c 547 569 CH ot ; 10 irC, l.Sý. 1L. I ;. l º l,; l; 11 . j. ý. , -ý- ti.ý ý, VIVOI J;, 4j- L+,.. (Sýa...i ajW ' 6L- ýS Ji YT ALAi ýý I Js`+t I ýj `aa(_ ... JJ I L. ýº f iýº `I -. J ty-+l ýJý t? "'ý tJ ý:. j. ji j . r.., , . f It r ew;.v ul U&LJ ýJ J . " ;,,ý., s .i (A.,a) k, 4, l,:..S, y (6) OO. ;, º"?", 14Z ^. (c) 0 aAV'(IIL MO"Io `13) (a) :1< ý --. - , ' o-ý a unt " ! off ýýý U L. Uj IwI ý º; 1LJ I u 1..j I :.;...J t ')1J' i, : (,, . ,.:.,. 1. L s, tlý.. +, ý.: IsyJ t 1t, t 4, ý t L" ,, >Y1. J. ý" crb cr1 c,: J.i, 1. JS t i, t, ý:: : i %Ji _. ý.. . ý.ý ý1ý irýr-' Y-s -L' u+ v, ý-L%ýJ ý,!, j, J' C7" 0.14 ý, ý--º1t '1;. +,1 t, !Jt ýf.. lb) ý,. at . rI J ýa . J.: fi; I . L.. ý,. J., o ß:,,.s1 , ,., " !: i, J. ,, La; L-J i s)... J t ý; ,_L! .e; ý+. ltJ I,.: I l'J I . ý ru ý ,ý rWý V1) sr° Jo i L&,.4) 1.x. 1 ý.Li t .; La 5114 ý. OýL $7s ý---Ký uý -'---";,. ý . '--ý 1 o. c cc-U; *,; » w- LsJ ts= z-L i. J. t t ., A . A v, V's:. JJ r1.... 576U IA 't, 4 t` L L ) vt C., : -. ~ Cý, JJ ,i(:. ä. 4 4. LJ C?)0, 14 Cb) 1<, cad (c) l< D", 2h ", 3 oJ.. E-0.i c-t an of i: n. bL; ul cs.-s 577 (!j I 1 t 13=. :.;f; = cs"1>ýL:; ýýtr ;1IJ 53lJI-Iý:.; I L L.;: I WI lS ý. 1 ý:.L c. &I -ýJ 5" ý, !JIs:.,. 1fý; f S.':. ý.. l. J t t 1ý --^+,, Sra ý.. ýs. ý º.: 4a. ýýr'. cri c-!" 1: 4j- (;. ý,ý.: _. b) I 1 Ir ( L) N Ul-i ,; -- .. º a VJ .. , cl. i L' J1jIj 1).:j I ý.ýJ rý r 4 vu- ti IJ, v, I ý, t.. 11 ---= y.ý1t 'U-11f ýIr; ý : ýý s (b) 0, ý' F. oý", 143 a (c) AM \'it"I p, ýaý ä,. 1 i99): tU. tomi"ý: ý,; - s t cA 103 U 1j1,; IjTI, L:. J I tC 1I" vaJIibi Y1 ')W rß.,. ý TJA 13"ý 51 1,Jb; l I Iý cev cap-41r r ;. v csý s, ý., a; ý! 1., L_.. i ;u:. Tj:, i l " , r:; rl,:, , l L"r-ihr' I Lr*-iS jI C.,41) j '" j tC» u .i)L 1, I,,: b L Y. ) 1, I, L:u s.Z IC 1316 ray I Cv r----154 3 x.. u+) ; : WIj1. J 3r6 v I1., :t r+' jjA -: ýº''d rL-J + 1Iiv; I Isy,lo,. l I .:.;, P; al) IJ 1 I I A I fA v., J.. jJJI ."I, i,r ;.. u., cstl ýir'J u"5.s"'' Lit- I sin WI x`11 sý.. J 1 Lt v, t 4, : L' äs Lvt K 1 tIJU E I 'W -yam (IKu .: Al.; -a 4, 1:.. 011 I) ý;,,:,!I, LAAI Is Lr tS I. 3! " . a, ti -. . it, 4.A = im u S Li )1. 11 L 91:.. J 1, Jj (zL ul J+ ý* Jc; wrs J1 1;;11 !1 ir >91 j 5111 1) 1 u4 11; a.,`ß, Z" t..-41: si-J L. J.A ': ia 1.,.L., J. Li +» c; ', 1-60IA >; ' A, k, l<, Ca) . =c t-- v (s; 1-1.4JA-a . (C) cC,w, J) 0,.,, t UA, (e) k, P... 83 b (f) X43 b 4 d .ý eý". ! 04 557 CA t.o J,.. J 1v 14- j L-) 1 L; "1t. 58 _.; L 1WIv, L:J 1 Ir'J I >J A; cý'Jý ,suet . ý..ý.. I, ý Jý.,J (rSl ýýL: Sý9(, LýJIJv' :.: ylý: iýL 'I JS J -)L, LLJI cý, :ýl., Sý t . I . ý...ýý L, J I :.,, IL l; ýi: I l3 l w( ;ý... ý ýLýý! ,ý, ý v _: J"ýJ aJ ýJ ý, ý .ýcl =-L) L;, %ý-, 4 i. 1 10- " ýA r= ice, .tea . -'; ' i 'zu Cct) P1 Ltf+'tu""a'/l Qýrit Yý. , ,P $ý 2. u, ) Da w' mil' 129) s Jºc3 ,,,_:. 105 59.U. j LUI JI L" ICI 1I 51I, L 1 r-ý, ý ß,. C,, r4 ;ýý: ý. c,ýLJ; V( :. i-t u1rL, J J I 11,It , -; -", C, s,. j... :.. J 14, i.. lti lvýº, J IJ º 1..:. J 1, 11: JV rL:,. a , :. as ,ý. 7! ý.,= (C C) Vz*. ýI Li I I ZL LjI-, i IIuI.,. L..U tII r--J) ,ýJ ir jw-v lL LJ I 11. UIrx,; I :I. I LSL JJ I .x, o"c, n.:: " . rlo Au)I "1 srý u s ,ý1º vý. I Lý rLIvI g'r uJý' `Y º yl a1 b ' IA rtg; 01515 a`. s1 rs1! I 11+ J'' ' LLaj I " . u' ý,' ºrLYI,: Y1gý ( L) vI5 &U ,Jt yam.;uý vý (d Lo" 'I JJI 'W ist 4 er º ur°I ; iý ;r; qtr aW1c, -ýr"ý rý uý uC -j eu. LIJ.. ý, J.. U. º %'ýrýiý 1rß=1º, ºn yº UI ; y, ý, i. !I ºr.. ýJ ., -. ý, ý.ý 11) ,aw 4L- J-1) 0 '; % ý -Lý '.,.Ai C,ý,eej ý ))L- : ý- C,.- j Ca) D ctw 23 6) : iýý ºý ý---f: ' ä . cýý. -ý d) Pneu cc - C) k, .ý ýý-y !-C 4., 3 4Q' -op. Cep k, "ý 106 s95 Lr"-1(ý, J -t--ýý ri c ýr" 1.. WI L. I I WI .r., . urj Ls týrý rbs co j6), v; ti-ýý csýhr, ) i ý.. 0. L3-ý1) 1. ) ^-&I C Isi (Y-; Lv?, wI LJ 1 'ýý v c>ý crt u %-u -º ;s ýr J. t..6.. -1 " .i.. la : 1.;C :;:; 5. $ ý"(1. I,. il I t)LJ ( il;, Lý,I L i, ýýý ý: ý. iJ ýI r , ý; vo UII. J 1 J j4 ,i.,. a.,.. .i. ý. ß.3.: .I s» S1,1 Lar-°i L ) ä_;! u! ý.ý uý .L v-4I) <,- *-i ý. IU4WI t- Li Ltä-e Ii,,. l:, 5) 6 .:; d>A -& rS w.:0 cIA Got, ' J I (Ujoj1 Y Urw,., J lý l (s J ý ;,º,: ý; %rL"0-" cy'ýý j; 7.t..: vý ý-L (o 2 L I I I lmýif i% It 1 ..;. I aJ . 11a. ý ;ýc , il y. t ;ý. t. ý. a-ýuý. ý1 nib ýL 1,. ýL It ýL"Sfý'L1ý11 ý,;.. ý Z, LýS11:.,yýý: ý : 11ýr, ý..sýs°ý uý criscm ýr-r ýL-I Iý 7.1111 J L.. `l lC ýJ j.. " ;ý,,,,, s, alb "lm sJ ý,; r.: ,, c ýºýv .sýJ `v3 Ca) D (TI 6ý = I (6) ýi OAVI Io"3 J ýý ýsr=--L ýýý (ý' , (F-" lv Qa^N_ (rrt t. 2t0) /)'1I A1 (01) Doves' (19 2$4") Cc) % '. ý: -,-1 e. 107 cot L- U) Cý zi. Lo o J 17. LJ le J I, I I -t{L: E at, 11) a1 c ýº SJ LL,,,, I. .:, r. LV j, `.y 1--.:;I U J I J-+ J IJi. Z' j.,, 4: 1.:1 I .zA, 0IJ.. ;. e.) sLI L:, , . L., r x.; I;; l' U 1,, ý 4 ; rý! 0! .ý,:.. 11.,1Irr -L c3 X07 i 606 1.41I&, `Jr.Jul J, 1 >r`ircf u4 3- =" l:,.. J I J.. J I U JWI'I ILU 1-,,.. : La I bogu -, j C, u, m uL.. o J' LA f Lj,, L% Cj , -U 11 JAL 6ýý! cl I- -' -.l J..m, L-- L eW I ý", 1.4 lý -:c ý," L, :.. 1.. ý; ºe(; :. soJ.o tom.; týJ I, 41a..,J Imo.; L_s I,, L5; tj LI.,, tv1,1, I, j1J v 'c ce. ,: L' ja ,.L . I;, t Ja- ýA IJJ.. J Ii (o 1.. L. I, 1,3Lr' J. ', t,,, Z--av v ß.,o: Cý. oýrU _; .L ( : X--° , ih, I .i. Z. Jw ".,.i.! J t, WI -: ý3ý: ý,: 7ýº j----19J )l: LA U. L. LjL.: I 1ý.&-J la _ -'J .Js. ) L.. .._i, (, 13 ýx Liº JýJ I I J I Js iýý i=4. J 'I ýý-'ý u 4. ý t '.ý:..., u-ý , ýrJ r r'ý j.,: cr---i IL-JIUj Lv4, -I6p"-p. L,; At:L t-A" j ;Iý v» ý 4 J-c l tr I I " %,A +ý+ýC -b -L.t -15) an rAW ug 1 X011 Ca) Aº ; r=te I C$) k, ýýý¢ I Cc)ißt ss S,o `I ý"ý <-p Cd) !<94 e2", $46 Iý sL L: I I IAý; L. . _._. J, &:.-4 ys'ra3J a-,: t 0 *-J -, ; L,; .:, I '_... jJI LA s.... 4r5 L) >J ýWl vo(:. J--A I I-IJ. JI il IJ LS W 1 l srsJ c ltC" ,;- ot. 4,,,: .i. ý. U Lý. S. " ýýri "J era- rI" 1( .91c, Cb w.! l..! to LLlD. l tJ G . L, sr--AW c, -ý 'ari=dI ýyt 5 L". J LSj ý. l l +?. `L .: ýll. ý, ýJ t, 1I 11SIý I l 5 I;1 " 1y Jý . u.^'J ý; sJ . ß: .0y .0 Utz. 19 i;,, J I i.. ' t`ý 1 1,. & (`L) c -+ c, ý. x cm r;, v.; u -* -3A v. r. J. t v -.: j LSDL. 1I ItaL I 11 " "ij v; ß; vlSjSLL, ý. ý. iJIC rYICtej4 LJ 1 1 LJ 1 jý .s. A. ul» cry Ujul'l 1J.. L.i 1 J Ii4: 5ý u: Iua 3 ýIg; bra v", ,.-1. ;jI . C, A ii I. LY-. c.:, Lt,ý jl f (a CR%tt ) )pO-A1C IZ p. 18 5) ;' tt ä.:--,,; -i a to c63- CC) UZ Cc p" 191} (r,!) O, -ý04 ", 4rb I., =-" CQ"s 1" w , ,""+ a .c-. E/ =' PP- 2 61-2 :. log t2 o WI U t "'I> t r (ýG) ý--~' rayr" csSl sýL. crý-r uý J . r)J ý1-tiý-"'c. , l+J lS, 4: 14 . LNJI, "l,;: "Aý:. -'- u. r:: ust ß'y, »1ý., rwL ir`1 62 i W Ll týý.= ct:, L "t. u: UE t, 4 4ý; UI "f: rU f r-t jSjj PZJAW r,,.:! ýr 6ý. J (. 1I t L) Ci ý.. ;., ,s. i 24 L.. U o , a.LJ 17j..,. j I J I 6L-ºI I J ')J I1 Y_. _.- 0.4 vL ul: ox .i..... r, u-eu+ß-)1-'-t C" 423 'Lý.:i, P. Wic vý: JI JI 1' -. vlý: o c,+s ý: tI a,; ZLIL:,J I JJ tjII. " 'L. ) i1i, ýý I J.. y (j,: Iy. u-ta . iu cýºL=.aJ 1 0-9 AJºt,. it Jji eý 6zs ý. ICU L it; ., " A:6LAT as ý. ) 626 1. 1 te t1 Lr. i La. 1 ( L) rt) C.e dU je , .. t1 ä .. 4 (j--i u; :. ; ýý---.:,. ýý 7ýaW lýý. tº i I lo j I; iJ 11:J i =. I ý. U. ,.. ý, .. výJNN csi s1 r141 "I;. Iiy,. i' LLB ýIl. J Iý.,, -, ýý1 c,; .ý oº y,,. .: ýý:. ý. ý. U.L99t. a. vi 1ýJ ýrý J; W Iý W 1, Lt.:I ý,..:..; C. cý ICý: iI J JS . 11ýywý J Iý JC ,. - BSI.:. ý ý. ýl%L",;ý ._. ý. ý. ,1 ý"J lý 1 !ctý,.: t,. I t LSJ-ý Jrý i L ý; L " , c: fý;. Y_: ,iý. ýý , ý+yý ýi, .. %ý. 627 (a) D C ! Cb) D C i=;. awv' Ir p" 139) : c; ºR= r=L t-- ý"' o_w' II ýP " ý3ý. r.. r cý;ý ý ir. Yý : dLZ )JI, t Iýc ý' jý.l] L:t: = ý.. ý , ýPj cS"ý .. . . , .. o. ºýi.:.r. P4n- PO-WI ... (C)i<, j-ýR",SS a Cd)P1 wº", cis ý"ýgý Ce1Q, ýet., ? y6a (f) 4h1. q'j.J4% 6 SI e. tio). __ Lý. ( "JL ý C..i) ý"'ý ý.S W1 " tel. 41 ;: 0.4 v... --a; ) S. C. Cv; ., I wýý lnl (.. L ) y63oC J I ii LW Ij l( " j.; ,.. jj ,; `L 6SI SJI 11I) I " sý, jJ i-.. t s-L.- (1) R3-m' 8>iC. Cr?. Sg) , Lo »^p zi ti tr. ) ir: A "",;, 00 ,xV C) M ý ý IL $ issý9c.,;, i aýäýs-c: t°' to ý" c1.,ý:ýsý c ýý Iý. ' (a) OAv'C ýr t. 314) Lý isp Cý. S0/I Li 117 ; .. ' Cý y) 692.1 -211 w, ;. L-- ýL 15 0i12 1, 91 c j ,...t jiU1 Lam' JJ WI,:. " .i}:.:,., A ß;.c L. ý. ) LJI ; (yt, ý1JJ )1Si s'JLý ý(ýýSc,, i l( JiLJIvr°cýý`iIS +'ý IyJ 1 " . r,, CU 10. l... (v All 7,.: l ý.. ý.. > ; ýeý---+ý"% ý £Y JJL. (L :: I ý,.,,. Jy(ý;. L. t: J Iý L'1Is,,.. J, Iý) A ý,; ,,. ý ý,, ý; ý. I, J. " L. y 1ýý `JI, IýaL 1S, (;. 1 ý.: 3 .WIý,; v ;,. 1lc le-) 0 'ßI j-01 '4 ýjr 634 " r, ý-ýý u---e (u-c 15-L :J (z 1 Ij J; :1s (:. L) its vs 4-J uk i ,i tj; j Y ä, I. il i L:JIý, d l: l fr Is I tJ Ir I -. ý p ý,, ý; cs'YJ , sueJJ r: c ýýl . c..ý. srý l d; i; iä: Ls L"J (ý 41: C ýJýa .ý...; .:.,,,. i cr,ý lam,! ý, "rJr. t, 1I9, I ý.r ý JIý; Jý L`11 L: ä,j. Lzý 1 1; &-Z I j1---il, `s i cri-l 1J LL.:l9:, _: 44 4Ui ,4;, K .1. - ut ý--x ý`J LS, L-rj ( lS ,i -si,. v f -#Jh ,ßi 'J (ý, "ý ut cL Cmu--,, u-ý 6, s7 l u4 i 1»%, ý, Li 1sf, ! tý.. Y " r_-:; u; ýn ýr,. ß. .iý; Ll AWr ý;; s. (a.. a)Aw)Ul (b)Daw) (II1'"Sýt': o"ºisýtP.rtt.: ý..ýI: CciLo-c"G. tc'cr-ý= 0, f 6 (e) ký (f) awý.,,s "ýlý csýr sý, I (d) "ý"ý ýyb crwt ; %s A ýu P" G5$) cf"" " (9) I'1'ß'' ., 1ýt'ý+ oJlbs.cd C%i)1<, Ct)" Dcnn, '5b. (Z ý) ti .. bý e c.. tb (7) P1Z. paw, C "23 csr=t r ýwn , P.23%) Ck) Paw' CZZ ß"7s) tt-ýtt''ýU ?(. JiýU O) P 112. t-; Iy:1 =S 5) I JIr,; 04 L.,J . , u ,1., ,,., ) C,ý -,4A4 638 IW1 11 :.,,;, uj j1;, L, 41 4-s, c; ULL";º;. v-ii 91pp1 . "f I t, "` sý°r` ýrv-: J CSU j"r tS ýý -i v-ý ý, , ý,, 639 ' tr U t, JLJt4.1.., ZL;, t L,.. (z. L) s. -1 º v. s.ý t J c. bt 0 = L , ýjc 3.011 U ", Ir- 1ý) I lei " ul 0-1I, -1;r V,.; rý--I u cow Cat-Iýfi ý 6ý, t: Iý., 1I ý; L9JI J I J. S; ý+ý, ý, ýrº' ý iý6f ýJ ýý. . ý:,, ýJý ° ý Cý ýL ºl: J 14., i. 4 J.; WIV.,. L1 Ica.,.. c,._.,. ý. 0,. iJ -&Iv.. spa *. ßb. 3-- L J,,. I ..... _ý . ý. ý;. -- J Lo . t>> I I & I)&ICJ I) j I t J IC " ZZ4 au 4.33.c j-, -: u,--) , ý,.: ). #,: LJu JIj Ir 1 jI J= i' I Ij0, j 1;I, ß I,, * 0, "W I.,,# ,:.; ýý 4 Jýý JII 1 ýr ufo-j 14 (117 P. 204) 1 W 1L l 2ý-t:. :: tS ý%r Lý ý. Wi cMýý J ". ýjv, s iýo1 "" , f (W o,. &k-p 1117A (-C) 0, f4-. º" Cd) I<> >c;f CC)DO V) C. ý. Lb lö fe. v4s- 9) 1 e..I ý,.,,e, ý,",; n s. , ...e L "=wi cj*Cj L") U1"=-J1 ýiº'; J " °° '^o cc-1 rot ' ý, 9'% ýý;' ý: +ýº Y1% 6j lei LVVd.; -J ý 113 445 C46 ca) JZ4A - 0 114 CA a) I Lam', 10.7 li ') ýL-S r. J ix, j .,:. u LI1j. ýýi;; j! t-> ý' 4.a, L4+ ý I Ly i11 a! L" !J1L: Y v ý, zý: r,.. j ý. 649 0/ J> b, LA-; L' L - J cs> > 65 t1:1_J I 4lF. L%JIY I to L-LI I Jýý u r., ý; ý,.:.) ue-i - cý'ý ,' cý r 1I LJ i Sr 1W ý'r-°ý I L" !.J uSý ra -i-...t ý, t: tit .i ýy ý1 - -', '=-ý-I `ý-t s. ). 111k-: L, l., SL4 LJ LS t; ý 4,1IQ ý. ý, ý. s; ., j A-;. Lt . -y. JJ 0 .ý. J d 6S le l JiJ. lc.L1 Ivý! :.. JD LjUIJ L2 I .J2. cri a 0.. m- ýv Lº CM uts 6S L21[ (c) k, hol'. 8ýa () 0, fo-", Iý? b 115 r j 1,.:. 11 11Lrg J5 L--ý ci- u u' r-% x, rI ' ;., Lr E; J}, sJ L. L-j ') errs 0 .,. 0. :)u 4.0 ,r LO S1:1aj .ý. U ss? 1.. I JI W 4w J Ij4: : JL. ý1 .! mob 4- A, s, ss 6s' ,, jf ILF. iIý^j. "1 "!. la 14" lS JJ t iy C r J ý ;1 J. r-11. x.,: 660 Ca: i) _I L4: Lý1 I Ii II Lß.. rý" rsýwU"v1v sJ ý; ý, -t-J J 7 vI u)ý L.j I 1;ý I,,. L5)1 it ; )I, 1 Ir LI . , tl cPýL6l (a) C, ULL' (b) J<, 2%A- L: :JIL: vi, c,ýý c) 4,11 'r I;: J (r `: 1 I tJ I 1I 1 ýý---' rý ý:r cý== sra ýr ir" . r; ý".ý ý;. . ý,A ý.; . z.". `_- Lt Lt,;; v ; 's tý e s.: I " :c.::, 1 ak '7C "' L.; Lam: 1 IL . Li.i; .1LJli4+: JLý::! i 'L 1.',1I IIa.. L":Ji L(s: t ; :; 9;. " tr to I ýs Iý tcr""'-ý " CJs rýJ ý;3.. ýr usýsý- ý--ý"ýýrý-'s ur'ý .. ýsr Lli KA tr I Lý iJ 1 U t L ZJG x.. 3 Z,._1. ß :. t;: 1t L:ý 4 yl i". t Jýý- I -_. _., Jlr ý3"ý CC ?ý cT: . -J-t. ý: rýýs " "r=°s 'ý cr' u" cri k"`ý Dom' (I ) ý °) (t) P" 3$? : J1y= cr, c.. ý,. ºýýrý i2 Da, Uý ., l4 $ a_ (ý) ýý' C it P" 233 loj6 fib/ý ýu. 1- to (1 cr v yew cr ý.:ý'59' cr t .jG%, ''`' 670 iG UIJfv...: L `1Iv lr. S; rLjIß;. 1cv.; :. ý. ti: t;5f... 1., l Lý,!. :I S l.:!., ts, "J.J I t, Iý " ýý ., ý., r_ ý:; ý,+ v ' .; b7J c J tj. J 1 ýli (ýL) *lv;:: ,s -4^.. rý C= c y I L: I.. ä Jt " :ý. yJ ý, ý:: z; C ß, ý' 'ý=°ý 72, ýe r6 Z17n Iý< 4, 1t, J.; iýl, L" (vý 7 I " :. v. ý. .. r ýU Jý.. ý . t.ý:! ý, .iý(: -L) ý ý---ry I UIL, Z:; ( ( L) u-ý ý' cý1'n -r9r" u"" v=., ý' r iT ý:.:. ý:. wýý i/ /1 w"Gi '"L:.. (,. ( ýiý L. 9 (.: 'J i: oi = f J rc.; . J' fL oý ö7 1^ L Y L.:. 1, J. C+ Iýj 1U.. ý.; "s.:W :I7,4 J1( ý'ý',,'., 7 I_ý,:. I !ý:. Lv1I Lý-"ý"t, J (Yr49 C:J i id L,J'ý Ls r rý ý, J. l'79,; (u) P-w' ( v7n rz2) t,2" g, (1) Lc. c, p" ---4 C. ýl Cr" it r ýc) ?"1 2) ý`'' ' ;s1y CSCszJ r "" c1ý ; ý. fir. ý ý. tý ý:ý C4) b, ýaý "' tLtab Ce) .. j: ý,;,1;: ýsý:l: ý;:_. ýJ , ý, v1. o ý j Jc vý. 1ýcý.; J 1"; c;;ý.; º1º l18 (b : ý' ( Lý.: LýS4 L, Iij, `JI U. LJ Irk . vom' :! .c cýlOý '`" ý J (! s v 1 5ý;,. I) :iI; Lam.Li I ly, 17ý, I -tý...! ý... .:., : ý 'fit .J YJ vto L' "01,, ý cr Lv; `i, ul 1 SL-3ý ,1 LSrý. -u10L. bJ... Lt-;: C,i L., e;.ýL- jj q) 1, %; Wlý mal 1ý ý,.4, 6.15:1 Lý IJý r. A r , ,.,: . ur Lrý " lý.. I. L,FJ 1, ý. Iý ý'ýý I W !ý tS, SL ai ot ý1 ý. ý,; r,.: ýJ `r ýiJ ý-ý% u i v.. 6.99 Ce L'° L" W1j. J 1., KJI, (z. L) u-----e u u-t -4- Cr esJ .: : Lj , ý.. : l: J I 1, 4.,ýt1ý! I I, L.L, L"l... Lý h; 'JI 1 l, l _.._. , '1 ýý1.:i1 º1J ýýý ,ý. j), Ct 1v. UI`,; J 16: f I ;! _r., . cý, u,,... ý., cu v.:. r! `So t ii ICtJ (i v YtK 1- ý% .. &,%4-< ý` t (A> k, c:ý. q,,,; ý cb) C ". 25ob%: is i, ý wº ý{; _,___ý_ý cý (c) A, (ci) k, v" Cý (4) 0. ý,,Q., pý P" os> . c)i :,N t: iti., y)ry. /49 a (9) Q,",. ch) }c, ý, ae"ý894 . 69 J t". 1I J..a WII&: 1tJt I) 1) sý I .4-y j alt. .. äi1 I i# I-.- I : Lt. l I L)% eI ý, W .? s) ?A O-C. -. "L, . LJ I J I; lT :ýyISl. ( L) a,:; ý, ý,. .ý3, ý. (sº .:. (uý-rý J LV-J" e; I vr'{a ýýrý 4 Lj I 1, L-ý`>! `--->> u° rý4 uM ' uff' -.:., 1b11Jj1 ns .,.:! 1 ; . ;,, 0) 1J,t b 683 I Ls» (ý. v---"" ýJ i,. t) ýJI 1I J. ý, c,3 ( ýL ) ý+: yý u J1ýsr'`ý , ýý.. ... v l% 2,4 G L, j L- `ý 684 n 0. --c 6--- 0-44 ý. 5a. i Imo...: UIý, JIsL, (ýL ) v-"ý, u-ý. s. ý-ý ;ý-e s$. ;ý:. ý1 ý. ý 1ý ý.. cI J 1) 1(,,aß t.&J 1 jjy ts., t. ý (ýL ) ,UW ,ý : 9,,.: 0r »» 61Ia. ý. ý; 1I , "" lS WI*, eiy) c,.--+ r . u. ' e ür 4 r u--:: ß 's', u., 'J l I, i Li , Ji Ji, ; (3 PA*7, PLcn, (Zt cur (w º,., Dom, p. 250 (b) P. -31): 6-4icrýl "w, crtsts: w (c) 0s " o1 "" 14 b (d) Dat.v' (X. P 55)s ii) ee': ý. Wt AW 4 e Jl W, t: "t" -. ýýij I.. )LI öýLoj1ý ""'e lý»ý a t'/ý-a`i') "" ýýtiJl,,,. c. ý 110 W" :. I, ? IW ý4- v. ý%ý cs--i ioýl ý L+ý ý. a:. cý-" "+ý7 a.; "'1 tJ_"ý CS i 6$9 (a J, 'i 1 L) . , ý.,. ýt :, ý:.;, tr 1ý.:Jrýý ; " ý:. at ý1. ýýetc ýº4ý r,, 1--ý º I I.. Iý sýiY ýI s I. 1I (.:. G) ý}cs1 ýý "I vl` ,ý .a ý-ýi. a::. ý, ýIý1 vi , I la; L zl I J, ä (J 11I JIL,; iL:. J I. J I I. I J)L .. ijj;; :.. ;.! AJ. i', Z6 ', 1-4J I J. I, (ý.. - a £; J £Ja ;YjI.,. I ct` . jp-. *a ý , % J, J, I I I L. 3 Lam;üý.. '..:... ---=ý ui"`ou++J ý. -L) ý1-"-, ti aU L, aJ ý.:. ýlý.:. 6?2 v'-'-srJ c L; IS_ K) J I. Ir4Lý;lt bI, I.L; "L u ,;ýV-'L. ý a41ca<"ý(uýý ) . I; J:ýIý Iý Jlj Iý SlIý ý,:. !t Lý.: L.. 4L" I ý.:. v--J urn ý, ý..., ý ý _ "W . ý. .0 ale 4slj J-J 6cr -j ýrý. l If; i'_r Iii Iji4.,; 9. u"" =ý . t. ý,. ý. 7 j. 4d "" ý " I`. I I ý,,; tS, a:,..ý ýr :.;:J .=.. t.:. ta. J v uýJýl., 4 uw 4 Ki 1, `ý) 4:r ýr L. (Lw i, $L cy,,1 e ä o. c. .. 94. 4) ..: 'J t_. a;týjc t ku7 t, c %. asý4 .# IyJ LCýV l/ d/Jý I b,.... (i jC Mý ýi (y. / 1"" }+V (s C_ f .. Cb) P/. i«^,, ) K, lr .4 l1., ir'e`" ý C :tý. ý.3? ce) ", 2? b ý, Cd) n, ", 15a.. Ce) ý' Cý p. zý): =sýýý v.:. i ý LJL ü" ýjý, -' cam; ýý1! 1. -: ý: ý " (e- ... tý ý. 'ý ¼ 121 494 t1a,1...J t,. ýº'. ' L (YJ Ic L- LSLii ,. . ºý o, = zJ Li I z: I -J Ir" ß...! L. IS ý, !: I 1, UIa,; (. t 1I F-t. c1.. ý:.: v. o... u. ý }r', mss"cri ýl ý.t u' .t csJ : y; c}% tL 1-6 tS, t ui b) lrl u) j I --&J v v., 4-i- ;L*: tr= '--W-, Cm t, 'o"(, 1I j I I t}v-) I :..VJ IQ !o I La-. -q) 1; Cs' t3. c) tg ,rI tI,: LJ PUL IY SyI UI W I ..ýlý.. ai r ij J,. ý1I, rf, .S: JI (. L. v--" a: s oý..;ý. ýa J us''ý I'j'I ll . ---^. L; L="" 'f Ais X99 v;, 'Xi'l L, LS,u .L tb%vrrý sr" LU I ra. b, 7oß ? ü4" I I U&I 51.. j4' 0 jr; u( ý..ý J Cy,JL;. J Ci ýl j)l, l I I J t, : I: I, c. "t. * ), vJ ; ß., aJ J..1 `)1.. j IVA U. i. t ic: s,:. I, 1,; y~y I L" ä..., J I I . _, ý,; , _. t; s1:. ý,: ýh v' ,,. J *-j '04 ýd L-IIL, L tf I _; r, ßa4 (I 0N" ;JI; .'t 41,,, ý jL1' ýa.. a) (c) 0, -ý oý-Q"" 150b j< ` (ot) , 7r , ,", -, cr,,,,. 122 9 ý-ý-ý; yI L,: I Lý. I L, lý I, y (, L. I ýs' , rý cs"ý u, "'ý , ý,% ý .u. ý "1,. sue. u I-----ºý. = Jam; U r ý9ry 4ý Is ýý sr= 4-ýL "y ýL; cs 10f " I,. `! i, :lJ(, W 14.1b L,,..: LS v .v I L. LA,.'. J..f, J 1 LU r"g cri j, r6 aJ ý: vtI Lrv J L<' 1, :. W1J bJ I, L1 - c,; Pa . t, . . t. ,L 7,o Y.: I r so AW1 L"2:; ý_ lS, I ýJ 4SI,.:. J. rte, - v :. ,AWI . ý9 J Isj U..,.. y I il)J L-, It ., v- ý. ýr» v) ý=-Lý .. jvs; cý° rJ rrX710 tSJI WI,. I 1IU; f, o--C f'eý "I. v x uff; it>" ter-cr (CO,'1 1 I (ý;, L'. : J ("..: 11`j av'. 41 l, l I j t) ;; Ill 1 ti;r" ,. o ýIr-J ý ý,, L.i. j 'Iftij' C,;, C.. "lla. Ir lz r=, C-- uý .. st 4.v; üir..! 1--.. I 1I L! IrL LLw-4bI tj .1-S- ß, r Zº: ý L,; . _6ov°;' u1ý*1 `1, 12 wL.;. l,, J ý LI. Sll, l,, t,, ýt ill0712 staLlrJlaLý, r4 . ti,.... ;,, (ýy.. ýý o 4ls v"'ý J o"" J' `eJ1 tr °J he $8_ JUX (a)K2 ", (b) i<., . mot (c) k, -- (-e Colý 1ý!ßä, i i f'e l '7 eal 5t ý) t lä r.. 0i .. t)k, k, . ý Q"p d'>4" (1) º (9) 0, o. 151 u. 123 Ze.j, j I J)4., ý, "--. I 6 lj., Cý--ý)9(u T Jr 1 I :, l il 14.; t. (4 4 r, ij r.. L; . v,, v. vISj I ýi 4L = l; 14t6 Iýý' LS k: . JA -. --ºý cri Lr$ cr , .: '7,5 J. i, r1 J): üc : J1iß (1'146)c,; o*- 'ýY iY' O: 1Al1 a_ jis v: yJ, " ý1..; "/" /! '"/ ICJ _ýl. ýr'ý ~%`ýv . M J l; 1;1º Iý...J I c,_ý. `º .:..ý...: ý,:ý; . (ix I L ..,. ý,... ýý vyý u 11J º ,-r Wý-t.=.ý J-ýºý14ý ls,ýJ I sr--Aý ( L° ti-ýt-J Is Up jJ IL 'W >> UIý, jJu 1J I d 1, 1 14. LJ LLc -J uý jJ Cecr" vit. 7A AjLi j Ltl) kw"n Mss l; tJ , pes' Chu r.111) Cb) So w+ MSS"Acc" to aý -D änys a'ý aý ßc. ",, 516 Cd)k, . "C Cam)ový=' 111ý JIs°-yIr LI.A(,. i 9ýi1ý:1I JI rlJI :.. L VJI CJLJI `TI II LJ LJ t " JS JA L"Jt lo 1JI J. J t, I. u--' : ?", r ý,; ýL., a, "o u,,: iJ Jj iºl 1511 ..;; J 1J.;- CJ. a:.c. r1 tom; 11)1) - I- r. . 11 '7J JN Jam- 1 J (yL ) C,, . ý..ý u° 311 ,, ý,% 1--rß' L° `J; I L. Jro. ' J IUIJI Li I 5 4)I 1l iJ cs- 'o-tl-t v; u" Vi:. sPý 1ST Lai I, y I) I ooý *-%.14 L.J J r° y,: l L-i t v: Iv lA,, IJ riah v jLj l ;,XU- I3 ý-i1 I, L I : hº1...1 I Iý ICJIý 1 J I ýJ: 'i .JI vt-d ý.; J4; ýl., ý,; ý,.. ý.. " 0 Iu. ) I ý-s ýc L1I Lß,1 J, 'JI (ý-L i u+ý-) .LL. ýI ý,.; ýr%l; c,; O-, 1J VI L-* 1).. UL.. 1i,, LSD " uljIx ; ,i: .i z- u 121 I L., jkj I wIIII I) I I J I ;., A (J$ ...;_. ý:. J-'_. J" AI 101- Cudyl (' Lr La.: LV ' " cý% ?Aý Cl."ý 4*6 U41 ý-cýj"J A: s JL: A D I (c) L. s i-. s (a) JM/' (p11.9.. o 9) t rý ý" I ýr, t. - oc "C-It t. lA. =' ", it ýr, tr ý= ys0,41 a; lv 1, cS rr? Pvý7 cr "" "ýPý ` Cc) t dc.. 1'"'; oýs.o vbý", 3u p" 5 K' . º.o _'+"(d )0 152a, 125 ;+ IS , ýtSY+ w °xr, Jy.ýJ+ J.LC4 CJ -- fsL% ýi v-e °_- "+ v-" y'ý "LdI ý4I, ;u - rte' ýs' ý%"ýý+ . ý ty3 J esL,. 72,5.,. k ýy_. _. d4 ýJ+ OIL- Po d %_t'*J' " 725 11..J1 Y% S + j+ + (' L) .Lý. ß: ý1ý1 ý,. "+ý. ýl; L,. to; jti,. 9 J,. JI... Y4 J.. 'ý-1º 1a+r-- uýý ýrý-- vt a'º ý- a:+. r i yi a: k, Qeaýt 0 C III 2) Ca) -t c, (b) orw' . p. 0 : ýýý 'ý I: Iyc ý,ýJ ý.;. t t, " , Al cJ ýL Cs'ý. i1G aºýV -º &C-Z; ý 311 % ^R' (J-A,!,! ' 'Q. (,.. . uv" cr. ,11 c-. C- .. rý Ic 1; ,I (C) 1<, ;- (d) , I;- (e) (ý- e"5 59) : W ýcS ý1j äý I ý-f') So ins MSS ý. o also ". cý'",4JI r ; ý11 126 G.;ýý uirý0hr-ý ý- i27 LJIs lV6 4 L-11, sý aWt t ý1: ýr L. IC1,;. ý 1. 1 r----a-W ý'. °', uýýý rf= :: . u, LJ rJ vIý:, fr.. ý, " ý: ýLy yº L-ý;., º, 1I Wir, Y L, l, lh: l tý L L... I ý .. J. ß: ý,.ýI ý.; r>`1I , ýr )I fir. vt " 1-. Sýt:l Q 21Zni ý"ý lpý, J(ý,,, lJ t v ý; ý,5: ý-ýu' ý-ý, (JJ I A.,, lti 0. L'Jt L: I l, ;( 14 : Z) 1,J t, i v, &L A= J,:. j Y-J f- 72f kxý t)1 J) JI "L L t, %IL, Lc 01 .: a Oj - +o -Lº, )I,, - n3o (e 1 l LAiJ 1 r- d 4ii J I vº ( .. L ý v- -, - uc - Zt roib jt1 u ry. L--S; J 1)r Ij i, 1r (rl. r: ý" . "Lý1 I' 1 v, I W 143 2, ti-- ", Y'[i '4 r; s. a.-: Ai- ca) Cb) Da ý `--. ý_'" 'r ' L.zu ;' J-: L ý, L"JI L. I C ý-ý J ;rte s --ý ;n ZU ;rý 1 ý9_. Il..:,;`1 u1%: _: u-c Jsw J-s-i41L. >. "I J3J u° J Ijr. L ) nss735 vr. gjC 4". `ýýý:.L., Ind VI Iu Lý, rAl-. - u-. ß-3 j t*a . J1, t4.A Lji i L'J 1I vý : 1. (L) . ý.,r. ý..ý .:... vs j1521 ý. 4,; 'ºy ýu; ý--ý .I , I v- IIu: rA 1LI; 1 940 JJ I tSýL:. Iýý. ý1. l; tSý J Iv, & L"1 L" ----, ý u1 cý ý._:.. ý. ý v ýi. ti-! r' ý, 3 l`-'-`x"' I I Iu^ JIý, LCý, JWI ýy :;,! "s.ý,ý. ý ýý1 -ý1:'ý ý1ýJ "ý v)L- C",r. ) C') Dcwy' CIp" 3So) ý- 'tr%'rý fib) Daw' CXR ý`'j)= c%ýu.ý=-ý a-+ý fir D'C ý1 p"n 5) co ,: v.... J Jt;. trig .. ýýL ". Cd) p7 153_ Chi j-ez. (C) t'" 20 %) t v.. º; %ii:. j. l z /. ,R,.., pýýo ý,,,s 1242 S) "I L*- 6 L,.: 0 L.ýL I. ýsi., .1 r 41f5 (g ýti4 F ý: (. i Ir S ______I -ý-ý-cr"'ý-- iý cs"ý- ° fir. uý "' uK ter,;:vý uý - -, -41 Ij. I r2ý 6' ' 1 L" L20do Lº -,0 0 'l (c. )j %>-. v.I c .1.. ýy,.il 0 1,14Z,. j-,;.j 1a 1 L j- IS- ;JI`,, J tu ýr -4 sº1,.ýý .. ýý,; s .:! u-ý c (b '747 N 07r9 Ir tA.:-rJ jLL P C me-w): 6" > "o:.. d Ca) /l/ cJ » =, LO, U. (ý, (y 1 Ci 1=11 5" üIy.. ä: ý' ý.t ,"o ýf - 0 ý;, ý' " " J,6)1 of ýýLs) IP tr.., bý r---y> 4: -ý (fir 4 W p2 o3) s ý,,."c ti l it J L; i 'ä:.J º Li 1 c.^-ý'ý tý """ý, ,; t3 LL IL>I ýr E;->I . {ý . ýw"rýý CsJ ) --- c. " c) , oar . X29 G-J I I I) L,. U ß-1I .0 LO %-1,11ý C) vt uKL. s,:. U I 1ý lý'ý :._. t-; ý,,; ..:., "" ýl ý:.- uý=.ý, Luý uýu sr=sL4L- v' .L, 1141, t L-) t, ,d JJ J cd) C) º3b A, K ü , o-Q" (1) 1ý--ý Cs) ) aiw' 130 ']5S '15$ L.i '7 t ', , 950 LJ ( zj 1i11,1, -----s cJ )j - 'i s', '75s Ca I . c,. I..JI Lý.!I. 1 UI 1:1I L.. . ": c: .. ý,.ý; c,...aiJIb`ý.. ', s_ý_": IaJ 1, Lz.J 10--) (JJ 1 ate, c,; "4Lj; jV M (i) flau' (Z ja. 123): : mot (P (1) ". 15ya () 1< ", 9o a. 0 131 115k I (}c I L" äý, 1Iý I ý ý ý---ýý-ý -'-+ý ýrý uýa1(ß. ' y.r: aJ v-%li 1''° ý: "t. ý U31 dL . t. ý. 1 L41 IIJ lz ,L3; 1 3 .x. .r Via; '757 ICCI 733 f7sý ý. ýý L -. rw C :., -J ow I) .,,41 C.U L, 6 ý.:.. 1, x, 11 UJ 4 Lt>J1 L) xt t41 Z4 it; 7 t J1sj(.:. j t-1, Utý,... J 1 t... L L r- uý`*ýýý, -- u, sra t, ý! s. ºr ý! ý, rl llaLi If Ii L-4 lv. t "v y, ý; ..., (b nýz YJ L: j L"rý 12 , ° -ý-1 cýýY &Aß 1u, L' tSý 14 1 ur-----L-ý ýý,º'ý .cJ ý,; v fir ; i C Ys J 1l vtIa;. V. O.W) p.! 45<<. J; AJ r .. .. ýi c -p ' D'ý A, UI ire- c oý: f (6) iU ti) : 132 743 C 4:, I " C54-i r" zL-I J,. C,,-- L-j.: - J-o 1,,,,: ,(c. L )ý t4. f j)yl. IJ. I " ,ý cýc4U ýGt b6... I I-' )1-Loo JI" 10ji l.., ( L) cy-) -L-o .,, 0. ,I rL. c,c u c,; . ý t (ý Lý JAI ( tJý Jý ý"fJ,wý) cý`ýA j'iI ý J't " ,;, rI yý ILi4.., r,-; I "ý-- W7 Jjj r"ý uJ 10. t5,ýrJt Jý ýl l 14-; J, iI Cýv (%=L), l am- L, t.,,, T I ýr-r, ý;- Ji, " , ýýivi J}. ýj ,ý. -ý'rJ r 768 Z--L" Jae irr K,: L", Lre,i " C-; 0LiIc. cy:tp; -TOJ)Nj (a) D'C a7 Pi'" _ -, 2c -9) -_ t. .--- wvý .%1ý Cb) Dom' to I cs ... ü i. w" ýr ý, ý cý =ýWL :ý ,5Sb 1.33 (a X69 L'zl L-y I tx- Pe ürrs SrA v ý,; ,ter "! 70 7 19 ýI (. L t Lm :. Li I; L" s; __.:. ý. ý., yY1, j t=L' m , ý,rý uß.L_. 1 Jý ti,,;ý ý,ý Lt___J,, L1 (b L%azVS-c )jI I Lr cI t3 =1) 77/ J---*' 7 15 3! (cý, JI I J ml' u. ýlt ' ($J ' iU J.f , . 1...... :....ýý1WIý"L-. jI ,1,7 ý:..,:,. tý JI; J.{ 773 1I 1I Ik.,. I I (x. tsi)---t., v1. %>-a. -v. 4: J,.;J W &jJ L) , 0.41 04..j .1A " ;LV u' Wl j'» Cý aý k, ec (b) ýýý TI ý, 3Sý r' . ... tiwýt c cvt : " ý 1I ý:: ý U. L" Cr+ý I (P) K' f-+.Q ob. .. ,r: j ". 134 6J I sue Jul j. s. Z l :1Ic,,.: li Jjy l (ýL ) &! , , c A; "ý c M r It =.. il 1. 1I COX. w, ß, 4a. L (i #r' 0; 4-J I j .AJ ;34 . 41 Cd", (c 77 s? - %rj Ire w 4ý-=ý"[.:,! It: 43 Li 1 ý%» IX_J -----A .- ,r,,, ,; tJ;. ý. cr`% .i a0 (`'y`- = vý.ý 4- j, 15L (i J ((Lr l,. l ('L. It .ý u"c.:. ww '--. +v'J äsýn ýý tý%".,.: ýj Cvý ýý L". ý,; ýf -º -- u Lr- u%tr) 04j l: Lt4 D, (91 Ca) ", I55 a (-b) Daw' ý1ý)Alt ýý. c;.ýý z,.:.+ s" 1. s b-, 1 it .,a.... i.., f vum tds a. s ý ' av t; zr.t ý) cs t (Gil Ptýo"ºuv, Pia" _.. -s . cs2SZ) +., Qawý (11 (e) CZp. 8 ý.. '. so2) o..oG 4 ,. i (f) k! _Qomb a'L,I . O'O'H' X35 X,3 ýr-ýU 1ý, "ý 1(, I W ." s .,.ý.:, ýý: ,. ýJ Li rr ums; s2º1 cp C7Ah A>tf (a,,, 5i 1; ,--, ißß» ''--9J-C u c.,?VW J{ ,..,. 5 "sý, ý 4ý J, j...J 1 .,;;4 L' U .i 586 r715 0,1 ýýyl;, rj I K, L.i1 4i,,,, s»""s . -i v:o l. 1: JI " ß., ý' 'ý-ýýu" r-rýý rL '-b%ý L-6,Z IIs Li. (ý. L) di uli al-al -U» p. ý; Cd' g.: Irk IrýL J-%ýII J, t,.. I Jt I uc+ýI uý u-4 v., , f ,: E LrJ iv(. LJ I, I I WIG L. ( . L--. 4 AL..ý;. ý:. ý1 oa,. ý. L) , fý ss s 1 J I bl I dW ý... rSýß, e1 v, . ý.... jiý ,IjL. Ct . -, ti 4' 1I ýi.. 11 1. - Je-.: - s".% .. ýt r ý. xy rxl cý;1 7. i I I I. L. " üý :yI.:, v.,ý, J ý. a.,ý --ýý sý 4 'L". I, ý (4) j A ca= l fib) p owvý cý. J$ 9) t Lý(s"Lº)t,,. -. V t, 82ßýIS24 l '(ill'e:.. Jº cf e, e+, + C) I.P t of ýýý+'ý1"t , (C) Ot", (ä"" O'a 155 b ol) -i . (c) Ma%ZJd 00 ý4) }< s [J LZ ,' try , ýý 9Ia. 136 171tL >LaJay ý.ý t,..ý,, -4 j 13:. t;.: Ji, "ter10 5) LLi iiiz,;. ".: 0-0 'r12 a IO L1. JI Lv. j( czL) .. ý... __Jý"' 493 / ,?