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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi Ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi Ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dali T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI KUZEY KIBRIS TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ’NDE SİYASAL SİSTEMİN KURUMSALLAŞMA SÜRECİ VE DEMOKRASİNİN KONSOLİDASYONU Tuğçe BAYRAM 1130203003 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nedret ÇAĞLAR ISPARTA-2017 (BAYRAM, Tuğçe, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde Siyasal Sistemin Kurumsallaşma Süreci Ve Demokrasinin Konsolidasyonu, Yüksek Lisans, Isparta, 2017) ÖZET Bu tezin amacı, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasal sistemi, idari yapılanması ve kurumlarının tarihsel planda kurumsallaşma sürecini incelemek ve ülkede demokrasinin konsolidasyonunu değerlendirmektedir. Bu amaçla siyasal sistemin kurumlarından olan siyasal partiler, siyasal seçimler, siyasal kültür, siyasal katılım ve insan hakları açılarından Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasal gelişmişlik düzeyi ele alınmıştır. Ülkede demokrasi ve gereklerinin idari ve siyasi kurumlarda varlığı detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Bunun için, tarihsel gelişmeler, KKTC’nin kuruluşunda rol oynayan faktörler, Türkiye, Yunanistan, İngiltere Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi, BM ve AB’nin sürece etkileri, yasal düzenlemeler ve KKTC siyasetinin geçmişi ve bugünü incelenmiştir. Günümüzde demokratikleşme sürecini tamamlamış toplumların aynı zamanda kurumsallaşmış siyasal sistemler olduğu kabul edilir. Bu bağlamda değerlendirilen bir ülkede, anayasanın üstünlüğü ilkesi (bu ilkeyi hayata geçirecek anayasa yargısı gibi kurumlar), hukuk devleti ilkesi, insan hakları ilkesi (bu ilkeyi hayata geçirecek idari ve yargısal kurumlar), seçimle belirlenmiş hükümetler, özgür, adil ve sık sık yapılan seçimler, ifade özgürlüğü, alternatif bilgilenme kaynaklarına erişim, vatandaşların yönetime dâhil edilmesi gibi demokratik siyasal kurum ve ilkelerin varlığı aranır. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, demokrasi, sosyal adalet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine dayanan laik bir cumhuriyet olarak 32 yıldır varlığını sürdürmektedir. Çok partili bir siyasal sisteme, halkoyuyla seçilen bir cumhurbaşkanına, bağımsız Cumhuriyet Meclisi’ne ve meclise karşı sorumlu bir hükümete, bağımsız mahkemelere ve merkezi ve yerel yönetim birimlerine sahiptir. Siyasal ve idari yapılanma açısından çağdaş devletin gereklerini yerine getirmektedir. Siyasal kurumsallaşma ve demokrasinin konsolidasyonu açısından ise istikrarlı bir gelişme göstermekte ve modern toplumlar seviyesine yaklaşmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Demokratikleşme, Siyasal Kurumsallaşma, Demokratik Konsolidasyon. iv (BAYRAM, Tuğçe, Institutionalization Process Of Political System And Democratic Consolidation At Northern Cyprus Turkısh Republıc, Master’s Thesis, Isparta, 2017) ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the institutionalization process of the political system on the historical basis, administrative structure and institutions of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and to measure the consolidation of democracy in the country. For this purpose, the level of political development of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was examined in terms of political parties, political elections, political culture, political participation, which are the institutions of the political system, and human rights. The existence of democracy and its necessities in administrative and political institutions in the country has been examined in detail. For this, historical developments, the factors that played a role in the establishment of the TRNC, the impacts of Turkey, Greece, England, Greek Cypriot Administration, UN and EU on the process, legal arrangements and past and present of TRNC politics are examined. Nowadays, it is accepted that societies that have completed the process of democratization are institutionalized political systems at the same time. In a country that is assessed in this context, the supremacy of constitution principle (institutions such as the constitutional judiciary that will carry out this principle), the rule of law principle, the human rights principle (administrative and judicial institutions that will pass this principle on), elected governments, free, fair and frequently conducted elections, the freedom of expression, access to alternative sources of information and the existence of democratic political institutions and principles such as the inclusion of the citizens to the governance. