DOCSLIB.ORG

Anna M. Cienciala. April 2011. Prefatory Note to Poland and the Western Powers 1938- 1939. the Book – Printed in England

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anna M. Cienciala. April 2011. Prefatory Note to Poland and the Western Powers 1938- 1939. the Book – Printed in England Anna M. Cienciala. April 2011. Prefatory Note to Poland and the Western Powers 1938‐ 1939. The book – printed in England and Canada, so with English spelling ‐‐ is a revised version of my Ph.D. dissertation based on Polish archival, diplomatic documents, also on archival and published western diplomatic documents available at the time. After March 1939 (British guarantee of Polish independence), the Epilogue carries the story up to the German and Soviet attacks on Poland in September 1939. A more detailed account, based on archival and published sources available since 1968, is given in the article “Poland in British and French Policy in 1939: determination to fight – or avoid war?” (The Polish Review, vol. XXXIV, 1989, no.3; reprinted with minor abbreviations in Patrick Finney, ed., The Origins of the Second World War, London, New York, Sidney, Auckland, 1997, pp. 413‐432). There are some errors in the book, written without the benefit of Google and online sources, unavailable at the time. On page 1, note 1, instead of the text, lines 7‐8 on Roman Dmowski: “he spent the last years of his life in exile, returning to die in Poland,” should read: He spent the last two years of his life on his sickbed, dying on January 2, 1939. 1 On page 119, par. 1, line 9 from bottom, (Hitler suggesting Poland agree to ceding Germany a strip of land through the Polish Corridor for the German Autobahn [Highway] and railway line to East Prussia). I misread the letter m in the document; instead of: thirty miles wide, the text should read: thirty meters wide. On page 254, lines 2‐3 from the bottom state that in 1939‐40 “almost 2,000,000 Poles were deported from the eastern territories, most of them to die in Soviet labour camps.” Russian documents, published since the early 1990s, show that according to NKVD figures, 320,000 Polish citizens (of whom about 67% were Poles) were taken away in three mass deportations from former eastern Poland between February 1940 and June 1941. These numbers do not include people arrested individually and sentenced to deportation, nor some 200,000 men conscripted into the Red Army, nor voluntary workers, nor tens of thousands of refugees, mainly Jewish, who fled ahead of the advancing German army in summer 1941. (See KATYN. A Crime Without Punishment, edited by Anna M. Cienciala, Natalia S. Lebedeva, Wojciech Materski, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 2007; reprint with corrections, 2009.) 2 There may well be other errors, which I failed to catch. If readers find them, please write to the author at: [email protected]. Anna M. Cienciala Lawerence, KS, 04/28/11 3 POLAND AND THE WESTERN POWERS 1938-1939 A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe by ANNA M. CIENCIALA LONDON: Routledge & Kegan Paul TORONTO: University of Toronto Press JOZEF BECK Foreign Minister of Poland, 1932*1939 First published 1968 in Great Britain by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd and in Canada by University of Toronto Press Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Bookprint Limited, London and Crawley Copyright Anna M. Cienciala 1968 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism CONTENTS J6zef Beck, Foreign Minister of Poland, 1932-1939 frontispiece Preface pagevi The Background, 1918-1938 I The Anschluss II The Czechoslovak Crisis: Uncertainty and Possi- bilities; January - June, 1938 54 III The Czechoslovak Crisis: Western Pressure and Polish Adjustment; June -12 September 1938 81 IV The Czechoslovak Crisis: The Betrayal and its Consequences; 12 September - 1 October 1938 107 V The Aftermath of Munich and the Failure of the 'Third Europe' 149 VI Danzig and the Corridor: Interlude before the Storm 177 VII The Parting of the Ways: The British Guarantee to Poland 207 Epilogue 238 Conclusion 251 Bibliographical Essay 264 Maps I Ethnic map of Western Poland 292 II Western Part of the Polish-Czechoslovak Border• land 293 Index 294 v PREFACE HE object of this study is twofold. In the first place, the Tauthor seeks to explain the nature and historical roots of the problems facing Polish foreign policy in 1938-39 and the manner in which they were approached by the men who shaped and directed Polish diplomacy. Secondly, the author's aim is to illustrate the political interdependence in these years of Eastern and Western Europe. This interdependence hinged on the German problem. The attitude of France and Britain towards Poland and Eastern Europe as a whole was primarily a reflection of their policy towards Germany; at the same time, this policy was the decisive factor in the individual reactions of Germany's eastern neighbours to the threat of resurgent German power. As far as Poland was concerned, she not only had to strive to avert the danger of German revisionism, the realization of which would have made her a vassal of Berlin, but she also had to consider the possibility of Soviet expansion at her expense. This study is, however, primarily concerned with Polish attempts to obtain security with regard to Germany and, in the period in question, this was the main objective of Polish diplomacy. In contrast to the intense diplomatic activity on the German sector, Poland's relations with the USSR were virtually in a state of 'cold war'. Nevertheless, the Polish government's aversion to any close co-operation with the Soviet Union was naturally a factor of great importance in its overall attitude towards the German problem, although it never led even to the consideration of an anti-Soviet alliance with Germany. Poland's relations with the smaller countries of Eastern Europe, partic• ularly with Czechoslovakia, were primarily governed by the Western attitude towards Germany and the fear of any growth of Soviet influence in this area. Since this is a study in diplomatic history, Polish domestic