&Ia. y7f Qa. C. ý! 9) : jj 1 Lc (a) w' L P9 .L () R ,sL I 13'. L- Uý :! C).f,," A;,a) C) 21. 9-, L,..:J I p,.- v4 b ll)'It- I .,,; j CC (a s('715(d 734 96, 1I fJ ýcsý I. 1º º :iL, i u'CS.: cý' a1 u ý`1.,."ý s, .. v.. a.ý v. v ýýrr. IuILIII,.. 1 L lSý., Jl y r--' "' 'r rýJ am.,v ý.ý CJ . ýi ý. xi yº; J- 11Iv1. :' O-e- JIIv. 7.ýi . ý.ý cý wI j .,Z ..o LiILa ,JLj I Jý ý=J--ýI;r Z ; ý: Ir" Olt, J it J A-j J r -ýhrý-r+,-s-L- `ro J J) zi; j I *j rx ur: il, sr14 <<. (K 7 1:14 I I.la.W.. L_; : zJ.::. ý.::; -Z) r tJý Jý - ) ýM, ý, ýý? ec O ýo-ý", (a) e , fib) 156 a (b A, ", T`ýý cd) c.-vLa (e) ? Cf""f)"c9) ý) C A k. T ýs (,i ""i) , Ck)T, cam) 1< U-4,ßý 138 b X98 (a_ -ý mar tr"ý tta. S. Iý s. ý.i rý ýsý ý.:.... t ý,; ýL, ýkrý i. t:. J I LJ 14, cri J, ýi, ý.. ý. v.. C,: c.. ;I va s y. V-; ;t 'j. ý` 1i, j iJ ic 0jl;. `,. ' i, j4..: rh; '799 e) (d { goo$ 0- i s, '-'J i U. mWI jJ Iy1,.; 1I. ;,.jt I 3I I4 " ;3 jJ I ,rIL:: r,. J tg r)t JJ.; 0 iS, ,:.ti c. .ý1 (a) pa, ( 184) Jt, il,. (b"" b) ý, yý p. _r_._ ýSr: ý ýý, t3 c: cfi t;J I I Cý ä 1, W1c. ý v ýý ry j ý a;. r ýý."ýI , ý,., CS tJ ý(ä.. ßp wýz. qi ý'9, -3 las ciJ1 v, L5 ý' ýý'jCe.. e> fý csýtom. cý " Csýý ý- >Cý.. , I" ý6 X01 ý1 i jy () .-ýl cxjJ, S-Le.: crew, u.:. s.r. v.. =J sr, ýL , Li 1ýal !0 I zuý 0 . .1i Jg w1ý.:Uc ßc. 1 903 9 .rp"326, L, i J Lo lP Ca) Dww' : Uj a4 L%I % ý cum I I 6ý (l it lýs ýJw f-- Ufc ""(ýjý `ý i.. ý/ 1ýiý' ý ý. ýj c1. oJý9 Lýý' ýýiýJ ýj"ý' ýý+j1 C; oLý ý .: 11 loo ý"f'aý v i; ý (ýý Pnýsvc D CST ýrt c*1j, u°ß. c,ý . t" a-ý+ D, b ý' __ p"ý. o ýý Cd) "ýý ", 15ý (e) ý<, cý " 91 (4) 0a I w' (M r 3ti) :' at.-4 _- L4%L Lrcj= 1IYO L'ýIý ä*II:J I IýSI J i.; lSý L" r. rrJ C ý: . ý'r» u ý» a CC Jlý aý's. 117 L..U: J 1 J LJ I i. I"" I L1:.. L :.., . ,. ý. Jrrý ý,: ý.,... . zl Js 1) 1. ..ýz ýI ýý; JIJ'J ..,,. g°S X06 ý. N 14. ý. ß.J 1ZL,J 1 ý--ý >>ý r So7 (C J itv. 4,ß. Z-A cm$o$ 0 ;. J) Srj (qjt, 11) Utza, ýAý cc) .0 *20 -iv 1-z (6 1,.,.: (a., L21( ) .. ý.; .!. J , I/r. La1... Z t. Ls I J L. J"` --: =-_J J,ý; '!- ;rte uL ýsý-ý,:ýt,ý ý.a; ý 'L d» I UI:.. J 1: I JJýJ I tWý. ý ý.v, s; r; a.ý .: j fv !cy Ji:. 2 Z---j Isj ( ', r. --; ty al) , "J i Lº, 1IuI? { LýJ t V :. il t» ý,::, ,,, y,. ý ß,r: .4 ýr=J fLs: ý,,; T, LJ (d) ýýtý, t3 t:ý .- uº:, t i ý- ý,c a,ý; .p ýý)..ý) d. f", 157a C) 4. ``Y`ý"'' °ý"' " (_) A ate'' 11,2 q) z: L. -U) ov.,. taýCz L- I J 1(L, ' I I J-t; J)- Oa( -r"; ' "JJ) ,5j 4J J-j ; jI, U; v1 I L5 . J)Lj JLJIj, k U I J- t. 1. v6 .,. IL., (.,ß. LrLt; I 41 Lsj vo UII 1, 14 Lc. " I J L-j I' Uj- Iut. 3 $-*- is U-J--4 u*ý ýJ- -i^' v csj uý . I "_ üy %! -S, .,;. r.r"o - h cri "S-, .i,; ' g $t5 - ZiL'-.1I s -`ý; ; 1l(ý. ice.:i, ºI L. I, V ý,.,, mex.... , rte. ; . 4c eý.. LJ II,. la I1 7fL 1 jJ I., v c; v .i u. c,, äm; 0. t v, s yTý.,,,;I I»J, S l> cs"}u-ý%ý3 I..; 7; L"LUII 04iv (f r ""- L; J1.. L y? tS; I- L" W . v ý,; . t. `! r. Xr UI'I,. tmSjI.., Up i - cr%r`Ia U I I L,1 to t LIJ. J L! I 1. C)I U, ý .rf.. ý ,..,, JIü,. JI, JUIv.::.. Lý? ýA. sue v. j1k uI, 0 rJJI -- f L. tLt. Ss 1. I ýº LI J t., L-j I ýIaýl -Lz-j I v' ;;. ), äeiJ. J . Sr- v'' iiIr urn I IJ JiJl;, Lt ' r°. u LL- J.' Co. }Z ýir T, '"'ý' A ) I "0 92 a C,6) -ki- °""' Cc) 't' /V2 1<1 !. (a) Co-) D. - ". 157A 04) ýrn. tLj3 , f l..... ýU. a,; .: t..ý J1;.: lw 101 J.; j II 4 IL tSiLL I. I. ..! ,0"1 L-) j' ( ., 0. rvs ü--; r' cr) uý-ý+, V -V r r" ; )= C4 'ý----y)9(ýc,,JI JI)9CýLAJI), (rL I) IC ur y t. L1 IC I Cý Icj ) Ccý"-.,J r J-' ýr Ccrs ý+)ý (r--. 9 cý, ýJ___.r"S ý L" 1..1s. J I& 1ý., äff: 1r ý. .IJ,.. ý:. y. t . ý, cLJ u cß': u' iß: ä i, l rJýr.. " ai Vi .:. d , J (1k,. 81 J I t, ') : J (s J C ) *-j v. e.. (, .iIJ . i., _.. co ýý $r I" y I,.. rIý. ll...,.. J ý.1. ;"_ýýr 4, il 4 ' Ce T, ý "L.. J I, ",;. "r I J, si I aý1) I LuI tl, rr" ýý t, J. ýj V ýtý7ýr ýJ"'ýs3°, cS`' ý1"J . `. ' r, J. -"'! .. Sy 1+. s "r ý`Y' LýL (.... ICJIý J rJ SI Li L. L. J r ý(, LoI, WLI. Lr ._.. ý Y. ý;J& u,; ý,: %W 1c. Cb) Pno-u s ku7,m ., Cc) 0, -Pot", 158.a (d) ký -Fa., 9zb CepPte, J""-'nd czi r" 232) . _ I Joy "-`J Lv": J'cr'ý'j ý 1rj t. j ý2o l; ? tz,, 1 L.,i I P. I I IN -L--j) _ J- J-! - _ L,; aJ &U j4 C.W. Cý...ý I cu--N (r-1 ýýr =ý1(L+ Lý ýý 'ýý4 t; w I I I ý->> 1IJI; r. u ; r' . ,sJ ý, , ti:rý, º,.,, b L,, c-: L, t v-' -L%124 rä5 4-4.. J --', rL; ) LAr-°Yý. ' äa Iý-ý=J I5 fir' I1 äßa LU I j, ZLZU Lý 5 ri crra $ WI 4J C)a IsiL, j( L) C6 sJ i? 3ý v L_sj Is- Lý,1 I s4': J I( lý 1...1 Ix tJLJI ZQ-J i ý, r, ' 'r_`ý ºyc, + 'WI 11,6 I .J L' Lj esrAýy $2y ir cn gv,.ýs,..: 1I 'ý:;,. S l I " ý,:ý.,. ý1 vgl.;,, ý r. ý,,,: J : Y`TI sýL. } ý( ýL) ý j LULL UU L L.. L.,, I . I-.. j.!: - jIJU.:,., . ru CSý d*6 '8z? CdrkTp 9ý D °ý, ý"° "t$ .,, Cbý ,' 9 4jy_C' CCe) ý-ýe CLW "ý5b CP) c ý? t5' P. zJ Z) ý 0-0j) T, 145 L. L 3 ä: Z).; iL- zi: I,,,J I I l r ,:r..... 1 J.;. ..L( L'so I b I IrWIJ. L. ,.ý. <,, $19 .: J-' Sid 10 'Wy(, I 4S. ý-a%ý Ký 24 uýýý ý,ý., cr'ýJ u- -ý- º i u ISuK (,,. Y I) 4-laU L"ý- Oyu aý ý v.,. ý -Ji JS0 ýC _i. gc., ý; d) LJ I sty WI 10- ) I14 6 1Itj.. 1 ( v---; r'C t1-ß j, ß: >J u; j-L) j ti Cb- $32 -I I 1 SCI G ); -a X41 -;, -Uj; *-. - uji & ýyý1 ar( :. 1, I J I WIrs. IJ "I mot- >e v4L-: s, A L:.jj. V ,,,4 .-1.,. ;,. j .s..,.. ,.,I " ý,.,º . i1 .; v IS, Z._ 233 11 css(ýL ) ýL" t. ýºJI J ( 5.11, lid t _. ý; ý.. ý;;, x, J.- 1 9 4.;. r Aj Ob: "4 Ca) Owývv' (Q p" 19) äW Cb) R, ä k 93 (o(. f) T, (e) pno-ºtiVn ", a " 0-M " "r " Dww' (. ý1' P" 211) Cý t p. gý) : oýGý tats "' ' 146 83't JI Of. - Cl, L"v.. SJI r ßd0 L.. I J I II LJ I L>.. tU v ta. ý..v., um zw Y, %v° u a &( -L) 3 JIp,: ä,1L Li i L;,Sý... K, ' Ala: ý, - u i..; :J 83 1>91 I.. IC M t.. JI 11 4t: 3I vr.. UZýý .i...,. >Mý, j41:... u; Ca) 0, j0.2., 159a (b) f A Lt! '. "iyiý (, " 11.1( Li I: J, 'ýý,. ý.. L- 05 rY Ljr L) jzj oi N IA..,:.. W iyi , (J -0 , X i1I I: 11 .UIr.. ý .Ls , u j lrL; : Jj&,. jj. QjI ., o Lis I 91 J. ý1; .. a.ß:.. -. aý,.; djs f IuI,..sti2 i L". ,r L". ý, 4x) ý,:. L:sf ash (a) Q, q 10') 7", it; t4 i f" frý $44 o- .'cy aM., a-x e M", 1596 (d) As `ý Ce) k, ý t., 93b. 148 ýýný 343 J- ' "ý ,-4J, $44 fA .f-"(, I 2,;:. ýJ : LP LY; 01 aL U-J4,12 , C)n 4L C).. jw4.WA C>C-o Alm u; rL)I " ýý '" ýý Ca) 01^'ý ?"5i lrrr,ý I IyýJýw V ýý w .. ý:. ä. l (ia: LGý C ýS L: ý, 4.9. a yl: ' ý J l ý", J [: ý",a; ý;. ýýý 19 j C)' ! C3 csr-- W1a. ö 1j L'. LS-0 Da jii '-ýº ýbý w' 311 ý" s2 6) : ý,.ý 1ý,.ý ()J 149 2-a 1 2 L.LJ j C>»-'3j1. ». U- (0 M (b) OR JO op - ýv:' 8y9 l. I Lt, :: la i>Y r1A v.. i yy Lý, . 850 xJI:., ý't= J; r.; ýI 1,-'iT:: N-- 4Iý:r Lo0. I L5 aL., 8 uiI1 iuJ.. JII4J .ý.. ,L; I, 1:.iI, !~1.,. >, I t5l JAI' :, I yI, L. Ir C)I j ., C) r.U 1' ýýa $2. (a) T tJ c-ýelsa, v oU, is b) 4, vrL' CC) 7ý ý,ýt. J) (e) o, º6a_. ? '. ýi. ºc ,J I_ .L -ýoý ". `. cf) 150 1 Lý>ci Lar-°ý It'dI )9 Cý-t-9-r=)Jro yIý,; cý°' cr'Cý, 9 ýý lSz»-u--ii I Z-t? Lar-'ý v-=r ý, "ý W4:.: Y JLYI J-ý I 5) 'r ur da-ý s= Cu -p1 1IC.: SJl, J I `3 I Uw I r r41 a; v5l. ý.... 3S9 c ß,1.Z iI11"Z... j L.Z. >., L", J4 .t'I ts, ",,-4 L- A 3 -" L1 La' jc JA : ZIL jÄA .;. cý rS of v,. _IJ .L,; "" (ß:1(v. K; 1.5) 1 LSL. j J. :J ý"s; J lii ", ,t JA D . F. t "y: I I,. La U1Vt.. il IJ 11 ;4I (% ---*. 4,-; yLe.JIj v-r :I ti ti) .,: ýý°9ý I IC (crt0 ýj lYIZU I vý''r"'ý ý'ý) 7ý "ý (ý fir) 9 `, a1,ß, ' u' J I L",bý JIsr., ýy, It i::. 1 iJß: 1J J .: ý. ý.L, J. ýy .; t1 t ý,: ýý., ,,: ý ýr'Sý l.: lý I JJA I)o " usLLýrý-'ý usL t n. - ý.ý. ' (JO; dl1 , r ý Ss t. 91 lýý11.; 0.19 .Z . a; coLi s3L"JIü, JI, ýIS`11ý...t I ý4ýs orsJrý (A) 'C P A-W YII to 222) c ä.: 1L IP tsrý d ^cr.. ý r (b) Jto'ý+ý+ýºý (rý''' _p . "r ýý;d., f. 2ýZofM 1 Cc)k, ý. p"r %ý+= d) A :. ll, (t) D w' f C ý. (ý. ji't" ("P) Q' I6 db (9) ihf ýý2) ; ýýý-ýýýJ(; ( . 0'ý", tM. 151 (b) g5s )11, i i pt Qla - 0.0. --, r,.:J LjJ º:,ý.: ums- u= (=-ý i zr iD; riýJ1 ; UZ cy. ýpLil 960 I L", uIý,; IdaL lsý.; Jt . 'J r!_ ý1ýt ý ii 'J J LtAß t; Vu- 40 ýý ýý%4,,tß t ý:;, ice... .ý; U; s ;t-- ". ý;,ý,, ýr u qtr .ý, `:. ' 3 62 j U 1(:. " GS'ýýýUº1r c,%ft--1I, ý"ýv; mss, -f L . 863 ýG= t : Is l ) rta ý ýcGlzllý ZýJ ýºY . t, s. ý( tel. ý 844 ýu f I) j-.. Lß,, 11 ý1-ß-P ----eil sýiý v°lýJ " ý,; ý,r"? u'ý `ý'ý'! iuK s'"-L ;h 1: y,, WI "¢j k.ß C r.A7Lt1. I1s 86Q J.,.IC,, (al 3 4. LSI 1 %IJ»j Jra j: ýo .L.. ý :.. rJ ;Ue; Ca.. A, Plzýr+.. M4-- ýM c) cn"+ (b) 1<ý f>ýl a vt"ý Dom' j'. 124). " (e) O, 4? 4 "' ýýýt> lPc3 a. v , o. .11. "ý) o iti+ /155 w+ Qmm' (Zo. 6a2)= 204-0 152 : Lt;..,:J, tit, A, '1J Lf IJ,IJ,. IJI Ir 4.1 . AUI LL. I: ,yJLI;,; r 869 ý!I LJ 111I:,;. ýSIIs Lam. (ý-L 1 ý,.._: ý,,; vYr< I, :: l*. tJI l ) $ýlýýb. yýS,,;, u; I. ý, X:: ý ýý 1(iQ- e. ,,. r ', ,,: t,, : (-C) ({ ; tr)+1. Y s 133 (4 tel.:!.:) 0. ^)L) 0.*. - ý) ý, cd < I c.., Jt.. rY- 4L I v! _ºl.ýJ ý1; (ý el'i L..e L-iI Li I jI Jj15 Jj V!)LJI, II.: i 0.:. x0 1 LiI .J.,, }.; siý , i lI ýi ý"i? LQ. Lr.; LJt "1--s A.. % '-' li-1 1. . 41,; J ýýýl. $, 5,, Jº ItsI s., ý,, i ý.ýi., J iUI?. J)% t ,xFv, , ý: ýJ , CO L=",ý c ý-Gý (f'J 87 5 ý ýý ýýr L3 r{k. Ji%iý'J ýý"ý .1 . a.. Jý. 1ýý J, oL a. ý,, r... . +ýti týý ýý. i t. Ur; ý'ý f 6-ß: 4., j siý 3.. ý ýJ ii 'ý 1-a.. ;, r ýi tiÄýi s . G:. ý, ý; ý. J . 'i ýt "=", blII. £ L. Ii lit L... Imo;.!lr, l I, I Iý ý,ýý Jý sý",. ýJ ? ... - C:;ý:j 1; j Ic a-lil; J*; I Ts (c) W i ý%t ýa) 'ý tb) K, fog "º9Lb ; vJ C.4 = Ups I 1ý11 l'.. 19ö . rpSId äfi t. ý, i tsü ro týlL",tý cR" tý! ."ýo . k IP O, g) ß "ß "º 16fb h) Dcwý' (Q 25G) : dl'Vlr1, Lý%y1:t-J(i) Loe. 00 1 ý. ý ÜW1N e, t. ,:. ºýý t JI (ý) ý 9 Cýitlý .p. 11 (Itý. ýcýNl% oýJ oýiý 1 dl: J' '-«-i1 "1 p) " ()-) %"ýL ' vlýýý ýýiSo. älJ "/ /1. ý. 57.1 ('. ý3$) f vlý) 15ýr t----4J Ia Jºd LJ º 1º I J Lr rºý, -L-. ;ý,: u" .; Cýs I>) L: UI LWI I r, ý,..; uý) L t-- xpa I,. JI, au I.,; 1i JI ;1C)L5) (t u-. 1i)rlt "rwI 87, t_.. I ICI 'L,. I1vI : Is ( ) . ý. a t, .I ýº1 .ýý.ýý.; a.ýJ .i cri ý-l" 0 LjPj4j)w, ) J-- Lte 4W1 L' t.; % { J 1 J Ir= (ýL) Lr; 41 C>. vs cºý s Li I L- 1 Lis L las ýi,: -i ti.,ý .J I) 8) j)L;-ý 1 clý- a-, j, I -ýLj-11; c u 6 (f. 1' 'tA " al:. rs: `e. ' u; S r ýý"' Ji iýý`'ýý 0 I ... uý- Iý. ý+-..J I9' Lr" I ( .rs r" Lr+ý`*--ý Yý% '"»»1. I201)I 4II. 1ý,Ill( j. i LJ( 11 - ' ViL"JISFJIsjL.; c, -0 %>1 ' ', J LWL. Vi 1,,; U- JIC tJ ý,._.. _..: - ,DK3 j X11 ýýJ 10,4 I a4-1r S r r-%) r a;. J v" r.; (q) D (1 f"33 2) Je R. Cc) A, ovW' sc) -r-, J6) lwr,4Aý%w+ , t>.,.# (d) ?'5 ý hL o. ýv ý,ý ci)) k, 95 . 155 $81 sý dz 2r" ýýy- I I ý1 Z, 1 jj(C. 4) ii Q, u- A;,-; 0-s 0>Lei . LJ rN c+ -»i 'S j Irr L"JIsý tý ý1...ýL_1 ( ýL) ýr"-&crýýx ý :I jt, - -uý ý: ý+ ý L. l; I-4; I L,;J 1-l.. J IrL r--ý srA º uý üsA r"ß Si I LAS! J-c JW J-S» %rý Iu L--ý je- r-I :.s ý; ý" =-.s I 12Li-- tv Cc I)9 i, i1',;. j JUm. -- v--ºý .j s-"ý: Let-i u o v.. -1 (A) 2 Cwr'( Ir- P. 40) C,s L-acs,, - &--;,L___- I .' eý °ýý fib) I'w, lýºss Wi *) i is>c» Cc) O, c% .: ýý) Da (_ ý, w' gC p. 20 ý) -i),,, " .1: t-eit, c1lj . 156 L L: t ä: C. mit: ä,:.. J ý. lý ICJI 1 ý; SJ1I a>ý1 výo ,. : 1x, --;. 1 LJ 1Yý lS 11 Li I Z,,.L" ;WI 5I L,; . 'L.- Cb835 Wl uý l-1 ý4.ý 4 I) .sI ah za,% uI oo Ii1,1I ---j 1.:.) : -) c ý.Y; `,-j 0 `. lIJAI L L" srý J-ý I r vJ sr"` l:1 Is., r UI), l..AJ lfýir)l1 L, A-, Jill s -j -, ttI, U; 'If" iIJ, r A, :.tA) rW::: UI I LS `L--z+ý ji;. i I C.,-tl Zj ciz(, ,._t ,-: I JS ukt : ":. 1 äwýý I iýl. -' ..a . ... i'F. º 0*. ", + .,. t sI(. !I Ir 1 L I5Iý;,; , ,,.ý .iL&.... (a) 0, w. ' 162 b (6) ik9 T, i4 0, M`°nd,c" (c.. c) a" ýd..d) Ký XL1 zo ! (.. c) k, csý cr .. _.:, .! - I57T' WIv LS14 ',. - Il 87J. JI"ýlýJ c'r-ý-5 r ý$1 o.0 Iý ý'ý' IvJ u. t rý% uýcu --i ýrýr u=i Yý s= cr'ý I, ( "-ý-- I y'ý L.. L" Jý ` --ä "-- 'Ls "ý cy' iY sue.:u-ý 4.ß --ý-s %ý+ git vý J'' J _ w" ý"IJ . LO u. { JM. ý ýVý. ý i. .; 1ý L. (ý. ý; ý`, L: 4 1ý"I ý ýý ý: ý ý,.s:. , v- 'ý' crýý.ý+'1J `ý- `+-ý C ý-sJ u, ýýrý.. f%l1 si "cr" %1--ý %li 'I -ý,. rs ý.ý, ý. `-rý? ý,ý. dc ! 89 . I» L (%4»J1)9Cr..: J1Sý iI : º; WI iý: LýJIý,.... 1, `1. ýrý .J ý,; ý " Iil I Iý,:; 1ý:.: YI li LSJI " `I ý,; ... ýý:. . ýI4 crý J aý 899ý 1 1I LJIy, L-"i-.. (. L) ýl_+ j ut r. u-ý j. ß; uý; %v° ý..rýc,; 89! i_iv.! Lam: lS'JI 1j 4111 i! lam; .. s:, '{','ý . u' 89= Z, L__. yI lý. 11v1: ýJ4 %,ý `11 L-ý- (ýL) ýy,,ýº-11; ý.;, s.., v% s U^ isiIa.,;., 1Iý LA 1 14 ý..., 11J1:. 11 icJ 1 ,Z.; i,; 4,, ý. t . i.....ýý,..:. v,, L, jt;; C,. g (a) A29 K, C 95 b Cc) I2' (= (1) -. o-'-., , Iii co'c '1°3ý% ctýý; a C2) P" 261) % °ý Crtr% ý, ISS ý; 1:ß., S I 1t 'vr Iu L- r: wy ., :-i s Lt: L.:.. `,j J. 1ILY. I Ii ý,... 1J zý:. It-i - -)k e; ;ý..: .-1 ýL(6 lj, 1y, I4 yi) do Lt.:.au L; $94 Iv IS Lß I s.. l., J IWIl: L. il i, sa, "J £ll is ý . . , 815 L4cp I 1 ' ýr"ýU j- -3, lry=ý JA (d v $crýc 1l 1I tJý: l l sY .i v .,. ý: C. ' /G/ 'i I // 'y# "M ý, JV LL, 15 t, " 'LLcIL,; u "' " .; '.rsjjzj ß 0 319 J (ý, SJ J Iý ýýl J )Lv.. yt:. s. L: J. ýº ýý .sue a.f v r,.ý! '3 k% I c -'r1 LLV Lyi Jr' ý9$ '-V; Jew JLJtJ r4 LýJ t `-'r^ýý t srý LZJI sal t 1J ý1s -w ýyý c, . .,,. ýA.. TW b) A, ;s btu (c) f /'c t I1?) : p ,6 ýýLT %". LC (01) (ý. 2b9) : vs;. s9ý1) iSýGoý. _cýý-j1, ayW1ýý; ýoý%WIis, IP " Jýýy iý ýe) try is,. ý9, scsI, ; ý. u (p"ZGGý; ý- ý-2 v; f Ir ý Zr ý1 Nf tc I.? c3 0 Yls l i, ... ý ,. -=, t- - u., _. s v. ci.. ý r L-crs (f) ' I ý. ,. Lt. J. Cam- I; t.o> - ;*ýf (j "6I . e.ý ... I"J 2QP. .2o (9) 0, f a., 143 Dwwl wýýr, cb) (g P" =5=) or rýd r t1ý ýOt_ ýi w-ºº(r ZTp. 224) : *. p, t=-j' Lý 15 g 9.1 I I& I. o " v° 1 Vº ;,.,:,1j ý; r4 uý. ý) I ß 900 : ýJI jLJI v. i .i. ý.. SUI " asi1 I L, b ý.:.,. Z,.: l lid t5,.,,A 1. z1 LJ IV iIr `r ,. ý . t. v; v )-It vi 1. ý. 111 1 I Le-= u6 0.9 J.p cm f26 0. t sJ r" .4 L, ýJ I4v4,4 ICJ I t;. ý1.,t...; s, 4ºý, t4 1. I JL I, L .0.. ,..ý r :; r; i.;c rLl Jy 'I ' 4.= Lº=i'i d-- J-z> dry .2 09 G 4,)1 1 1 U1ý,.. ( )j u---i j-, : ums)1 j+ : &U &; ý., zL i " ,,, Jiii,; ..;, 4I .ýi, WI;, t , I;JI. tý ,.ý.,., JI 0 Js, L, c .L . all , LPCml UG JL*, J I d-Le IJeI JJ4 (CA)k, f 9 6_A b) ' CSP", de., . mau, 1) vi CC) licit L t L& -tee,ýGý(J' xv o 160 904 (CL LUIb WI I Yl j--. A ti.ý.. J-, -J I, $ 905 (C L 1 ce vit ,-L etj , "< r».1t441 Zuv ý4( * 1, clý-'I ßa6 (A W .0 90 `ý j311 -ý chi( ý-ý') 1 01 : i tPý.. '% y gin cs> -c ý'tý c ""( a) J 1,"> ý" ö.%aýý Vy cs (1ý) L mac..e: 01c"; (0) aw' (SL p 273) .. ."_:.. ý. 161 IJv.. LWIj ft JIL.. L,--, , spa t;;-. '2a9 I Ji L, :Yyis ý, etL ýý.; Itý'.,. L- ISS 1ý1rJI Y, l ---3 ýý -tY ý'ý a» u."'! u u =-.. lbý Wi Le' z. LI I ) l,..1 I uýj sl y ý, r= "ZJ, csJ `r. ýi J, `'ýj lbt J-0 Ca--A) I2. L. u l. (J ßl3 f ; ý-_"ý-. v. L. ýJ: .; tL}ýJ `, tl '! v+ lv. ý-I--ý-"' 'J LJ Ir YIý. J s: ýy i :: )1: JL L- JAY I 4J I vw- ý.ýJ . ý.A - , J I, I ýYI Irt-? (-LtJ) I Iý JI ýY ý1 ,;: ý. a cý u - -ýr'cr'CýIý-J u" '14 l. 1 `'*6 I Js WI, I, LJ I i, " - CiW A. vs rZ- csJ ESL ,tYI 95 cc., J. JiL, t, lrj t (, J u,, ?r'5 tI, .i ,-ý:. t 1_.. S- Ikr> %s-r e, J, J i,, IA I L. uý v' J--; J-J 4-: s sr c wC J°`-äß o-OF,:,Jsrr :i %-J V' (ui L. " t,, J 191 ° r1 ,: t .to Lc Lx; J I,.; S" (ý &6,16.0 14 II ' 1471Iý,, f, _ ý>, ý" ý; . x.,i "ý IY L" lvI LJ I ylý 0-1 sý, JIrs, Lrýtf ºrý ý..,, J t IC 4)ir u1 L-Jj) ýs, Iý ýJ4 ., i,ý. ý tom: CýI,t:;. ý,.;,., ti,.; "L, 1ý.., ý». I, l.; ýr1S.'v.. I Iýýl. V. [S,, t.,.J Imo ý" ý. r. s .ýý:. ý:ý fJ . _; v L., 919 (b Lc I) il 1! 4 vJ, 11 :J cU 'a,:.: a , : s. ;ý. ý "c,ý ýSx.,. (a) 0) b_ -Fa2 ", 161, (b) k, fa. ", )6b (c) " ý= Ls', (w ý ýJ wý tc° cr' li I t;,9 c3 A%>Liý, o i> it t.:m ýýý+ crv Ic: 1*f3, JUS ti I =& l Cýp,, &y? 4.1-1 i>ýr1I i. j-j lt n, Lt% ý. "- 6' - I L" ... rJi is (S.., ci I c. r; l. Ca) Ord >?' ,yam I Cd.. ý!) ' cri 1. T %5):4iI c (h) (ý" 130) ,. "JoL--f .ý' i c1ýý.:. 165 ýlý 1.;7I I, Il; (C1L-. 1 2L `1(ä U/ýi %r 11) ti -c ýýs ' " .ls . t, ý. v.. LJ ý) 9 J 1ý ý-r -" -ý-s ;I1v..., LSD1. & ICJ1.; U.:!-. I LAI) L. :_ `11 9 -6 4.4) YiYIý? ýý:. . ,, Wr .i ý' I, L. j1 L-j; o L. '" our-A;, 4-.. .0 jI rcam- vn, ý C. 1ý:,.:..W6t, I 10 LS) " ,,% Lt. ii, 4-'ýruý-'.; ä.;. C4 ( L) >-Lý 1 - Wir-- u' rº-' v' .. , (, LJ LS) 1I r Iý t 41 L I» ý A -, S.,xl a. ß.. j ýe,.; 0 .. f'I i lb6 LS, - 1) -- v ,1IC(! ,rj.. - j -L- 11U" VA t: 1Itý, J I i.ý.. l ý, L,J i ýý t " 4. ;, ý.:ý . ý.., ., ý..! ýr - uý ý1, ýJ" , ý° C+ 9aßIj-J I J I L; ýJ Ir= i ) v. .ý. . rj a; ý cý ýL 1:1 t, L-J I, 9--i I, I rte J . vs &w c,; ý. ; c,:;,, 0, "Ltý)Ut ;C Ia' CA) 77.t i°" .v o) tc:; 310) t (e.)1 4, _:4. ýý 0 C cJýY2-L , c: ýý a. ' S1 t°"1",ý): 6 16y 9ý5 ) J.s.; iIJ. ,0: - Cý» ý9(ýL"J Ijr-: %ý. C- I)jyý: I 4L:. ý u-.,r= sý.% ý°rý-: ur'J ý,; r i. ýl: v LAYI rS9 I, 1"IJ,. . .:. aL°' ýL : 'rt .it ý=, . v% °fi ýr j Uv ý L JI 4 5j9 " t! JAL, ZV,ýJI, .: 10 . &; 924 Jl L"ýJ1 ( 10r i---., I L____ I,:--w r-ý : -1 c---' _ ____ tom--; , ýý---ý j:. Ji1 ;jL. 1 I)I . Lt); J 4w- iz "' s 9Z7 `JI i l I IIJ Is= (ýL ) u---ý ý; ,ý". ýr" vl° ýs: r" -'. a. vt cý YIý. 4,,ý I Iý1tý Lýt 1i4 ,, iý,:, l> yI fi I Q°IJ -ý=ý a: Z. ..º,,,.,: , JI, J ýJ ;ý' ,; (r uý lSYI t. 9zß 9ýr rI . .: yam .v ý.. P* moz8,w! WJ La;,, SI : jw 6-){.; c+WIL,.; aJ al 1( ; l,; (',,, J U; 1(ý! y s-. ".ý a°r"> ý jai y .i"s; ýJ j ýJ ý; . t,; : al a ,º. . ý.j, 1 ý%., 'i-' ;, YI L.; v,, Ir. aJ. 1a t... J I J.; -----gis -b tj, 0, a; g .. 's, ,,i L" J I, J Iý J Iý ___ ýý .t3 r: J it"o ýSY' '=1 y.. ý ...ýi ý: d-... JuIv., (4) Q ý, C, ýZ"orycu s1 ", I, J ex) c. Q,", 3oe 'k " C6) iý s ý "%9ý. ('3zp" 67) s "icp csL`pXf ýyr 165 ýso Ca bClý., 1+ .ýiv tSs 'ýI ljuI IsJ "ý N "v "J.. rLI JI ýa I ý, 7ýlýJ `! IS 4J I P ýsýs .i rý. ý..s ý+ . Y vlo v 935 (c u--- Ir: l ý:. I ui 1»)I L,, I ; J IL; i +( z. L) -J -- C. c,.. ., s Oü: ' ýý ý; w (a) Iý Z) ýuýtPý L yº (b) .2 S ý. - ,,. o ý+1; r Da (W1 w' P. 19() . v., ' 1 ,sº CSj Cy (Jýý I ýi°" 196 ,.,:. it- lhl l I a U- 1ý Lri; Lr., I) I uý) -'-p OPA-. r- Y u; I 11-j I Lo. litl; T L " d.-; y %- u; (ý11ýºýLl..y * yZ.. 93 9ýýý ý-I I t1Li Ii J-, =ý-- LA ---ý-ý = ,ýt,.J IL1, 933 L...; Lj I ILi U- Z- IfY-yv; c ý.:..,. 'j-) Z`'j ist =ov,. -j j J t)I J.UI ýr 434r0J .r1-ß ¢ -ý, . 939 " Irma=s`. JL,, ., ý ýrýý =--ý II u-ý-ý-ý. "J I ;r rJ ýIrl (f I I ýlý,1 I. " "° t .,t" It"t 9yr(, L:, L ,; r. JI, v1,,,1I 'L,JI r . Iz.JI,, *. iI is 't ., u. 4:.ß 196 kAsý: Cbý O, oý " 1. CC)c) Mss , 3A 1ö4 zJI Col) ýG toIjo- (e) p awe (ý L p 12 o) CAI d7n 167 li 0 -i- c 04 1výfa: W1s. L;: ytfLuC, U.. ll l J L41 ur---L' Lc.. C ,iU1 spa J r Cm . i+ 1 1; i! 1 t5, ýII s! .L; "lS. ý,; ýlr v ý.: d:o J i z,. 44-L- 1I, I L<,ii JI 4, ,: aJ3i, c i:: feil :J - o--c ei" ý' WI, L11 1 Lt.; 1, ýL;1 I La 1 j+ ,i.,,,. e:; i. »,M jJ " 944 c ý, azi 1 J., 9 I 1 1, L" i ýSý! u. , a,, . 1.,.,. .sJ Jil ýcrýs ýý- 1 irk I 4 "rte IJL. JI. JWI u rn cý rr ýr' uý 4ýJ ý, i,,., 4;6 lam;21.9 I tS, : Lý. JL (ý Li 9 I)c, (o = =-aý-c UII. ia c. %D ý; rr cri ýt JI 4Z°-) ' L2 t l;; [: 1 t t II uz i, s, A ý,., 0-) -e u-i vls iur u9 je cý I ICY IJi;, k Ji J tý. Y t, S YIv.. tSý L"ý.,, JU c, ,iJ, 3 . 4. L: ý. ýJt> v : ý 1;; J LS,V " ý, ,fix J O' C2ýd) ýt'' clw) (11 P633°)Cb, NI &OKU,% 9 i- p, 4 2) (o) Q0AI ' (T lo. 3 o' (+) (p. 3oG) °ý" (fit) C) 'ck b : C (9) ý- 166 Dom' CD A, ) (3) Pn A"ý "ý c P"194)"YM Lib C p. ýy); ýý'ý I" (6 L:J 1 1 .]IO:. v.. J 9.i. l: tLj.. iIi t5 Y, I, tyJI, ý--: -" ýr: v y v; ß- ' ý.. , rJ . _..,jS , L:. J, J J.. "ý1 114. ý11.. L, LrJt K,. I _I ý. : ýJ, _t. .. _;ý:. _t ý,,: l:., JI", li I ý:.:. L S, a._U, 9.LJ lam- I.. W I, (.:. 1... i " _.; oý1 ;, L.J 1 I I" 1I W 14,. w I ý-. -. ý... ý.; .: ý, .i; , ý,_].;.:,. sý r.: j; zj ýü J-A Lo L I,.. Jt LS l (ý: L. L1 .ts>tý. ý:.: ,"ý 4,-' lid- ' 4-ý: tý" ý: v ý---4 ý'-ý r-..., ^ý:ý "rte:. i. I i,J, -r . ý°: ý° . I WI..;.. J Ij 1- l. 1u L-ý'J (':. 1....) rla ý..> .ý.; ý': ý-"' L-'' L :J ý;,% LS "11 u rS JUL , (a) pes,) Cl p.j off: t-)-, ryý C,) O; je Äsß _.. fir; c5 1 f L; >. i-. iý . cý, 1 t3 (c() ý: n; ý: " 1 e%, 0. "ý ý°cr ý"y ý,; ý-- ý cr i ýr» L Ce) s s1' ýr ý.. ý ý° ýý"" cý- JL i> ý, "b : Cý: -ý-rý Cý) 6 i,d (I pP ýt S) A L:,ýý ý; ýi Ix ý1 äLJ " "3 - . rte Výýjý''"-_JC (csf1 '. yý Pýr1) 't..+±. ý cf ý) (9)Io cc. `ýoý(! zý"' c: µa( lyýý-dºi9 týU'v 1Zr w. ý (l: ) Lac. ý '. j iwo M use . ý.1 ý. czk - x ý6-. P 'v,- t; (i) A ..,,, tj &A J4 (g P. 239)'4Lý. oi !. (3".7) 1<,. scat cec t lk) k, -ýoý", 9sa i 169 (&. ", l_. Lam- lý I__.. aJ 1JL-ý: _:: ýJ 1-i ýI- t. 14, Lý. I 4... on. jIJ ;vt... ýJ ýdJýI L1_.JI ý- I :...5l. J I js:. . 1ý,:.ý. I---ý"ý,; sy . ý; ß. vi .. s-.; - ýýVý " ýý 4ý fi `.,.; ý1 to lam ý.. 1ý J j, p C. --L * . r.;.,J; t,ýº I L. Vi ýLJI J J " ý. i i ir.. i. aJ ý,_1ý.: ý:; ýW c",-, jý u (Q) Carc p" 15;4) 9 °sý:' ý- [ wý t: sý.ý- ", ý .IP :vt: k, `:. r. Ji (,b) Q., .ý 10_ (C) an. (d) A, Rmot (e) Do-W' t S= p. 170 Cý--ý 1337 6;, ýr" j-ý 1 d 06 td 9j6 I1 Les il 14 (.:. 1.) AJ cLry.%rJ 9sß Iý L" ýý Li :a [41 IJ LL I, ,,,,I1 (ý ý,., ý cJ'ý a.;; .: ý"o.. j., ý ,i ýý .. J 'ý-i s'- iY, r=r'ý ý"' ý c, 11,i ln I 1; ijrsIj w-U 1vtL (,. .i,; sTv ` : L" a. s c ý.F'" J' `+~ (, J3ý: J1JL., ..LfI. s IIýI. ýy Jrj JU) I aj J-jli D' Ca) III P. 16o) _:.! ' (b) Loc. - . l: cam.: syts. (C) A wý>> cd) o C- i'1l L...1.2; ä: zý.; ýL-3 Z-- u- r'-F(cJ: 4--11J. I.,11 4-'-r ý'r°ý ýx t LJ I Zr j1, TJi, . La i, z: t:.! i. r,., ---ý-e ý rs I; 1 v; uS j--4 . j>4; C;., L 2 91 >Y jj jJ 1cý, I L, 0 fir- r1 +S;jI'Iri', ttsi I -ý w N). LJ Lai Lam. "'ý L. ltýir . LejjU cs,ýr"-'ý '"' cr' c: u' 9ýI LL- i L,1 ,,. ry1 ý,l;. rwu c,.:...ý. <; J-j ý I i gib i r..; I; ,.ºt ýi Iý,ý, ýw I t.,,.&Iw,; ;.r ,, ý.. ý. , < .ý. ,,, ý . t ýi e). t1ý1.U 4iý, la t; 0-- _:- cr Juu w. ryIr,:.. J- L. L" 4-%A11Jr, v _. _. cad d 1<, c:, -ý ýý", s p. ý6ý f., Q (1ý A i4t MS ý, ýý,ý cf", o, ýý", r ýý. Q-b ' k, fý"ý9aý it 74. (C) O 167 b_ (01) also bO v' "t "0 :Z .0" ol "; A, III " ;;. i. d L 1. J I ýi. 14 U'JI il?b j,; LF. L,0 C, . ,. L.,.,.: :. ýJ ..,P 6.. b:.. 41.:.1bja, I t t ýý-ý l, ll 1 1 i W1s,. l I i `º'-1'-'ý cs.; u.. v u.; .!.'º., +ý-' ýr sJ ý,.,; ,ý.. J 1, Lil 4,. .WI LW1j. L. iw: Tj %ý+4-r ' cri; .:, zý .. ý, "ý D cý,+V uýýý '' 4J+ I---. 10-- L., )I L-f LW 10L, J- i . it 'r i4 yI I IPP. ItsI (,.,..I)., t, iI I :. )L iI I ( C. vy j v %., ow Cru c,; c-L) 3 9)t,,. : UisW (r LIN I .Wv.. 00 fir,. u. 4I 6Ij :. 4*.JIjaýJItt') IrJ I;; S):, IJlI tcº.: l> 1I ý--. vi . ur: Jý L. l I L,;.: Ij .1t 0Ie A.:.v.: vl »J L,,,; cif 4 ;J 41 4:r-? Ioa. )1 juý (i "4T 11 c,_:.. 4.4 I ý,. Lij L VIiI S "ýyJ ý -if 4,; Ca) 171 A, (uu Aý {-oý"i 2-`l '" t. I Cý) &) (e) Q, 18A (f) Date' (T P-19) cJ.P3j, &. Y Sýr=ý ý-ý- (9) 03 '--LL 1I lýJU1SjI JI- I J - r 'l. -c".:- cý>LJ ,i;,. ra 'r,; i_. 1, . >ýý ;c L) 967 (ý ýi"ýýi. (cr-: 1L'ý. w I s.,. ý.,; '1 I "ý L cL^J 14ri.:.. I `_ , ý iy" , ýY ý+t' ýr" s: ýr uý v-: I-ý- J--ý 1t U- fj Li UI ` uý9cý-s " cs° j6 -l I !S ýsýcr ld il W L'L. . .. t*ý. ý.> . s ýj...ý vSls7 . yý 96s '-ý, 1J-ýr-- ýýýý tisl, J I (S I : Ss yý u &. s -4'rß u-.,res u ý-- : J 1AIs lJ 1 r.. _:. L. l, C,4 Jys "t -- iD 969 P J I. J's Yv Iceju(.:. L) C'm u-- 141l1 CA--4 .,. 1-jV s 170 K WICL, 13t..UJ L Rs Cc..c) A, Ccl) D_ (a) ý1r. º (b) I<, .:ýyls a.ýlr v_' iýý tS ýý 1P' t3 g' t3 ýýý Qý" tý. Cri lj lsý ý) cy"iýýs 32 ýý : a1J tr. ý'j ccý ýrý PI ýJý3)1,csý,. ty csý,j _± cý(ýirý) t;.r- j tý , (f) (g1 k, Dýyý p. 266) (9) ", 99 a (14)0,4ý". t68 b ct) k, a 4M, (4» D O-W'CP" 96) t- ,7L 19Z CIL 993 Je 1....lr j I U c iL1,:3 (`L ) ý3.,. ,,., ;r, .x. ý.. 4. ,,, ar ° ý; J (v.,., ü Iý I kýJ Iý ý; lIs i3 :. 4I L- LJI yº. > :! v...,aJ .tIJi . J, c, üJ ýb 9 94 e 9%5 e /e/ L. LTJ "d; -LA Iv LL Ji LJ I t (., lye L"Ix., ) 106) IS1J I )W ý,, ,. " , 4.M C-rtN.: Lam!I I Iý u.. j "9 ý1 .: ý " (cl 97;, e X78 ". I; tom(mot. ) ' xr r" .. 611 I I L. (L) 0- &rU ,-- ° go r ,. rý--- (°) 9 °"w' Cl. P"36 9) :.rte c? tc- t>ib 1 a,W (1) D .mo=t c s awl. ý(s ýyl, ýý' a/ S" . ý%ylI`C3 ýýi i c.ý .&'i C/"ý (c) csyý,ý (e) i", R, &"A.P C-ý)ýý (ý Q.224 ) (2j) fl, o) l,.ýi 175 932 E JIr 1 I lr lýý; (`L) v--ýs yk) F_..,:ý: r-? u: r---ý . ºýý -; : L,JJ ; I ý- ISvý: :LL, J ý. 1 : 11 41r' L:. tsi<, ( r-1 - v.. s j, ß.. sJ rt's,.,j +u; :. L,.ZJ º z-L) , fý. iý iLJ, lu- J J i iJ Yur'J ý°i _ ýi -- crJ*'' u-ýýrý, r "rjJ J L (Lr= ýLi..}L" 4. s.r -i 925 (k (°) D `m, (: Z aii. (6) So. MSS --, t to S 6.b 7o) ýI .,. ' c>-cc,. u'`ä'i ,ý. cL tý. "P'. 162- (c) 0, . 'c 169. (d) O, (e) ks (4) K, T, .., £L Jý ýý b 176 L. :: UU) a.; )ls)L.. ! ýl+'lt l1.iJ 1Iv LSýaýar,; ' Iý. iI "1: " i : r.1.. ý ýýv.: a, ar. ;ý:.:. ý Lt-*; J L:, 4) I lJ tS lr,,;, c.>, J.:, 0L5; j I ..,.;, J»T91 41 .,,.: ý:.: G')1 J)r tui lJt. J Irl. J LAPIj ca"L-l; ti v4UIý: , 988 U, Le 5L. t Lw'i C. u1ii ISi Jr Z$t-. tvn 1 i l t,ý h---ý.i "_,I t i t;, ýý Jr ýI,:. ý ,...,, ...aS; ý. UI vyl r. cý ß, 3, ýaýý ý ;,. b*U lS I. 1 t., 1: tL L w»-t LIZL ; 'sr ý. _ý ; r! Jo'v -ýºý 4,,, a..t -, j j rý ýýuyf 1ýL'JIý1, Jil) r=ý . ý X89 e jo L.... 1 j 1,x; 11Lall I LJ 1 L 11; tt-e' z-I' %>...._..,.. ,;j.: ,.,: c,, "L; Iv 1yý).,. ý° rß.1 t Wtý; 1. ------c-4 ýºý -Cý, =-J ý ý'r. w ý, ýº3 ý11f :, ý1 (; L jo I " - ; ir 41 -, f "i/ (1 r>> ýý I'l1:. 14v tS : 4 Yj :. 11,ý1 "d aý ý; J)w ß-La f" j jä C)ii %:. ii J t : t Jw 0-1,,:; U6 ru0.. 'A, I J1 .. (a) i s ) »ýat. 6ýy a ltaad.o? .. "ý r r7r/ (!; ý, `! I G, :. SYt.: J4 y t Ji LJt ý :: . 1J aýlL a iS s- ., -t'trý cs' -'-Lý c Jt cr6 ;,,, ý.Jt tý,Jt; 'it. ý "1ý°,Jý. r. tom,t» LI .rJYt) rJ. Jt ý ý: Lai L: jt; 1 k 1"!! 