Vetagro Sup Campus Veteri Aire De Lyo

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Vetagro Sup Campus Veteri Aire De Lyo VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERI AIRE DE LYO Année 2014 - Thèse n° ETUDE D’U FOYER D’AAPLASMOSE BOVIE DAS LE DEPARTEMET DE LA LOIRE THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 5 septembre 2014 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par Gasquet Charlotte Née le 10 octobre 1989 à Aix-En-Provence 2 Liste des enseignants du campus vétérinaire de Lyon 3 4 Remerciements A Monsieur le professeur Charles Dumontet De la faculté de médecine de Lyon Qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de mon jury de thèse Sincères remerciements et hommages respectueux A Monsieur le professeur Lionel Zenner Du campus vétérinaire de Lyon Pour m’avoir proposé ce sujet et m’avoir soutenu tout au long de ce travail Sincères remerciements A Madame le professeur Dominique Legrand Du campus vétérinaire de Lyon Pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter de participer à ce jury Sincères remerciements A Monsieur Jean Luc Pingret Du laboratoire Scanélis ® Sans qui cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour Pour sa participation, sa disponibilité et son professionnalisme Qu’il soit remercié de sa participation et de son implication Au Docteur vétérinaire R V U Pour m’avoir proposé ce sujet et m’avoir soutenu tout au long de ce projet Pour son implication, son aide précieuse et sa disponibilité Sincères remerciements A Monsieur l’éleveur Pour l’accueil chaleureux son élevage Pour sa disponibilité, son implication et sa gentillesse Sincères remerciements A Madame Marie Thérèse Poirel Pour son aide précieuse lors des manipulations Pour sa gentillesse et son savoir faire Sincères remerciements 5 A mon Pépé parti trop tôt, Sans toi rien de tout cela n’aurait été possible Tu m’as transmis tes valeurs et des tonnes de souvenirs Tu resteras un modèle pour moi et j’espère t’avoir rendu fier A mes parents Qui ont su m’encourager et me soutenir durant ces longue études Qui m’ont inculqué leurs valeurs et une certaine vision de la vie Qui y ont cru parfois plus que moi Qui sont toujours là quand j’ai besoin d’eux Milles merci A Joana et Thomas Pour notre complicité et nos fous rires qui ont toujours su me faire oublier nos disputes A ma mamie Pour être toujours là quand j’ai besoin d’elle Pour avoir toujours été présente dans ma vie dans les bons comme les mauvais moments A Mimi Pour notre complicité et le rôle essentiel que tu as joué dans ma vie Pour ton soutien indéfectible et ta franchise légendaire A ma famille Pour leur présence et leur soutien 6 Table des matières Remerciements 5 Liste des tableaux et des figures 13 Liste des abréviations 14 Introduction 15 Partie bibliographique 16 I Définition 17 II Histoire et découverte 17 III Etude bactériologique 18 III.A) Taxinomie 18 III.A.1) Place d’Anaplasma marginale dans la taxinomie 18 III.A.2) Autres Rickettsioses des ruminants 21 III.A.2.a) Anaplasma centrale 21 III.A.2.b) Anaplasma bovis 21 III.A.2.c) Anaplasma ovis 21 III.A.2.d) Anaplasma phagocytophilum 22 III.A.2.e) Ehrlichia ruminantium 22 III.B) Morphologie 24 III.C) Culture 25 III.D) Pouvoir antigénique 26 III.D.1) MSP1 27 III.D.1.a) MSP1a 27 III.D.1.b) MSP1b 27 III.D.2) MSP2 27 III.D.3) MSP3 28 III.D.4) MSP4 28 III.D.5) MSP5 28 III.E) Réponses immunitaire 29 III.E.1) Réponse humorale 29 III.E.1.a) Réponse à MSP1 29 III.E.1.b) Réponse à MSP2 30 III.E.2) Réponse cellulaire 30 III.E.2.a) Mécanismes généraux de la réponse cellulaire 30 III.E.2.b) Synergie entre les protéines 32 7 IV Epidémiologie 33 IV.A) Epidémiologie descriptive 33 IV.A.1) Populations affectées 33 IV.A.2) Répartition géographique 33 IV.A.3) Répartition saisonnière 34 IV.A.4) Importance économique 36 IV.B) Epidémiologie analytique 37 IV.B.1) Source de contamination et matières virulentes 37 IV.B.2) Modes de transmission 37 IV.C) Réservoirs 38 IV.D) Facteurs de réceptivité 38 V) Transmission vectorielle par les tiques 39 V.A) Caractéristiques principale des espèces de tiques 40 retrouvées dans notre étude V.A.1) Ixodes ricinus 40 V.A.2) Dermacentor marginatus 41 V.A.3) Dermacentor reticulatus 43 V.B) Transmission trans-stadiale et trans-ovarienne 43 V.C) Rôle essentiel des tiques mâles 44 V.D) Cas particulier des souches non transmissibles par 45 les tiques V.E) Illustration de l’importance de la lutte contre les 45 vecteurs V.F) Efficacité de la transmission d’ Anaplasma marginale 46 VI Pathogénie 46 VI.A) Pénétration dans les cellules 46 VI.B) Développement chez la tique 47 VI.C) Développement chez les bovins 47 VI.D) Exclusion d’un génotype par un autre 49 VI.E) Evolution de la bactériémie chez les bovins 50 8 VII Etude clinique 52 