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Janaína Camara Da Silveira 1 UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS - UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA NÍVEL MESTRADO JANAÍNA CAMARA DA SILVEIRA ESTADO COMO AGENTE ATIVO DA ECONOMIA CHINESA: Interpretações sobre os 40 anos da política de reforma e abertura São Leopoldo 2018 2 Janaína Camara da Silveira ESTADO COMO AGENTE ATIVO DA ECONOMIA CHINESA: Interpretações sobre os 40 anos da política de reforma e abertura Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Economia pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Economia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Tadeu Caputi Lélis São Leopoldo 2018 3 4 Janaína Camara da Silveira ESTADO COMO AGENTE ATIVO DA ECONOMIA CHINESA: Interpretações sobre os 40 anos da política de reforma e abertura Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Economia pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Economia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Tadeu Caputi Lélis Aprovado em: BANCA EXAMINADORA _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcos Tadeu Caputi Lélis (orientador) _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________________________________________ São Leopoldo 2018 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Essa dissertação não teria começado sem a mãe, a Beneta. E vai um obrigada ao Cris e à Maíra, aos cunhas Lu e Gusta e aos sobrinhos Antônio e Helena, cujos pitacos apertando algumas teclas deram mais sentido ao texto. Uma pena o pai não estar aqui, ele se divertiria. A viagem chinesa, que dá início a tudo isso, só foi possível graças à Cacá Chang, que perguntou se eu toparia trabalhar na agência de notícias Xinhua, em 2007. Antes e até hoje, ela, Leo Camargo, Mari Scholze, Tati Klix e Paola Deodoro seguram várias pontas. Do Notes ao Whatsapp, a distância nunca impediu de estarmos juntas. A Xinhua proporcionou o contato diário com as transformações por que passa a China graças ao trabalho e a colegas que chamo de amigos, tanto no Rio quanto em Beijing: Bi Yuming, Chen Weihua, Ding Yun, He Meng, Hu Renrong, Jia Anping, Li Hailong, Li Wei, Li Xiaopeng, Liu Guobing, Liu Long, Wang Fan, Wang Yiduan, Xun Wei, Yang Limin, Zhang Qichang, Zhang Wuyue, Zhao Yan, Zhao Ying, Zhou Jun, Zhu Rui, entre outros com quem convivi. Essa aventura é ainda muito melhor graças a Amilton Reis, Bruna Santos, Cadu Leite, Diego Goulart, Fernanda Morena, Glênio Paiva, Luiz Tasso Neto, Paula Coruja, Sun Lidong, Társila Lemos Borges e tantos da família chinesa. Duas economistas são inspiradoras, a Tati Rosito e a Paula Nabuco. Eu dizia que a última seria minha orientadora no doutorado, mas a vida veio atropelando e ela se foi muito cedo. Quem reacendeu a vontade de fazer o doutorado foi a Rosana Pinheiro-Machado, num papo em Guomao. Tomara. O Santiago Bustelo é um guia nas interpretações pelos recantos da sinologia. A transição do jornalismo para a economia e a vontade de interpretar um fenômeno econômico para depois contá-lo tem três inspirações: Cláudia Trevisan, Pat Comunello e Chris Schmitt. As duas últimas foram minhas editoras. Com a primeira, aprendi muito de China. Com todos aqui ganhei e espalhei afeto. Tem mais, pois. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Marcos Lélis, e aos professores do PPG, em especial a Alexsandro Carvalho, Fernando Lara, Janaína Ruffoni, Luciana Costa e Tiago Wickstrom. Ao profe Miguel Fensterseifer devo parte das noções matemáticas. Agradeço a todos os colegas e amigos, em especial a Ale Rizzotto, Aline Caye, Gustavo Guazzelli, Luísa Lacerda, Rodrigo Ferneda e, claro, Victor 6 Santana. Alana Vieira e Luciane Franke, se a mãe ajudou no início e no meio desse trabalho, sem vocês eu não teria chegado ao fim. Afeto, vida e diversão é o que mais divido e multiplico com esta turma toda e com outros amigos e sinólogos que se não estão aqui, têm lugar cativo no meu coração. E que o Brasil siga com seriedade os ainda escassos, mas necessários estudos da sinologia. 7 “But if you go carrying pictures of chairman Mao/ You ain't going to make it with anyone anyhow” John Lennon e Paul McCartney, Revolution , 1968 “China is not a superpower, nor will it ever seek to be one” Deng Xiaoping, 1974 8 RESUMO A China percorreu em quatro décadas a transição de uma economia agrária para industrial e de serviços em um processo liderado pelo Estado mesmo com a política de reforma e abertura iniciada em 1978. O país optou pelo experimentalismo e o gradualismo como guias para as reformas estruturais que significaram também a criação e a adaptação de suas instituições, muitas adotadas em caráter transitório. Em quatro décadas, cresceu a importância da China no cenário global, seja por meio de suas exportações, dos investimentos estrangeiros que recebe e provê a outros países, dos organismos multilaterais de financiamento que criou ou pelo crescente mercado interno, cada vez mais urbano. Tal processo é objeto de amplo debate. O presente trabalho contribui para esta discussão ao resgatar a historiografia econômica da China a partir da chegada do Partido Comunista ao poder e ao expor os instrumentos utilizados pelo Estado na condução do crescimento e do desenvolvimento econômico e culmina com a apresentação das principais interpretações, além de a da própria autora, sobre este fenômeno sob a ótica do papel do Estado e da inserção na economia global. Palavras-chave : China; Desenvolvimento; Estado; Mercado; Transição. 