1 u--, ýr ... r'-G,,;,.;.. rJ, " .: ,tß. J ý, JI ý, Jt J>W IJLt S» -t-"-cý, ý: ý% 1 I; L, l J)t, ý LU _,:, ýt, s1 ý', 0i I :,.:W I 1.; I (`L )j 1-w v.; t. -. ß.L41 -,-L., u. ý ,:."' u' v 195 i. ' I1 J. L. w)L Lt , II W1 Lr ý. ý. ý.a ýý . t.... ý1.,) 1, Imo. UIý,,; L"114,k:. IJU LS . ý.; ý ý: ,r ý_ ýi _ ;,. o ý, I I . ,.a y,J t,; ,,,ý; :rC.,. )) Lw1s, (co Dcaw' (z. Zoo) tr ° ('%'" (bi ?. 1yc), (C) paw' (a J y> '' - a%vor ý c»j. -JI p. 1ti) zt, j it i) I it; 140 Jsýj I I > v== Vl°: Z-. ) v'j c A; X41 e..) cs,,_ý" ý' Lb äºR? ', ,; tom; ý, (d) A, c$J Cc.-C) Orr. is)) !ý G) >Lc (f) 0, c a-2.1 170 ý.. (9) czv' (7 e. i dG3) (l;) jC. "P,4 " Loos 178 i 917 (. J Ii 1,.. JA. :rL, zm ;, i . s.. on ». Ir Y: ls: v t6 j 4,;. 9ýä D LYI "L», 1,,,.: t, 1.:. VL1,j sr-j 1w (d Ij .14* (r.; I 1.4j- "J 4a; I L-. Ijý, I Ub i Oj Cd L--,ro I joi 1C, 14to YAI 1 Lý L., 91&. i ( a-L )j %>j-. C).i j-. &Ut, 4. hl jjA m.:» j ., di ýJ) Li 1 1 LuZ. 4-4 lu&, 4 L..us,ý -' 0--u1 Z: CM'ýp tivz1i l. J I 1) IrL 11 TI t. (=-L )j LA y:. : f:. ;. j q,. _,; , C. 1I il Irvt 1 V' "--:)L4 uy V.,: v:L:.. :jI ßr u4 ums-J u+ (ý. ý, L ýý,:5ý (ýJl ý)`+'ýx( 1 " -y a. rý ýj1..ý:. ýL ýý c) -ý-=-' mal` '' : ice: `T lo)f) lJ J,. L SJ 1 " ai , ! (Q) p (ir Ji! t» aýV' p. 22 1)s J<ý (3 r, ýrk1.1äs` alt, .- J 1 e-. i ci ". Z, l e, t Jf 1)1t (b) Q aw' ("$t (' 55) ab, lsý.ý 4lNCý 11I c3 it, (c) P1ioýº.. 2 (lýl p.43) i C3&- 1c al o I;,11 .. ýä.: wN " 'ý'ýh I< ýf)T>>r--SCI (d) U. 1 Cc) c1ý.,ý (8) ý' (. p.Iý) JO 1 Y. .AAA: C, I'*79 I..? . C1 ý, I Inx JLJ ll, IJ L51 W J (C::,L) - u.% rdýk - 04)W 4. 111 v c; '-f-°° toi- u I 1, JSý:, IJIj '1 rIL.. ý, ) 4j Ltv6jý: LU 0 1". ZU; %ý; GooZ (b jJ Iý 1 l: j. W.i-t l oö3 Cd I Lý º Iv ILý1... (s J (L) ý"--_J .ý., ýýý `'ýý,.! ;ý'Nº*.. ý ý"_ v. `'e"J ý,, ä %>--L u' &=n) Z- u JJi "i liL, L4-; .' -kit .iii -Jýs 0Ji1v. c) 0; 1,'ß. j ýI 91 : 1,1 y; Lr1, JJ I, :t 41 sue-e.., x., 11 t-- -s WSJ a utr ,: L U. ? 9 I, t JI lees fiG f:. e- fýGl 0 L+-e:ji I LJ 1 JJ 1 I aý21cr''-ti4, "" u' drf cri .ý--. - ;M "ý.... J.Ol rood t lo.. 7 , 9_..ý ii iý I J) 1;....1k l I (L)) ' CY,u. JLIJ jI - j U. t;. ý,.u L,, A, 1t u.:..7,, A43 L" I,; t5 t ß:..: 4*6 Iiii .. ,., vtS' (a) Dmwl (I P. ýoý cJ>j1tg,;ý, ý;.fl. '' $Lhv4l äw fib) D awe (IIr ý''ý ?"si) ý.ý.. ý=-_ý- c, ýw CC) °t' fir. ) I v: J Cd) p (lz "I ý1,, awý P. 215 ý (a) A)i. I (+) I ý-o-ý") .11 (s Yýý .,t i ISO (Q Z-Ij 1049 , 00 Cam)A, YLSU 181 L-; 2 L.L-; ý tJL- ä:_ (Q) "1 JLi4t9r,,:. Lti-1 /010 : l. 1+.SJ 1 J. ju Lu 1ui4 (v31r - wiz. - A ;s. &l c; j tell 1o12 4 zc,,. t, tiI,; ä r-- ý rº ilýJ ý.tA :.. a.; .,; ) ý,ýw "ný ýr J-ý i, S'' wý ýý tit-i. i. tom,ý,i. it; (C 101; ' JJLam! I j-P ý4yr J.., Jt Jt týJt,joyts, t u =ý uý't"Jt r'JJ ß, i fib... rsJi,. o,:, t1 t)tr" ict (. tý'ý*'. ý, L ýII U J iý 't )ti a. ýl. t. sJ ýrrL ý 'J ýy .ýýº:; ýi,: ý. f s a: logy (' (C I b,; t. ýj a. ai Ole; SJ j: UI JIv. LJ J.; ý,: C's s - Ole V. U.JI )S 1L! " u, -L.) i'%ttl capo, 171 (6) 0 Cc) C 4a P.zz$)'co-,: d2 oýº+" nom' C)'s ftnaxý Cep ' ýýý ý} a'ß4 IL, p. to 2) cý"Pýcs ý, ý c3 "- 182 /oa ýa J 1;.! vLjc Lý. :. JI ýr,. ý ý!ý; ý,; ýL"ý .rbz. ' OSL u-" I r+ loi7 I L-1IW 10,: UI j v6 11; j; , -ý- i "UL tS, j.. I, ..:: dam)tal ;ý .Li l018 jýW 1 1:. 9, J 15.. sr. J < ý%ýý% " »f J-1-), r,..;0 lt, r t;:.,,= Jt l°M %1 X) J, ' l JU. Li I 1I T-LL. jJ s)°ß, C+.- : ri cý ý,rt 1 J210 " , 4ýsy1 ý. Jai r i" -) f(ý. Iu. t t t i üI j4 - cri u. ý.,l a* uý rý j uý ý:,t -ý-P Jai PCýW' (4) ýI$ P" 171 vet: la VA I (t) Qow' (SZ ' J-ý1 cSý s p. 5o) 6 ýý C. kbt(, (c) 0, f c", 1l (of) Dt' P"34S) 0 ,(si; -1 O t, csrs. g; slw js) ý,9: (e) t' CI P..iii, } fv 1,0 CA ei 0 L-4 1o: y SL- I ýJ IJr 1( iI (( ) ' %>4 rlý ýOWIJ ESL y: J4 ý ýL lS- IS J I4 I, _.., vý r"ýýrýL-L"ý., :Jl, ' 0 vL&., cY 10 2+j yIL 1: L, i. J I. 5:. WIl: lSý : J I " üI Lr 11 ý 7Iý s, v , :l ýb s., .,,,e",; i L" t., t,.. Vjl ( " . L"ý.. ul .,: ýýJ `L mob ý: ýe27(c Iý (ý. Irv-ý týf, . s L"sý lýJ lý,b L) , ý ý. T I I ICJt -., 1I l,ý JL LUI J Ip Iý (.:. L) (;-', ýS-ý tc v, o ý º ý, ý. ,i ý'ýa. J. rAA l. 2 8 I), Lzo- (a) 1Mý, ý,s 0 o,,u, ' ýoý. "i S a"ýc_ yüt c,t two tuý lc. 141 w,, GJLfl tkL^A4,.. ti te)A Sä, 21o l. ý 1 i1 wýt ý, t, : V. 1: ý, p t ae_"ý )J ccl. "-ý cý e ý. ý? lsv e2ito WM,jI t-- Lyz.- V. äý:ý v '. ýr V- it i +1ýý lý ýr L: ti ls"ý] C. Yý"' ý" " ý,.. P ýPý . ýP' "' t ä. N wok o,. aý -'a x ºvý (6) Q_' C.Iý 1o$) ýavw " 1IL ý, o"6. p. S ýý.. I t. 10 cc) I, C5 t°"q) &'J (d) ý", ,, p 172 . IS . ((a N / ýý, ::, ýýýri, ý. 4ý 1 I " . ý».. t, ý, ý, f .,..-, x: ._1 1o3o ies uly. j Ai i.....,. ' : o33 o3Lf I j t; ; i ..,..oL; tau I4 rli r ruf ,L-tit.. ii j -->r =-=-ý, c>; , 4t 1r', a, AtI jt 91A. r L.,; ýfJ Leu; 07 f, oyj; ;JIý, IS, ll i, !lý1. J I :, : W14, I LWI L"17 ,,;ý ý; . ý ýº s, A C " 4,, 1; JJ 1z.. ,ýJ)Y 1 'd Cc JW I ,I ift-W 0 6. Ll 4ýJ; 1)7111jj Ic J-.Ij I r e ý' ýG)4f Ios6 zýý rsw t:% (d) O, 2b 4t., 195 1o7? (Cl LýrY s N ' I ß.1J ý. ; :: x: 1I : Y. i Iý WI:: !. yI.. J I. . . v.. .iJ cr*J 1-ßors 1o4, (b ' (t, sý; Jý zL ' J L; 4-s tom;.!Iý :. L"YIý,; L"ýý. YI..: i: ýi C.. tý.. Ir)! 1 yý o . " . ý. C t : ti Ce '*vi wt vlo ," ýý , may, /. 1 fJý " rýýir4t ý, ýZ) &;LJt, t-. ý", ýc ý l ºy ý: ýs J ý I ýý I I,. r-. r. ý ý=--L-ý ý,ý: cri ý u" ý, ýJ .i: ýý. X5.1 ý"ýº11.a... ý ý,,ý ý 6L) n ý, aw' T P"3 20) dt ;x+,,.:: sý c L',ýW I ä1.J (bý pc (17 F S'i) _ý 3Z p 87) Cd) Q C Tg 262) Ä,; dAAP f . _ ce::-. r-9j uý v VU,; cj U1 Lbi-xi (a) So kL iM 4zs ä ct's nýaýr -Q Cý 1, I cat; tr f v, J Ne o16-o 1 ai -* * wºuA 4-%14 cd is OAS&. ,& Fx, 'ý (s 1 (r, f Gib 1. "ý a. > CSýs o (S cIp a,K! 1ý-0ý ' ý to gý Cf) C p. 242 X86 1010, 6ý ýy. I J I (. L) GG 0.1u "y) -' f ;rc j LSDL" J (ý,; L i:. Kj t; lt v Z. J I`j, L JIs., I . Lo . ai; J. v v " sJ j. ýo V; y.. . Iv,J 4, SlWI I Jl l.. f._LýJ ýýyý =I ;ý. ý, sýlýl y:. .r ui .ý4 ýJ l.. LU, :. I d r 4J 1. L 1.04; j j 0 z.t w., i. ! Z.--. 14114 r . i: 1 73 ýý. ýº, Lr,,:.;,ý,:. s. ý.;, 4tß, LrJ1J 10.*; LJI j 13Y i ) .. ý ,-ý i.; j u' ý-L Cý1 LIM Io49 I ji1W ! J"- ill. peso (a) maw' (I4 4) ýt ý6ý d {vý P" to rýsý" I f1 ý, V . ýo au A, 1973 A Cý) I Cdl) p v_' C r1I ý"82) fie) cý. p" I$3 "ýý.. Q. (F) 92 ý2-; la2 a.. 9 187 CL 1051 L L)1 ýs(... Cc t Io;z t(b :. L) , "-/I (je10I.. '05e Iasi U1 . 6; ('rL) jrý' w! ^° r- ui 11- J,ri o,. , h' ass f) (e L; fi )i ) 4+%LSf'-I cxýJ6 u-C v. t u ° i ;i JAý =-L ! S, I. JIJ. L. L GG j? n3, J; `-- is 1 .Jj, ý; `"ý,.,.,r. i I, ýý Iý tai los& "I -te Ci 1.57 1wl iU :ýy (S lay. (L) a ý,; U 1I J I(, J I t, ( ý Orr t! ,ýýý ;fý.:: ý :. . r,, " o ßt4 ý,: ýL 1l; 4I "uI; :,..: .ý. ý , ß_', r`: ,L JýJ de vº ;rf ?. Ct ). J\ &.o J' 4(äut; ') L >&e" CC) AQ _' vt." c,ý& 15s) ý.. Qmm' Cam= . (-F) o, foý"ý'iý3 6 c9) Q) D 'Cpl 2 36) tL C1L -c. c. : (& 1)-}' p. r1---- DJºLs, j) ', A--f" (k) k, t-» ' 128 1O`o /a. ýi, i l, J l- Ir (:. 1.) .ý. ý. ý,, - : ý,: 04, ib Io 3 L L. YIý,; Iýý, I I I yW vj-'i J., O Z6 0.1 J., atsJ Cpl rLII u4 cr4 loty1o4 Iý.: u Lh I%:. t11 v-,, rA t,,.t ýL3 ß. I cri fýý ý+ " 4.,ý: I ý,,;:.. ýý, I wtý u, =-ý. s a,-ý "rýý "rý ýl-° fo 6'S ;- .a Sl+1. lS, ui r% I (ý-ý ý v vrn srA . ýr°; ýy:. . r%L" ýv c,; Lt-*U CP ArC- 5-0 PX, (e" Z) G), paw, C e PLOW -r4 I ... ", 13 IZ ýý 3ý 4i aYJ", ., " t- 1. J t, ý is äW a_( rJ10 V }> i . k ( j.., a zei it-, I *-1 ý ()201l Cd) d, c-Q"ýt7 ýi a" I 199 ý- C-4,,ß U Li 1 %ý-' y art -4,;ýý uý1 ýr uýý ý,º pr urr-+ 1o( ä °Z ..: > ººýi ei/ l., ýº. Iý (:..: lSý l6L. t 1 ý,,..SnJ 1uC,l, J I, (...: L) r. ý:. ' tý ý'. ,,; ý;. ) -1- . 11 1 LýJ I Z: t5e . t. 1º ýr ý i. _ v iL vs; ý>> i.. l., J ý ýf 1, ß, ""°ßl1 ýL .:. ý. r v.. ýf , a1, ' s4.,:.. ) r'1' ' CIO I0 4 1069 4ý i. uý...: x: 4. J. "ý.. ý Iüf,: V .ýI ýiri ý. ýý .. ý,: p sJI.. sý 1070 1: I ,.L; SJI ) tý. L".: It. lý tS ý: ý: _SJ r: ýýl:,, ý5ý. ý. ý: ý.! ;. r. ý.ý f-'"J u: ý- rr% Io71 1I 1g1- Ir Uý YIsJ ß, c) " sJ iWiC JJ -- :y: t- I"ýy s I"ýs : 1072 ý... t_.. I Lo ,. - ý...> 74 t::,.LJ I Ji 6. I eI 61.; J V: ý.,º ,.ý; ý ._. >i 40 #0 : LI I CJu 10ts0i J .J am,;d-, %7J4 ruI e. b " Jý:is ia,: ý- ý..,i ý,. .i, t,;wit,; ejP ejji &-t J4 b "0. b. (a) K> 1,2- 102 C6) dý . ", I71t b 191 "' v-5. "1% J,, "L.. vILI %ý. JIs Jýº : Lcl. "M ý.ri .i _ý.; ý . ts:., ` W0 t-61i I; LL"; 1.1--a -I JU: ; V ij i ------> "..... ' -. jY Cr au . 411 I1/M .1p 4 º lý; tý.ý --- -- 1---ý rý ý. wem:. ý-; ºr.. w: vI i ;; Iv lkLJ I i_. lh1rJ l 'J, I )' ýI J-' rwJ r- vKu ý;.. ý"r.ý :,,'ý b 0, w-e J,*' L. J._, r. 'i A (d ý) r Ltj t-- I) Ui 1 J--ý°'1 au ul° j2,.. L"J . V,i% T? 192 c.. Ca re x,: U1 LJ1 1; ' ý>1u-: v--r 11 at ý,: ý. J t 079 to78 Lý I L,J J L40 ,j Uli %---_ý-iyJ Iý J Iý liv; ' ICJ(ßs: 1 J Iý Lia Ir yc ,1 ý.: ,z j Leu. uLJt,. 1 L-i z46 :s ivgo 0 zL) , (C los) L_Sý WIt,: L,, 1I I 0 ;fjIt. ýjy. o S.- ý1 L:ß .1 m. .- CM aw' . 0, u. I ', ~ ýr-"' J-J ., " J.4 L. -JI jiJ Ca) (6) ctv' gp" t17) _1 cs ýti L, C' 6) Cc) L vý '"1 'yýý:; ý., =s Cl'ý ý--- .,,..... 31ww oc "c ", " 9>&-- vL &»'Di c..,v 1, ü b2 0-4£>,p" g.- !c1 4LIßýIj z ä -,- .ý. ý,. wý (n 19 3 lo$YI L I, IrLtý.; UW jp, z., z, -, 1 I)ý(Jý-ýt)9 ýfjCý-a`-ý I i$a i Q I': a.. j, y I (r.. L) U- LJI Va; j.:.. j, ýp L.,.j V' , t, 1 1 1o ' r. :.'0 u-, ir-r C', J-'-104 J--- 1U cve : y1R1 L,.; :, J Li IL I : 4..: (:. L) -., »1 ý- .; 1I, 1I UI4! JU. JI ,k1± .):,,. >,. :., j :. r: L. J I I :. r,, u1 :,..; I L.U--)L I, J . I, t 1I i4f, Lr., I) " dIS-uU;. ) am-- III WS01; 1460- ) D CTp. CP) aM)' 2 52) ý' ý-- ,. ate (ý vw ýýýý ýý to3a 9 (j3 6)) J) L" Col) a.w' P" 10 _ s._ ,, ý ",: A'cL () 9)( f- 2C ot, - -, «i>I (1) 0 19y ý`ý Cb IDB& L.. V (c- L.. I on crtý- v: " ý.. ý v LI JIý..ý ý.,. Lg.ý.: 11 JI Lt I) L '! f'ýi.U L--,-I ýr' J I ý: ' i:. -. 10U. Z: - - I-6j i , 571 dL L: i t"'_"r.. i I 1 ýJ cr y-tý sjI i.:ýJ aJJ ý.ý; aJ . .'IjWIr; . lo $8 " ýe4ý., la 89 L: Stý L.. JI I L. ) sýj11I r..; ýJI jJ1 . Lo - r. w.. s Dom' =ý! Lorc" Ca) Cý P" 59) ýc; : ý,-rýý, ý. Lb) "ý 1 äý v (sz lr týJ ný UJV !sf (d) p ate' r"' 5 7) v° I '---"---- I; (e) P AV%AOJ", 1J MP oýw' CIS' !°. 2?/). I95 rý9ý b}ý., 64 Jt L. ytv, t ii 1 t I v..:. ý", J.! .ý;. a ý. J; rJ :,,. Cw; , '"i I Jr-0 ü ISY : ýPwl. ) Ai __ .ß-i1 Cd (a) o2 P-: 31) ý,,.ý-º cj; --. ( b) o ". 11.71 196 ý4 X0,2 1091 LO t,,A (b ý L-% IJ LJ ýj "' "r+ ý'---ý c.? S a--ýaý vw r--r " .ý_ ..ý ýýý;:Yi .º a--; sý-^ý J U-1 U ; jI Lv srLýJ I J 4..: L 3y WIr C---j 4.>., _ iPt .L-1J iI C-ý. - sj"l-J . _. i sý lo9r , lSJ JUi äJtS I ý.ý.; qw eJ U. Ije.: c. J J5 I j. L: J ýt. ý Vý ýº. t'ý -J _, ý d e : i: l1) i.. -s w. ý, ý1 Sjiý"iJI.., ul " 5L.. YIs,; Y !, U joIf _ý,., o 1,? Laa S j- djam-I tr-2 t>y tr: 4; ` 4.!J i; iý 1I J 1 J I I" I J 1 JýjJ " r";ß: ý.,. ý..ý. v; aJ rLJ CýI.; - i; 9) 'tl iy (L ) VJr o9ö y 1l Lý. öfir, ý ___,$ : 1º lS J I l: I i'. iJ IJ i _, v J, ý. q,J ,ý '% ý-ý, .;.:. ýS ý Lýº. ýi ý%L4) W 14-4 V, I I L. A; 9 (ý (-L-. - C-i Cý e V--kej--j -P--. -*ý t; ýcs"I I K ! btA 12ý: ao -I o c'r, 04 eý"' o3 onm Da' CIE p. 26&) ýýý a,ý o, ", P") `ý ýs' 197 IJ LI U$ý$üL " I--... JIJ Lr.L ,. _. - ) -l Z. rq . 1iJ, I LA J; Lt.1:, UJ IL 1I sJ .: c,. ei : , ýrý;. ý-ýy. 1 LiýJ 1 th La I " f, %11 I; ý. ". >. ý; eJ s1 4,.ý-. . sJLJ, 1g- I... n;. äý:, y. `Sl... : ýJtL usYcrrr ýSrý-.ýsý.,: L" : Ui ýý : I ý ýJ : j `"-r ;; r., % ý._Sy, -ý ý%ý--: ý--ý u" : ý--. ý: tel. l::., .3Y u.1 ý.. iS v L, 1ý Ir. tS 1 a_; ,J1ý. a; .ýL... " a ýSyt; u L:O. au 'oil LJ I Iiu t6. LJ I, L61 (C 1.1J L ý. i_ r'"" i ýcL" j . s. ý;...: $JIt ttý *a J !r 1ý. : 1.i: 1 lý1II "" IvIý:.,, lc yJ ý ß ýi ýt. .i rd-' Ito* y ýJ IJl.. i 1Cr-J1 t-r 4 i. ý v 1k1..J I Lt, ºa . ýý ý'J A. ý. a.,; Y,_; " L-.. ssJ li J Iý: to ýa`' I %-4116x- J.: ý'; dv. N &a.. 7iD, ft (b) Q) oisi . Ir , -t ck, j1. (c) S. * mss 198 I L.. 1'°IIS1; I Ij. IC4 ýJ Iý°.; ý:. t 4J Iz a, s ySW L; ... J J.; .J 'ý--ýý02 LLo, L Lä L ! 1. ýY YI t ry i .J. .WL .ý. l.; 111ý.. ý"rrt tt ,IL, Vii.., t c.; JLe FYI; ... ý.; 4 t, "I y I, : t. J t, : 1ýJ tv t1ý1..JI sb :. J Is 1, " t: ý1:J t tS W Jt. - ._, ý; ýi: ý.. s.ý.; .iý; (r t; v d , Flo? J ruý. l IsjJ.:. 1L" J I IJ; " y1J.:... 1 L. Uý: o ý. ý..; .. bi ýº ..;J.: iJ.: yIý:. L- I ß,1j : l. J ly l;ý r,. 11 I IA ý' ýº ý. ý., C.j ,; " r,; .ý. r., ý1 ý.. J .ß.. ý.: rl; ý::..,! ý, . 0....4 e 4 to Lo. 11 11L d--t ate.. y".. S z4 , '"i 5 ""'r" r- )J -`yIa la 1ý -jý ß...r,,: -1 :.;. - 1189 t7i U ir. sý--ý .1s L" ý-'r= JI"Y iJ I ý;J h. 1Jl.: J 1 ý,;.> .`i.: a . ý: aJ v14! . (a) k, 0, U*)17C1 (() K, 1<7 (6) o "_Cd) zZZ-6 s Ck) lý 5t P> (5) -1", ,: s o -- ,6 -. 199 L4L L!11 u. 1;, s i;iii, jt4.114 &-U..;U .. J;, . t, hL,Jt,,.,,. i tJ ý ß, ' 41, 0.; Z>..; 3 ýL'.u~ r(4Iur j e' 1u1c, 1, zr LJ I>: 1 L-J 1 (. :. I,;:: . ?-_`J i-ts .7. r v--j jS ei T,.. ý,._. -º Jj uli JGr a. ý, 4 , 4.J 2 L. r Z 1z. U i ii. (4 " y 1ýog Lt, Jt al4Zu lA ;.., j. L,y. J Vº) I 4, LL'LI : Sj -, 1,..,;ZQ-j 1 u---- c) cr-r" r- o > r' rý" J1. J I,, 4LY. L». Ir,. L., L t5j ". L1 'fir uý . u i. lp , JLJ'CIJ Lº'L ý, ß,1k11 J ý I, b1 ißt v-L v .. ,IJI, v,,. .: ý,.. Li, : c,; . Lrit? 6j J>y U L; ILO; LIl. ' I I z Ir L%rrjý c, ,f Jv I; 4-ß-u u tS Jsý ý .0) rrj C~" r-`$I 0; -6.p: s j I,. h1( Jr Iv1.. u 10. :J wýbj.: J1..... ia6, '-tee j », r. LO;JA cr u,,.:. 4 -p- (4 L 41.1 ýý) 0, f'eý"ý ! 77 a b) T, }. iii Cc) 4, 0Lz,J i dwi i II; wi Ja c,_; ý: ii" C` "' I)vU j JI 1.11 rýI Kira I 'l, ýJý,; I ce.. 4,; ýj,ýy1 4,"-1: 5J I bi I z i>I I) ý"U i sr. ý 1(: » - r. . _.: . r,,: J UIPJ ) JL JI tJ I ;1/-! ri.' bL. till .ill IJ I ;.1 t>11 14 LaiI . "LJI lilt dc C,..IJ ,jW C>.-U- I CJj CPOJ Irr ý; ýýý..) 113 J11: ? L-° LSJ1ý.iS LbJ111.: L iL: JIc Wiý... WI ý'+:`"'ý. CJ.. 1_Aº J; j eC, I"ýl "... C. 'YIu Ir, ss J Co 1115 Lß: 1 K.:. Itý.. J i 14,: l_S a--..: ý. v t__. jºý----ý ý_, .ýJ v ý.. ýi,: ýJ (a) X ýy- %ýI k, p'' (r p. -5) c1 csk ýy'.. (ý "ý l04 b Cý) ýa. w' LZ1 P-223)S51. ' cý", VlOA i (it-P^_._ Cd) o, 2"t776 Le) A; L--- Cf) Qmm,' p"2 `t) 2oj L.: J, l L,'"3 -.. a .ii uw r; ý u 4-.J tt d t-i' v' i 's %ý WIr ä1, výrý-ý 4 i; 4 L ire %r .G. c;, a11 .a; A 4J", j °r dmj5j L-" N 4oii +, 4; rLý JJI 4`1t'r ýý ýJ'tI Uý tiJý ýJf+ (11 Ja, Ji W+ JoyI JI(6, c 0I J+-i tt s, Lv-4IrI: ýri .a.,,,. . l "y,.ä111 a:a , N ilia r t»" ji 0.6 4. I (ý +j i 1... iýJ I I er-=-'J a.ý -I .. °''`"" ýyi ý.. °ýý, er-ý a; e:a ..ý:. LX J, tI JI I i; r iI LA, Ij 4 Y e' 4I Jiýc' ßr11 Ju4 eß--'4 -,j 1 Ca) D mow' (. p. 18 Ibc. J(e. 11, 4 (L) 1S'3 ): rýcS. º ý.r. ý.? ". ex º ,s 1< o iý Cep C cr Cý) , c, ýr Cý) 1ýý, o, '- 202 1119 (o sir WIJ L) lß I 4, iu" CI La t*, i" L-', ý º `+a'`. %r,ýý "-ý*, ý+ yJ ýf (J "ý J . ý' ý ý J, ` J, ti- ý -4 9 ýýJrJ ýs, ý. (.:,ýJ :.,,:,; 1 i,,;ý:., :. ý, J.. 1ý l:, ýJ º º a ý. ý. ß. r1 t.. t.:; ý ý; ý C ý' z:. Z4J6 6 tt, L, V... _- U. ,;, ;, ++' v: Ij ,. C4) 0ý", Ih$4 Cb) (c) Aý am; sK, ,ý; ýw - (L) a:w (. YPI p. 26 ßý ýºd %-0 (e) i4, cs'L"ýi . f) k7/. Ios c9) A, (ti.. k) T A, ot ", a. iLý,! ' w, 2o3 1123 (a Ir . I A. . I sß,:. 1 sal.! I ýr I; £U Jý cm )I v. ýl ..;. J U 6 ,, L..?J J i (*, LS j(I -ýi .': i ý1,, u' ý' u 1125 d J1 6 J1s L a.ýlYlý_JIvr,... c, .ý. ý: j-.! i v., J4 Iý1I( L"1L16 Lý. J%l'J i lsºy.: Iý 1ý 1 JIý S ý ý1Ls1 : -ý+cJ v'ýJ`j y' n.: ý! 112t 117 le .6 -L-t 0 11:.a;qj r-4uy I Ce) To t? e (d) Dads ýz P. 143) l' csý s ý,_,, 4:l__H ý"ý, ºý=-- c3 [ tsy; t1) J I cs3 (e) ;;, a: ý. ý. .)s..:, ýi, -Ltd- > J'. L itrºPº: is; 5, ý9 A- aj'. Cý [, s'c/ý] i: ý, " Cj,... J I to 1ct, itº Jlý f Alt, ýr, Jl c3 s°,Jº. ý..t : . ,5ý! -ALI (f) CIII P. 2r) C)- -, r. a toy 1)2.9 tq (b C) 1121 r - I ter "LýJf v. . ý;,ýt .. {; ' 1 113o tJI, LJ t, L.LL,. If, I Lr : l' Cý- (. ) _s--ý;, !-L L. ,tjIe!. p: ; ;3 V; -t----" 3t (.. :Al: l f 1Iý J t L,. ' fr1 LC Q(:.. L) " ý.t.,.: ý.. ý ý, mix, ýý :. J ý;g. _s JI; : 1J `JI 1p!I j I LS . _.,,_ »_J -L-; L-. f rSJ -, ;. La t t33 I . _U zl-0-.. "-1 C"Id 1 J; t I ý 1Jt Jr Y f (.:. t. i: r" ý-rýý -4ý ;r:. 3J ý., ý`ý $. Jý_ .Jý; r I., I S f: l>; 1--..: 1 )U 1 7- . 4,,1: IL-J ;, sis - ji ýy. - ý. rJ >j4I I "ýI3,. L. Li '' tai ýu p"33) ýý,, ti ý.o, .ý..:.., L" Cý) o`er' C3i P.;, s) :, >, irw iº± si 1 Cc) O, Tý ýc.ý cs ý.; ý: Jr. ..vý c; "ab. Cý)Ki "ýJo56. 2o5 1137 fr ýa I, I 1LYI (" -" J-Mut ý: 13JI rte... .:. v . ---I YI,: [ r,: I J, Ytý.. . WL( IJ. _.. ;. ü, _:, C--b l. ü " v. ß.._.V1 rý4 -,.. prj ýý_ r r 1 Lia:! i ý. M- J ý,. "I Y( ý - ,ý; ý, ý, ýt ý.. _,.,. ý,, _,,.:. -I f.,. uYI ü41.;J IJl,; ý:J J (--ýr' ýý tlý14 ' Ir YI L J. '-"s Lp a, 0' ýi-- -ý+ý- vti r" ý-'>> r°"- ýr aýly ý: t ý, - c iLi = AWI I.41,... = I ýýz8 : : I. zýW Lý., ý, Ir, tº,i ý,;ý r I.4i %,, W ý,..ý (ý º' W ,J , ;rI ,... o ' .r. Jß',J I ;,.qi r t.) I<, i :Cc) 41 'aL (°O01f -) 1711 b) tp . 206 lI J I JI,L Y Imo.I.., lý tIJ I jk _----4!! ý ':.a-r" ,1L, .,.. GIs, ý,. r,, ý1ý, º jl .lJ,, 6 J i.:..; I r A. r)LJ Li. :ýL,,: J Zz.,.1I I LkJ1 zL- iI,,; t,.:.. I, v A&Cy, ý rWI JLL: c...-L, s; jJI ", o S-.rj , °: 1, I,; lý.l I I J-; V%, ýu=ýrý L" ý.. rý 4 ýSL,.ýJ uý-ý ý,% s yýý ý-ý+-4-% J, I LJIJJ lý.., lO L1J I " JJ .., 4,; : ltyy llti3 11',2 lJ I, lr;. I ISS I, .l; I J 14P sý i J . r, 1 suerl. V4 `rt Z,ýY ýi v' J5 ý ll i V" C7J u r, Y Cr J--j u? M ZO= I; 1; !S Lv, ll I u1 u" ýr-ý" ý"-- u . J I, l I, 4 rs Ir. ý''º W4 -+r".ý : ,: : ný.,, ýr`ý , -L-s- sr "r"ý - IsJ, I lL. i, " ý,ý,. 1 4J C IJL,;. I WI Liý,ýV L'-t c.,. L.., `-L, ,.,. iJ `L"J ,,.; u . v,:. ", u' u u' 7 (rSý tS!I 'v. 4 ", 1 Lj I J-A P (vý s+ý- . t-ý-rJ ýi +' v. c cr -J u: 't., Uv- I,;J I W 1-11)I-,6 L J.,, ' l:; y 11ý, ---ýý 3 v' "ý,=u I LS, fir., L ! is t, LL. 4 'A-. r'- V; hý e0 % U- 14.,l; W, L; J L' ,; : -*-' ..,.ä; 0ý )'79 6 ýb) K 06='. CriDc' (Y 1. e') (a) "i ice' '; cj >> (p. 1 52), Jý1 ."b Li, r: L-- (d) Il", ys 207 .L. - C- 0--- 1-i-f I II jL l 1 ( v-t ß)1J J,: --i 11; j; s (y.. u; `L) ; CJ, `ý-u I ý, ýL :JrctyI. la. j ;.. I 21 (ý L) . ý, 4 ý;rý.., ý,..;. ý;," .L, 1 t ý; ý.di. 49 "" I 1I .ýýJeýlý a1 u ß,; - 'L: " ý' f J, ;.,U J1 i ivi, 1.I,.:. (04üý: C-''ý% c L.. " sJ I LýJ I N ) J . tJ I ä) 1.:1(ti,. V .. v,: i . ý; ybL'., ýý1ý.. ýiýJtýýil.. ýivý'; iýiý ý.. _ýti: r'"i`i v.. _' srAWtr ý .s.,. L6 "J 4 1151 1 1 !.! 0 Ll ( (GiiV " v. ý, ý.. JJ ýý.. ý}: " it 4lß s JI iG s il C+y; jp IJ IS W k cAMrJ JA " ., a '1 LJ t 4 cý1" a- t.;- ß. ýaý C Pp. 239-8) ý}'1] u;s cStr -1 i .ei(, ý'J vclis (6) P Z. Cý) paw' atti, ., c.Zt_ " ( P. ýos) cswýý", cs (d) D ' ( ýr'szJ. s aµ, it '" 175) c-., , ºP r`ý, "" .ýv, - Ruý.. y if ý'cs"ý i, ý.ý-' ý.. i h. ý ý, 4+ ß;äo o...u i , y,c ", , ýi: . aý" .ýjý.,.. ý (e) M" 180 (4.. f) Tý A, ' ýý "Q, .. a o-+z+" C9) P" ?J J1s3 2o$ ii,:,. i i 1 in s; ,,,y `,:º rpi j4 OUi rj C), u{jJ r,,;( c-G); iui 115ti t+..:., ). 1....1ýý.: yI i I .; ýi . a."ý. ý ýtýýb,ý .ý.... ýL"1 , ý.ý 1 0 1154 ßr55 5J ý,;c .. G>> ý.1 %{.1 ' (Tr"; J 17 -..;j t""'ß""1 Y cß; J-i cslt J't 1Jt. . 115$ a[ cýý ýL"JIJ LSI Lj %J -ýý cr1 r. - wl--" A rij Lb 7-4- (a)4' Cý. r" 215)c 1rß (b) ý ý- .._ "ýý, ý. ýý:. ý.. ,,ýi,, . &:s jo" lam, >c Qi)º L$ zr Ji Lc---i (r owLA I Lz .. a, sJ -> CCU i; lo -'r ism is 1 &(. ... t 'Li > C) >º., _ 0 .ra > öLic oýLý D a,w' "gp. º y. A c4 !b a,t -Da býºc CJ. 0 4cr 153%)t- ýl gis 13 ¢ nýºtiav+ü . º+. a. - ýx ý:J ", 10 % 01 Zog (b L U) I.. A) .-. airy ' () ýlrJ I 1ý! Iv 1ý+1...J tý c,; j. . ý, ý..ýfi " =- -+r-ý-- L', ri-J , a.,pý zr (-j ýi j-i J ir' ",.srsv-. ý- , I, J,:, .. L"11L`4 c lLýyt I. tý J Jý Lý "tW L1 u-->> ý,, Jy°y y.: W -u=ýýsýºiýu-ý ý: rý 4-ý-,, Jlf Ii .. I" 1162 rta, J4 J ts t t" ) ".t &I, : ý.,. .ir. si c,ý ý- (a) I8o (6) 0f-%ý. CO Daw" (y' p. 3o7) _6 rti. ýy-- iý v.. ü, (d) D ý, c1ýyý a;o,! ý ,.,,, cs; ca" -ý Cam- aw ý1( PP" 6- Jºý=--ý ýJI äß, Co ýR j CS v: A. J crº"v,^ .p any, 13 210 t5A41, E ý., : Lý3 rs1.. (ý :. ('ul' (:. ýc ý ý. iýiJ WSJL -_: ý .. Lý". ti>ý`" J s Y" t ; J'. .ý .Jv.. cý.: :. IIG,ý ýý At! L-1. L. ;AI,; l 1,1, I ,jJ Lb y. -4-w=--I Yrl Cv v; s (s a'l. J; LJ ti is äý. I, iil 14,; )U L' tSs +: .JL-JLJý; Jyr ýrý, yJ . v c, ýJ ti II % 0b. Lv1,1. Is L:J I Iß.:1 11; 31Yy ILev " 4-Lý- s ý.ý; v ýi:.. . ý L sý 1163 c ' Iý lI LS t l.S; J 1 1: L) jJIý; J} ý,; 41 ý?ýSJ Iv =:.. I lSs lam; Zv-U I 1.L; j 1 I vts zd/' ý; . rSý) r. uýý' U6 t: - 'LJ-I-166 I 1 äJ I Lý (s (s ' ß, ý.; aý1(: ýý.: .f1 s", ý.!s iJ (1:? Iý,i '. Is L" L L "UI' ý, ýslý .. ý..s ,:, ý.: ý-: ßs6 0.0 LSj Zj-t:. C. !L ý-rl 11;,,1{ l.., (: ýr ul sl1,;. j ) -L) , G) 31 L-- (a)o gq 4-6)o3cP" ---: -L .c,,,,, ýýý we.,) (am) CIS p. 3ý6ý ~Ic ýý, 1 td) ' . LOP; Z%Aý 2 ý1 a) " ýý110 `L+ I L.K, Jrý y1 ,:; eLUI 0- & .L ýr"JIJ, r: :. lý :; lý,; Jrrý Jý ý".. t1ý. J I J, iJt L"l.. l;; _L r ýrý'C.,.ý t .:ý. , ýv ":ý : J I J I 11I V ý, 'ýfI. 13 1;. Iý "+a.: s_l..,r,. ej; jý. ,tom eJ. .t. o . r; "If r : +.;.,.;., ý ..,.,) 1172 "j 1,, 1 WIC 1.:, l,, te-., s ý..: j,, 73 1 96 ýý i 175 I J lj 6--Z i1I 1I J Icr L y;,. ; J I V_. -k- v4 Jg,.,,, v. a.j CJ As. Lr-.: .a-t. -: pv $ . I.. .L -A ) 0 (k 11#79 - üly l 1 110ti .'tI u-ý v+*-*- -x+11"ý ;. : -4 i 1 l) 11-N J (v.. ý..1(" l+ Lj -LU ý. v ,;. L-Ai ýJ, ou U I J 10-1 J c., cs.^; cri') tY, oll Ip; t. 1 a .; (uJ° I, J I ý, 1 )L. ---srb' w-cy cfJ u3 s% fir') '1"' ý-'-s ýs1++c ;? v, -1 y. %u' 0 u. ýlt 4. A 04 00, U-0 all ti (a) Kýk., c'7 d b) 0-7n- (e) fq d' (ý""; ) A" k' (i) Daw' (r . o-irt . ý,, ý.. 289)... t. lýci4J) ~N cis- .J 1ßr,, J (i ci _ cs P-1, , ýy t "" cs/M ' I: c. ý d .. v ". l: t.. jo ý cwlc N"N"ý. ý .,; >J1 2$2v C-3C:; >-o ry tý Ifý L4?., yt. iý 1 10 1, ý, c$.;j I,, D c3 t;. ýs ýü ta LC' L. W0' ýb . _; "lp igIb IQ 2.12 IJýI)I4 Lý. Qýl v .. i; T .o ý_ c II, i1-f ü Cau -. ii LqJ I La. ISio.. ,ip ýi 11179 (01 J+ 1 1Zi4, J1si(:. L) u---+ : JJ jr ii 'L: vs :. t j ý- icr ' UI WIr Itl.; i J I - '%ý--"ý ý ý' ý^. sr° u, -. u. ý ra L-4 '. a., 10- 1-6 Li :'L: J I : :j L--ei 1 -i K xi -. eu "L_-''`ý 'ý' (ý'tJ (ý 1 ", "a+1L'!1ý*, ýý Lý a,ý: t! . *'° cs`"ý `=nom-sýr`J v' ti(° iu i. TSL SJýJ (" ýLýJI LJ I "s ,ý.: ;ý,,.; ý,; .. LM.t (e-. U. 11 L", ) I ">o :, x. J (r. (zL ia c; r» 04 J ý vloo;) ti. u; Lý I "I ;ý ýr vL ýv-ý .,.,.;.: u.. u. ý ..ý ý=--:r cý' :r4 : L.. 1I iu, u° Jii Isi !r (. lam) cr°L ý"º~'ýý*- vi --t 1.,1 I J I IJtc,, UI (crý,. I A . ý; ý,; ýIr. c" ýi ýJ v)/ J cm cri u"i J. -i "4 L...,. ýý";, ýIýIsJ ,r. ý..ýJI -ýICýýIcrýýýI c,ý( ýL1 ý ýý''ll s`i`r ýr-iý11 U1ý? L`J(r I Irr 1,, Iý I s_ u" ums' ý' ýLrl . t-p iý -ti"^' i J{ý ý! l, 1>,.4 Iý J, LL;1I I. LLI "L 1I L"ý, l1 L' . jL DlSj ý;.,. y ..ý .: t: ja lJ ( )-, LW1).,: Z-; lam.1; 1s.i1,. 11;: Li IC il--J 1; , _. 1,. eA ai t9 u- ,t C5U 1 0 41 J} `1 Z),C:. 11 Li; 1.. (a a) K, (b b) 7, l"ýý: Iýx I. Lo L- (c) D .. O)41. .. ýcl a y ' aw' Y- f" 265) (d) (XI' e paw' 195)95) D°=' ( P" 132) c.,-l: , lsv,ýI (y C9) I 0"A-0 LZ4 : e. t;,. (j) ýeQ :. 'A) 00 ". 182 a Z15 ( a. 1 ýý I Cr. v,-, t ßa1 Jý--s LA_... 1 1J L-.., 4 I a--. j>. --J Ls., J 11 rJ "J Calf (ot . -. ýS . ýI. _... 11.. ISY(ý I, >l1s "--: r " -ý .s...rý u -ý. tý j--r-) Ir'a.: "J -i .L 1Sj ,I-- >u t C,.. L=, 0---$ ; p%ON 1 -) t,..._..: -ý _.. .j(:. 1 0 : _..._eý (a) ýo 'CSI' ýiý'' I h CY i ry U') 2' Cý ßt," Isg) d. --r . ý'J1 ýs_j Z-1.;;,. _.ýº fir. 11it J 4 t,;,-J r r; J "F.: J L- c3 LEI JJI (J r j ,L-. e ..r 1, .,. 0 9,0 00 iJ., ,J 04 3ýrs 'L- L tjs se, V-4 JLdI4JIý-r=, 1 "t! .S UPý- ('c-- L-, (ZA ) C J--' ti3 *- , .j-; _. t_.: 14 u,.-.. £ I , ws )_-tt (mss,c (s :,A w4L. 4-(,d JI [.... L"1(ß,. (ý..,,,,,, 13 yýS1 "Lý: sue. _1 r_ Ls) (kýý11 ) ý.1,, j : tx, IJvb is ý... ý. _4 _..:, fl r.... (a) get"' (11 F-2SS) (.P.. Daw' P. z (a) CSC f"3t) bV iWi9lý (0t) 0, -fct- J82b Ce) _C VZ P. 193) c.ýý 1r t%`t,,ý.. ýi rý'. (4') Pn.ýº +., yäq CIp" 333"(is ýe", log_ (ti) D CZI 115 (q 1191 bs. ums'u ý1___J t ý... lSJI ir: (: Lý.. L... S Iý; t ýý, c _.ý , _ý,.. v ? ý"t ;.:. v_< <____o-a Il (s If . ýý,....; I U. I I V,--_14 e.- C'm ä: L S, : LcJI 'Ir--" `11 SYtý t: L--ý° : f11: ,iI _+ uý-,r-.: ý[.. i 119`7 I LL.. L.1 I lSt. L AL ý_" sý----ý{ r.: -. ý,; ý_: .J (Q)_' ýt t'. 2Sf) ýýýý )4 Z4 cr (b.. d) k, ý+" cs le Prc (cý°,,,, v' (X" 170) t:b! > -" (e) rn u ý., Dag' C.X. ) (f) 1-f- P 1 7o t;: L-- c .. s, _ , scc: ;vxUJ P" fht" ' D Cý P". 4ý ): ýS,, Zs ýýr (9) owl rC. c , q4 si. 7 L s)J (1) Lo-c t : ßr..1 Ctý-- " c;, t"sý L: -ý' tý cr' ý: v ý" it ný1ý.ý" 9 .ZI Ca 1119 1118 11 li (i 1)6-F. t) CJ il+-, -1t x. 14)'--1ý s X,r"'. U )l---- i II,, II sYIL. _ ý4.1 _ .lIV;.., .JI"=h.:20. _.. L4 J) IC7,4 cc 2 L%"V ES,L' V.. :ý* r:: xt, .'L.. C.., ___: Jt c---', t1, , Lt- W-V t. r,,. ,, r) r r. der,,.4. -I r' rz--_r cc-' r 1---- 1,r, Jr ____ r ý--'W ,"r , , c-rNc--w ý-%ýº. :ý4cK_ _, ; L x. "y 1 .., r 11 U...,,j L..:r ,ý. _.,, J,. _;. ý L..is c.L. ý. r.Lº r Lvi " ý: ý.. r,.' -r, 4t., c"r.,.... 3 f Cad 0, A44AYi" 0) 0, of ", 183 a h,. 9%, 0.0 ý", u (d) T' rß Ce) k, 217 1202 ý" JJ I IJLI L .ý., ý a. -. ß. s1 I: J Iýsr°!zJ I J I ý-=*0 -J Cr"'-ý cý+r, -ý-ý ,"r" ý, -- ýr" -t-ý- u-i Z&. aw Ui iýý (. iýa ' I, 1I ýý sý I L-w ýý., ALS ý,; cam'ýº- -» 4- ý c. 1) 1. UJ AU.: I vrý1 .61J. 'j) UI "1-' 0. ý 10, >; lýýs -0c JrºýJy ,ýI d) 11(. l J31 I L) - .. ý L,o,. ifv..: of tj ._. LJ I 11,.;11 J--°Y I eck!0(J. " I s, OA; o-s `L'am'C1q iuj J-.. LL. O-j cJi I x6: 14 I ýISJ,(:. Iý!1) I Ji, 1.lam: ill Li (ýa+ý =ý 40 s4il y; C;) .. ý: rti ."= Wlee (a) k Cb) Cc) ýý ä.s'ß u1i, ý: %b ký ýsý+" ") ! 