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Ahmad Abdullah Al-Hasso Phd Thesis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hams al- din al-Sal: hawi as a historian of the 9th/15th ccntury, vrith an edition of that section of his chroniclos(V7ajiz al-kalEm) covering the period 800-849/1397-1445 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor 'of Philosophy by °Ah ad'Abdulläh al- xasso vs *, ý DECLARATION I hereby declaro that the follovring is a record of research work carried out by ne; that the thesis is my own composition, and that it has not previously been presented for any other degree. ST. ANDREWS 1.6.1972 'Ahmad`Abdulläh al-Hasso CERTIPICAT10N I CERTn Y THAT Ahead Abdullah al-F. asso has completed nine terms of research wo--lc in the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, University of St. Andrews, that he has fulfilled the conditions of Resolution No. 1 (1967) of tho university Court, and that he is qualified to submit the accompa±ying thesis in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ý ... J. BURTON, (Dr. ), Y={1ý., ! ýc ý_; (Supervisor) ý riýýi' ý ýTyCF LIESS ACKNOViLJ)G1 NTS Iyr sincere thanks are due to Dr. J. Barton for his unfailing encouragement without which this thesis, could not have been completed. Ir thanks are also due tö Dr. Jackson lecturer, Arabic Dept., St. Andrews University. Also to Chief Librarian and Library staff of St. Andrews University and to many of my colleagues too numerous to mention in detail who have encouraged and assisted me as occasion arose. Lost of all my thanks is to be expressed to the Government of Iraq for awarding the scholarship which made it possible to follow my studies. To my wife, HayfV Iun! b al-Dabbä, rh, special thanks for the great sacrifices she had made in order to assist me. Ly sincere thanks to Miss E. Bastable for her useful help in revising the mänuscript. , kPT.F OTCTýtillr l, Ti. ^^c. ý'T.c). d a on i . = Li - Y v " ýh J o 1 n " o .u ah U B d cf' Y dp.=a + wäw üaa 3 fat:; s + yýý d ay . lcaýra u to ha +I raw CLW dr-=a " fa w+ alif oz a :ca3ra + yä a1' CONTRNTS Pagers The title of the thesis Declaration Certification Acknowledgments The transliteration table Contents Abstract Chapter I. Sa tw! 's Ar;e 1- 17 (1) Egypt under the Circassian Xanlüks 1- 11 (2) The intellectual life 12 - 17 CHAPTER II. Sakh,, Lwl's Life and Education 18 - 42 (1) SaLhawi's family 20 4 6 (2) Sa awi's early years 24 - (3)". Say äwi under Ibn Hajar's direction 26 - 8 (4) Saj wi's academic journeys 28 - 30 (5) Sakhäwi's shay] }s 30 - 35 8 (6) Sa}_häwi's appointment 35 - (7) Saw i in Hi jRz 38 - 41 2 (8) Sahäwl's late years 41 - CI'" ER III (1) SakhMwi's literary activities 43 - 49 (2) Survey of the li3t of Sath_ä.wl's work given by himself 50 - 89 (3) Sa awT as a scholar of his time 90 - 94 SECTION 7670 Pages Sa3rhäwi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. Chapter IV 95 - 130 (1) His works on the 9th/15th century 95 - 99 (2) The motives, methods and literary style of his works. 100-3 (a) His treatment of the Circassian NafiiM administration. 105 -9 (b) His attitude to Llamlük foreign relations. 1o9 - 116 (c) His treatment of the intellectuals and other strata of Muslim population. 117 - 127 (d) His material on the contemporary powers. 127 - 130 Chapter V (1) His methods of selectinC his information. 131 - 166 (2) Observations and Evaluation 167 - 172 (3) SaLhäw! 's work as a source 173 - 176 Conclusion 177- 178 SECTION THREE Pages An edition of section of Clajiz al-kalärn by Shams al-din al-Sakhäv5 covering the period 800-8k9/1397. -I1+45.. Preface i-viii The text 1-244 Supplement 1-72 Bibliography 73-87 Abbreviated titles 88-92 A13STRACT Although a prolific writer of history, Sa'; iwi is, primarily, a traditionist. As such, accuracy both in utterance and writing would, by the very nature of his training, be his first objective. Lodern writers appear to have neglected the importance of his contribution to the understanding of the history of his century. accept for a few articles, comparatively little has been written. It is, therefore, strange that such a mine of information as Sakhärri's writing presents has remained so long in oblivion. In this thesis an attempt