9 ABSTRACT China has gone through four decades of transition from an agrarian to an industrial and service economy based on a state-led process ignited with the reform and opening up policy in 1978. China has chosen experimentalism and gradualism as guides for structural reforms, which also meant the creation and adaptation of its institutions, many of them adopted as a transitional solution. In four decades, China became increasingly important in the global scenario, whether through its exports, the foreign investment it receives and provides to other countries, the multilateral financing mechanisms it has launched or its growing urban consumer market. This process is subject of much debate. The present work contributes to this discussion by displaying China's economic historiography since the arrival of the Communist Party to power and by exposing the instruments used by the state on conducting growth and economic development. It also shows the main interpretations and the author’s as well of this phenomenon in terms of role of the State and insertion in the global economy. Keywords : China; Development; State; Market; Transition. 10 LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1 - Organização da Liderança do PCCh e a Relação com o Governo ........ 59 ! FIGURA 2 - Pirâmide Etária da China, 2017 e 2050 (Projeção) ................................ 85 ! 11 LISTA DE TABELAS TABELA 1 - Participação setorial em investimentos em bens de capital, 1952-1978 (%) ........................................................................................................... 30 ! TABELA 2 - Participação setorial na renda nacional chinesa - 1952-78 (%) ............. 31 ! TABELA 3 - Distribuição do valor de produção bruto por tipo de propriedade (%) - 1978 a 1992 ...................................................................................................... 32 ! TABELA 4 - Depósitos nas cooperativas rurais de crédito da China, 1978-1993 (100 milhões de yuans) ............................................................................................. 38 ! TABELA 5 - Taxa de referência de câmbio do RMB ................................................. 43 ! TABELA 6 - Balança Comercial da China - Intervalos selecionados, 1978 a 2015 ....................................................................................................................... 43 ! TABELA 7 - Inflação e mudanças nos preços relativos (percentual de mudança anual) ........................................................................................................................ 44 ! TABELA 8 - Emprego por setor da economia (%) - Intervalos selecionados, 1978 a 2016 ....................................................................................................................... 48 ! TABELA 9 - Evolução do PIB, 1978 a 2017 .............................................................. 55 ! TABELA 10 - População rural e urbana (%) - Intervalos selecionados, 1978 a 2016 ....................................................................................................................... 66 ! TABELA 11 - Exportações por intensidade tecnológica - Intervalos selecionados, 1992-2016 ................................................................................................................. 79 ! TABELA 12 - Investimento em ciência e tecnologia na China - 2012 a 2016 ........... 80 ! TABELA 13 - Sinais básicos da transição da fase de subsistência para desenvolvimento ....................................................................................................... 84 ! 12 LISTA DE SIGLAS ABC Agricultural Bank of China (Banco Chinês da Agricultura) ANP Assembleia Nacional Popular, o Parlamento chinês BAD Banco de Desenvolvimento Asiático BCB Banco Central do Brasil BOC Bank of China (Banco da China) CCB China Construction Bank (Banco Chinês da Construção) CCPPC Conferência Consultiva Política do Povo Chinês COEs Collectively Owned Enterprises (Empresas de Propriedade Coletiva) EUA Estados Unidos da América GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Acordo Geral de
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