08 Cd) d f-ý. &.) CSS ýM"3ý ", t83_6 r" - ä. 14 *4::, I 4 ür Uyý.: ý ý. l . -a cri fei M' -- ;w t- A.yt -L e 218 4 IY ýý..L"J ý ýý L--r; ý ý' L (r" ý:,; ý ýý j. ý., .:. ;rte ""°ý c,ý% J . ý. 0= 1 ºI ( "ll' -ý-,ßr. ý.,.. u.,ý. r-, ý--ý. u ý..Yý ý,,: ýL) ý i, IA J l; W 1, 11 f u-. `s.pA -1 --, (% 11 (; cm u-r-=ý' ºr .rX; z).:. ý..ý: cJc,,; rL) , lý. il lý +rtiý %1 W' 4.:. il )A s %. ý. -4'rß' u; º1 srA; sra r s, .. 1:.: v. ß7L JI t 10 e ', '' JhoJ L. :'-0' Il / L r--_-dLý ýJ Ali.. Zr- (JA yr srr°ý Jw1U...,,,, Iii Ir. J I 1.;.11 4'., Zo? 1 910- 5 ze». 11, J 1;s rill j. LA f-1=M Cr >I') juu j.; 4t n'!. J. J'. "Q_tl-s;, ýJ.,. l Ui1 ýb) k, (a) DAu r" j oý wi is.ýtr' L'ý1 1;yt'Ji ýý=, `¢s d. 8) c Pf (c) p ý w' C. 24 ýr CicA 3u AP,I (d) L "., (9ý ýý plorm Qmm' (XL p. Zog) Ce) k. aýsr+.«ý ýý ý'"' ý0ý 011trý l. CJ) " ý"t ý, 11 t' a oý º ý; oý Jtc, 1'J!,,,s o ýýl> as--- t i:.; ý11 ý: ý is (V ý,ý 1ý1. i) ) ,,,,, ºU c3 cýý% ci'ý , 219 120 $ (1 tto J L--.Ji :,. a..r s. CJ U: 1.JJ I 1..,S ýj uI J . Aq v.. 0.: 4,, c"T .; ý,;y Jý -ý:ý{. cri: u" =ý+ý r (Jý t ý---ý ) ý-''--ýJ cr--"'sy cs ----r ý}eý----ý% J -ý 1'-"O $210 0 41 IJ L4JrS , _-4Klt r_..,,.4,ß ::ý» ýý)J tn 0-4 ,:,,1 t rd r9 rß, jr.,. >r,.,-t L x;,.9 "',,.-_JIr,: Iir LS) " :,ý: s'tý-; rrýý, -=----t rte.- Ca) k X41 ' C Tt K, ý,.. ' Cb) a_? P" 53) :,,rýý csý: ýý Cc) ýaQ'ý PILv _D oa (pi) t. ýº' 4ý i+i bC Xi p.. 93) p"16o'. t- vw'3ýýýy CB.. i) 1<ý o"(ýý ýý ICY P1 n(ae-/6 ýJi Sý Lv " -Q 220 G=1r ;r- r--i u-& u L. a. s (C-L. ) JsJ; 1212 3 I 4 ~, L- iII L. Js WrI , ý---Sl ,. c . .>_. cý._.. LS I .. :1c,, _; 4--,g ýQý--'' 'L--4 I---ý WIý. , cnýý--w. ___fi t r° , %J--" - (b (c WI ý21s r-j i IJ IJ IJ ýI ý"t--= IS ý+-ý-- t" yc. ý"-. `i r-- ýs`s-'J `L", vI II r 5 `.. üý. ýI i ýi-+ºis u... ýI L.. 4.:.. oIý" _. 9 L0 I ji IJr .. d*. LI `, ''ý1 _._w r . 'I 1. -J LO---; W, -- . L-aVLu 93 1 Jrte, 4; r j, (.. t.-_. ), 0 ý' b Cp) o-Q" 18ýt (b) Q ý"w' LWP. 162) ! NOW IC c3 c11,_. _- P" X61): =: (. r ýýý lýs---- '- 221 12ýy 1Jr J--Sý--ý I ý,I 1It Lý -Ur ,ýrr... cß!-4 v--t , .,.: . _U .i. __. ýº., ºJ U; ---M ºs--ý=J J Li Jrc t_.. tß-4 6; b r ;, iý..: ,.ý.. ý. - .Jy, ý ý:ýt ýrý r j--""_., 1 r L, 1 ., t, ) t t,..,.1 ý. ý t, t, ä-ý--ýoý 4 ýý ý. , ß. , ý;. .:. _.., . ý1 º 1 j.. S5 I t ýU 4.1-6 _. :j rU "1J 4, J f j " 4,_, a c :: L. A I I, s" Iý :. i1I _J . 0. - ., V; (a) 6, 4°-Q"' 185. th ýa_' (Tl10.308) vrý? _ Z, Gý c) k' Q 10.9A (01) k2 (e) 1< o, ., dºr+ , , cnn 122 luv I, viI;...:,. 5 LX LAJIL. Iv,; L. .ý e. .i. >, ý.;.pJJ ý JI LJ, : a.ýºJ vY%I eo. fl; I &-: A dIIY. - Ji" IýL: j L-j I ýý :ý ---o op Lýý 06 rt-. -J-o -Lt--j ri r-.: i, L. I Y YL J1ºß Ir-r'J I, '1: %,au tr. a_. 4: :J1t,. wI ý. ý1L. ß. )1 wdw 1110 CJuA,.., It : YL jj IYtS: jYi 6" r.t. 1I b -'j LA 1I :J ýý WL t :Jl. w-loi"V.. JLA- tý''1ý,,.. Jul; C). .L+w 4,.. >I > BSI .! z vi ýý'IJt 'ri 't " yty- I 'rU '; z 'yt, 'tsIYttrr "1w:; L.,. Iý, ýý Yt'--ýr, C r. _.. ýJ "lbl ý i ss s" t 4c IB UIý. I. 11ý ý1 J ý..:, ß; s11 ýJLJIýýmIýIJ1 ý. + ; TT f (4) 0, O-m" (b) U' o.. f 1956 (") 096 ýýýi 23 Cq ý1Zt 1221 Cb I ý1º lJI ICJi º J ýF u. ý . ý.a. ý,_, ýJ ý1 uý=J ), J ::.ý ý,; 'ý jº,.; ýýý,. LLC L: JI l"Jº ý ýi; 11 1. ýJ..; sro r; ý. . J.,,. J.,,. 1223 `JI ý. =+ ºvý 1j, 4 1 Jº rah c3 -=ý ci+r"ý r` CL J ,ý-ý =' -uý s rý- 4.611 º, 1225 1I(Jso Jl, J(,, º. gisº, 1º A '1. ', z,,. )'iý`Jý'ý'ýt" C A; I, iil º L;J º Wºr t, º(fý--ý º ºl '1 . ý,,: J:i u-ý Sr4 ýtb rye ý,,, j ; Lm`. Lkr U1 u "r tß='2 -;-- -i- J": ýr ) 2cW 01, ' LA 45 4 L=- l, il, ýyJ( J-:, J 1('sß LJ lý JiI J-r k . r: V: ýiJ. . M 4+ i º ý, Jas) " ý.,;; ýI uýUx,..: uk uLý) 'ý ct°fir'LaI 4Wie:LJ tT-. s)) 4-r- ß' ; ý=, v1, ß= r O-C On i2Z7 LSD l. L L".; : J... J ý-s S I v ^, ß;1 At ý. -ý%ý vYý y122$ 4 (q)0, k, ( cn+.. (b) . uý ý,.º::. c" (c) Daw, P. i29) ; fie) Pn.. 4W ýý ý,, . -ýý,,<,,z "ý ,r, _, C.L i' Its) Cf) D&, Ca ýýý Ccs"ý " ) P" rz1ý,. _. ý, . ýý, (8) K, k oz.," (k )l<, -, 110a (i) U-m" (J) Ü) ij-ýtezuz (L.) i'°i., º aý 4.,Dy c K' 0, ý$ý=. 'ý 224 12Z9 " it uit may1 >" ,s_. _.... r-- Z,, ;, csJ __ '; (`L__. ) v--" ý' UIß, 1I J1 1: ý; ý: -S. ý,-. "ýr,.. ý-=t'a ý, Z>--t cri---w- arc -x-, - ': 1 L (h.:., äff, of a -'a, v--i "-L ý-ý r, ýtý.. 1_... y ... t,., r;:,. LJ . ,._, º , ..:..... , r _:.; ý , r4.-vllj 01 -J r "I; o.. jj Ij 12?0 JV I .: L_.:; .rsr--- :- :ý L=.> Z{d `L_ .V I Cº 3 si 5 . .ýIL-. c A, ,; J...;. 11 I. Lei " ý. _..:, J i; -i_-Uß. A ý----ý ; I' rý ,y-s fie , ýz3ý 'o r S%J i ýi, ; L4-u ,Jr. 1' Liu ý,. s.,. -,ý:;. I, :.,,:. r. J, *, I. Z-A Lij op 3 ýa) K "o;; ire C6) Q- C VGL ý" 7 4) jly_. - C:J L" CCM Da= CI I°" 16) u, : LJ/ý; Cd) k, "1 L'J 'J fed aý' .. #4J9 , 22 5 (J 4JJ (, LJJ IV-.; ti ýý 4---t, Jr Jý....,:. °" Ji I. ({ L+_J. s'ýt )'mº; j , ty. U.. -ij q I 123JIJ,. J I sp-51( j_. I.; a 0- /, - -J. _ _A y, VSC -Ij - -4 J E;J I i's 11441 r-- f" L. J, r r.. ' U- Lt. L_ J f, 1f --_. r: r- ýý+vLS .. vt.,,ß, C-1.11 (11 r-1' V-; .i9 J--I: L, -L---4 I L-1J C. sý !a 4 ;. f JýcFI ýº ii a--if) , .1 ýt6 -7ý. 0L*.. - I C J233 X23? ( r_.:r tý_.,, r rceý ý 4r. .1,. ß .i, j r ;tsý I , ý,. 4 (a) 1<, o-m- (6) Q, rt", 186_b () gate C 2. P. 137)!LY tv,. (d) Q C XL 9 7) WI äW .w0s ) I aw' p. c-'ý. r=s g- p'C (e) äI P" 96) ýý,. c. 11,a Lo '04 Cf) k ýý.. ýIoý.. 22.6 [s!I. Zss :.,'A r j3 L si 91 U I 1, r-ý1, Z>->- .. ý. zm . _., j. _., Zy-- 11--4 jw cý--ý+ i (J (ý i J 14"ý--ý i I. { ) J._ctS! JJ Sý.s.... ý-ý ý1-ß-1I ct J r ý, ýLý. X2.3 6, j- i isJJ 14,....,; 3237 Lai JL L- rte Jt- uIS, s, -ý-I .i%, -.... 4,- . i ;; s d t. C- ID -Lo - r --tj Imo' X238 .,c--. ZJ j Z>-tLe. LW1f L--, b) "º$ o) ' rý?ý `ý' r+yýk.>c;+ > 1ý .CMD. 2J , " gis a. X239 ý. T J. (( L ) es; j... ºýi ý. i , __. ___ __ .... 1LJ I L__ - ---,ý; ýL ._... m. 1. mot, ; ,-r4 i r--ti- ,. ßr-: 1l:. u-- >-: t-ý.1 A--eý 4-' t r1, ý' ýv""ý "A ---t yt-^ý J ? --.. c"1 '-1" jI " '---aL vý-"º"' (q) O h- "' ßß2A. I 22 8 ý% ýr (ý.: Irv ý, % lýýtJ LýýW -- 0 J L. t J »c Jj. J 39 L. J ( i-,, ý_y '-, t a, . J, 1I' L_S L1i1. `ý.. L. ýi , ý, , " ß. _. º ýý4r L ü. J tJ-, Imo. L-1-j r J u-_,.. 1. ` c. J-> 0t r--ei %Drß r-" r--& L,,.:. 1: L, p 0---SL j jc, L`L---- l (c..; >Lt `I L ( L1._1 u r-n ., JL-J : :: Is.!r 4-. ý1.. _... `. It r. ý__-ýz,,.ý,, `. ý. ý;ý . r.. ß .ýý., -" ý.;,; dt ret. (e I l' c. It4I "- "' d, k Cc) I< ý,.c (d) Y, ýa .. a) ýº, . (6) cam' , ft T, A0 rv-- ºt- (e) `i ýýý : 4ý I i4.. L J <]I L..;J ýI ý-ý i , --+ . L_W.:_.. _; ß- ... `r-.. . ..;,...: 1245"ýt --., (j ice- Z'1 1 iý ---;, " °'r ----. - -ý-.,! ý--: ýý_,, : V 12f, 4 (ký tr D"O I j_ej 4---Z 1 " N_ - -1 . t_; :.. u "fry J.! ý. ý s-L" c7-ý ,ýa._. ý J 4r ý !I 1fJi,; [:; -JL.. ºI iJ " t;. ý. rý .: s . Cý) 1ýý ýý) O d°", IIISS csý (c) Os. ýý ", 137}, Va 239 z a 1 1,. r ý.s. il r (; )j A ý{ &--U :. 4 ý.. , j. -L- -f...... ,. r___'. 1-ýºv----ýrI --. -t ,, __", _, %: / / 1.4. J Is1. r 1 f x,. JII d _l; 3 n--ý ý:r---`' (,. +'r-: iJ S; JI,! J, . _U , &;j_ r=- r ý.ý f "L1, t rJ r _r,Z..; L-5..-- "ýýtý ---ý -ý ;ýIý,, , w 104 r hL 1 . 091 :L, -:. -._ ß, s1 _s &t c__;. v--..,. 3 rr=1'-iwf " v--, 2»y'ýýJ f 9deilt 4c 'rrý, UI r " L:.; Yf, " tom; ýU s, .' --ý v--ý" r-aý '. I Wfý. W ' "L--ý' c» ý;,._.,, : ýý ".c yý-= --'-; 4---1- C: j t; rS t ýL_.::.f. ý: "J i r.. iJ 14. ý___rý _,, º1( ý.ý:. _s . ºJ ý..,. _.,,. tJ f ( l -ki vý 3 Cg-- 0--. V V-i -z-L -) Vvl . 12,54 Ce- L -J 1 I. f v. iý 2-5) - cl : ý ýý c sº.ý Z... ,,.. _. (, x: 51 cro cc) to-24): IP !A" (d) k, (e) I< "N cri, . , oryº+ 23 L, J r :. t,. _. _. .I 40 ALr I; . --. ýIý CV--J j-I jf 6.15 1255 J In r.,, ýº d) ' .ý' t I 1... (,. ( l (Jý t: J.. WI -ý ;ý,,. ý.. _, º1141 aýý . ýJ ýJ ý v... _,{, s _, ý I, Lt,,. r J 13 r--tjJ .. !' "1 yº----ý- l4ZLr. J 1 1 1 1 J p_, - .,_J ýs. _.;. >__"" ',_. ?, J 1J.... )WI 0 'lJ--__ r 4ýu-r--L.: _., <; )-)7. ) W LJI (a) Dn,w' (Ip. 2o-2) Jl.,* - csý , w'. ö,1, ß (6) k, or . Cc) Dow, ? L-,I____ ice' iJt. tom.. - ;._.., ý _. _- '; , ---- 4ý4 12ý 51 Jq 1.01 J i ,, .- Ia I"0, - f--c, '- j-c t. ý'' J__. _ýi Lx ,- 4--u 10--6 1 tsi 1-14 iý v---4 01- 9 ýt *0 ,. * 4-0 0-- ýr -, (ca) b. (b) D (ý FYI., l88 aw' Amu 0 233 CJL . Jlj llj li y tS : J1L 4 1t:. 1 tp ca9 1'. ° u' . _.: t:.: ýej aJ >-.AILJ 1,;.,, Into : 'J lJ Iý,.. 1Iw., J 'I ICS 1 L" ý,. r. r. u r'`J sr.. a cý-s VJ, JLw. JI JJLý,:, týJl, 1 Jlý... J J1, y. .; ý:, L. ýýL-11,E-YyL 1 ;Y 1161 I: L)1 1.:... i t>. x.. 01 Li rt, 1aý2. ijizj I J, ~-Ij >---.p >> 11L1 L: c'r. tj . Lj, J J SýII JII .c;.i e_. v j- L'... VI _...,, V-J ;, (ca)kI UL -ab . (6) C)'f", 189a.. 23" ý2 65 v L---. W 1, J I [J I: L.,; (, :. U. t_..: %. ft , _.., %ý.. i ý_.. ", _..._::: r, _,,,,J ýl_, y"1J w. _a 1;,.... -r, j ý,.,ý; r , r,_. _ -,.; 1, . ,_. _*r:; .,ý,,., r, o--. :._, L. jI;, I ___ , di.11 r-Jur,, U.I -, I.. J I, ,r.... ýý t,., r. -° L--.A U- I Ij J J L- I .J)1., ß..r1-. -1. y,.; ell C.-' tl;. r " yt 4 1247 .__S ,Vý6 BV J ? 1.11. IS Sf r Jt 7. ý; Sj ... , f. ' sS---icy f-a (A) k, llz A Cb) -f ýý (c.. c) T, ", , ý,,.x11, f;,, . 235 L_ J I t, " YI)I, J.. Is ---- ýI, r..., ý1.14, ý., . ý_; ;_.. _.. ý ý,._ ,ý_,. _., ý rl ' Iz6ý Y4J 1I I I I, Y rte. ß-l. u--ý " p. sv --ý uý ti--"S s ý--U ýL.,.. ag,,...,, J Iji.. t. 1 ýJ L Iý ( bý Ii. 1- , --_ " " I [; %ý,...I SLbt I J1, ý1° ßl1 u- - ts,.: s sýf.. _. ýy..._s s___ "vl. ____S L-' Leg L--- (s VJ ý s-'- £-i ". - j-f -- p.. Z: -" -- - -. tI 4 1: 1 IS Lami iIa... V-; t, -.: -S: C---16 v j 1293 uI I i JJ ,.,. , sý »ý ,3 ff. I3,I1 J ""ý: J I ýý.. LI II ,yý, 's', _... -e, ý; Ci -4 u---ýc II. [.. J L-, Lz L. J l; t " t.:: _ - .L4 __.." i ..;. -.: ._: Z> A wc tp) Ö", 189b (b b) T, .. 6ý pCPA 9C1f cri, . td) O-m 23 6 12075 ýýJ i_.; ý:. ä. 1 i 1 " . ý, _. _. ýý, ý. ý,. i-. d-u '. '//i '. 0 i rv /0, 1 1.L-4 i> ý 4' t ý I1 `º-ý t-ý%ccrrý .. cf-.. .1 t_..; 1 r,., ice::I. i. `mac.`. _e29 1,1:rß Z»L-Li . ýº I cm rat ctc cm r*-) -i+. Ca) LSDsJ Zs I WIW P . 711 I LO9.. _-A w L' CLI) K, {", 112 1.0 At T, r.*) -6 C-0 td) ate. (e) d (c) PAWW',,filvw n(5e. s s) (8 T, K, ", ýO) a-m , (ti) G) T, a) d<) oýL ý,, . '" (J:: y. i 90) ýýß%c2' J '^^t etc ý3't c-- (-) '' o-', tý;-ý'. ý' . cam-,"ý ., ºý1ýCt° 23 7 4-ý-, s'r 4.. Wrr. s ý , --. = _.,,ý;. s, týr ;urs,. _. ýº -. la) 4 : U-.; : Al J. -" s )-"J J' tic i --, - .'M 27j J I,. J I Ld I J iý... (mot C1 ., ý. Sý: -) 12 WI Jr LJ I i "ýS1I sý...ýºW r.: ,L &-I f, ýs ý" L_.. (:. tom. ) ý,. s {rý ate' d-ý .ý(,,. `,.. _, ,,. ýr -3yt .i ý ý_; I'181 J (c.. V If)-.. J I : XJ1 .1-. ºI. r[,, _.: __.. . -3 -LS .,ý J3 "I I I ; o--.., 4,_; vIS, V--! ;)'L. _. _ß: llr- LU ; K; ýiý. 1 v LS. j 4-Z ;r. ) , ,mob ý. s L.. " v; ý...; .. vJ At___+ ý'o.Q (X ca) 0, " I9O a Cb) Daw' Q. 3zß) C /ý. 1 "a.cs1 <ý) D aw' CZ t- '70) c2ýs/l bi, 1.A cs,=z e,-L" i äw CJJlnmim., fb1d", CP" c') ' 2g Q 12St ýQ 1 t2$3 i1ý. 4 U1ýriw1J. ,i c6s4L se1%i , "° cm J-1 041 IL- s .. ij J-e "(I, 1*'r'1 19' L) (, V '-,r t r-- C- . u" - tS 6I OS lir tift " s, raW1 1-,., ý. (; t, 4! I "1ý, Y Imo, JI ( L) , . ý ý. ý . a.. , , . ý:, y= ý; .:. , 1286 1285 1 1yJ 10,; LU 1 i+) jj Y1j zL) j tf rLI i 4v C) 1ru, t.,j i A .iv5 ýj1 ºJ v., -- ji J^.>" um e, zm c!. cm, de #c e" IZ27 14 'h° iii 1 {- (c) D: ' , also a4 tr, c .DC3. p. 50) ''. C P, 17 y) U, ýý/ ýs t°' ý- l,' Cd) C) 190 (e) 1<, ,fot", "3_ C-f) Pflo d :. h44 ., ?'( t'. '? ) 20 1?90 OL-'. A I. L L-J(6 a u-, ' -- jLa Cr A ,.. º2.yý L) 10 Ca-- Tý oryº+" Cb) Daw_ C 13Tp. 6S) c'A.°, it 01 Cd) T, F (cri a,,, ) 4I .... L L,,! a'1M . f 240 ý. IZ92 L___. I Lýº '. "( I- (f _., f+., ýtcl ý: ý...,.: o ý, ýJ .3. K ý).... _; ».., da. 0 1j. ýj: 111 10- ý,-' ACýý .Jý --Z---kpk; ý 1193'. J I L,.-1 3 ý, ý., i:, V. r , 1294. a) 10. L-r I L, L. I r- jJI. 4-c ;r--rte Yj - '-' V-' ý r'' qII ýr r---ý ý--ý u r-ý ýt: ý r--Sys; ºrýI Iýrl-°ý 4 1296 1Q1a. J týJ t;.. 1 tom; Iv lý )L: 1It fdL J ý, , c1 eLj L. Jt; L- ý;..J 1 ": 3ý, -vEI __ý y"": ,ý,.. ý, J ý..ý; r__, ý, L:o ot ) AA-4 Q, C,6. 2y1 yr--1 s " u w-t s L-- ý--- =ý ý,--rýrst r--ýºý't ýc r-r" c r sl,:. ýýw .: t: J U, r1t. " ýl yIvtiJ.. JiIv, L ý; ý1 t..,.. ..,, _.: _._,. ý.. _,,; 129ýi " ' C.ý" C! A' `-ý !ý ý1ý (1, "r /. # .r i ,,1112 ) .14 'I1Iýfý, Yf L",t I J-0 t`... r) V-.. ý .ý. ý.. ý,..ý ý,,.._. "J s-ý is I J L" 4"r'º. l:! t n""r>JJ , )u. 1 v--"" ý,,-: ,l c s sý-ýº ýc I299 ýC rý, r. I r.,.... IsJ t_, (. t_. ) ., s 44 " (,,,.:J "" .. ýS r ; _. s (ý tý..: t livl' j. Jts Cis) I) tJ r >;1 I _L rWIr.. r; ,.. s, 1t L41 1( : J.J) ;.. ýs I)c. -L_.... :. M , = LI .J ' . jLßuJ L i UI, (,. ý-. °rsý! s 'r=4ý4 el, ý1 1J : JILJJý. (ai C>>lot.,, I91Q Cb) K sö, u',,,. ýý Cý) "T'sos-"" (a')P 'u""". p___A^^ý' ty0) (r)ý CIS (() (P t) ý ý, f v. ý C K oý"z I'') <, 4-. ", "5 ..ý. .. 9) .ý 2y2 (A floo ý.. Cam. c.._, _.., ývi .. ("i,,,i ý_; ý..:,,,Ji *:(_:., `'ý--=" LJ U "(1_; X1 ( ý---1 » vý , -. cam;,:; s. ---" -, ý(,ß! 1j ä_1. 1v lt+ý--.: cr--ls , ý_ _, º, ýL_.. Z--t jJ( I I, : 1I I IJIý;. J 1 ýdý°`-1ý -'-^'-I r" j.. *J ý:rý . _.._U i,* ýI ý. ý`L-: _... Iý.ý, 1 [, il I ý.: I"(.... I 1--r v. --. ý .. r . v_.., s- 1(ý _ J ý.:;ýý " :.... ý j» 13o2 (4 (3 1) In,. (a) I<, 1h. Cc. k, 'ý(L (d) týlý.ý; (1) I<,+" ) ,!'l`' D Cam' <' (i) d, ý ý" p .. ' 7) ; .I Ce) ýº.1. ý 191 _,,. a' di) b( 9) (<, " ý'> Dom' Lvi r. 213)c,'vt 243 cý. i3. J (s"ýt! I 11ý. J 1 cbs`ý'Cwi> c; ý- . t., ;ý -u. - . 7ý s.. v.,. ý 7?o ti v- u--, " Cm 4111J.,0 1zu 4 v-. C" yo i ý'ýr ýýc; (C Lr L" Lj YI 1! 1. J I 1&LJI ýr Jb'.ýiJ ý ti.,:. Q: ,Y. . Yi lJ IsJ (JJI-u (fir I JJ: ý*,i' : L. I ICJ ý_ *m ýS1 :rJ u1l 'ý ti--ý% Y. L- In'r ý. =t. ý ýlS L,.1. i J :., _' º -, ý .,, ý, r., ý.. A : -ý » L. ; r (4) PaA, U' a. 2 o2) (d""ý) Ailyº (c) Q, .ý'9ýb = CIx X24): wýzttý,,. sus; .yVý; (e) MSS C4) A ýý k c}s: urw9 (i ý. ' Oz '. `'i) cý-wº : 4LJcL wf"j T, ("" T) T, k) I. ý-ºýºý . d+ý " Qa w' 3c 6) ., a) J----ý-, 4 "1 00 q ý rLL .: ß; r5 -, -r s Lo ý Asa.I 1I j--I ý. Lv.. I: 1Q; ( L) ý_L... -. r. ,,. iI 0.. 7- Co f`° c. . , 'dam : K) ýjj '. t ! JJJ ý: L. JUIs,. _J 0--, ß.: o4 t4 of 41 La QWIJy II L) J Ir (.. L) ei Ylt: u" cj Cf {' l: 4 l I Li Ic t J4 -LI cý'r^ 4y1-r.ý. .1 =am-v ? ýI tS I ý9 J i" .L. _.. > J" ,ýt .1 1310 131 ,e jar--ý- %I iJ LCI ý-rý Iý y1ý, r l ; r`%W dJ *M Jw 4-=vß+ ýr ý' iur- ý*- t, riS l, 1II JJ) LY, s l:>> " ob .: ) .: iu" csl+ -ý+ý 1311 aj;- 1 s--j 1J-0 u-- IJo *--t- usJill 4*(--L) j ýWI ' 'ft-J) ")rC uLA(u'vfý) L*-- -n f1> 7. i. (v 4rß t %+- W (v4-+ = 1 (. L ), u+ýýý -4ý cý ", - r-ý ca' 134 (f 1313 L"1ýu=. L L}.ý-4 Lý-a' ýý %t ý ýý yi :. (; i "'s r° ýr " -+- ,r=- ýýý -4'r1 . s, ýý zJ u, CQ) ý0t", ol l2 (b) awl ClI p. 4 )iý. =s l.' fir., u -2 oJ. cs . ýºýº iý C9) A,.. t.eJ aw' C IC P" 3= ä.. , cnº+ . ýo ,D tý) t ai cý- "" cvlýº, ý swýý. 1ý itýýý C1) Da Clei º' p. o) , ý,. ýº -ýý"' %ý%.--c: 't SUPPLEMENT 1) The 'Atäbak is the commander-in-chief of the armies. cl. QalgachundS, subh al-iataha fl SinÄ'at al-inaha vol. IV p. 18; article eAtäbak' by cl. Cahen and 'Atäbak al-(Asäkir by D. Ayalon in El2 vol. 1 pp. 731-2 and references given by them. 2) of. Infra p. 7 fn. 132 3) 'AmIr siläh is the grand master of the armoury. See the article by D. Ayalon in El2 vol. I pp. 445-6 also the reference given by him. 4) of. Infra p. 17 rn. 115 Wi 5) (i. e. cut in two). It was the custom during the MSamlük era to punish opponents by ordering the executioner to cut them by a stroke in the middle of their bodies so that they were split into two parts. 6) Rats nawba is the chief of guards. Ramzi N, vol. X p. 79 fn. 1; Q alga§handi, omit vol. V P-4551 Dozy, aupp. vol. II P j. Ig I- 34 " 7) cf. Iafra p. 27 fn. 167. 8) The use of C- as is shown in this case is very common in contemporary writings when referring to Mamlük names. Most probably is meant by tj>r o1 that d'>r q ** was originally purchased by l-xj For other examples see Daw' vol. III p. 30, VI pp. 200, '222,2301 ) 64 X p. 272; Ibn Hajar, 'Inbä' al-eumr (Hasan fiabash2 ed. vol. I p. fn. 5. 9) This is(5 'Lý, _svýts'1. V, cf. Infra 89 fn-517 10) To circumcise. of. Dozy, vol. I p. 352 11) This is al-zähir Bargtq (784-791/1382-9)792-801/1390-99)" Pbr his biography see SakhäwI, Daw' vol. III no. 49 vol. 12) j trans., & of. F IV P"375" 2. ý 13) The by (}:: romovina of the Danaof tho author meant -.,, -J-'the Nile. For this traditional occasion, aee Ibn Ta, hrT Tird.! v Nujüzn... (Dar., Ed., )vol. XII p. 82 fn. 3; Q lgashandl, op. cit., vol. III p. 298. 14) For this event see Ibn Hajar, Inbal al-ghwnr.. 6 fox., 103a. 15) Khäzindär (also Pronun., Khiznaddr and 3chazandir) tran3., Grand V 462-3; Poppor, treasurer. of. Qalga=handS, o . cit., vol. pp. op. cit., p. 92; Dozy, supp., vol. I p. 370 16) A1-Tagdima, the state of boing 2:ugaddam which trans* , acting AP. commander of an army. For this term coo @algashardl, cit. vol. IV p. 21 Birds, al-Mira 17) This is JptsJ) L9ý9ý- See Ibn Tanhr al-'. VUJCa (Dar., XII 82.. fl-mulük Misr tiza-al-gEhira edition) vol. p. 2; Ibn SbWn, Zubdat 18) For a1-Kabsh, see Rarnzl N, vol. VII p. 72 fn. 25 kashf al-mamälik... P. 30, Popper. o. cit. p. III 361; Suyüti, 19) For this mosque, see Qalga: }andi, op. cit., vol. p. Husn al-muhäzara... vol. II p. 254 14; 'Inbaval-xhurar 20) cf. Ibn Hajar, al-Durar al-Kärina... ' vol. I no. fol. 104b. 21) of. Ibn Hajar, Inba) fol., 104b 22) Für Ibn Hijji (d. 816/1413), 600 infra p. 92 fn. 526 23) of. Ibn Hajar, Inba)... fol., 106x. torn, 24) Trans., deputy judge a branch court. For this sea Popper, op. cit., p. 100. Iba Iajar t., 25) of. Ibn Taghri BirdT, OP- cit., vol. XII p. 163; on fol., 106a. 3" 26) Kitib al-sirr trans., the confidential secretary; oometimoc designated Sä)ib (i. e* intendent), or Nair (i. e. controller) of D1w1n (i. al-'Ins a' e. the Bureau of Documents)* cl. p oppor o. cit. P-97- 27) äßl is a colloquial form of the word _ý-- 28) iJl Poet referred here to his own nickname i. e. CP'. 29) of Ibn Hajar, Inbal fol. 106a ff. 30) Sakhäwl in (vol. JWlV. X11 Daw' XI p. 185) t qJ ý-Y-aý 31) of. Ibn Hajar, Inba' fol. 105a ff. 32) the Turba trans., the tomb. For this term see Dozy eupp. vol. I p. 143- 33) This is cps c, -' cir J Lc (% (d. 844/1441) of. Infra -P-213 no-I188. ' 34) of. Ibn lajar, 'InbAl.. fol., 105a. V* L; 35) It is usually written either or cf. Sakawl, bawl vol. III p. 27 36) of. Ibn Aajar, Durar... vol. II no. 1405; Inbil tol., 104b 37) 'Amir'akb7Ar is the superviser of the royal stables. For further information see article by D. Ayalon in EI2 vol. I p. 4421 also A. N. Poliak, peudalisim in Eft and Syria etc., (London 1939) P. 30. 38) This is ý. *J) oW U,. t£q läsýi For hie biography see Ibn Taghri BizdI, op. cit., vol. XII p. 163 39) This is the senior executive secretary. ibr further detail on this term see galqalhandI, OP. cit., vol. V p. 462; popper, op. cit., p. 92. 40) Där al-diyäfa (i. e. the hospitality palace) was north of the citadel of the mountain (i. e. gal1at al-jabal) in Cairo. of. " Popper, op. cit. i. 27 4" 41) Ho ruled for one year (800-801/1378-9) of. C. E. Bosworth, The Inlimic dynAaties p. 32 42) (d.823/1420) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 441 43) of., Ibn lfajar, al-Durar al-Kömina vol. II no. 119 (2nd Ed., ). ý" '44) This Is (s """ 1 ýS Jý v, ýp-ý (d. 750/1356). of. sak,j I, Wajrz x, fol. 20a 45) L' "1'hio io kp Cj- cf. idom,. narr' vol.. X no. 2$4. 46) This is CýJsý: ýSý JJI ( UI (d. 817/14 Of. Ibid., vol. X no. e 47) A Q Go a, usage for ýý LstiA or ý. 4D trans. demonstration. of. FAMMvol. 1p. 213. 48) This is (9 j"*/, ' (f. l jl -- of. Intim p. 00 49) l v/ o trans. to mint the coins. Für the term eikka, see Karmal2, film al-Nwmayy&t, p. 36 fn. 1 (DarhdAd, 1939)- 50) In FA1d(vol. III p. 273)i V ICI G; 'i J lyJI .. v ,r cj » Lr ý e-? I v' ,' .. . t0 ý.. 51) Equivalent to trans., Erbsipble, ßo. of. Dozy vol. 1 p. 531, II p. 796. 52) For Turbtt Dargfq, see NanzX, N., vol., IX p. 185 tn"5" (i 53) In FAM (III p. 08) öL1 cr LjJI 54) This is al-Nägir Faraj be Darqüq* who ruled between 801/1398 and 815/1412 withlexception of 808/1450 in which he was replaced by hic brothor"Ibrählm. ct cupra, coction I p. 3 tn. 3. 55) For Dlib al-qulla, see Ramzl, N., vol. XII p. 100 fn. 5i popper op. cit p. 20 5. 56) In ý' (XI p. 228) Sakawr says I :. ý aI 4s.1 l: li . 10 y* "" IW Op .. ;e . For al-Sadr see Infra p. 34 fn-105 57) Known as Turbat al-Zähir I3argUq, al-Madrasa al-Ni iriyya, and al- hüan'ýTilt al-Dargügiyya. of. famzl, Np vol. XII p. 103 in. 1. 58) of. Infra p. 20 in. 140 (d"741/1340) 59) of. Ibn Fiajar,, al-Durnr al-Yxnina (2nd td. ) vol. IV no. 4248- fv 60) J-ýº, from (? trans. teaching from a book but in the connection of the text, would appear to be a colloquial uSa9 C, I trans; "bringing people to recite the Qar'än. " j)trane., 61) V&t4J11ý1 (Sing., tJGLUj literally the . ., wn1r I of the dxummery. of. Dozy aupp., vol. II p. 27 62) of. Ibn Hajar, Inbä' al-ghumr vol. I pi I55ý tjaaan Habach; odition). ý 63) Equivalent to and r. 0 240 of. Ramzr, N. j vol. XI p. fn. 2 64) of. Supra fn- 444br his mosque one Ibn Taghrr IIirdr, al-Nujüm (iZr., odition) vol. VII P-137- 65) Bridge built over river Jordan; known as Nahr al-SharVa. C.f. Ftamzr N, vol. XII p. 113- 66) trans., aale of the offices 67) For this term, see aupra, Seotion I p. 2 the 2 0 0 G. 68) Aco. to D. Ayalon ( JAOS 69, I949, pp" 137 In. 19) the word Turk (plu., Oatrdk) had two ordinory meanings in 1'.amltik timos; (a) it was a synonym for the LSrmldks, so that dawlat al-turk or dawlat atriýk al meant the kamlük Kingdom; and (b) it was used as a generic name for the whole of. that element coming from the Kipohak plain which predominated in the Mamluk Kingdom during its earlier period. 69) i. e. The inhabitants of Anatolia of. EI1 vol., III pp. 1174-5 70) of. Infra p. 65 m" 371 r 4%%tö 71) Ramzl P (N- vol. XII p. 108 fn. 2) týý%v ýs+ ""äL-1 72) ple of Habsi the prison. 73) Rooms built specially for worship 74) Für the term Züsiya (sing., of Zawaya) see EII vol SVp. I220. (article by E. Lävi provin; al) ä. ý iJ b ý' 75) In FALL(vol. II p. 360) I"". ýý') c aý .ýVs.. p. of. also RamzI, N, vol., XII 109 fn. 3. 76) Trana., Men of Sword i. e. Military-Executive. cf. Q algaahandl, on. cito vol. V pp. 444-50o popper, op. aft., p"90 It 77) Apparently, the authorjroferrinß here to the religious and Süfl peroonalitlee. 78) of. Ibn Vajar, Inbal al-Chumriyoli-ý p. ' 486, i IJaaan Ijobo{hi odition. ) 7. 79) According to Nu (Dir., vol. XII p. 166) the pout to 'Ahmad b. (d. 'Abdullah al-1Awhadl 811/1408) while according to al-)flau bi- 0 )At1äm baiyt al-11h al-harm (p. 190) by 9utb al-Din al-Nahraw ll (Ed. Ferdinand Wuetenfeld, Beirut, 1964), the poet is lAhmad b. al-MugrI. 80) of., Sa3)3wr, Pawl vol. II no. 180; Ibn 1tajar, Inba' al-Oumr Pole., 110b-111x. 81) For this title, see galgaqhandr, op. cit., vol. V p. 495; Ibn Shu'hrn op. cit., p. 101 0 82) For this mosque, see QalganhandI, o p. cit., vol. III p"340,358; Ramz! N, vol. VIII p. 106 tn. 1 83) ')This mosque was built by al-malik al-Sälih Tali iCb. Ruzzlk (4.556/1161 ). Suyüti, of. liusn.. e vol. II p. 254" 84) cf. aupra, coction III p. 129 no. 749. 85) By author roforn to hin tutor Ibn Hajar al_Acgalani. cf. Sukhäwi, Davf vol. VIII p. 5. 86) cf. Ibid., vol. II no. 364, Ibn al-(I d, Shadhar7Lt... vol. VII p. 5 87) For this mosque, see Ramzl, N., vol., VIII p. 223 fn. 2, IX p. 118 fn. 31 Mubörak '" cit., vol. IV p. 109. 88) of. Sakhöwl. Dßw' vol. VI no. 7551 Ibn Hajar, 'Inb3' tole 111a. 89) cl. SatyäwI, Daw' vol. X no. 5541 Ibn al-'Irrad . cit., vol. VII p. 12. 90) cr. rbr thin school, sae Ramzl, N, vol. X p. 300 fn, 2 91) of. Ibn IIajar, 'Inbä'.. * tole., 115b-116a 92) is v- tr ý1) Si awl, This .sS1. rº=- of., Daw' vol. XI p. 168, also X no. 899 .ý . 8. 93) of., Sa h7awI, Daw' vol. III no. 760 94) of., Ibid., vol. I p. 262; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit. vol. VII PP-3-4- 95) For this school, cf. Suyütl, furn..., vol. II p. 264; lbppor op. cit., p. 29; R.amzT N, vol. IX p. 123 fn. 1 96) of. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. II no. 525; Ibn ; iajar, Inbä' fol. 111a-b. 97) of. Sakhiwr, Daw' vol. IV no. 147 98) For this school see Ibn Ti1ün, al-galä'id al-Jawhariyya fl-tdrlk.,. 11 al-Sälihiyya (ed., in 2 volumes by XuhAImnad'Ahmed Dihmän, Darnascue, 1949) vol. I pp. 156ff. 99) This is )ouf, known as Ibn N it al-Snhiba (d. 859/1454) of- Sakhnwi, Daw' vol. X no. 12051 Najlz SS p. 86 100) of. SarhäwT, Daw' vol. III no. 758; Ibn al-JazazI, Tabagnt al-qurrn' vol., I p. 276. 101) Possibly & of. 'Infra p" 224 In. 1231 102) (d. 854/1450). of. Sak,F wt, Daw' vol. V no. 677 103) cf., SakfawT. Daw' vol. V no. 68 104) Sing., of. Dozy, vol. I p. 273 105) of. SakhrawiDaw' vol. III no. 089 106) of., Ibid", no. 342; Ibn al-'Irröd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 10 107) (d. 762/1361) of. C. E. Bosworth op. cit p. 63 100)of. Waj1z x, fol. 23b 1o9) of., Sat ?ZwI, Daw' vol. VI no. 619 110) Built by Boroka; the mother of Sult&n sha'bän in 731/1330) and still in existence. of. RamzI N., vol. XI p. 59 tn. t. 0 9" rit1ýjO1 ý: 1 Ramzl (N, XII 124 in. 1) % öýD : '" ý. ýý 1 111 . p. -*LJ't @J 112) of. Sakhäwt, Daw' vol. VI Po- 793 -Aynl, 113) For al see Su ra)Sootion II p. 139 114) One of CairoJCater. of., Popper, op. cit., p. 24 115) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. III no. 80 The term Dattel here trans., out of service. Po r further detail on this term, see Popper, op, cit p. 116) of. SakhüwI, Daw' vol. II p. 267; Ibn Hajar, Ibb1' fol. 111b. 117) of. Saki wr, Daw' vol. III no. 1189 118) (L Popper o cit P*90) snyst- Regents exercising the functions of government, except those connected with financoe. of. also Ibn ShähIn, Zubdat KaAbf al-Mamalik p. 112. 