has been made to evaluate that contribution together with an edition of part of his work. The study has been divided into three sections, the first dealing with SakhäwIls life and times. This part of the study is based Largely on his autobiography which was written but a few months before he died. During research no reference was discovered to this most informative work. The section falls into three chapters, the first of which endeavours to show the political and educational aspects of Cairo during the early part of Satbäwl's lifetime. Cairo was his native city and, as such, made great impact on his early life. In the second chapter the position of his family, his Ehaykhs, the academic journeys he made, his residence in Hij. z and the last phase of his life are portrayed. ,. The third chapter deals with his activities as an adult, his reputation as a traditionist together with a survey of his works as presented in his autobioCraphy. In the second part, the study deals exclusively with Sa',_hawi as a historian of the 9th/15th century. This part also is divided into two chapters, the first of which considers the following aspects: - I SaiLt7awi's works on the century; II His motives, methods and literary style and III His treatment of the history of the century. The second chapter collates Sakhäwi's methods of selectin; his information and the painstaking efforts he made to verify them, together with his historical achievements, while the last two topics endeavour to evaluate his task as a historian in that century. Section three presents the hitherto unedited part of 17aj! z al-Kaläm... which deals with the history of the 9th/15th century. This section also falls into the three divisions of preface, text and annotations. The last divides again into two groups one of which deals with the textual variants mentioned in the footnotes and the other attempts to deal with the interpretation of most of the idiom, colloquial expressions and the names of places and personalities mentioned in the supplement to the text. SECTION ONE ýýti°r ý: ,ýý r ýý 1. CHAPT RI S)QeH-',12' S AGE (1) EGYPT UNDER TIM CIRCASSIAN ;,'fAh: LXS SalLbäxi was born in Rabi' al-'avwval 831/20 December 1427- 1 18 January 1423 in Cairo, and there he spent most of his life. At that time Cairo was the capital of the second Mam]. k dynasty known as the Circassian dynasty which ruled Egypt and Syria from 784/ 1382 to 923/1517.2 Originally, The Circassian Mamlüks were a bodyguard formed by Sul. an 4 Qalävlrn3 (678/1279-689/1290) during the reign of the first Mamlük dynasty. Its members were purchased by him as slaves for military service and 1. cf. Infra, p. 24 ff 2. For the establishment of this dynasty see tkm 'Amin 'Abd al-Sayyid, Mawlat al-2. amälik al-thäniya, (Dar al-hutub, Cairo. 1386/1967)- 3. Für Sultän galäwün, see Zirikil 'A'1in, vol. VI P. 50 4. This dynasty is called in the contemporary sources 'Dawlat al-Turk' (i. e. the dynasty of the Turk). It was formed by Mzn1Tiks mostly 648/1250 from South Russia and it ruled Edypt and Syria from until 8049 944; 784/1382. For its establishment see EI2, Vol. I, pp. in also D. Ayalon, Le -Sgiment Bahriya dann l'arm6e Mamelouko, ="I 1952, PP. 133-41. 2. quartered in the towers (Abräj, sing. Burj, ) of gal'at al-Jabal1 (i. e. the, citadel of the mountain) in Cairo from which their name iiurjiyya was derived. They were mostly Circassians who had come from the Caucasus. :"hrough successive years, their number increased and many of them held 2 important positions, 3 One of these high officials among the Circassian Mamlüks - Burqüq, the Co. nander-in-Chief of the army - assumed the actual power and finally achieved the position of first Sultän of his own race (the Jarkas or the Circassians. ) He established the Second Mamlük dynasty (called the Circassian dynasty) in 784/1382 which lasted until 923/1517. The, Mamlük dynasties in general were a military institution. : he SullZns were absolute rulers and for their administration they relied 1.. For this citadel, see W. Popper, Egypt and Syria under the Circassian Sul+, s,, pp. 19-23; also his map No. 7. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1955)- 2.
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