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has been in existence for 32 years as a secular republic based on the principles of democracy, social justice and rule of law. It has a multi-party political system, a president elected by the people, an independent Republican Council and a government answerable to the parliament, independent courts and central and local government units. It fulfills the needs of the contemporary state in terms of political and administrative structuring. In terms of political institutionalization and consolidation of democracy, it shows a steady development and approaches the level of modern societies. Key words: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Democratization, Political Institutionalization, Democratic Consolidation. v İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ SAVUNMA TUTANAĞI ....................................................................................... ii YEMİN METNİ ............................................................................................................. iii ÖZET............................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. vi KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. x TABLOLAR DİZİNİ .................................................................................................... xii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM SİYASAL SİSTEM VE DEMOKRASİYE İLİŞKİN KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 1.1. SİYASAL SİSTEM ................................................................................................ 6 1.2. SİYASAL KATILMA ........................................................................................... 8 1.3. SİYASAL KÜLTÜR ............................................................................................ 10 1.4. SİYASAL DEĞİŞME VE GELİŞME ................................................................. 15 1.5. SİYASAL MODERNLEŞME ............................................................................. 19 1.6. KURUMSALLAŞMA VE SİYASAL KURUMSALLAŞMA ............................ 21 1.6.1. Kurumsallaşmış (Yerleşik) Siyasal Sistemlerin Özellikleri .......................... 28 1.6.2. Yarı Kurumsallaşmış (Hibrit) Siyasal Sistemlerin Özellikleri...................... 32 1.6.3. Kurumsallaşmanın Olmadığı Haller ............................................................. 34 1.7. DEMOKRASİ VE DEMOKRATİKLEŞME ....................................................... 36 1.8. SİYASAL SEÇİMLER ........................................................................................ 46 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KIBRIS TARİHİ VE KKTC’NİN SOSYO-EKONOMİK YAPISI 2.1. KIBRIS ADASININ TARİHİ GELİŞİMİ VE SOSYOEKONOMİK YAPISI ... 48 2.1.1. Kıbrısın Tarihi Gelişimi ................................................................................ 48 2.1.1.1. Kıbrıs’ta Bronz Çağı .............................................................................. 51 2.1.1.2. Kıbrıs’ta Demir Çağı .............................................................................. 53 2.1.1.3. Bizanslılar .............................................................................................. 56 2.1.1.4. İngilizler- Haçlı Seferleri ....................................................................... 56 2.1.1.5. Lusignanlar ............................................................................................. 57 2.1.1.6. Cenevizliler ve Venedikliler .................................................................. 57 2.1.2. Kıbrıs Tarihi ve KKTC’nin Sosyo-Ekonomik ve Yönetsel Yapısı ............... 58 vi 2.1.2.1. Kıbrıs Adasının Jeopolitik ve Stratejik Önemi ...................................... 59 2.1.2.2. Kıbrıs Adasının Oluşumu ve Coğrafi Özellikleri .................................. 61 2.1.3. İklim ve Doğal Kaynaklar ............................................................................. 63 2.1.4. Tarım ............................................................................................................. 63 2.1.5. Nüfus ve Yurttaşlık ....................................................................................... 64 2.1.6. Sanayi ve Ticaret ........................................................................................... 66 2.1.7. Ulaşım ........................................................................................................... 68 2.1.8. Turizm ........................................................................................................... 68 2.1.9. Eğitim ............................................................................................................ 70 2.2. KIBRIS’IN YÖNETSEL VE SİYASAL GELİŞİMİ ........................................... 72 2.2.1. Osmanlı İdaresi Döneminde Kıbrıs ..............................................................
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