119) Trans., considered adult and able to assume responsibility of sultanate. 120) For the technical meaning of this word see Dozy vol. I p. 40 121) of. Infra p. 71 fn. 415 122) Trane., 'vicerbr of the absence' i. e. the interim viceroyo of. Popper, op. cit., p. 90 123) Trans., controller of trust properties. of. Q;algaqht 02--cites " vol. IV P. 301 Popper op. cit., p. 101 Arabiciaodform from two L (trans. 124) derived porsian wordst / . nick) and ýý. (trans., place) i. e. The house of the sick people; the hospital. of., Ramzi, N, vol. IV p. 101 fn. 3, Dozy, vol. II p. 582. 125) of. Infra p. 20 ih. 169 126) For this citadel, see poppon, or. cit., P"37i Duhmin, 'A'lum..., p. 85 fn. 2 1% 10. 127) of., SaäwI, Daw' vol. III no. 1016 128) cf.,,- Ibid., no. 301 129) Thin is ouI UL. 1-o CSJ., W1 0 ýý>yJ I of., I_., no. 826, is 130) This (y J- (Sjl c$-* Lý -1 of., Ibid., vol. X no. 1105. 131) This is V' v% of,, I`d., vo1. YI no. 547. 132) This is of., bid:, IV 56. ". ,. vo1. nd. 133) of., Ibid., vol. II no. 684 134) of., Ibid., vol. III no. 119 135) of., Ibid., no. 837 136) of., Ibid., no. 95 137) i. e. 19th or 20th of Lha'bän. C 138) One o f Cairo Cates; south wall of north-east oiro . cf. P opp ors on. cit. p. 24; Qalgashandi op. cit., vol. III p. 348; RamZY, N", vol. IV p. 37 tn, 2, VII P"47 Ln"5, X P"37 1n"7" ý. 139) This is 1" Cf---ý of. Sak häx1,Daw' vol. X no. 1321; Ibn TaChrl Bird; (Popper ed. ) vol. VI p. 41 är 140) G-', is equivalent to U; L;, of. Ramzl, No vol. XII p. 103 tn. 3. 141) of, loc. cit. 142) This ßibät was endowed by 'Abü al-gäeim 'Ibrühlm Ibn al-lfusayn known al-Färior, as Rämuct. of. # al-FäsZ, al-'lid al-thamIn, vol. I P. " 119 tn. 4. 143) PAM(vol. III p. 238)1 » G)1 474. CSttc 1t tý', J) 4ýhd1 'aäJ ti t 11. 144) U'Ij'>, For see Maxi id vol. II p. 507 145) of. Saic1iw!, Daw' vol. I pp. 172-5t Ibn gädI Shuhba, Tabagät..., folg., 179b-180a. 146) Equivalent to al-Khänagäh al-Saläºhiyya; the first Kh, nagäh built in Egypt still extant, cf. Ibn Taahrl Bird!, Nujwa... (Mr ed. ) vol. IV p. 50; Popper, op. cit., p. 30 147) Equivalent tos Madrasat al-N qir Hasan which is still in existence, of. RamzT N, vol., VIII p. 208 fn. 2. 148) of. SuytitI, Husn al-Ma zara vol. II p. 273 149) For this mosque, see Ramzi, N, vol. XI p. 178 1h. 1 150) of. Loo. cit 151) Qur'än, Sürat Yasuf, 33 152) This (d-806/1403) of. Sakhäwi Daw' vol. IV no. 452. 153) Ibid. Xno. I183. cf. tvol. ' 154) Of. Ibid..., vol. I p. 52 155) of. SuyutI, usn vol. II p. 262 156) of. Ibn Hajar, Inbä' fol., 122a; Ibn al-'Ica d, OP. cit. vol. VII p. 18. - 157) of., Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. II no. 877; Ibn Hajar, Raft al-tisr... vol. I pp. 116-20; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 16 158) Pobabýlýy this (d. 542/1147). of. Kahhäla, cit YI p. 90 up. 159) Colloquial usage for the word 160) This is (d. 820/1417-8) of. SakhawI, Daw' vol. III no. 765 Ibid. 161) cf. , v01, II no4530. 12. 162) This Cr Cý: C.f" ý ý, (d. 859/1454) Ibid* ý-e -ýý of. vol. VIII no. 401; Suyüti, Nam ui`Ugyüa p. 139 no. 135. 163) of., Sakhäwi, Daw# vol. IX no. 377 I 164) of., Ibid., vol. p. 179; Ibn al-'Ind, op. cit., vol. VII p. 14 165) of., SakhäwI, Daw' vol. IX no. 546; Ibn al-'Imäd vol. VII p. 20. 166) of, Supra,, Section I p. 70 fh. 2 167) of. Sacjhäwr, Daw' vol. II no. 1059- 168) For this school, see Ramzi N, vol. XII p. 189 fn"1, P"317 rn. 2. 169) This is Gýý9ý- c of J1 ý_ý) Cý11 0. (0;; of. Sakhäwl Daw' vol. III no. 183. 170) In paw' (III no. 301) Sakhäwi says c}ý`---w !; cam ! 09.99% csý UJ. 171) l'öj L_ý (Dar, 6V is equivalent to " In Nu iüm vol. XII p. 202 ! h-4) , CJ. ý`PJ IL4v [ý. Ramzi says t C L' L-, Ci`st! ' v ý4\ Cs csWcs,tý cr,.'%, ýs'ý, ýý=f° ý°rw ý"uff' 172) of. Supra Section III p. 20 173) (D. 81.1/1408) of. Sa t7awI, Daw" vol. III no. 101. 174) cf. Infra fn-316 L:: L7(U 175) =-ý is the spoken language of Für this city see TagwIm al- ßuldän p. 268 176) Für this city see Ibid p. 266 177). For this city see loc. cit. 178) i. e. Interim viceroy, cf. Popper, op* cite p. 90 179) Für CJ1lýJ-ý---- see galqaahandl, op. cit. vol. IV pp. 6-7. 13" 180) Equivalent to '45- of. Popper op. cit., p. 40 his , x"11 and map no. 13 (N, )i 181) Ramzl XII p. 26 fn. 1 ýr+r4W j 41 1r} iiy Il, ci01 CJ. OI , . uý} `; ;i4 L; AZI ýi 1) - ' ýG i{O Cý"ý/ : L! ýýv -- ý. sof N ... äJ of. also Popper, op. cit p. 84; Dozy, supp., vol. I p. 168. 182) (Ibid. Ramz! , p. 236 th. 1) 183) cf. Sakhaw'l, Daw' vol., I pp. 167-8. 184) Sakhäwl referred here to Ibn CArab Shäh (d. 854/1450) who wrote a history on Taymür under the titles J, 1tZ. CS/ý. ý+-ýý4' lß of. Sak}awi, Daw' vol. II pp. 126-31; Suyiit2, Nazm al-' yan p. 63- 185) of. SakhäwT, Daw' vol. VI no. 867 186)' Transs The Taymürids army. 187) of. Sal wi, Daw' vol. IX no. 250; Ibn al-'Imäd op. cit., vol.. VII p. 37. 188) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 849; Ibn qä42 Shuhba, Tabagat fola. 183b-4a. 189) i. ee from Malatya (in the spoken language: Ma1tiyya); a city in North Syria. cf. g algashandr op. cit., vol. IV p. 131, Für the biography of al-MSall, I, see SakhäwT, bawl vol. X no. 1271; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 40, Ziriki! OP. cit., vol. IX p. 335" 190) of. SakhawI Daw' vol. V no. 266; Ibn al-'lead, Shadharät vol. VII p. 29 1 14" 191) cf. Sa1hrawit aw' vol. IX no. 580; Ibn a1'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 38; Suyuti, Bughyat al-wucät pp. 98-9; Shawkänl, al-Badr vol. II p. 255-6; GAL., vol. II p. 247, aupp., vol. II p. 192) Equivalent tos a1-Y5sir Faraj. of. Supra Section 1 p. 4 £n. 1 193) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VI no. 150; Ibn al-1Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 32. cýJ ja 194) Derived from place between Tilimsän and Fs of Morocco. of. Lar22id vol. I P-248 " For al Tüdml3, coo Sakhaw3, Daw' vol. I pp. 155-6; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 22. 195) of. Infra p. 109 fn. 626 196) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. I p. 372; Ibn Hajar, Raf ' al-iar, vol. I PP. 76-7t Ibn al-'Imad"o . cit vol. VII pp. 24-5; Ibn TarhrI Birdl, Manhal vol. I no. 187 (A. Naj-atl edition). 197) of. Sakhäwr, Daw' vol. I pp. 167-8; Ibn al-)Imäd OP. cit vol. VII ) p. 22; Ibn Taghsß Bird M nnhal vol. I P. 151 (ttaj'3tt ed. 198) cf. Supra section II pp. 32-3 199) This Is (d. 728/1327) of. Ibn Tapýhri Birdr, Nu üm Da-r ., vol. IX p. 271 200) This is 2 in Durar (vol. III no. 3133) Ibn Hajar says: 'i*... Lwj 1 J> tw b 1Li is 201) Satäwl referred here to TatiymUrlank. of. Supra Section III pp. 32-3 202) cf. Sat3äwi, Daw' vol. II no. 657; Ibn al-'Imäd op. cit., vol. VII pp. 25-6. 203) cf. Sai wr, Daw' vol. V no. 1062; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 31; al-Nti(aym3, al-Däris fS tdrI hh al-madIria vol. II P-124- (d. 204) Built by al-Malik 'al-Mansur Qaläwün 689/1290). Cf. SuAtI, 15. iiusn... vol. II p. 264; Q algashandT, op. cit., vol. III p. 264. 205) cf. Sakhawi Daw' vol. VII no. 768; Ibn al-1Imad, op. cit., vol. VII p. 36. 206) of. Sa}rhäwl, Daw' vol. II no. 922; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII P- 36, 207) of. Sa U19 ]raw' vol. V no. 846. 208) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 169 209) Relative of al-Zähir Barqüq known as Sayyidi Südün* of. Ibid. vol. III no. 1079. 30. 210) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 846; Ibn al-'Imäd. OP. cit. " vol. VII p. W* 211) Equivalent to LAP trans., controller of the privy funds. of. 4algashandi op" cit., vol. IV p. 31; rapper, op. cit., p. 97 212) of. SakJ äwi, Daw' vol. III no. 6 213) Ramzi (N, XII p. 68 fn. 1) s cf" Tagwlaº p. 268. Für the term i L-_1I see Infra p. 49 In. 256 214) Ibid cf. _, vol. XI no. 93 215) This is (s; výJs&I of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. IV no. 576 216) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 101, X no. 871 217) of. Infra p. 89 fa- 517 218) of. Su ra ý section III p. 18 In. 120 219) (d. 806/1403) of. Dam' vol. II no. 1011. 220) (d. 824/1421) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1190 221) (d. 807/1406) of. I bid., no. 292. Tý . ,--ý. -... = 16. 222) MJ For , see Ibn Shähin, Zubdat Kas,}}f al-mamälik... "p. 27; Popper, 02- cit., p. 37 223) Grp-=-s trans. Weal'jn. 3 the official military uniforms. 224) (d. 806/1403) of. SacJ wi, Daw' vol. III no. 1065. 225) (d. 810/1407) cf. Ibid., vol. II no. 1065, also vol. X no. 1172. 226) 52 For the term C.."', , see Qalgashandr, op. cit vol. V p. 227) i. e. The city and the mosque had become a heap of rubble. For ksi-I the word '.. j r see DuhrMa, A'läm al-Warä... p. 294 £ri. 1 228) of. al-5133, iifVal- arfim p. 288 I 229) cf. Sa)i wi, Daw,' . VII no. 330; Shawkäni, al-13adr.. o vol. _ pp. 508-11; GAL. vol. II Pp"92-3; supp. vol. II PP-109-10- 230) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VIII no. 340 231) of. Ibid., vol no. 463. Ibn 'rIm! id, VII. 44. , al op. cit. vol. p. 232) of. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. V p. 90i Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit. Vol. VII P-44- 233) of. Sakh*gwi, Daw' vol. I p. 323; Ibn al-'Im2d, op. cit., vol. VII P-41- 234) of. Sakhäw1, Daw' vol. II no. 535; Ibn al-'Im dr op. cit., vol. VII p. 42, 235) For this school see Mubärak, KChufat vol. II p. 16; Nujüm vol. X no. 2. 236) of. Sakhäw2, Daw' vol. X1 no. I82; Ibn akmäd, op. cit. vol. Vll. p. 42. 237) of. SakHäwi, Daw', vol. II no. 543- 238) Ibid., V 857 . cf. vol. no. 239) of. Popper, OP- cit. p. 36 240) Für ýG1I see Ibn Taghri Bird!, Nu um Där, vol. VIII pp. 41 ft 241) Known as al-SJJayldj Iäjin. of. Satteawl Daw' vol. VI no. 802. 242) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 166 17- Qalftd,, 243) For ` jsoo PP- 48.77 244) i. ' e. Executive secretary. c'f. Popper, op. cit. P. 92. 245) of. Su ra , section III p. 18 fn. 123 246) cf. Sakh7wT, Daw' vol. IX no. 412 247) cf. Supra )sec n II p. 152 tn. 6 248) Für k)t Ramzi, N, XI 277 fYn. 5 .L andL; see p. 249) This is (j O' UD V) l,, J =. t, - LS c,: ý (d. 810/1407) cf. SahVawl Dawn vol. X 1070 250) of. Ramzl No vol. XII p. 82 (n. 4 251) of. Qalga, hand!, op. cit., vol. IV p. 145 252) cf. Su ra, section III p. 31 fn. 181 253) For this city, see 44lgaLhand2, op. cit., vol. IV p. 316 254) Sakhäwr states that the grandfather of al-Badr is known as Wa Sz., K, fol. Ibn Haar, Inbäl Ibn LSharsrc. of. 401, of, also fol. 140b. V, jýý- 255) This is ýLü' CSC ý1 Cs VI ciLdl N (d. 811/1408) cf. Sakt}'äw1 Daw' vol. X no. 1134. 256) The state of being Ustädar (or ust4b al-där) trans., 'the grand master of the house' i. e. supreme major-domoo of. Q alc1as. and2 on. cit., vol. IV p. 20; popper op. cit., p. 93 p. 257) Für ö.)U-ý; J see Popper, op. cit., 83 606 258) For (1-AP see Dozy, eupp., vol. II p. 259) (d. 805/1402) of. Sakbäwi, paw' vol. VI no. 286 260) df. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. VI no. 286; Ibn al-'Icrd op. 'cit., vol. VII (Munaijid PP-51-2; Ibn Tulünq. üdät Dimashq , no" 115 edition). 10. 261) San-awl referred to Ibn Hajar'8 poem which begins with s of. Daw' vol. VI p. 90 262) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 944 263) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 215 264) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 96; GAL., eupp., vol. II pp. 99,100. 265) ýr E-ýý (3e KCslý-ývýli) and his work, see Sarkis, N ampp" 835-6" 266) cf. Sa raw2, paw' vol. IV no. 388; Ibn al-'Imnd, ov. cit., vol. VII pp. 50-1. 267) of.. Sak] w2, Pawl vol. X no. 30-, 268) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 232; Ibn al-'In d, op. cit", vol. VII p. 52. I 269) i. e. Palsy. ot. FAMvol. 1 p. 203. 270) of. Ibn Fahd, IAtläm al-wars vol. II fol., 132; Sakhäai, Darr' vol. VI no. 464 271) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. XI no. 486. For his relation with Taymürlank see vol. III no. 192. 272) FAM (I p. 133) 273) of. Magrizr, Khutat vol. II p. 13 274) For this Ribgtp see Suytitiq Huan... vol. II p. 273- 275) In his biography of al-Zayn (vol. IV p. 174) Sa äw3 sayer 10 s U, a 19. L& 276) J IA coLLoquial phrase trans., just fairly. 277) (d. 859/1454) of. Sakrawi, Daw' vol. I p. 68 278) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw( vol. IV no. 452;, Ibn al-'Imäd op. -eitop vol. VII PP-55-7; Ibn 'Ayüb, al-Rawl al-'ätir fol., 150a-b; CAL vol. II pp. 65-9 supp., vol. II pp. 69-70. 279) (d. 826/1325) of. Ibid., pp. 336-44 280) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. IX no. 261; Dhayl Raf'al-ier fole. 75b-76a. 281) Tranes the Nafror shrine. See Ramzr, N, vol. IV P-378- 282) cf. SaUäw3, Daw' vol. "X no. 973; Ibn al-'Imäd, oopo cit. vol. VII p. 61. 283) of. Sak]äwl, Daw' vol. V no. 103; Ibn al-'Imad, o Po cit. vol. VII p. 559 284) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. V no. 735 285) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 528; Ibn al-'ImId op. cit., vol. VII p. 58 286) of. SakhäwT, Daw' vol. II no. 893 287) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 112 288) Für this II 239-45, mosque see Suyüt3, Husn al- mjbgTara vol. pp. Q algashand!, op. cit., vol. III p. 337" 289) of. Sakhawl, Daw' vol. I p. 197. 290) Ibid., 'Inba of. vol. III no. 1065; Ibn Hajar, .. tole., 146b ff 291) of. Ibn Uajar, Inba' fola., IL2ff. 292) 'Fbr the term (trans. inspector of markets), see EI2 vol. III p. 485 (article by Cl., Cahen and U. Talbi) is (d. 885/1480) Sakhäwr 293) This (-J. Aý of. Daw, vol. X no. 294) 'This is (4.801/1398) of. Ibid., vol. J11 41o- 49" 20. 295) Trans., the soldiers who belong to yashbak al-Dawadrtr (cf. fn. 293). 296) Equivalent to the citadel of Bgnyºs which in ati ll in oxict loo. of., Ibn Tatri 13irdi Nujüm... (Dar., e(L) vol. XII p. 298 fn. 1; 'A'läm 108 Qalgashandi o]2. cit., vol- IV . 104; Dihmän, p. 1n. 1. 297) (d. 823/1420) of. Infra p. 120 Th"694 298) For Bab al-Silsila see Ramzl N, vol. XII p. 3 fn. 1. 299) ttbr 6SI4tt see Popper, o j2. cit., pp. 19 ff. 300) For tiýsx_JIeee Ramzi, N, vol. VII p. 252 fn. 1. ' 301) This is (9, 0'(ä. 8o7/1404) of. SakhäwT, Jaw' vol. III ., no. 1237 302) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. V no. 201; Ibn al-'Imid, omit., vol. VII P-701 GAL, II pp. 761 S, vol. II p. 82. 303) i. ee ciPuILAD. ý.. l 304) (d. 817/1414)"cf. Sakhäw3, Daw' vol. II no. 198; Ibn Naar, 'Inbis' fol. 155a. 305) of. Supra, section II pp. 146-7- ac 306) of., wi, Daw' vol. V no. 417 307) of. Sakh wI, Daw' vol. VIII no. 581 Ibn al-'Ind opait*$ vol. VII p. 72; CAL., S, vol. II p. 49. 308) (d. 851/1447) see SakhäwI Daw' vol. IV no. 473- 309) of. Ibn Ilajar, Inbä' fol. 155b. 310) of. Sach-awl, Daw' vol. V no. 162. 70-2; 311) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 461 Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. GAL, vol. II pp. 1201 S, vol. II p. 149. 0 21, 68 312) cf. Sa3:h wi, Dav' vol. IX no. 324; Ibn al-'Ir. id, op. cit., vol. VII p. 313) For Dir al-'Adl, soo IL=z-1 No vol. IX p. 51 tn. 1 314) of. 5akhäwi, Daw' vol. IV no. 828 315) Controller of the army. of., tjalgashandl op. cit., vol. IV p. 31; Popper op. cit., p. 97 I 6 fn. 4 316) For , see Supra, section p. 317) For see Qalgashandi vol. IV pp. 327,365" Ramzi, N, vol. XII p. 261 in. 2 318) (d. 617/1414) cf. SaU-avwi, Daw' vol. X no. 1074 319) For Malatya, see Supra, section III p. 35 fn" 169 y ýcýý 320) In FAM (vol. III p. 372)s : yý.: ý'> ý' Aula 321) of. Sakh7wl, Daw' vol. IV no. 552 ß. 0 Dozy, 322) Author meant by his guardian. For this word see vol. II p. 508- 323) Jt This 3s - 83. 325)For tho tormJ, . (J-!.,,, GooPopper, op. cit p. 326)cf. Infra pp. 86-7. 22, % 327) or Yl see Trim p. 114. 328) cf.. Sakhäwr, Daw' vol. II no. 137; a1-Shawkäni, al-Badr al-Talit... vol. I PP"93-4; GAL..; vol. II PP-93-4, supp., vol. II pp. 110-1. 329) This is Ut$6-ýý--- & -")ý. ý"s(d. 772/1370) of. Ziriklt, op. cit. Vol* IV p: II9. 330) cf. Salcawi, Daw' vol. X no 204 1 Ibn gädi qbuba, Tabagät... fol. 192b; GAL., vol. II p. t38; Bupp., vol. II PP-170-1- 331) cf. SaWawi, aw' vol. X p. 60 shuhba, Iba Tabagat 332) cf. gädl al-s afi'iyya fola. p19lb_192a. 333) This is (d-771/1370) of. GAL., n p. 89ff 334) This is ýWºl ýý of. Sakhäwi, Dawn vol. IX p. 219 335) This is (ße 1.;11 vI Cf. M. cit. 336) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. IV no. 2811 Ibn al-'Ind, op. cit., vol. VII p. 76; Kahhäla, 11,u'jam vol. V p. 155 337) of. Supra, section I p. 60 In. 5 338) Built l-Zähir Blbars in 662/1263 of. Suyüti, Husn..., vol. II p. 264- 339) of. Sakhawr, Dawº vol. VII no. 749 ; Ibn al-'Imäd op. cit., vol. VII P"79, Kahhala, op. cit., vol. X p. 142. 340) of. Sakhawl, Daw' vol. IX no. 496. 341) Known as al-shaykh Zäda. of. Ibid., vol. III no. 882. J ýýý. " 342) This 'is [, ºýc Cam;r, y of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 757 343) i. e. delivering lectures. 344) of. Sakhäwi, Dawºvol. IV no. 387; Ibn al-'Imiui, op. cit., vol. VII PP-76-7; Ibn Hajar Raf'al-I¢r vol. II PP-343-8 ; EI1 vol. I p. 152 (Alfred Bell). ýý., ,_.. ý., ý.._ým , ý, ý.,; ýý 23. 345) i. e. Ibn Khaldnn retained his traditional Moroccan style and did not wear the official style of the judges. In Daw'(vol. "IV p. 148) Sakhäw3 says: vt j.. (ý {,/ý 1 s) `_ý ý. ýa" Li 346) cf. Ibid., vol. XI p. "255 347) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 297 348) Known as Ibn Habib. cf. Sak1J w1, Daw' vol. IV no. 9 349) cf. Ibid., vol. V no. 1045. 350) MuwagqiC al-dast trans., the scribes of the Royal Bench in the Palace of Justices of. Popper op. cit p. 100 351) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. VII no. 405- iý ý(s Iýý 352) In his biography of al-Mutav+aldril Sakhäwl says, cý. Ir of L G> I loc. cit. 353) Known as Ibn ghuräb., cf. Ibid., vol. I PP. 65-7j Ibn Tahri Bird?, Marshal vol. I p. 85. 354) For this term see Q algashandr, dp. cit., vol. VI PP-17-8- ILL =e,. z, 355) DaW' (XI p. 238) :c cºý. fe11 6-1 4-*. u, 11 -1 356) cf. Sai WI, naw' vol. I p. 32. 357) For _o see Ramzl N, vol. XII p. 312 fn. 2. 358) This is (d. 839/435) cf. Infra p. 187 fn. 1055" . ýýr ear Tý x rv 24. 359) Fbr ºÄmid, see Q lgashandi op. cit., vol. IV p. 324; Ramzi, N, vol. II p. 307. 360) of. Sakhäwr,.. Daw' vol. VII no. 334- 361) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 1021. 362) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 254- 363) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 161; Ibn gadi shuhba, Tabagät fol. 182a. 364) of. Satrawi, Daw' vol. V no. 539 1 365) Ibid. (vol. XI p. 223) t_. 'J L gy /° "- ýtý? 366) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 252. 367) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 648. 368) Built in the, early 9th/15th century yearse of. Mubärak,; op. cit., vol. VI p. 8; Popper, op. cit., p. 27. ýi 369) Known as of. SakhhwI, I?aw' vol. VI no. 431- 370) For this school'see Ramzl N, vol. XII-p. 189 fn. 1. 371) of. Daw' vol. I PP"145-6; Ibn TaChrl BirdI, Manhal... vol. I pp. 120-1; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII pp. 80-1; CAL# Vol* II pp. 50,67, supp., vol. II p. 49" 372) of. SakhäwT, Daw' vol. X no. 1021. 373) cf. Ibid., vol. VII no. 392. 374) cf. Ibid., vol. I p. 372. 65; 84; 375) cf. Ibid., vol. V no. Ibn al-'Imäd, o . 'cit., vol. VII p. GAL., vol. II p. 169joupp., II p. 218. is 1. (d. 850/1446) of. Sakhäwt, Daw' 376) This Z,- ýý"ý tr". AP vol. I p. 300. 25" 377) of. SakhäwI. Ibid., vol. II no. 1024. 378) cf. Ibid., vol. VI no. 359- 379) For "I, see Sakhäwi, rra iz, SS p. 68 fn. 2 38 380) For ö Lz, J1ýI. > see lbpper, o . cit., p. 381) cf. Infra p. 89 In. 517 382) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 1067 383) of. Sat4äv+I, Daw' vol. V no. 25- 384) of. Ibid., no. 58 ) I 385) i. e. from "Für this city, see Maräjid, vol. p. 265 386) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' Vol. X no. 1234 387) Equivalent to q, m WI Cf. Supi-a, p. '9 x"63 I" 1, 388) (d. 833/1429) of. Sakhäw, Daw' vol. X no. 1056 389) cf. SakJ wi, Daw' vol. V no. 259 T, 390) For this school,. cf. alNutaym. al-D5ria... vol. I p. 498. 391) of. Sakhäwi, Darr' vol. II no. 943 392) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 785- (d. 393) 840/1436) of. Infra p. 194 In. 1086 II ti 394) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 1031; Shawkänl, al-Badr... vol. pp. 106-8; GAL., vol. II p. 15" 395) of. Sakhäwi, pawl vol. II no. 1065. iýI 396) 'This is l? csýy I CS lIc ýh, of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1090. 397) This is cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 1057. 398)This is ý, - cf. Ibid., ao. 1067. 399) This is cf. Ibid., no. 273- 400) This is L3>iti CrI &L of. Sacäwi, Jaw' vol. X no. 700' 401) Trans., the eunuch of the palace. cf. Qalcashandi op. cit., vol. IT p. 21; Popper, op. cit., p. 31 402) Für this term see Q44gshandl, op. cit., vol. V p. 456; Ibn S}iahin, Zubda 1 p. 122. 89 403) d (815/1412). of. Infra p. fn. 517 404) cf. SakhawT, Daw' vol. XI no. 213 405) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1003 406) This is (d. 811/1408) of. Ibid no. 1170 407) i. ý devotes himself Sing., ý.. ý trans., Holy person who entirely to God. of. Dozy vol. I pp. 177-8. 408) PAM In (IV p. 167) (2dayden For al-Rumayla which represents now Mayd-an Salä. h al-din al- manshiyya) in Cairo, see Nujüm (D9r) vol. XII p. 294 fn. 7. 409) of. Popper op. cit p. 25. 410) Known ýý .l Daw' VI 221. also as , ý"1 of. vol. no. 411) trans. al-Mansüri Hospital. of. Ibn Shäh3nop" cit., p. 29; Ra.mzi, N, vol. IV p. 190, vol. VI p. 55. For Abü al-gäsim, see SakJlwi, Daw' vol. VI no. 628 412) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 40 413) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 67. 27 414) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 824 415) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 101. 416) cf. Ibid., no. 194. 417) of. Idem, Daw' vol. X no. 1134. 418) Sakha-wl referred here to Yüsuf b. 'Ahmad al-Bari (d. 812/1409) cf. Infra p. 73 in. 422 419) I 601. This is ý; p Wl cc, 6r See 'infra p. -106 fn. U) 420) This is (yyý/ S, 4 I (Sý"o [J 1 U--, b (d. 817/1414) cf. Daw' vol. X no. 1139" 421) Fb r this city, see Qalgashandi, op. cit vol. IV p. 107, Ramzr, N, vol. XII p. 312 fn. 2. 422)" 17atäq is a Turkish word trans.; tent or camp. cf. 'Äqhuur, Katbehäf p. 46 1 423) This is >J' cr; c- known as Ls_.ý of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. '1157. 424) Built in 810/1407. of. Mub-arak, op. cit., vol. VI p. 6; Ra:azl, N, vol. IX p. 98 fn. 3. 425) (d. 814/1411) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. II no. 689 426) (d. 814/1411) of. Ibid vol. II no. 760 427) of. Supra, section III p. 57 fn. '320. F 428) For this Khänaq h, see RamzI, N, vol. IX p. 144 fn. 1. Cf. Popp on OP- cit., p. 33.1br the term L1Znaq. h (trans., a residence in which the süfis devote themselves to worship), see ;.lubärak, op. '-cit., vol. IV p. 68. 429) of. Sakhawr, Daw' vol., VIII no. 172. 430) cf. Supra section II pp. 145-6 __s 28. 431) In his biography Muhammad OAwhad (Daw1 of Ibn vol. VII no. 365) ä: Lf'r ý. ' 1JI cs ( t )__r, a n;, ý. 1 CS "U1G.. ---! 1 ý.. _,_... .. _.,,, 432) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 633. 433) of. Ibid., vol. I P-354- 434) Author 'AA-P M. I1 in meant . eJ Zabld 435) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. V no. 43; Ibn, Hajar,, Inb11' al-ghumr.. fol. 8a. 436) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 656 437) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 78 438) of. Ibid., no. 34 the 439) Trans., Amir of council chamber. of. Qilgashandr, op. cit., Bpper, 92 . vol.. V p. 455; op. cit., p. 440) of. Sakhäw., Daw' vol. III no. 796. Thr al-HatIT (trans., the King) of. Qalgashandi, op. cit., vol. VII p. 39" cf. Sak441)hawi, Daw' vol. II no. 327. 442) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 791 2 443) of. vol. II p. 237 P 444) ibr 91 see opper op. cit p: 23. 445) ibr &j=v`O and ý`°f°, see Maräsid, vol. II pp. 838,858 579 446) of. Infra p. 102 in. 447) of. Sakhäwi, ]kaw' vol. II no. 239 448) cf., Ibid., IV no. 362; Ibn al-'Im-ad, Shadharät vol. VII p. 101; Biographies du Manhal Säfr 7liet: Les no. 1391; Ibn Hajar, Raft al- isr vol. II pp. 336-8. 449) or this school, see SuyütZ, Ijusn... vol. II p. 263. 29, 450) of. Sakhtw'1, Daw' vol. V no. 559" . 01 451) of., Shawkuni, al-Badr... vol. II p. 226; Ibn qad% shuhba, Tabaqat.. fol. 191b. . 