VII.A) Symptômes 52 VII.B) Modifications paracliniques 54 VII.C) Lésions nécropsiques 55 VII.C.1) Aspect macroscopique 55 VII.C.2) Aspect microscopique 57 VI.D) Pronostic 57 VIII Diagnostic 57 VIII.A) Epidémiologique 57 VIII.B) Clinique et lésionnel 58 VIII.C) Différentiel 58 VIII.D) Expérimental 59 VIII.D.1) Frottis 59 VIII.D.2) Sérologique 60 VIII.D.2.a) Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) 60 VIII.D.2.b) Test de fixation du complément 61 VIII.D.2.c) Agglutination sur carte 61 VIII.D.2.d) Immunofluorescence indirecte 61 VIII.D.3) Génetique 62 VIII.D.3.a) Polymerase chain réaction PCR 62 VIII.D.3.b) Autres méthodes utilisant l’AD/ 63 IX Traitement 64 IX.A) Traitement des animaux malades 64 IX.A.1) Traitement symptomatique 64 IX.A.2) Traitement spécifique 64 IX.A.2.a) Tétracyclines 65 IX.A.2.b) Imidocarb (carbésia /D) 65 IX.A.2.c) Autres 65 IX.B) Traitement des animaux porteurs 65 9 X Prophylaxie 66 X.A) Sanitaire et hygiénique 66 X.A.1) En zone endémique 66 X.A.2) En zone indemne 67 X.B) Médicale 67 X.B.1) Chémoprophylaxie 67 X.B.2) Vaccination 68 X.B.2.a) Vaccins vivant autologues 68 X.B.2.b) Vaccins vivants à Anaplasma centrale 69 X.B.2.c) Vaccins inactivés 70 X.B.2.d) Perspectives 71 Partie expérimentale 73 I.) Introduction 74 II) Matériel et méthode 75 II.A) Collecte des données de l’élevag e antérieure à la 75 période d’étude II.B) Traitements effectués sur certains animaux 75 porteurs II.C) Prélèvements sanguins 75 II.D) Collecte des tiques 76 II.E) Extraction de l’AD des tiques 82 II.F) Réalisation des PCR 83 II.G) Analyses statistiques des résultats 84 III Résultats 86 III.A) Antécédents et situation de l’élevage A avant la 86 fusion III.B) Essais de traitements effectués 88 III.C) Identification des tiques 88 III.D) Répartition des tiques dans les pâtures 89 III.E) Portage d’ A. marginale par les tiques 93 III.F) Prévalence de l’infection avant la fusion des 94 deux élevages III.G) Portage d’ A. marginale par les animaux après 96 une saison de pâturage commune 10 IV Discussion 96 IV.A) Prélèvements de sang 96 IV.B) Choix de la méthode de détection d’ Anaplasma 97 marginale IV.C) Choix de la méthode de collecte des tiques 97 IV.D) Choix de la PCR sur tique entière 98 IV.E) Traitements effectués sur les animaux porteurs 98 IV.F) Tiques récoltées lors de cette étude 99 IV.G) Portage d’ Anaplasma marginale par les tiques 100 collectées dans les pâtures IV.H) Prévalence de l’infection dans l’élevage A 101 IV.I) Etude de la diffusion de l’infection dans le 102 troupeau B après fusion des deux troupeau V Conclusion sur le gestion du foyer et les 103 mesures envisageables V.A.) Utilisation d’acaricides sur les animaux 103 V.B) Lutte dans le milieu 105 V.C) Eviter l’apparition de cas cliniques 106 V.D) Vaccination 106 V.E) Traitement afin d’éradiquer les animaux porteurs 107 Conclusion 108 Bibliographie 109 Annexes 125 11 Liste des tableaux et figures Liste des tableaux : Tableau I : Principales caractéristiques des rickettsioses des 23 ruminants. Tableau II : Caractéristiques principales des protéines de la famille 29 MSP Tableau III : Comparaison des différents tests de diagnostic 62 sérologique Tableau IV : Différents protocoles de traitement efficaces pour 66 éliminer le portage chronique [91] Tableau V : Numération formule sanguine et analyses biochimiques 87 de la vache N° 38 Tableau VI : Résultats des PCR des animaux traités 88 Tableau VII : Identification des tiques récoltées 88 Tableau VIII : Identification des tiques dans les différentes pâtures 89 lors des collectes Tableau IX : Résultats de la recherche A. marginale sur les deux 95 troupeaux en avril 2013 Tableau X : Résultats des PCR sur sang dans les deux troupeaux 96 après une saison de pâturage commun Liste des figures : Figure 1 : A Inclusions de Anaplasma marginale visibles sur un 24 frottis sanguin de bovin atteint d’anaplasmose B Inclusion d’ Anaplasma marginale contenant trois sous- 24 unités au microscope électronique [87] Figure 2 : Morphologie d’ Anaplasma marginale au microscope 25 électronique Figure 3 : Répartition mondiale de l’anaplasmose 34 Figure 4 : Carte des départements ayant fait l’objet de publications 36 faisant état de cas d’anaplasmose bovine (liste non exhaustive ) Figure 5 : Spectre d'hôtes des différents stades d' Ixodes ricinus 40 Figure 6 : Distribution d’ Ixodes ricinus en Europe [31] 41 Figure 7 : Spectre d’hôtes des différents stades de Dermacentor 42 marginatus Figure 8 : Distribution de la tique Dermacentor marginatus en 42 Europe [31] Figure 9 : Spectre d’hôtes des différents stades de Dermacentor 43 reticulatus 12 Figure 10 : Distribution de la tique Dermacentor reticulatus en 44 France [31] Figure 11 : Cycle de A.
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