452) ; (a So in MSS for jp Lc 453) cf. bawl vol. XI p. 245- 454) of. Infra, p. 114 In. 653" 455) Ace., to jaw' (X no. 153) + . 456) cf. Ibid., vol. VI no. 110. 457) of. Ibid., no. 113. 19. JI t" ý`' `ý'ý% ýjl/" 458) In Daw, (loc. cit), SakmwI says: es >>j= "%ý (d. 459) This is wje: °J,., "s 891/1486) of. Ibid. vol. IV no-437- 46o) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 244-5- 461) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 638. 462) For &P&ý, gL; see sup section III P- 42 fn. 211 463) For see supra I apction III p. 5 fn-'39. L'ý VI 71 464 ) This is of ýii° 1ýý»4 of. SaWaiwr, Daw' vol . no. t 465) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 1075- 466) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 713. 467) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 166,169,146. For the term see supra section III p. 49 tn. 256 468) For his biography, see Daw' vol. III no. 1068. v(i. 469) Sing., of e. horses). of. 4algaaDandI vol. V p. 307 L'C"' In FADS(I p. 48) t 470) Co(.Loqui. Lword for .- LJ' sing., of s ur. 40 30. 471) In his edition to 'A'läm al-Yrarai (p. 79*tn"3), Tihmän says : % 2°3.1 ti r. 3 J;'j Jtlý (r0ý " of. also Infra p. 184 fn- 1034 472) i. e. brideless. 473) ýstMý 1 CýIL ýý Acc., to Ramzl (N, X p. 11 In. 3) t ü. Cý'j tJ 474) of. Sakhäw!, Daw' vol. II no. 689 475) cf. Ibid., no. 760, vol. no. 643. -III E 476) In Dawn (II no. 582)p SakhäwI says s ý. WI "",, ms's ý, p uJ; p ' j 07 i. lýýc- i. ýt ýo aý: (e1i cv yýi " _Aa a. 477) of. Ibid., no. 985. For the term al-Zardakish' (trana., warden of i the armoury) see Q algashandi op. cit.; P opperp OP* cit., p. 93- 478) (d. 833/1429) of. infra p. 158 ft. 898 479) (d. 810/1407) of. Sakh7aw3 Daw' vol. I p. 130-1. 480) Trans., the soldiers who belong to al-Z5hir Barqüq. 481) Für this term, cee Ibn Shährn, Zubda... p. 115- 482) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. V no. 770- 483) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 5771 Ibn gadi ehuhba, Tabagat.. o fols. 83b-4a: 484) of. SakhAwl, Daw' vol. III no: 747,755. 485) of. Ibid., vol. p. 36. 486) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 350. I 487) This is sýo rý ý;. "ý.. P of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 203-4; Ibn al-'Imsd, Shaiharrt vol. VII p. 105; CAL., vol. II p. 76, supp., vol. II r. %83 Z.;- 1 488) ldaräsid (II p. 901) Lr-_-- 4ý J c,J Cr; ý. AAA. 4 q;; _ .. i 31 489) of. Sak häwi, Ihtw' vol. VI not604. 490) For this school, soe Popper, op. cit., P-30- 491 ) cf. Salhäwl, Daw' vol. X no. 1268. 492) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 357" 493) cf. Ibid., vol. II no. 28. 494) cf. Ibid., no. 558- 495) He ruled in Bengal between 792/1390 and 813/1410. See Bosworth, op. cit p. 193; also Sakhäwl, Dsw' vol. II no. 992; Ibn Haar, Ihbä' al-ghumr fol. 198a. 496) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. X no. 908. 497) i. e. Sultan's Palaces, or 1arIml a group of separate halls, with gardens and courts. For further detail, see poppor, or. cit, p. 22. 498) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 340. 499) This is 0U11 t cf. Ibid., no. 1561 Nujüm" (Popper., VI pp, 298-9). 500) Für ` J see týzlgashandi, op. cit vol. IV pp. 155-6. 501) In Daw' (XI p. 183) Sakh3wl says # q, ýý ýivt'jA IM r ." 502) Qur'än, Sürat. al-'Anfäl, 26 503) (d. 819/1416) of. Infra p. 105 no. 591- 504) (d. 815/1412) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. III no. 70- 505) Für1"-'ei ,V see Ramzi, N, vol. XII p. 241 fn. 1 506) cf., Ibn Hajar, Inbä'... fol. 201a-b. 507) In (XI 266) ?. &, 1 Daw' p. o .ýt, " 508) In FAM (I p. 267) L ' jJ It ýo. ý I .. 32. 509) of. Sakhäwi, Davit vol. I pp. 237-9t Ibn al-'Imid, Shadhaz't vol. VII 108-91 Ibn 131-3; Ibn pp. ¶ulun, qudät Di2naebq p. Tat r3: Bind! , Manhal... vol. I pp. 224-51 GAL., vol. II p. 04- 510) For school,this see SuyjI, usn vol. II p. 262 511) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 449; Ibn gädI ehuhba, Tabagiit... fol. 182a; Kahhala, op. cit., vol. II p. 137, XIII p. 370. 512) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 5; Ibn al-'Imid, op. cit., vol. VII. PP- 113-4; Kah?ala op. cit., vol. II p. 137. 513) cf. Sunan Ibn Mäja, vol. II p. 931no. 2783. 514) cf. Sakhäwi,, Dav' vol. I p. 13. 515) cf. Tbc vol. IX no. 364. 516) of. Ibid vol. V no. 941. 517) cf. Ibid vol. III no. 130. 518)_ Author refers to the Egyptian historian known as Ibn TaRhr! Birdr (d"874/1469) of. Su ra, section II p. 140 In. 1 519) Known as Ibn sa«d al-din, of. Sakhäwt, Daa' vol. VII no. 29; Ibn al-cImäd, off., vol. VII p. 171- 520) This is c""(SP (ý)l ýjyýý- of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. III no. 1070. 521) cf.. Ibid., no. 78 522) This is -II L----' Ibid., no. 1124. 523) Is. Al-Näsir Faraj. 524) (d. 833/1429) of. Infra p. 159 x"903" 897 525) M. b. 'Umar b. 14. b. al-Zamin (d. / 1491) of. Sakh&wI, Paw' vol. VIII no. 703 "- --- 526) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 269-71; Ibn gadl shuhba, Tabagät... fol. 101b; GAL., vol. II p. 50, supp. vol. II p. 50- 527) Author referred to AT al-Fidi' Ibn Kathlr (d. 774/1373) and his history al-Bidäya wd al-nihäya (14 vols. a1-Sa' da Press, Cairo, 1358/1939). 33" 528) cf. 2r t , section I p. 84 In. 3 . 529) of. Sa äwr, Daw' vol. II no. 655; Ibn Hajar, Rat al-iar vol. I p. 109; Ibn 'fib, al-Rawl a1-CÄtir.. fol. 22a-3a; Ibn gFdi ihuhba, Tabagat.. fol. 182b-3a. 530) Known as 1IvI He was also nicknamed by JI some others as Lf of. Sakj}äwt, Daw' vol. XI no. ß0; Ibn gädi ahuhba, Tabagät fol. 1ß0a. 531) Known as al-RhajIbie of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. III no. 4321 Ibn al-'Imäd op. cit. vol. XII p. 120. 532) of. Sakhäw3, pawl vol. VI no. 1021; Ibn gadr shuhba, Tabagät... fob. 190a. 533) V 436; Ibn of. Sak äwI, Daw' vol. no. gäd2 shuhba, Tabagät.. 9 fol. 186b; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 121. 534) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' IX no. 349; al-N'ayml al-Däris., vol. I p. 144. 535) Known as "j I ,: of. SaYhawr, Dawn vol. V no. 1087; Shawkänr, al-Badr vol. I pp. 488-90; CAL., vol. II pp. 216-7, supp., vol. II pp. 305-6. 536) Probably( "'»'-'+(d. 791/1389) of. KaWala, op. cit vol. XII p. 220 537) of. Sakhawl, Dawl. VI no. 25; Ibn üajar, Raflal-isr vol. II p. 403-4: Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. II pp. 403-4. 538) The poet separated the end letter to add yet another moaning to the poem. When the final letter is joined the reader glimpses the second idia which the poem conveys. 539) of. Satte w2, paw' vol. I p. 23. 540) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 90. '34- 541) of. Ibid vol. IV no. 812. 542) cf. Ibid., vol. I p. 264- 543) of. Ibid., pp. 130-4. 544) i. )I ALA-r-1 e. , i& of. Tunkli bh am vol. I pp. 373-4 545) For v, Aleis see EI1 vol. IV p. 266 1556 546) of. Sakhäwl, Daw" vol. VI no. 547) cf. Sakhäwi, DawO vol. V no. 500. For J4; JT bee t: u©tatä al- Hiyäri, al-"Imära al-Tä'iyya ti biläd al-sham in the 13th and 14th century A. D. (Thesis, American Un., Beirut, 1969). of, also Qalqashandr, op. cit., vol. IV p. 204. 548) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. VI no. 587. 549) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 135- 550) of., Ibid., vol. VI no. 728. 551) i. e. the tent 552) For al-ItIdäniyya see Ramzr, N, vol. XII p. 2 tn. 2. 89. 553) a place near Damascus. cf. FAN vol. I p. RamzT, N, vol. VIII p. 159 fn-Op X1 Po 367 fn-1 L%4 554) This is ü yr cs, DIS) I cs, " CS known as tý,, tiýZrAýl cs to:,V '(d. 818/1415). of. Sakj wt, Jaw' vol. VI no. 666; also infra p. 1C0 555) cf. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. VIII no. 194; KaWala Mz'iam vol. X p. 221. 556) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 741 Shawkanl, al-Bidr nl-Tali... vol. II p. 280-5; Ibn 'Ayüb, al-Rawd al-'stir.. fo18.218a-20a; Kahhila, Mfujam al-mu'allifin vol. XII p. 118; CAL., vol. II pp. 181-3, supp., vol. II pp. 234-6. 557) of. Sack"awr, bawl vol. IV no. 297. 35. 558) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 935- p. 559) For the term al-1uhla, see Palqa b ndr, op. cit., vol. VI 14- 560) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. V No. 127- 561) of., Ibid., vol. III no. 1022. 562) cf., Ibid., vol. X no. 1074. 563) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 1033 (d. 564) This is : ld 14U sU. CJ; G 829/1425) 217a-18a; antra 143 f"819" cf. Ibn Hajar, Inbä.. e vols. also p. 565) (d. 824/1421) of. Infra p. 121 fn-700- 566) This is LJ ý(ýjl ü»ý known Ibid. vol. III no. 107; 567) (d. 826/1422) of. Infra p. 132 fn. 763. 568) see infra p. 105 no. 591- 569) Aco., to Qalqa andZ (OP. cit., vol. IV p. 127) IAIýzäz is the spoken language of CAzäz. 97 m" 554 570) of. Su ra 'section III p. 571) i. e. stores 572) cf. Sakhäwr, pawl vol. X no. 36 I' (VII ";, I 1º 573) In paw ' no. 524) "ýý > ;" !1 Cý ls Jý q- I) ; oý, ý- LY1 cl : cL";I _ý C 574) Erected by CS (SI.ö-" in 730/1329" of. Ibn Ta/thrT Birch Nujüm (Dir., ed. ) vol. IX p. 98 fn. 3 575) of. SakhäwT,Daw' vol. VII no. 123- 576) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 711. 577)c cf. Ibid, , no. 341. (XI 1, 578) In Daw' p. 190) Sakhawl sayst .. 4J., ý--ý. i. Lo '4*0 ýýý. dam (, 1) alp . J "% lj 36. 579) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 822. 580) Known as 1 cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 40. - 581) i. e. Darjawän Quarter, 1,250 yards north of Zuwayla Cate, west to Bayn al-gaqrayn (between the two walls)e cf. P upper, op. cit. p. 31. 582) is an old city in the west of al-Sacld in Egypt. of. Mar-asid vol. III p. 1467- 583) of. Infra p. 103 fn-586. 584) So in MS$for ä. r filu 585) of. Sakhäwl, flaw' vol. VII no. 417; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII PP. 139-40; 5gha kann, op. cit., vol. II pp. 147-9; CAL., vol. II PP- 94, S, vol. II pp. 111-2. 586) of. Sakhdwi, Daw' vol. IV no. 370; Ibn gödi 'thuhba, Tabagnt fol. 185a 587) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 338; CAL., vol. II p. 95 S, vol. II pp. 1129, 588) Für this Mosque see Qalgashandi, op. cit., vol. III p. 357; Popper op. cit., p. 32. (Laqab); üumäm than by his Mhanmad 589) Known by his . al-dIn more name of. Sakh3wl vol. VII no. 294- 590) L ' (r1 Ibid., V, 393- Known as Lr. of. vol. no. 591) Known as Ibn al-CAM and as Ibn 'Abr Jaräda. of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 631; Idem, Dhayl Raft al-isr fols., 66a-67a- 64 592) of. Supra, section III p. 9 fn. 593) This Sakhäwl, flaw' vol. XI p. 152 594) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 5. 595) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 103; idem, al-Tuhfä, vol. I no. 232; Ibn (A. ) Ta hrt Bird i, al-Marshal al-SäfI Najätl ed. vol. I pp. 381-3; Kahhäla, op. cit., vol. II p. 120. 37-, 1 596) of. Supra, section II p. 140 597) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 575" 598) cf. Ibid., vol. IX no. 731. 599) For these cities, nee Calgash. uzdi, op. cit., vol. IV pp. 134-51 Ibn ShähSm, op. cit. PP. 51-2; Tagwim pp. 206,248. 600)' cf. Sattawi, bawl vol. I p. 303; Ibn Ta hrl rdIp )nnhal.. vol. I p. 200. 601) This is bA.. I ' Sakraw2, Daw' II 030- csý -ý uyri of. vol. no. 602) cf. Ibid., vol. V no. 304" 603) cf. Ibid., vol. X no. 695" 604) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 993 763 605) (d. 826/1422) cf. In_ra P. 132 In. 606) (d. 828/1424) cf. SakhrwI, Daw' vol. III no. 39 607) Probably cs"ýr »i (d. 831/1427) of. rbid vol. II no. 861 691 608) (d. 824/1421) of* I =A p" 120 In. 609) cf. Popper op. cit., p. 64; Duhmän, 'A'1RM p. 43 fn. 1. 610) Barza; a village near Damascus* of. 'rid, vol.. I P-' I83, Popper, op. cit., p. 37 eitop IV 611) This is cf. Q,algarhand , op. vol. 51 P. 1191 Ibn Eh:ahirý. 9op. cit" p. 612) i. e. their representatives iüm, 1)r., IV 613) For ~aý1 see Ibn Tafhri Bird!, n vol. P-45- 614) of. Sakhäwlo paw, vol. IV no. 468i Ibn g7a4l shuhba, Tabagät.. fold. 198b-99a; al-Rawl al-45tir fol. 152b. .,3©. 615) of. Sal"hawi, law' vol. VII no. 93- 616) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 439- 617) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 685- 618) cf. Ibid., vol. -X no. 050. 619) cf. Ibid., no. 701- 620) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 810. 621) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 393- 622) cf. Ibid,, vol. VIII no. 487; Ibn al-'Ind, op. cit., vol. VII P" 147; GAL., S, vol. II p. 130. 623) of. Infra p. 176 ih. 989 624) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. IX no. 247- `Abdullatlf 625) For the term i tie bdril, see Ibra-hTm, article in Lajallat (Cairo, Kullayat al-1adäb vol. II p. 1-20 1968). 626) of. SakJ wi, Daw' vol. V no. 5. 627) of. Ibid., vol. no. 118; GAL., vol. II p. 26. 628) For the term u. -. f see, Dozy, eupp., vol. I p., 177 629) of. Saký}äwi, Daw' vol. I p. 108. II 630) of. Ibid., vol. no. 1008. 631) of. Ibid., no. 998. 632) cf. L4agr1z!, Khuiiat Vol. III P. 285 633) of. Sakhäwi, Daw vol.1II no. 25. 634) cf. Ibid., vol pp. 260-3. 635) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1253- 636) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 197; Ibn al-'Imnd, op, oit., vol. VII p. 151; Ibn Iiajar, Inbä' vol. 244b. I 39" 637) of. Supra, section I p. 35 fh" 3 638) of. Sa aawI, Daw' vol. III no. 1045- 639) of., Ibid., vol. V no. 3. 640) Yazd is a city in Persia. of. galqanhandi op. cit., vol. IV p. 347; 1-Taräsid vol. III p. 1478. 641) Known as al-'Ashgar and al-'Agfahsl. cf. Ibid vol. III no. 765. 642) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 6490 643) For this school see al-Nu'ayml, al-Däris., vol. I p. 430- 644) 267 For see Dozy, eupp., vol. 1I p. 645) cf. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. VI no. 745- 646) This is %Y1 c4. _ 19jß of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 809.0-00 tf 647) ( to Apparently -toll J equivalent (kio LZý! Known as CS pI Ur cf. Sakhawi Law I vol. V no. 699. For Jaqmaq al-! arghünýh_äwr of., Inga pp. 118 fn. 706. 648) is. central Anatolia. cf. Bosworth, Islanic dvnanties P"134 also the references given by him. 649) For Laranda, see Qalgashand%, o . cit., vol. V p. 354- 650) For Saysariyya, see Ibid., p. 351-2 651) For Qiniya, see Ibid., P" 352. 652) (VII &G Lem iý' i vý k1. ý. In Daw p. 241) , Sakh&wS says s " s iý ) d: t: 4*" (i. e. a bior; raphy under this name is included in naw'). Upon examination no such biography is found in this work. 0 VII 653) (658/1260-676/1277)" of. Ibn TarhrI Birds, Nujüm, Dr., vol. Pp . 94f f. 654) cf. Sakhawi, Ibid., vol. V no. 936. 40. 655) This is v l0, C ir. l`r l.:, L (d. 826 1422) ß..9 __tý1, Xp! cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 531- 656) Old e in Egypt 18F fron Cairo. of. ra zl 21, vol. XII p. 180 tn. 3. \villa,; 657). of. Infra p. 114 fn. 679 658) For the term ý. t; Jý --, coo C'.alga: hnncu op, cit, vol. VI p. 57. 659) In Daw',,'(XI p. 202) Sah&wr says s 660) I for the L 10 (T. -y(v possibly a colloquial usap o word C1--, (sing. (J---ý3 ) of. FAM vol. II p. 205" 661)Qur1än, S5rat al-1ajj, 35. Y, IX 662) For al-Shargiyya, sco Poppor, op. cit., p. 13, ra.wzl, vol. p. 38 fn. 1. 6. 663) For al-Gharbiyya see RamzI, No vol. IX p. 39 fn. BirdT# I. I 664) of. SaYhawl, Dace' vol. I pp. 356-8; Ibn Ta hrl anhrl vol. Ibn Ayy b, p. 329; Ibn gä43: Shuhba Tabaoät.. fol. 196a; al-Raina., fol. 20d-b. 665) Acted as a deputy Oüdl. cf. supra, section III p. 3 fn. 21- 600. 666) cf. Sakhäwf, pawl vol. IV no. 667) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 190. 668) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 317. VII 669) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1014; Ibn al-'I , or. cit.; vol. P9155- 288. 670) Xnown as 1cz cf. SaLh, wI, Daw' vol. VIII no. 581- 671) of. Sa avii, 1aw' vol. VI no. II ht, Calgaahandi t 672) cf. Ibid., vol. no. 821. For al-Da see one vol. IV p. 338 41" 673) nw Da l 111 1077. This is Sauet , vol, no. 674) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 87. 675) ýý-" I., 306. Pbr . r see Tagwlm p. 676) Arabici-od big in 4zietan in Persia. .form of Shushtari a city of. Maräýid vol. I p. 262; QalgashandT, op. cit vol. IV p. 3309 677) (d. 830/14965 cf. Infra p. 148 fn-846 678) of. SakhMdl, Daw, vol. V no. 247. 8huhba 679) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 350; Ibn gädi Tabaqüt fol. 202b-203a. 680) For Ibn al-Bärizl's house, mosque and school, see Ibppor, on_oit p. 34" shuhba, 681) 1171; Ibn Tabagät fol. 204a. of. Sa]j wT, Daw' vol. "X no. gädl 682) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw'r vol. X no. 803; Ibn gäd2 shuhba op. c fol. 203b. 683) of, SakhäwT, I2aw' vol. III no., 142. 4)% 2 684) This is j / -f`; () CJ of. EI vol. III pp. 707-11 685) of, Sakhäwi, pawl vol. IX no. 213. 262. 686) of. Ibid. tivol. no. 687) Ziriklr vol. VII p. 341. cf. Ibid., vol. X no. I97. , op.-cit. 688) By ); LJ I5 61R1) author meant the standard of the Jºi------s 689) This is CS 12) Pý of. Sa dwr, Daw' vol. VIII no. 42. 690) (I ** ý In Daw' p" 'ai(4J (Il AI ý-ý, j t (jýý. t. " of. also popper op. cit p. 25- Y 691) of. SakhäwI, Paw' vol. I pp. 53-5; Ibn Taihrt Birds, Ynnhal vol. P-59- 692) Sumo Ibn Mfja, vol. I PP" 6-7 693) of. Supra, section II p. 145 fn. I 694) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. V no. 723. 42 695) This is JJ I (y t- f C _ºAs ýj" cu! ý,, ýs.. WL) known as VP ItI cf. Ibid., vol. V no. 73- 696) (d. 833/1429) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. I p. 313 697) Author referred here to al-Sayf al-Mahannad... by lAyn! and (d. al-Dhakhira fl -tagrld al-aira by Shama al-dTh Ibn N. hid 818/1415). For VII For them, see section II p. 139'fn. 41 Zirikll, o . cit vol. p. 344 698) (d. 826/1422) of. Infra p. 132 fn. 763. 699) " ýJ This is C9 fi csý lei) S%I lr. "ý. 1 cf. Sak 700) of. Infra, for his bio8'raPhYrsee al-Bawd al-fätir fI oirat al+malik I962. al-Z5hir by 1Ayn7, ed., by H. Ernest, Cairo ' 701) This is al-Z"ahir Jagr9q. of. Sa}ihäwi, bawl vol. III no. 273, also su ra p. 68 fn. 399. 702) (d. 863/1458) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 661. 703) (d"843/1439) of. Ibid. no. 740. 704) (d. 841/1437) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 230 705) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 131 706) This is c, Ljtýýl -ems (d. 024/1421) of. lbid., vol, 111 no. 288,289. 707) cf. Ibid., vol. I pp. 313-4. 708) For the term see Dozy p. 414. 'p. 709) (d. 833N29) cf. Infra 160 fn. 904. 710) cf. Magrizi, Zhutat vol. III P. 351 U1'tfir''' 711) The term wA-p Iequivalent to of ä)J, and JlJ4ý. trans., director of the government. of. Popper op. cit p. 90; galqaahandi vol. VI p. 69. 43" 712) This is al-'Ashraf Barsabay. of. Su ra, cection II p. 100 th. 2 713) (d. 637/1433) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 19. 714) of. Sakhäwi, Dzw' vol. IV-no- 301; Ibn gndl shuhba, op. cit., fol.; 198a-b; Ibn 'Ayüb op. cit., fol. 153b; CAL., Vol. II pp. 112-3 supp., vol. II p. 139- 715) of. Ibn gädi shuhba, Tabagät.., fol. 198a-b. 716) of. al-Nu 'aymi, al-Däris fl tarlkh al-madäris vol. I pp. 277-300- 717) of. Ramzl, N, Vol. P- 360 fn- 3 -VII 718) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VII no. 509. 719) Ibid., 573" of. no. . 720) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 28. *vol. 721) of. Ibid., X no. 1165. ýyl 722) For see poppo? oýP cit P. 13. 723) Für this school see Qalgashand3 op. cit., vol. III p. 364. 724) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' III no. 410. 725) VII 559" This is CL-0 I of, Ibid., vol. no. 726) This of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 700. - 727) I: rLW)trans., the the ,I regent who exercises functions of government, except those connected with finances, for a sultan who had not yet reached puberty. Popper op. cit. p. 90. 728 ) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. I pp. 17-20; Ibn gädl shuhba, op. cit., fol. 194b, 729) (IX jý w ä. i In Daw' p. 189) Sakhäwl says: s'wý1 ýp J-P 'J . 1-FO 730) cf. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. I pp. 156-7; Ibn gadI Ahuhba, op. cit., fol. 195a. (d. 731) This mosque was-built in Aleppo by l'ank1l 23ugh3 b. 'Abdullth 774/ 1372). of. Nu'aymi, Däris vol. I p. 259. 44" 732) For this school, see Ramzl, N vol. VIII p. 174 fn-4; al-Nu'ayml, al-Däris vol. I pp. 253,519; Ibn'Ay b, op. cit., fol. 3a-b. 733) of. Sakhäwl, pawl vol. I p. 380- 734) cf, Ibid., vol. X no. 572. 735) For this school see Ramr, No vol. XII p. 189 tn. 1. 736) For him, see supra, aection I p. 52 "7 737) of. Sakhäwr, Daw' vol. XI p. 197 738) Known vý famzl, Y, XI p. 240 fn. 2. also ass l}ijl , ýLý see vol. 739) Known generally as Ibn al-Zaratiti and to a leaser extent as Ibn al-Ghazwall. of. Sakhawl, Daw' vol. VIII no. 36. 740) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 234. l`» Q' ü L'. Ibn TaKhrl 741) paw' (VII p. 107) ý! Y 0 fol. 94a Bit ,V nhal vol. V 742) of. Sakha wi, Daw' vol. V no. 962. 743) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 530. 744) iii ýýýI Tacjnlm 378. Possibly "_V) trans. of. p. 745) cf. sajh-dwi, 2ave vol. K no. 266. ' 746) cf. IbidL, vol. VIII no. 531" 022 747) Sak}äwl mentions this expedition in his annalea of of. Supra p. 114. t 748) Acc., to Ramzl (N, XII p. 16 fn. 2) ßäj t "-ýý! ý. i=-ýIt° -ý`'-ýI 749) of. Sakhäwi, Dawl vol I pp. 336-44; Ibn Hajar, Rat'al-i$r vol. II pp. 81-3; Ibn gädi shuhba, op. cit., vol. 196b-7a- 750) For this school, see Ramzl, No vol. XI p. 240 In. 2 751) of. Sa hhäwi,, Daw' vol. II p. 871. 752) The Harakät from 0, fol. 153b. 753) For this school see RamzI, N, vol. XI p. 114 fn-5- 45. Mýý:. ý 754) of. -Supra p. 73 fn. 424. 755) Known as al-Zayn al-9a. lgaghandl. of. Sakhäwi,. Daw' vol. IV no. 3291 Ibn qäd! shuhba, op. cit., fol. 198b-99a; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 174. 756) of. Sakhäwi, pawl vol. IV no. 344- 757) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 447. 758) This is L4 .. &cstc(d.8I6/I4I3 ) ct. cupra, p. 94 tn. 535. 759) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 857- 760) 'cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 906; Ibn al-'Imäd on. cit., vol. VII p. 174. 761) For this school, see Ramzi, N, vol. IX p. 123 2n. I 762) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 4- t. 763) This is ýý>twj % ý ---ý of. Ibid., vol. III no. 128. Uv 764) This is j>4-v)1 of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 744" if 765) For the term, ýýýI see Qalgashandi op. cit vol. IV D. 14. 766) cf. Sakhawr, Daw' vol. III no. 747- 767) of. Ibid., vol. XII no. t234. 768) of. Ibid., no. 155" 629/1425)6 769) In Daw' (VI no. 702) Sakhäwl says: eJ_j6s(d. of. Infra p. 144 fn. 826. 770) This is Famagusta of Syprus. fol. 197x. 771) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 384, Ibn q754! shuhba, op. cit., III 628. 772) of. al-Fäsi, a qd al=thanün vol. no. 0 773) In Dawl (XI 194) º jý. L 1. : t p. aý; ate ,J,. 45-- 754) cf. Supra p. 73 fn. 424. 755) Known as al-Zayn al-9s. lgaqhandi. of. Sakhäwi, paw' vol. IV no. 329; Ibn gädi shuhba, op. cit., fol. 198b-99a; Ibn al Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 174. 756) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. IV no. 344. 757) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 447. 758) This is 816/I4I3 tsls c,; . &csie(d. ) cf. cupra, p-94 tn. 535. 759) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. X no. 857. 760) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 906; Ibn al-'imäd op. cit., vol. VII p. 174- 761) For this school, see Ramzr, No vol. IX p. 123 fn. 1 762) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 4. 763) This is of. Ibid., vol. III no. 128. 764) This is (ýj cf. Ibid., vol. VI no. 744. 765) For the term see Qalgae ands on. cit vol. IV p. 14-- 766) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 747. 767) of. Ibid., vol. XII no. 1234. 768) of. Ibid., no. 155. J (d. 769) In Daw' (VI no. 702) Sakhäwl says s s, UjI t.x; J!. U; e*v. 829/1425) " of. Infra p. 144 fn. 826. 770) This is Famagusta of Syprus. 771) cf. Sakhäwr, Daw' vol. II no. 384, Ibn giýdl shubba, op. cit., fol. 197a. 628. 772) of. al-Fsl, al-'Iqd al-thamIn vol. III no. 773) In Daw' (XI 194) ä.; j+-ý 1. 'ný -s ° --.. ' p. º .. J .. r ary F 46. i '774) This ýj cris rr""N ... P v- y1 (d.825/1421) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 17-20. Tn1k; Mu' jam al-ausannifTn, Vol. III. pp. 49-5E. 775) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. V no. 939- 776) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 237; Ibn 'Ay-ub, al-Bawd al-'Xtir.. fol. 173a-2b. Jl 777) In I. isän al-Arab (I p. 320) U3 ýJJy. o >% ývy+ 778) ý läJý 1 Sakhäwl, Daw' VII 93. Known as V. ý) L, Ly, of. vol. no. 779) of. Ibid., vol. VII p. 249, VIII no. 165- 780) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1109; Zirikli, op. cit., vol. IX p. 258- 781) Trans.,, for the Ka'ba covering. of. @algaahandr, responsible .22. cit., vol. III p. 47Z- 782) Trans., Supervisor of purchases and sales, on behalf of Dcchequere " Popper of. Qa1 ashandl op. cit. vol. IV p. 36-7, p. 101. 783) of. Sakj. wr,. Daw' vol. II no. 175. 784) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 182. 785) The Harakät fron Or fol., 155a- 786) of. Sakhawi,. Daw' vol. VII no. 440; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. oit., vol. VII pp. 181-2; Shawkini, op. cit., vol. II pp. 150-1; Ibn 'Ayüb op. cit., Pols. 214a-15a. 787) of. Sakh-awi, Daw' vol. I pp. 239-40. a'AT'''+1id vol. I p. 407 788) City and citadel on the upper part of river* of. 789) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 1012. 790) (d. 836/1432) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 308- 791) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 125" 792) of. Ibid., vol. XII no. 622. II 100 in. 2 793) This is al-)Ashraf 13arsab'ty. of. 5u ra, aeotion p. 47- (D. 794) This is cW Iss G" ýý 1 ý, ýý 836/1432)of. Infra p. 182 fn. 967. 795) Author refers to Janus the Kino of Cyprus of. Infra p. 170tn. 956" 796) This is L-Pl ca in Jerusalem. cf. Ramzi No vol. VII p. 162, fn. 1. 797) Inhis'Inbä' (fol. 276a) Ibn Hajar says: i. j l> (4V erb Cri 798) Known ä.. vl (; y 1 of. Sa)j w1, Daw' vol. V no. 629. as , 799) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 89. 800) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 335-6. 801) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 1062. 802) of, Ibid., vol. -VII no. 344" 803) cf. Ibid., vol. VI no. 102. ' 804) (4,833/1429. ) of. Infra p. 158fn. 896. 805) of. Infra p. 150 fn. 853" 806) of. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. VI no. 584. 807) Known &. Ibid., IX no. 476. as "i -1 cf. vol. 226 808) For this city, see Ramzi, No vol. V p. 15 fn. 1, VIII p. fn- 7-cog) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 1162. LI 810) In Daw' (XI p. 181) Sakhäw'i, says sC,.. . 0t, a . LJ 811)cf. Maräcid,, vrol. III pp. 1259-1260. 812) cf. Sa}4wi, Daw' vol. IV no. 39. 813) of. Ibid. vol. XII no. 241 814) cf. Idem, Wajlz 0, fol. 52a. _ 815) In Subh (V p. 409) Q$lgashandi says: I jCD yG U-W ä,ß. J I; sc $ý lSl l; ý.o 816) This is Nicosia the present capital of Cyprus 40. 817) f Daw' XI 220; Ibn cit., . c. SaLhaw3, vol. no. gädl nhuhba op. fol. 195b-6a; Ibn 'Ayüb, op. cit., fol. 85b-6a 818) 100 cf. Supra , section III p. 819) of. Sakh. wi, Daw' vol. VIII no. 151v Ibn gadi shuhba, op* cit., fol. 201b-2ai Ibn al-'Imäd, OP. cit., volo VII pp. 189-90. 820) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. V no. 844; Ibn gädl nhuhba, op. cit., Lols. 199b-200a; 'Ibn 'Ayüb, op. cit., fol. 192b-3a. 821) yirikiT, opo cit., vol. V p. 21; GAL., vol. II p. 81, supp. vol. II P991, (c 822) In Daw;' (VI no. 344) Sakhäwi says: (S ý ;ý tj yo 4J (J! I 1ýR% c °S Ll: t6 D1 gl-'""C! 'ý' LJ. ºý'ý.; N 823) cf. Ibid., vol. X p. 1189. 824) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 722. 825) cf. Ibid., no. 417; Ibn 'Ayüb, op. cit., fol. 10la-2b. 826) cf. Sakha,wi, vol. VI no. 702. 827) of. Ibid., vol. "V no. 525" is in the 828) Possibly Q-, ) trans., tonts. This meaning used spoken language of Iiijaz today. 829) This ýcs" (d. Tnfra 186 (n9 is I ý,. ý,.ý cr csts ý,,. ý.ý 037/1433) of. p. 269; Nucaymr, 830) Known as Ibn J[ijjl. of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. VI no. Däris.. vol. I p. 257- 831) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol: V no. 804- 832) Ibid., 497- of. vol. -IX no. 833) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 175- '302. 834) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 835) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 343" 4. 49" 836) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 217. 837) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 366. 838) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 932i Ibn al'-'Imäd op. cit., vol. VII p. 195; Zirikli, op. cit., vol. VI p. 191. ýý. 839) In Daw' (XI p. 190) Sakhäwi says: ýý ý : Lrt"LL--i 1 L$ is jý cs, wý o y ý}- 4) q:ý' t& to 840) of. Saki wi, Daw' vol. II no. 698. 841) (d. 816/1413) of. Supra, section III p. 94 in. 537 lpý 842) This 'L. J I / cf. Supra, seotion II p. 152 in. 5 843) cf.; Sakhäwi, Dawn vol. X no. 693- 844) 'cf., Ibid., vol. V no. 12. 845) (d. 830 /1426 ) cf. Ibid., vol. II no. 906. 846) of. Ibid., vol. " II no. 1056. 847) cf. Ibid., vol. VI no. 765. 256; 848)" For this school i. e. see Suyii, Man vol. II p. RamzI, N, XII p. 308, fn. 2. 849) For him,, see Infra p. 170fn. 956. 850) of. Infra p. 200 fn. 1115 U1.01 851) i. e. -, C_S/ sytR)I 852) This is LJ' of. Sakhäwl, 1?aw' vol. IX pp. 291ff 053) cf. Sa] wi,. Daw' vol. VII no. 725; Ibn al-CD d, esp. -cit., vol. VII 202, II pp. 197-198; al-NutaymI, al-orris.. vol. I p. CAL., vol. PP--95-6, Supp. vol. II p. 113. 854): of. Su ra, seotion III p. 139-fn. 803 855) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. VII no. 2441 50" 856) of. Ibn gad1 shuhba, Tabagat.. fol. 201a-b 857) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. I p. 280. 1033 858) This isA{ý,, ý (4.871/. 1466) of. Ibid., vol. X no. " CJ i: ' 859) In Daw (XI p. 194) Sakhäwi says s cLý 'J, 860) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 24: 861) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 952. 862) Known as v of. Ibid., no. 1150. 863) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 899" 864) Für &"C 1 j P op. cit p. 99 Cý --- v see opper 649. 865) (d. 808/1405) cf. Salhäwl, Daw' vol. IV no. 866) cf. " Ibid. vol. V no. 502. 867) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 216. 868) Built in 628/1425 of. ldub, rak, op. cit., vol. VI P-5- 869) of. Sakhäwi, aw' vol. ' X no. ' 1088. " 870) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 198. ' 871) In Subh (IV p" 355) Balgashandi saysi JLiv'ý-ý'''ýý LD ýj 872) For I see Ibid., p. 138- 873) (d. 833/1429) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 878. 874) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 889. 875) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 319- 876) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 332. 877) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 191. Lola. 215b-17b. 878) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 33; Ibn 'Ayüb op. cit., " tole 55b-56&. 879) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 140; Ibn'Ayub, op. cit., 51. 880) of. Sakhäwi, itw' vol. IX no. 108. 881) (d. 893/1487) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 233. 882) (d. 832/1428) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 497. 883) of. Ibid.,, vol. VI no. 175i of* also vol. V p. 297- 884) of. Qalgashandi, op. cit vol. IV p. 37 885)cf"$akýaw7, wa iz, K fol., 13a ff 886) of. Sakh-awi, Daw' vol. X no. 602 887) cf. Ibid., vol. X no. 602. For eJI section III p. 96 no. 547. 888) , see supra, VII 204-6 889) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 608; Ibn al-'Imld, op. nit., vol. pp. II 201-3, Nulaym3 al-Däris.. vol. I pp. 148-50; CAL., vol. pp. supp., vol. II pp. 274-8. 890) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw vol. XI no. 168. 891) cf. bic3 '; vol. XI p. 222 fn. I. 6 892) of. Supra, section III p. 620 ih. op. VII 893) of. Sakha,w3, Daw' vol. X no. 1040; Ibn al-'Imädº cit., vol. " p. 207; Zirikli, op. cit., vol. IX p. 211. 894) (b. 631/1427) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 1275- 895) Ibid, IX 186. of. , vol. no. 896) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1056. 897) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no., 654" 898) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 623. 899) II. 458. ' For sae Qalgachandi, op. cit. vol. i. P. 900) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VII no. 351- 68. 901) of. Ibid., vol. II no. -- R xý ° +4 +mr ý-++"PY.T Ps+ x '!. s .2c ""w ri 52" 902) cf. Ibid., vol. X no. 850- 903) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 70- 904) ci'. Ibia., vol. VII zo. 702- 905) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 914- 906) of. Ibid.,. vol.. IV no. ß33. 907) of. Ibid., vol. II no.. 848. 908) Ibid. III 106. of. ,. vol. no. 909) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 62. 910) df. Ibid., vol. X no. 1101. 911) of. Ibid., no. 922. 677 912) (d. 856/1452) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. E. UJ t- 1 913) is a colloquial. usage for 914) of. Ibn Hajar , CInb51 al-ghumr fol. 298a: 915)- Zagrizt, hutat A name of a month of the Coptic calendar. Of. "r vol. I part 2 p. 19. 916) of. Infra p. 216 58a-b. 917) of. Sakhäwr, Daw' vol. II no. 196; Ibn 'Ayub, al-Rawl. * fol. 53 918) i. e. 9Pt. of. Supra p. fn. 280. VII 919) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 544; Ibn a -'I 4, oor...cit", vol. pp. 210-11; Ibn qM1 shuhba, op. cit., fol. 203a-b. 920) (d. 809/1406) of. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. X no. 1181. 921) Ibid. -, VI of. vol. no. -869.. - 922) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 972. 923) of. Ibid, vol. X fn. 287 924) cf. ' Ibid. '; 'vol. VI no. 432-'. 925) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 432 53" 926) cf. Sakhawi, flaw' vol. V no. 239 ýInb' 927) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 377; Ibn ilajar, fol. 300b 928) Für the term ö. e$ Q OP. cit vol. 13 p. 154 9 ,see algashandI 929) This (d. 867/1462). of. Sakhiuwl, law, vol. I p. 9 930) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 702 931) This is tt- WI LI lam- (d. 871/1466) known as of. Ibid., vol. III no. 245 932) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1129 I _-1 1 933) Daw' (XI p. 226) A)y I ý----ý s ¬J 934) c Ibid,, vol. IV no. 485. 935) i. his e. gives order , " Js (! '). 936) L_ reducing; the number of the deputy fudges 937) i. e. The Chief Shäfi'i judge. V, III 162 Sh. 913 938) i. e. E. cf. Supra, section p. 939) (d. 841/ 1437 ) cf. Sa a-wr, Daw' vol. VI no. 389 940) fol. 212 of. Ibn Fahd , 'A'1äm vol. II ý 941) For 1.> see äsid vol. II p. 547 942) of. SakhXWT, Daw' vol. I p. 244 943) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 329-30- 944) of. Supra p. 117 fn. 670 945) cf. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. IX no. 757 Ci V1 LLD (i. this the hs41th 946) Sal, jäw3. meant by e. subject) studies. 947) cf. Sakhawi, paw' vol. IV no. 285 948) cf. Ibid., vol. I pp. 378-80 54" 949) cf. Sakh,.1wi, Daw' vol. III no. 662 950) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 314-5; Ibn TarhrI BiMY, 7anhal.. vol. I p. 302. 951) of. SakhMw3, Daw' vol. X no. 977- 952) 1 This is ---ýý IýJ trtllt c-""? trýý Known as Ibn Sa'd al-din"of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 379- 953) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 873- 954) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 87. 955) of. Ibid., no. 611. 956) This is Janus who ruled in Cýprus from 801-835 to 398-1432" I H. D. Purcell, Cv (London cf. Ibid., vol. III no-337 ; rus, Ernest Benn Ltd., 1969) pp. 139-41- 957) This is John II of Cyprus (835-863/1432-58) of. Ibid., pp. 141-2. 958) (d. 841/1437) of. Infra p. 203 fn. 1127 959) Probably 1 (also called Cr"ý$ 4= º 31. (d. 842/1438) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. III no. 147 also p. 960) of. Su ra, section III p. 62 ir. 359 617- 961) For la2 sing. see Dozy, Supp. vol. II p. 962) (d. 865/1460) of. Sakhäwi Daw' vol. II no. 1030. 963) of. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 55. 964) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 37-9" 965) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 437. 966) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 399. 967) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 1068. 968) of. Supra, section III p. 137- rawI, III 319. 969) F.nown as 1cL I of. Sal Daw' vol. no. 970)' Por this Mosque, see Ramzi, No vol. VIII p. 97 tn "1 55; - 971) (d. 847/1443) cf. Infra Section III p. 230. 972) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. I pp. 369-70; Ibn Hajar, Rat' al-'isr... vol. I pp. 71-2. 973) of. Sakhawý., Daw' vol. VII no. 720. 293a-95a. "974) of. Ibn Hajar, Inb', fols. Bir 1T Manh11 975) of. SakhäwT, Daw' vol. I PP- 308-9; Ibn Ta, ri , vol. I p. 288. 734. 976) (d. 856/1452) of. Sajj wi, Daw' vol. III no. 336 Acos to 977) Für '" -. .. ' seeQ alga andl op. cit vol. V p. A _#0 1297 ý , rtiräsid vol. III p. 1 -'> 978) of. SakYraw!, Daw' vol. VI no. 151- 979) In Marä.gid (I, p. 268): yý, 'ýy. " j 9-LP C 980) of. S chawi, Daw' vol. II no. 185- ) 981) For ý! '"9Jl (i. e. =A01 see Tunkt, 1,5fjaia al ruvsannifln vol. I pp. 313-4. 79" 982) of. Sakhrawi, Daw' vol. VI no. 1 see 30; Ibn xajar, 'Inb3:. 983) Für these places Ibid., vol. VI p. fol. 308b. ' 984) of. Sakhäw'i, Daw' vol. III tio. 139- 985) cf. Ibid., no. 1075" . (Arab (I 107): 986) in Lisän al - p. (d. 842/ 1438 ) of- Sak-}iaht, 987) This is q., zW1(SL;, J1 CL,. Daw' vol. VI no. 729. 56. j 988) In Lisän al-(Arab (XIV p. 208): ýs L4 9: 43 989) cf. Sa3häwi, Daw' vol. II no. 914; Ibn al-'Imäd, OP. cit., vol. VII pp. 220-2; GAL., supp. vol. II pp. 254-5. 990) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. VII no. 470 991) IX 30 ShawkTh op. cit., vol. II p. 214, c f. Ibid.. vol. , no. ; , Zirikl. op. cit., vol. VII pp. 179-80; GAL., vol. II P; 173,8UP . vol. II p. 222. 992) For ( Li Jy3 lsee supra, section III p. 122 ih. 714. of. also Daw' vol. IV p. 108. 993) For CS9_l see Su ra, section III p. 143 fn"818" 994) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VII no. 457. 995) Daw' (XI p. 224) 278 Oor this city see Tagw1m p. 996) 1. of. Su ra, section I p. . 997) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. II no. 619. 164-5; 998) of. Ibid., no. XI no. 144; Shawkänl, ON cit., vol. I p. GAL., vol. II pp. 15-7, supp., vol. II pp. 6-9- 999) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 43- 1000) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 721. 1001) cf. Ibid., vol. I p. 50 1002) This is of. Ibid., vol. III no. 198. 1003) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 547- ä9ý Ci'. (; Leas! (d-803/1400) 1004) This is jyý U %.p' -. cf. Su ra, section III PP. 36-7. 57" 1005) (D. 838/1429) of. Supra, section III p. 169 1006) of. Sakk aw3, Ipaw' vol. III no. 868. 1007) of. Su r1, Section III In. 495- 44 v 1008), In Daw' (VIII no. 770) Sa c} äw3 says: (ý--- 1009) For his biography see Ibid., vol. II no. 471- 1010) (d. 842/1438) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1074. 1011) (d. 843/1439) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1004- 1012) fol. 315b. of. Ibn Hajar, Inbä' , " 1013) of. Sakh7iw!, Daw vol. VIII no. 121; Ibn al-'Ir d, OP. cit., vol. VII pp. 228-9. 1014) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 309. t ävýall UP l ,1t "aý 1015) Ramzi(N '. 'vol. IX P" 333 no. 4)= 1t 1 CsJ"o 1;ý 1 "!, J I t, JA.. Jt 1yß -ß "".! »' -+ý ist äc 1ý=.ý3º L ý, ýs ... L c.:. " t: P.0 LC' Pv l9 .. j. ý . t J ys la ýC- t' s: 1016) of. Sakh'ßw3, vol. IX no. 439"' 1017) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 154. = 1018) cf. ' Ibid. no. 344. 0 1019) of. Ibid vol. IV no. 302 ý 1020) i. e. p. j%az:; e, 1021) of. Sakhä.wi, Daw' vol. IV no. 302. Z vol. I p. 215. 1022) cf. Ibid. vol. I p. 215. ; Ibn Tapr2 Bizti12, nhal..., 293- 1023) Ibn Ta; M nhal..., '. I p. cf. *hrl"Birdl, -vol. 1024) of. Sa äwi, Daw' vol. V no. 381- 1025) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 381 1026) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 3138. 5©. L 19. 1027) This is c3,- UJ- 2iJ % CS ,l of. Ibid., IV no. 1028) 320a. term trans. cf. Ibn Hajar, Inba' al-g, humr fol. The al-1attI, the Sultan or the King. of. Qalgashandr, op. cit., vol. V p. 322. 1029) This al-Z&hir Jaqmaq (d. 857/1453) of. Surira. cection I p. © fn. 2. 635 1030) (d. 840/1436) cf. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. III no. 1031) (d. 858/1454) of. Ibid., no. 1017. 1032) (d. 841/1437) of. Ibid., no. 230 also Infra p. 197. 1033) (d. 846/1442) of. Infra p. 226. A4. 1034) Acco to Dozy (Supp. II pP" 491-2) s( cý 1J Lr"ý C t. s-:^ýi iVi `cs ist ý. "_.-ý c9;;9 Leýl 6 (edo by fawn cf. In; -a' al-fhumr vol. I p. 16 Cn. Habashl, Cairo, 1389/1969). 1035) FAM (vol. I p. 282) : ""'.13 of. also Dozy, supp. p. 246. i Lýj I 10.36) This is : C9ý J' L? Cý'ýý. 10 of. Sakhdwi, Daw' vol. VI no. 731. b37) ) ibid., no. 795- l This is 9sr cS. t' l lx, of. . ýý-l 1038) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1051- 1039) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 1051. 3. 1040) For this school see Ramzi, No vol. IX no. 1041) of. Sakhtwi, Taw' vol. V no. 320. 1042) 1,", id (III 1455) Ls ar-7aa p. ýi .ý-d 393" of. also Qa1gaRhhandro. cit vol. IV p. 681. 1043) cf. Sa, wr, Daw' vol. IX no. 1044) of. Ibid vol. VI no. 848. a 59 27- 1045) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 294; Ibn T lün, qud11t Dimat q no. 1046) cf. Sakhäwi, Davy' vol. III no. 1207. 1047) cf. Ibid., no. 938- 1048) For see Ramzi, N vol. IX p. 199 fn"1" 1049) of. Sakhäwl, Daw'. vol. VII no. 165. 1050) of. Ibid. vol. I p. 218. 1 1051) Known as cf. Ibid vol. I p. 311- 1052) of. Ibid. vol. III no. 1. 1053) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 593- 1054) (III 1 1-Tar-asid p. 1457) (C4 ý>> Li- ý J3'ß G-ý' of. also Q algaabandi op. cit vol. IV P. 349-- 1055) of. SaýYawi, Daw! vol. V p. 474- 1056) of. Supra. Section III P. 171- 1057) of. Sa fi7aw!, vol. VI no. 819. 1058) of. Ibid. vol. IX no. 280. 1059) cf. Ibid., vol. V no. 479. (i. the Zayyanida) 1060) A Berber Sultän whose family e. 'Abd a1-'rdida or I 92ff. who ruled in Tilimsän in Morocco. cf. EIZ vol. p. 1061) cf. Srakhäwi, Daw' vol. I p. 292. (article by R. Strothmann). 1062) For See EI1 vol. IV pp. 1196-8 1063) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. V no. 1071. 1064) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 477. Ibid.. 1065) This is Gj . (SAwl cf. vol., IV no. 739. 1066) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 680. R. 4; "w" n^TWa: mPr, ^°T'pqN. pw"°, ^F'"4w"n'm"x! 'sm^. """^'sn"R^A ___. 60. 1067) of. Ibid., no. 121. 1068) of. Ibid., vol. XII no. 89. " fa kind 1069) plural of '-7-"' name of certain of ship of. Dozy vol. II pp. 204-5- 1070) i. e. From Genoa in Italy. lýx ý.. 1071) for Wt! Ii., p l: &bL; (d. 858/1454) and u - X 604. (d"840/1444) see Sakhi. wi Daw' vol. III no. 1017, no. 1072) This is (d. 860/1463) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 155. ý. LJi; $ wi 1. ý 1073) TagwTm (p. 382) ti ý"t ý L.t.;; ý 7t e) " 's ý; V( o P. (It., vol. V p. 350" 1074) 1br ---= sea Qalga-hand!, 1075) 1ý9i Taowim p. 384. For - see T 1076) of. Sakhl. wi, Daw' vol. VI no. 500. p. 262. 1077) For Martath see Abü-dLl-Fid .' Tagwlm al-buldin 1078) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 754 1079) of. Tacw'im p. 132 ' 1080) of. Dozy, supp. vol. II p., 53" 1081) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 5215. 1082) of. Ibid., vol. I p. 251-2. 1083) cr. Ibid., vol. VII. no. 229. V 343 1084) of. Qalga1handi, o p. cit., vol. P. 78. 1085) of. Sa 1086) of. Ibid., Vol. no. 203. 409- 10P7) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 214 fn. 1189. 1088) (d. 844/1440) cf. Infra p. 1027. 1089) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. III no. 61. 1090) cf. Ibid., vol. IV no. 343. cf. Ibn Tarhri Birth, a1-Nuj m (Dir ed) vol. Xrpp. 317-0. 1091) Ace. to Nuiüm (Loc. cit) this Balllgq was written by Ibn Mawl; hum. (Loc. Cy. l 11 1092) cit äu)_ c ý' C.s l3A, crýS" ýi "ý.t"c. . ,t " .". Ace. to Dozy I 114 ý.. d pl., supp. p. ; .)t, 1093) cf. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. X no. 292. 1094) of. Su ra, Section III p. 18 fn. 123. I st 1095) is %ý'i ' ý? %ý1.9") ("1..: J This is ýý ý `: . of. Sakh-. wr, Dawl vol. II no. 828. VC (f 1. ý ý'. ýý awl 1096) This is Uý--}P ßr-.; "" of. Ibid., vol. II no. 999. Fahd 'Ithxf II 1097) of. Magriz3, Sulük.., fol. 65a.; Ibn , al-wart vol: fol. 220. j Daw' III 147 no. 147, 1098) Also called U_°j9 CS_, cf. Sakhäwl, vol. p. 1099) The exact reading of this word is uncertain. ý 1100) FAM (vol. I p. 204), 'ý 1101) of. Sakh3wi, Daw' vol. XI p. 261. 1102) This is of. Ibid., vol. III no. 702. I 1103) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1173. 820. 1104) (d. 808/1405) of. Ibid., vol., III no. I 1105) This is ý.ý/J C... "-- (d. 824/1421) of. Ibid., no. 288,289. .. 3.99., LIJ I 1106) This is 3_a (d. 824/1421) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 1025. 62. III 121. 1107) This is al-Zähir Tatar (d. 824/1421) cf. Supra Section p. 1108) This is (S cf. Salkhäw3 Daw' Vol . III P#9* 1109) of. Magrizi, Sulük, fol. s 65b, 76a-b. VII. 1110) of. Sakhüwi, Daw' vol. I pp. 138-145; Ibn al-'Imäd op. cit., vol. II p. 238; Shawkäni, op. cit., vol. I pp. 28-30; CAL., supp. vol. P"72. 1111) of. Sakhawi, law' vol. XI p. 271- 1112)' cf. lbid., vol. VII no. 553" 1113) (also 0V) Plural of Cý yo called ) In Subh (V p. 465) Q algashandI says: u' Y I ,R ýý>° 1114) of. Magrizi, L11utat vol. III pp. 156-8. vol. VII9 1115) of. Sakhäwi, Dativ' IX no. 751, Ibn al-'Imäd OP- nit., vol. 260-3- pp. 241-2, Shawkäni, OP. cit., vol. II pp. law' IV no. 466. 1116) Known as &. 1 of. Sekt?iwi, Vol- 1117) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 118. (d. Su 11 1118) This is al-'Ashraf Barsabäy 841/1437) of. rx, station p. 110 ih. 2. 1119) cf. Sakh7,wi, Daw' vol. VI no. 115- . by 1120) Sing trans., desyple. cf. also article LURID M. Pressner in EI1 vol. III p. 735" 719- 1121) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VIII no. (6). 1122) V--- Ramzi, N, vol. X p. 319-20 For , see 1048- 1123) of. Sa 7awi, Ikaw' vol. III no. 86a/1457ý 1124) This is 1 4. Jý gis Cam; ý.ýý (d. ý_i y! -, r: _. . . " Ibid. ' V.01. VIIIno. cf. , vol. lbt3. 63 1125) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 407- 1/. (d. 823/1420) Supra" Section III 1126) This v LAs 4r". 4c C1;f% 0 cf. p. 118 fn. 679. 1127) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 1048- 1128) of. Ibid., no. 154. 1129) cf. Ibid., vol. II no. 1005. 1130) cf. Ibid., vol. III no'. 221. > 1131) This is (3 "0 f' CS . cft Ibid., no. 830. 1132) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 885. 1133) of. Ibid., vol. XI p. 274. 1134) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 68-9. 1135) (d'. 862/1457) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1212. 1136) of. Ibid., no. 976. 653" 1137) (d. 840/1444) cf. Ibid., IV no. 1138) 4s WI See Ibn WahTn, Zubda.. p. 27- Für ;ß-1J1 10121 1139) (d. 843/1439) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. II no. 1140) of. Ibid., no. 1074. jd., III no. 147, D"31" 1141) Also calledC'slflý ci'" I, vol. (P"45)ýý%"s'u' 1142) In Qalä id al-Jumän 1143) i. e. 1144) i. e. L4 L:; ý Ip c5 jI c"3ý 1 ý 1145) This is fp Li I, (4 sal Daw' vol. II no. 100. . 843/1439) of. aws, 64. 1146) For these cities see Maräsid vol. I p. 261, III pp. 1225,1236; 6. Ramzl, N, vol. VI p. 39 fn. - 1147) Of. Sakhävii, Daw' vol. VII no. 630- 1148) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 808. 1149) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 214, vol. VIII no. 215; Ibn al-'Icrad, OP. cit.; vol. VII pp. 243-5; GAL. vol. I pp. 383-3. 1150) of. Sakhawl, Daw' vol. VII no-7; Dhayl Raf'al-isr, fold. 48b-52b. 1151) of. Sakhäwl, Daw' vol. X no. 1062. "l Tbid, 1152) Enown also as cf. , Vol., II no. 236. 1153) of. Ibid., vol .V no. 830- Duayat 1154) of. Ibid., vol. V p. 14, X no. 937; Ibn al-Dayba', al- mustafid fi 'akhbär madinat ZabId Sol. 37b. 1155) of. SakhäiI, Daw' vol. III no. 324. ' `,-cit., VI 6, 1156) Built in 832/1428. cf. 'Mubärak, op. vol. p. also Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. III no. 326. 1157) cf. Ibid., vol. V -no. 800. ` 1)58) of. Ibid., no. 740. ' (also 1159) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 1089. For the term al-mushidd named 95" al-Shadd, trans., superintendents) see Popper op. ott., P. II 145 fn. 1 1160) of. S_upra, section p. :. 1161) of. Sakh7iwi, Daw' vol. VII no 193. l &-I 'cf. Ibid., VIII no. 390. 1102) Kriown as I C5. vol. " 1163) II 49" of. Ibid., vol. P. "` - I '1012 1164) This is giiýýfl of. Ibid vol. II no. 65* 1165) cf. Ibid., no. 1009. 1166) cf. Supra III , section p. 206. 1167) This is (. p W1 of. Ibid., vol . IV no. 31. 1168) cf. Ibid., vol. X no. 1132. 1169) (d. 851/1447) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 1145. 1170) For o-,, see Ramzi, N, vol. IX p. 14 fn. 13 1171) This is a Fätimid Wazir (495-556/1101-1161). See article Talhit by J. Walker in EI1 vol. IV pp. 635-6. 1172) Equivalent to (Known before Sak a"wl'a ago ant 1 and 254; Ralgashand=. o2. cit., III Of . SuyutI, Husn vol. II p. 1vol. p. 361; Ibn al-(Imäd; Shadharät vol. IV P-154- 1173) For this mosque,, see Popper, op. cit.,, p. 25. 1174) For this Mosque Ramz1 N, -vol. p. 333- see _IX, 378. 1175) For see PamzT, N, VI P. (d. 1176) Possibly 'Ahmad b. Muhammad.b. 'A mad Ibn Tail 842/1438). See Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 236. rtoý-Aý/Lý? (d. 885/1447). Cf. Tbfd. 1177) Author refers 'ItE&t__D ; v vol. III no. 547" c 1178) Ibid. I ' 282-88. =- s` cf. , vol. pp. 1179) 887. of. Ibid., vol. V no. .. "" fI tZrlkb al-madlEria, 1180) cf. Ibid., no. 869, al-Nu'aymI, al-Däria - '. vol. I pp. 293-4" , 1181) cf. Sakhawi, Daw' pp. 253-4- III 45" 1182) Für this mosque, see Ibid., vol. p. r- 66: 1183) of. Ibid., vol. II no. 391. 1184) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 27- 1185) This is (d. 861/1456) of. Ibid., vol. IX no. 727.. 1186) -cf. Ibid., vol. VII no. 393" 1187) of. Supra p. 208 no. 1156. 1188) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. VIII no. 629; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII pp. 254; Shawknl, op. cit., vol. II pp. 232-3- 1189) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 656; Ibn Hajar, Raf'al-iqr... vol. I pp. 111-2. 1190) cf. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. II no. 90. 1191) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 648. r 1192) of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 939- 1193) FAM (IV p. 202) &EW 1194) This is Cf. Sakhaw3, law' vol. X no. 712. 1195) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 155" 1196) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 327. } 1197) For this school see Ibid., p. 83. 64 1198) Für this work see Supra, section I p. fn-2 1199) of. Loc. cit. 1200) (d. 885/1480) see Sath'awi, vol. X no. 1077- ": 1201) SakhZwi, referred hero to al-Nahm Ibn, Fthdo ofo h is history . II fol. 236. Ithäf al warft . vol. 1202) of. Sakhawr, Daw' vol., V no. 225- 1203) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 609. 1204) I27. cf. Ibid., vol. IX no. 67. 1205) cf. Ibid., vol. VIII no. 671. 1206) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 705- 1207) cUi; III 1015. For , see arid vol. p. 1208) "cf. Snkh7N3, Daw' vol. V no. 198. " 1209) cf. Ibid., vol. III no. 920, Tibr. p. 26. 1210) of. Idem, Daw' vol. XI p. 273. 1211) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 614- 1212) of. Su ra, Section II pp. 136 fn-5 31 1213) of. SakhawI, Daw' vol. -IV no. 419; Tibr.. P. 1214) of. Idem, Daw' vol. III no. 805, Tibr.. p. 25- fol. 38b. 1215) of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. II no. 962; Ibn al-Dayba), omit., Tibr.. 35. 1216) (d. 855/1451) cf" Saichäw1, Dar' vol. III no. 1015; P. 1217) cf. Tibr p. 36. 28. op. cit. 1218) For aasr al-shamC, see Ibn Khalil, Zubda p. Q algashandI vol. III p. 319- 52 (h. 7 1219) For Cs ill .!)l see Supra section I p. 1220) cf. Sakh! zwi, Wajis, ss pp. 18-9 ! n. 4. II fol. 2459 1221) For them see Ibn Fahd, 'Ithaf al-warn vol. 1222)cf. Sakhtwl, Daw' vol. VIII no. 548- LI 1223) (X 1) Ranzl e) 4 In Nujüm P-179 fn. eayat .4&4I: .UI ý. (ý Lý. v1... ýl I r. £ 9t: I ý ý ' " -+ . ew- J""ý. y.: 1224) cf. Sakhäwrl, Paw' vol. 111 no. 22I: 1225) cf. Ibid., vol. V no. 50. [. 13aw' IX no. 164. 1226) Knoten also as ') c£. SakhäwI, vol. 1227) p. 116. For , see Tagwlr 60. 1223) cf. Snlcl awl, Dow' vol. IX no. 450. 1229) of. Ibid., no. 532. 1230) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 136. 1231) Ibid. 66. of. , vol. IV no. 259; 1232) of. Ibid., no. 570; Ibn al-"Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. Zirikll, op. cit., vol. IV p. 140" 1233) of. 5atrawI, Daw' vol. IV no. 357- 1234) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 263. 1235) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 505- Iiaw' III 133- 1236) Für Ta,rhrI Birdl and hic school, see Saabäwi, vol. no. 1237) cf. Sakhawl, Daw' vol. II no. 1060. 239- 1238) of. Supra,, section III p. 209; EI2 vol. II p. 1239) of. Sakhawi, Daw' vol. VIII no. 338" them, 1240) Author refers to the Kniihte of St. John. For nee Ru r1, section II p. 112 f . 1. 1241) Für see Inbä' fol. 262a. Yalqüb (038-873/1434-1460). 1242) Author refers to King Ibn l0üs1 of. Suprat section II p. 111 fn. 3. 4. 1243) Author refers toý'L ºPti! known as , of. Sakhäwi, Daw' vol. X no. 939. ' .10 of 1244) Sakhäwi in Dawl (II no. 16)s C/.:%1ýýJ t5'ß :AJ (d-036/1434)- V 473- 1245) i. e. The Patriarch of. Qalga handL ON cit vol. p. 1246) 1247) of. Sakhäwi, 'Pibr pp. 71-2. 69. 1240) ($ ý9"' I ; SrDU )1 CJ lit::. This is - --"-ý' 't (}ý-1º-ý' º cf. SalýhäwT, Dnw' vol. VI no. 039. For the term Ct`-'' J+Y QSýýýü1 (ain,., of trans., ýj4. ) Boo QAlgaphandi vol. V p. 456. 1249) of. Salb -awl, Tihr pp. 71fl. 1250) Sra}3wI referred here to Ibn 11ajar's two verses# J: ý % i-----, ý: jsL; 15.0La > J. sý.. c%. ºs ý. -... ý i i,., ýý, ý-- "L LL cf. DawI vol. X no. 1244; also Ibn al-'Imäd, or. cit., vol. VII p. 261. 1251) of. Sa. zºd1, paw, vol. X no. 75- 1252) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 691 Ibn al-'IrMdr OP. cit., vol. iVII p. 260. w /I 9a1gcuJ! VI 20 1253) For the term (.: U.---*ll " see rand2, or). cit. vol p. 1254) paw I (XI p. 209) lD I (i. e. ; t.=- 1255) cf. Ibid., vol. I pp. 201-2. 1256) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 159. 1257) of. it bid., vol. VII no. 394. 1258) of. Ibid., vol. III no. 735- 1259) of. Ibid., vol. X no. 972. 1260) Idom Th p. 07- of. , ,. 1261) (f=-1 Jl trnns. Warden of the armoury. Popper p. 93. 1262) Aco., to Lis""n al-'Arab (IV p. 259) possibly (trans. certain kind of ship) is as colloqual usage for 1263) of. SakhawI, Tibr pp. E37-9" 70 j jj J? (6 1264) Sakh:lw1 in Daw' (XI p. 221)s % O9 /i Ct---ýi l> > yl. &s 1265) See D. Ayalon, btudies on the structure of the Uunlük army''articlo i ß30AS# 19540 63,68. 1266) cf. Wajiz" SS, P-15- 1267) (d. 055/1451) see Sath w1 Daw' vol. X no. 604. 1268) There are several viowo on doss tion of the term Für them see the article 'A$far by I. Coldziherr and the references given by him. EI2 vol. I pp. 687-8. of. also article iim by Franz iiabinger, EI1 vol. II pp. 1174-5- 1269) of. SaU14, Tibr.. pp. 98-9" (d. 1270) Sakhäwl referred here to al-Najm Ibn pahd 005/1480) of., his history; Itr? 1f al-Warä vol. II fol. 257. 1271) of. op. cit p. 102. 1272) of. SakhäwI, Daw' vol. IX no. 405- 1273) (d"877/1472) cf. i, bimst., vol. V no. 464. 1274) This is 11 0.0 Known as ?IV. (d-897/1491)- SakhawT says, 1 CL I rs l9 L.. V -ß%r. 1275) (d. 54/674) of. Ziriki!, opo cit., vol. II p. 290 1276) of. Sakh7iwl, Dnw' vol. X no. 241. 263. 1277) of. Ibid., vol. VII no. 57; Ibn al-'IrLd, op. elt., vol. VII p. 1278) of. SakJj wT, Daw' vol. IV no. 449- 1279) of. Ibid., vol X no. 1242. z Cý 1 1280) 7)aw' (XI 224) L)lL > .. u, ý jr . p. ýf 00 71. 1281) cf. Sa}_iäwl, pawl vol. II no. 209; Ibn al-'Imäd, op. cit., vol. VII p. 264. 1202) of. Su ra, section III p. 235. 1283) of. Sa.rl'awi, lxiw' vol. V no.. 54. 1284) of. Ihid., vol. VI no. 986. 1285) For the, term Yhlwäja see Qalgashand3, op. oit vol. VI p. 131 Dozy vol. I p. 410- 12136) cf. Sathawi, paw' vol. VIII no. 429" 1287) of. Ibid., vol. IV no. 653- 1280) of. Surrt, section III p. 204. 1289) lbr Diwän' al-Jay¢h see f unzf, No vol. XII p. 279 th. 1. I" 1290) of, Sakhäwl, Daw' vol: III no. 633- 1291) This is lS L, J IJJ, ý,j, s c3 -. of. Ibid., vol. VI no. 597" 1292) For this school, see I_., p. 176. 1293) Aco. to Sa1_häwl(n1w' vol. X no. 1109) al-Sharif al- Tabbän'I, dtsd in 027/ 1423 " Most probably this is not tbo one mentioned in the text. 1294) This of. Ii., vol. VII no. 12. ä! 1295) pl. of of. Dozy vol. II pp. 401-2. 1296) of. Sakh3wr, Tihr pp. 124-6. I bid 126-7. 1297) of. "' pp" 1298) of. Idom, aaw' vol. VII no. 3411 Ibn &I-11c M, op. nit., vol. VII p. 265. 1299) of. SnkJFäwl, Dnw' vol. IX no. 135- 1300) of. Ibid.,. vol. XI p. 265" 1301) of. I`., vol. VIII no. 641. 72. 1302) of. Ibid., vol. XI no. 194" 1303) cf. Ibid., vol. IX no. 306. 1304) of. Ibid., vol. V no. 240. Ir1 (r CP"' ' CJ' 1305) This Is C1' ... (d. 037/1433)" of. Ibil., vol. XI no. 458- 1306) cf. Ibid,, I PP"303-6. 1307) cf. Ibid., vol. XI no. 240- 1300) of. Ibid., vol. I pp. 324-5. 1309) of. Su ra, section III P-15- 1310) cf. ' Salcht wl, Dnw' vol. X no.. 1089. 1 10 1311) is L:. 1 I CSý"D (&J IGS ylstý lv This . VS /ý tý " (d. Known ne >>ý. 'ý1i 065/1460) see Ibid., vol. II no, 1080. 00 0* t) % 1 J» 1312) This Is $. (ý _) .f%. ___ Ibid., vol. VI no. 779. 1313) See Ibid., vol. IV no. -32. 1314) (d. 850/1446) see I_ ti., vol. X no. 1140. I, Ad BIBI LI(XIRAPIT 9 73 RI3Br,20C AF,N `Abdulbadi', Lutfl, irSlh Fihris al-m11htütrýt ßl-mu m zx.ýra vol. I t; , part 1, al-Surma al-: 2hu=. ;iadiyya Prass, Cairo 1956. Ibn ¶Abdulsa1, a1-Bidr al-17i1K rºin a1- .v' a1-lrzi `, I'M, rof. nct. 133. 'Abdulltlf, IbrähL , Wathlgat Istibdltl, artiolo in Majallat Vullay-Itt Al-AM, vol. II p. 1-20, Cairo 1960. Alderson, A. D., The Strretum of they 0110" I" dvnatsty, Oxford, 1956. Ahlwardt, 17.# Verzoichnis dor arabischen handschriften dor )5nig1. Bibliothek Zu Berlin. Tai. I-X Berlin 1537tf. Annemarie Sohiruhal, }: alit Und Xadi op itr ittolal-torlichon A=tcn, article in Die ? elt des I31funa, 1943. Ibn 'Arab f äh, (Ajalb al-=Zgdt IT itkhb'r i'ay».", Iro ZZ", t, 1285/1869. Awwruäd,KQrkls, Jawla fl dür al-}tub al-1jir5kiyya, %jtat proga, Bap-hd:d 1951. 74 1Ayalon, D., The Circassians in the ?.Kým1ük Kinrdomiartiole in Jans 69 (1949), Pn. 135-147. Do Le re, *irnent Baiw1ya dans 1'ara'o ".amelouke, article in RcI, pp. 133-41. A1-1. ydarüsi, 'Abdulgädir Ibn Shaykh a1-'Aydar7, s, al-N r al-s7afir an akhb-ar al garn al=äshir, Ed., by M., Rashid a1-Saff9r, Baghdäd 1353/1934. Al-'Ayni, al-Badr M hnüd, al-Bawd al-'ätir fl sirat a1-ia1ik al-Zähir rd., by H. Lznost, Cairo 1962. Ibn 'Ayyüb, al-Rawl a1=ätir fi ma tayysara min akhbär ahl al-qarn al-täsit i1ä al-garn al=äshir (LM), Tilbingen ref. 9836. Al-Baghdädi, Ismäil, Kitäb'Idah al-riaknün fl dhayl`alä Kashf al-zunün 2 vols., Istanbul, 1945-1947/1364-1366. A1-Baý; hdädi, Safiyy al-din, Abdulrahzän b. 'Abdulhacýq, Maräsid al-Ittilä< Barnämaj al-Maktaba a1=Abdaliyya, 2 vols., Tunisia 1326-7 A. H. 75 Bertold Spulor, Tho riua1m V7or1d, trnnolntod Sro; x Corwin into I: nClich by F. ß. B. Aglcy, Loidon 1960. . Bosworth, C. L., Tho Ialürnic Dynaatica, Tho Univornity Proaa, EdinburCh 1967. Broclcolmann C., Goschichto der Arabicchon Litoraturo, 2volc. (2nd od. ) Supplomnt, 3vola., (Iat od. ) Loidon, 1937-49. Al-Dhahabb, M., b. hhmad, Duwr1 nl-? rte 2vola., t 'irat al- Natarii, Hayda? aVad 1337/1918. 1)arrä j, &ºh?ad, ý{l-rý. ý ä1iSc wa al-Aýir: tt I' al- 1tr: i pro lro 1961. al-railadi, Där al-Filer ul=Arabl sC . 'Al! Ibn al-Dayba c' bdulrahmün b. b.. 21., ßur, hyat al-riustaf d tl a'thbiir A:acinrxt Br. 32 y. r: ua. 'rot. or. Doftori hl! tUp1 flnooi 'A it Etoridi, Iaianbul, 1306. Doftori I,'1LÜph;. noni Ilya ; ofia, I tibul 13014. H. Doronbourg, , Loa rinnuaarita Araboa, Do Lºoccurial Dbcrita, 3 voll., Paria 1884, I903ºI939. 7G Da Slane, 1:. r. ;,*,. Le. . 1653-1595. C.1tý1. o'rw :, Is :S Dozy, R., : 'roiaiSý: t D1 iris? a 1rmbos, 2 voles. , o St: nnls^, sum .4in . 'tition, L3ydo, Paris 1967. aanlop. DM.", ic: woa 1971. Ar1b civilization to AD15C0ý IGýs" The Encvoi. o»aodia of Is7. nn, 1sß e4"rL°ýý°= 1954+-. The ? ncvc1o11zedi: I of Isle. Novi cd,, 14iden Ibn 2ah3, al-\aj , Itnnf al-warä bi-a rbär ri. FikN. at Library rot. 2 I3al: la. i raha, aI-ýi'at? i, " 1347. Lhhz a1-a1i z, al-Tawfic? Prass, Da:. scws, Al-Fä, si, Tagiyy al-dTr., ä. by Shims' al-balg» a+-hm.: ^, ad., s 1964. ra lin. rd i'l,: sta: zfald, I' aya; ^3ss, of 2n, -tzxiý-h al-ba: rd al-'ß.:. Do al-'iod al-tharin (VOID. (vol. I), : 1nlad Sayy. "d by Taq! Oa., "M. (Vol. a :,: hl vi:. 10, 11 ý` vii) L'.: a. ,: ud , .:; al-;,: uhamnadiyya 2'ras3, Ciro, 1953-1969. v? F.yrüjäb aT, raja al-din, l'ross,, al-Tar rausal-muht, 4 vols., al-5a'Z4a Cairo 1332/1913. Abu `Imäd a1-Fidä; al-din 11. b. t Ismäil, Tagwlma1-bulden ed.,, by J. T. Roinaud and M. do Slane, Pari: 184v . Fibris I":itäb CAr1bi, Catnlo. ^iioof Arnb1o Tholes in tho R,-uirur Library 1902. Fihrist al-Kutub a1-Mahfüza bi-al-Y. utubkhlna a1-Kihid1wiyya n1-11isriyya, Cairo 1862. Fibrin Xl-Kutub nl-m, hfu-za bi-Ixir al-Kutub al-1iinrlyya Li-[; häyat shahr SQptembor1925v II-VI, Cairo 1345/1926- 1348-1934. Fihrist 1.alctabat Qawala, 4 volo., Dar al-Kutub al-mioriyyl, Cairo 1931-1933. i 78 Flügol, C., Die Arabischen, peri©chen und türkischen H.ý. ndschriften"der irnisel-YSnirl. liofbihliothok 7,u Wien. I; d. 1-3 17ion 1865-1n67. Al-G1iazzi, Najm al-din al-Kawkib al-Säira bi-aCyän al-mi)a al-'athira 3 vols., ed., by Jibra'Tl Sulaymän Jabbür, Amorican Prosa, I3oirut, 1945-1959" A1-Ghazzi, Taqiyy al-din b. 'Abdulgidirs a1-Tabloýtt al-Sanivya fi-taräjin al-hanafiwa vol. I ed by 'Abdulfattäh al-a'. hthamaad al-Iiulü, Cairo, 1390/1970. Ibn Hajar, Ahmad b. 'Ali al-rA3galäni, al-Durar al-Ka-mina fl-aCy n al-mi'a al-tj%ina, vole,, FA., by it. Sayyid Judd al-hagq, Cairo 1966. 0 Do by nid`Abdulnaj4d, Raft al-isr 'an qudi'Lt micr , ed., } M. al-biahdl Abt Sina and 1d., Ißaia'i1 a1-Säwi, l7aanrat al-tarbiya, Cairo 1957. h i 79 6 Do 'inbal al-Ghurr fi J silt31 al-tu. "x vol. 1 ed., by 1faszn IfabarUS, 'Add. Dar al-tai, rir, Cairo, 1369/1969 , MS. Br. 2 ua., rof. 23,330. Häj ji Khallfa, i:ustafä b. Abdulläh, bätib Jalabl al-tustantint, Kashf al-Zunün Fui as al-Kutub by al-funtln, 17azarat al-rna«ärif a1-Turki; ya Press, Iotanbu1,1360-1362. ¶Abd Hakim '.A n a1-Sayyid, Dxmlat 3l-: »ti. 512k al-thZniya, Dar al-Kutub, Cairo 1306/1967. N'nd1ist of rvºntiscrint ih the Library of ' rif ljtkri t, Madina. Al-HAnball, `Abdulhayy, Ibn a1-tInäd Shadharät al-dhrhab fl a hbnr man dhahab, C vols., flaktabat al-qudai, Cairo, 1350-1. Al-}Ii ärß It:ustafä, al-'Im Zra al-Ta'iyya f2-biltd al-rhiZm in the 13th and late century A. A. (Thesis, American Un., Bei: ut, 1969. ) Al-HusaynY, Nuzhat al-11wa bahjat al-nasrai t" wa al-haivazir, 7 vols., ist ed., Haydadäbäd, 1371-1378/1951-1959" A1-lijt,, 'Mud al-Drn, Tuhfat al-faq r i1ä sähib a1-3arir P. F.oconthal translation in his work 'A history of ?utin Hintorio-rarhy, 2nd e$., Leiden, 1968). k 80` ' CInän; 14.CAbdu1l -ah, J:isr al-isln, niyya tira-tarihb al-hhutat, 2nd ed., Cairo 1969. Do L:u'arrikhü Misr a1-is1 miyya, Cairo, 1969. Ibn'Iyäs b. , M. Nzmad Bad iii' n1-zuhür fi mnnfi'i4 ni. eulzür, 2nd odi. tion, volc. III, IV, V by M. Aiuotafä, CIsü al-bibs al-Iialabl Prosa, Cairo 1960-1963/1379-1383. A1-Jaiirr, `AbdulgFdir, Durar a1-Fativä'id a1-t unazzama IT a! bar al-hajj wa turuq Prosa, 1acca a1-mu'azzama, al-Salafl. yya , Cairo 1304/1929" Ibn al-Jazari, Gh'yat al-nihäya fl tabagit al-glirr 12 vols., od. by G. Berrstraossor, al-Sa(Ma Presa, Cairo 1351/1429" Kahhäla, Umar ßidä, 'lºl al-nisä' fVüla.. nay al-'Arab ua al-.. s1aM, 5 vo1a., 2nd od. al-i. ashiniyya Pross, Damascus, 1377/19513. ärabjy Do J.:u'' jam al-mu'llifin, tartjim r:ucarziitI al-kutub a1 in 15 vols., a1-Taragqi Pross, Dazai can 1376/1957-1381/1961. %, .. i_ »e., f- an K, n , pa, P- .. aý. ý 'w . ý". `r, _ ýF'yi'"-'M"`S+Pn^ýn 81 , Kar, ia1r, 'Ilm al-Numayyät D ; hdäd, 1939. CAbd Al-}: attäni, M., 'Abdul4ayy b. al Xalir al-Idriai, Fahras al-faharis via al-'athb«t wa rullýjam al-nac5jim via al-mashy Khalil b. Shähin al-4 hiri, C"h,aras al-din, Zubdat 1 ashf al-mare lik via bayän al-turuq tra al-masalik ed. by P. Ravaisse, al-Jumhuriyya 'rocs, Paris, 1094, (reprinted 1967). tAjäj " Y.hatib 11., 'U01 al-iiadith, Där al-Fikr al-HadIth, Lebanon, 1967. Köp'rülüzada ISohmed PaSä KütübhanoV d©fteri, Istanbul. Labib, Subhl, 1 Egyptian Corn orcial Policy in tho ' iddlo :. Soa. (Locturo dolivord in tho Cöntoronco on tho Economic History of tho Aiiddlo Ea. t, School of Oricntal ýe African Studioo, July 1967. Lane-Pool, . 'i'hn Story of Cstiro, London 1902. I' s 82 Lubab al-macärif al-Cilmiya fi maktabat D:tr al-'Ulwn al- isiZ r lya, Por2,atiarni fihrict I: utub, 1\ aýror, 0. J. Lowin, Bornnrd, Tho OriCinn of Ianä'ilinim, Cnrabridao, I940. Ibn Mäja, Sunan Ibn J ja, 2 vols., od., by I.T. 'Abdulb3gI, Dar Ihyä1 al-Kutub al-CArabiyya, 1372/1952. Ibn Manzür, M. b. J.,:ukram, Lis-an al-CArab, 20 parts in 10 vo1w es, lot ed., 2)&1 q, Cairo 1300-1307. 2Sagrrzi, 'Ahr d b. `Ali, A1-Ihutat al-m. zgriziyya, j volo., al-SBhil al-janübr Prooa, al-shayyah, Libanon, 1959. al-Sulük li-raCrifat duwal nl-culiu, LZ, CabridÜo University rof. Qq. 41. ' f/L1l J ubärak, , al-Mutet a1-Tawlicliyya, 20 parts in 4 vole., ßä1äq 130x. a 7" Al-Wayrii, 'Abdulg7,dir, 1 2 by Ja4far al- Al-Doris tdrik,,,11 al-mad .ria, vols., cd., hasani, Da.naccus 1948,1951" Polisk, A. No London 1939" Peudalisim -in E ypt snd Syria oto., popper, We ' Circn3t inn Sultans, (Univ. r, qypt -nd Syria underthe of California llr033,23orkoloy and Los Anaelos, 1955). Do Sz):hntivi's oriticicim of Ibn T1,,hrr }3Src1Iý in Studi . orientaliatio in onoro di Giorgio Lovi Vida, vol. II pp. 371-81, (Roma, Instituto Por L'orionto Vialo D. Lubin, 2 1956. ) Ibn gädr ohuhba, Tabagät al-ah'gfi$iyya tom, British I.us., rof. Add 0,362. ! ti, 0 I 84 'Abbüa, Qalgaahandi, Abu al 'Ahmad, Qa1ftd al-jumän fT al-ta'rTL bi-gabiiil 'Arab al-ZaZn. One volume, ed., by Ibrahim al-'Abyßrl, lair al-Kutub al- Haditha, al-Sa'äda Press, Cairo 1383/1963" Do Subh al-'a'sh3 fl ainäiat al-int3, D. r al-ku tub al- Micriyya Proeo, Cairo I913-1919. Qutb al-Din al-NahrawZili, al-I clF m bi-)AClf m bayt alläh al-harem, ed., by P dinand Wustenfeld, Beirut, 1964. Rosenthal, F., A History of Muslim Iüetoriomraphy. 2nd revised edition, Leiden, 1960. 'Al!, Al- hawkäni, M. b. al-Badr al-%äliC bi-mahäsin man balfda al-qarn al-SäbiC, 2 vole., published by Ma'rüf 'Abdullah Daeandwa, al-Sa''ada Press, Cairo, 1340. Sakhäwi, M. be Abdulraunn, Al-Daw' al-Mail li-'Ahl al-qarn al-Te. ei(, 12 volo., od., by qudel Library, Cairo, 1353-55/1916 DO al-Lhayl al-mutanüh 1: 3, Parie, ref. 2150. gal-Ielam(i. wajTz fr d, ayl Duwal e. al-mayl a1-Kal7arn _ 21 al-tanua ala Duwal al ieläm)M3. Bodleian Library, Oxford (rot, Marsh 611,508), Köprülü Library (rot. 1109), Univeraitatebibliothek,; 85 Tubengen (ref. or. Vebzetein II 343) and«Abdaliyya Library (ref. 2916) also Thesis entitled: al-1j tyl al-t: unm'ci.ln 'Am Duwal al-islam by the writer of this thesis, §hame Universi Cairo 1968. Do al-'I1län bi-al-tawbI j li-map amma'ahl al-tdrij, trans. and edited by F. Rosenthal in his work A History of Mislim Historiol-, rtphy, 2nd rev. ed., Leiden, 1968. Do IrA.J 5d al-ghäwr bal, 'is «äd al-tälib wa al-räwl li-al=I (lion bi-tarjamat al-SakhawI, 1 Leyden no. 1724. Irtiy h al-akbad fI arbhh faAd al-awlid, ) 3, 'Ärif Hikmat DO Library ref. 146. if tarjamat Do al-Jawähir wa al-durar ehayth al-'Iolnm Ibn Hajar 1,30 Paris ref. 2105. Do Al-Tibr al-masbük fI dhayl al-Sulük, ed., by'Ahmad Zak!, " ßül*sq, Cairo 1896. Do al-Tuhfa al-latIfa fS ta'rIkh al-MadTna al-SharXfa, 3 vole- ed., by U. tMmid al-Fagl, al-Sunny al-t6hommadiyya Preen, Cairo, 1957-8, also (1.3) Tüb Kabi Saray in Istanbul ref. 14.512. SarkIs, lrsuf IlyRn Sarkis, MLfjamal-ma%bü'Rt al-'arabiyya wa al-mu1arraba, SarkTe Prosa, Cairo 1928/1341. Sayyid, Fu)Sd, Fibrin al-mal. htütät al-musawwara, Jnmicat al-duwal al- '1lrabiyya, Machad al-makhtUtät, vol. 2. (Parts 2 and 3) Al-Sunna al-T.tuhammadiyya Proso, Cairo, 1957-1959" ha 86 n, Al-Sulami, Abu Abdulrahm a Kitab Tabagät al-Süfiyya Dd., by Johannes Pedersen, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1960. Suyütr, Jaläl al- dtn, Buphyat al-wu'ät fi tabag7at al-llu hawiyyTn wa al-nuhät lot ed. 2 vols., ed., by M. Abü al-WI IbrähLm, CIaa al- bäbi al-Iialabl Press, Cairo 1965. Tadbtrat Damascus,. 1347. Do ayl al-Ruffilz, al-qudsi press, Do History of the Caliphs (trans., into English by Henry Sullivan Jarrett), Reprint in Amsterdam, Oriental Press, 1970 of the Edtion Calcutta 1801. ' Husn al-Muhäzara fl tdrIkh Wier wa al-gnhira, 2 vole., ed., by 14. Abi al-FM I Ibfihlm, Dar Ih) l al-Kutub al- cArabiyya, Cairo 1968. Magflmat 'alä MS. Dar Do al-kawl al-Sakh'üwi, al-Kutub, ref. Adab. 1510. Do Lubb al-albäb fI tahrir al-'anonb ed., by Petruu Johannes Veth, reprinted by Maktabat al-lduthanna, DnRhdltd, 1967. Sugyän Do Nazm al tI Wynn a1-)Atynn, ed., by : Philip K. Hitti, Syrian-American 1reao, New York, 1927. Do at-Tahadduth bini'mat A117ahed., by Elizabeth Sartain, 2 vole., theeie, Cambridge Univoreity, Ph. d. 6149. Tarkhl n, ]tier fl saar Dawlat al-b anillk al-Jaräkioa, Cairo, 1960. k 87 Ibn Taghri Birdr, oAbü al-I4ahäein HawMith al-duhür M3, Br., Museum ref. Add. 23294" Do a1-? anhal al-SM wa al-muntawfci bdda al-wäfl, vol. 1 ed. by Ahmad Yusuf Najäti, Dar al-Kutub, Cairo 1375/1956. Do a1-Nujüm al-Zihira fl multlk mier wa al-( hira, 12 vole., ed. by Där al-Kutub al-Misriyya, Cairo 1929-1956 (Annotation on this edition by M. Ramzl). Do al-Nujiun al-zähira fl b",ulük Lfier %a al-Qahira, 7 vole., ed., by W. hopper, University of California Press 1909-1929" Tibrizl, Muhl t al-maaäbih, ed., by U., Nasir al-dTn al-albänt Damascus, 1962. Ibn Tülün, 0 )At171m al-warä bi-man wulliya näiban min al-atr3k bi-. Dimashq al-Mäm al-Kubra one vol., edt by Jl. 'A}unad Duhmän, Mr al-thagäfa, Damancue 1964. Do al-Iulk al-Ltaghhün fl 'ahw-jj1 Hu} )mad Ibn Tülün, al-Taragql Preao, Damascus 1340" fl dhikri Do cudät Dimaajhq, a1-thfWhral-baaoTim man walliya gadit' a1-Sh irn ed. by 5a17u}; al-munajjid, Dainaeou9,1956. Do Jdufäkahat al-Khullön fr hawadith al-zan'n 2 vole., od, by 11, Itustafä, a1-r4u'aaaaea al4lieriyya al-cru ma Cairo 1301/1962,1380/1964. 16 a 88 Al-T-unk! c Mi unüd iiaean, biu'jam al-mueannifin 4 vole., Tabbara Preen, Beirut, 1925. Wiett Les Biographies du Manhal S.Ifl (Memoires presentee a l'Inetiut d'Egyºpte), t. 19, Le Caire, 1932" aämi' Yeni Kütubhanesinde AtahfUz KütÜbi meYgudenin detteri dir, Istanbul, O. J. Zetteret&en (k. v), Beitrag Zur'Geschichte der Mamluken Sultane in den Jahren 696-741 der Higra nach arabischen Handschriften. Leiden 1919 Beitrage Zur. Ziada, M. Muatafä, A1-Mu'arrikhün fl miar IT al-gam al-Khämie taahar al- mTThdI (Cairo 1949,2nd ed., Cairo 1954)" Zirikli, Khayr al-dln, al-'A'läm, 10 vole., 2nd edition, Cairo 1954-59 Ibn Zunbul Tdrikh al-Sultän SalTm Khan Ibn al-Sultan Bayazid Khan ma'a gänuawa al-Churl Sultän Mipr waJAmiliha, Egypt, 1287. 0 ABBREVIATED TITLES 'c . F. 89 ABBR!NIATI-M TITLES . 4bdaliyya - Barnanaj al-MJctaba a1-Abdaliyya 'Irif iiandlist of ISS in the Library of cirif Hikraat. I. adTna. b", Ibn ýorlin - Ahltaardt. 1.7., Vorzuchnis der arabi3chon handschrifton der F;önigl Bibliothek Zu Berlin. Dativ' " Sa)1a1, al-Daw I al-Läzrii I li'ahl al-qarn al-tä3i. L_hayl Kashf al-Zunttn "- ü. 4n... al-L'aphdädI, Isn Kit7lb'Id7h al-r . Dozy " R. Dozy, Supplement aux dictionniro3 frabos, ioidon 1001. (anastatic reprint Loiden - Paris 1929. ) Duhx n, )A'lan - Duhman annotation on his edition of A'17w'n al-warä... by Ibn Tülün. Durar - )Ahm Ibn }'.ajar, d bAA1i. al-'Asgal7=T., al-Dame al-)Saina fl a(vän al-mt'a al-th trnina. Al 1 90 EI . The Encyclopaedia of'Isl-am lot edition. EI2 " The Fnoyclopaedia. of'IATÄm. New ed. FAM - FayrVa-bädIt Majd al-dln, al-Qämüs al-rnuhlt. GAL., " C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur, Zweite den Supplementbaden angepasste Auflage, Leiden 1943-49. GAL., Supp. - (Zweiter, G. d. A. L. , Erstel Dritter) Supplementband, Leiden 1937 - 42. 0 Inba' - Ibn HIajar, ' Inbä' al-j1 umr fI'arnba' al=umr. ýIrahüd " Sakhäwi, Ir b a1- Tawi ba,l io'äd a1-tilib ma a1-rrwi li-al- Olla bi-tarjnmat al-SaffalwT. JAOS - Journal of the American Oriental Society. Jawähir - Sak}äw!, al-Jawähir wa al-durar fl tarjamat shayk, al=ialäm Ibn Trn ar. 6 { 91 I8pralü - } prülüzada Mehmed Päg& Kutuphane defteri, Istanbul. Khutat Mubarak Ivuba,rak, al-Khutat al-Tawftgiyya. M. 0. b;uha mmad Ma,rä5id " al-Baghda9, tAbdulmümin..., h'aräaid al-i%tl i"ala'asmZEýal=Wnäkin wa al-bigä! °-° +w Qalaid - Qalgashandr, galaid al-jumän Li al-Wrif bi-gabäilCArab al-Z3Z l. Qawala - Fihrist Maktabat Qawala. R=zi, N (Där., Annotation on al-Nujüm al-Z hira, edition)by r".uhammad IWnzL. REI - Rovuodos Etudos Islamiquos. Sharihara-a,t - Sit ! lhahab. 0 al-iianbalr, Ibn a1=lmäd, Shad arät al-dhahab ibär man Tagwim - f.. do Slane, Abu al-Fid"a, Tagvim al-13uldf n, ed., J-T. Reinaud and Paris 1840. i 92 Ibn Taf: hri Bird!, Nu jüm, Popper " 17. Popper edition. Ibn Tai hri Birth, Nujüm, Dir " The edition by Dar al-Kutub, Cairo. Tibr . Sakhawi, al-Tibr al-masbük. Vlajiz, A Sakhäwi, YlajTz al-kaläm. MS. ' al. Abdaliyya Library in Tunisia Vlajiz, x" Sakhäwi, '7ajiz al-Karam. Me Köpr 1 Library V(ajiz, 0" Sah äwi, V7ajrz al-KiL1FUi.. b3. Bodleian Library in Oxford Vlajiz, SS " (i. Sa3 äwi, al-Dhayl al-t&='alä Duwal al-Ichaa e. llajiz al- Kaläm fl dhayl Duwal al-Islam) An edition by-the writer of this thesis. Wajiz, T" Sakhäwi, Waj! z al-Ka1Tm ? Sp Univeraitatabibliothak in TUbinl; on 17ajiz X Sakhävii, 71ajiz al-Ka1'sm fi Oayl Duwal a1ýIs1 t. The section edited in this thosis (section III). Wien " Flügel, G., Dia arabiochon poriochon und türkiechon Iinndochriften der 11,aice1-Königl. Hofbibliothek Zu Wien.