history has been touched upon only in so far as it had a bearing on foreign policy. This applies particularly to the criticism of the government's diplomacy by the leading parties of the opposition. Although Pilsudski seized dictatorial power in May 1926, Poland could not thereafter be called a totalitarian state. The govern- vi PREFACE ment majority in Parliament, first the 'Non-Party Bloc of Co• , operation with the Government > and subsequently the 'Camp of National Unity', did not eliminate the influence of the opposition on the political life of the country. Even after the opposition parties had boycotted the elections in protest against the constitution of April 1935, which gave virtually dictatorial powers to the President, they still retained a strong influence through their press. Since they were strongly in favour of co• operation with France and critical of the government's relations with Germany, and since their criticism was widely reflected in the public opinion of the country, the government was obliged to formulate its foreign policy with this factor constantly in mind. This book originated as a doctoral thesis for Indiana Univer• sity (1962), written under the guidance of Professor Piotr S. Wandycz who read the drafts and the final manuscript and whose valuable advice and comments have been of immeasur• able help in my work. The basic sources for this study are the published documents on Polish, German, British, and American foreign policy and unpublished Polish documentary material. At the time of writing, documents on French foreign policy were available only for the first few months of 1936, while the official Soviet docu• mentary series had only reached the year 1927. The Italian diplomatic documents for this period had not yet been published. I trust, nevertheless, that the Polish documentation made avail• able to me for this study is extensive enough to trace and elucidate Polish diplomacy in this critical period of European history. The interpretation of these documents is, of course, entirely my responsibility. The gathering of the materials for this book involved travel and study in North America and Europe. It could not have been accomplished without the generous assistance of the Ford Foundation. The publication was made possible by a grant from the Social Science Research Council of Canada, using funds provided by the Canada Council, and by a grant from the Publications Fund of the University of Toronto Press. I should like to express my great appreciation for the aid given me by these institutions. It is also a great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to the vu PREFACE following institutions which gave me access to their archives and libraries: the General Sikorski Historical Institute, the Polish Research Centre, the British Foreign Office Library, and the Institute of International Affairs in London, England; the Hoover Institute and Library on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford, California, the National Archives, Washington, D.C., , the Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America, New York, and the i f curators of the archives of the former Polish Ministry of Foreign Afiairs, N^ireal^jCanada; the Polish Ministry. of Foreign Affairs, the Polish Institute of International Affairs in Warsaw, the Ossolineum Institute in Wroclaw, and the Provincial Archives in Gdansk, Poland. Many friends and colleagues have taken the trouble to read and comment on my work. For this time-consuming labour and for the valuable advice I received, I should like to thank the following: Professors Charles L. Lundin and Robert F. Ferrell of Indiana University; Professor Harold I. Nelson and Dr. Bohdan Budurowycz of the University of Toronto; the readers of the Social Science Research Council of Canada, and Miss M. J. Houston and Miss M. L. Pearson of the University of Toronto Press.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment with Extensive Bibliography
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1971 Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography. George Alexander Everett rJ Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Everett, George Alexander Jr, "Perceptive Intent in the Works of Guenter Grass: an Investigation and Assessment With Extensive Bibliography." (1971). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1980. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1980 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 71-29,361 EVERETT, Jr., George Alexander, 1942- PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS: AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PRECEPTIVE INTENT IN THE WORKS OF GUNTER GRASS; AN INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT WITH EXTENSIVE BIBIIOGRAPHY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Foreign Languages by George Alexander Everett, Jr. B.A., University of Mississippi, 1964 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1966 May, 1971 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Claud Cockburn's the Week and the Anti-Nazi Intrigue That Produced
    55 Fighting Fire with Propaganda: Claud Cockburn’s The Week and the Anti-Nazi Intrigue that Produced the ‘Cliveden Set,’ 1932-1939 by An Cushner “The public nervous system may be soothed by false explanations. But unless people are encouraged to look rather more coolly and deeply into these same phenomena of espionage and terrorism, they will make no progress towards any genuine self-defense against either.” --Claud Cockburn1 “Neville Chamberlain is lunching with me on Thursday, and I hope Edward Halifax.. .Apparently the Communist rag has been full of the Halifax-Lothian-Astor plot at Cliveden. people really seem to believe it.” --Nancy Astor to Lord Lothian2 In 1932, London Times editor Geoffrey Dawson sat at the desk of his former New York and Berlin correspondent, Claud Cockbum. A grandson of Scottish Lord Heniy Cockbum, the twenty-eight year old journalist had been born in China while his father was a diplomat with the British Legation during the Boxer Rebellion. Dawson attempted to dissuade Cockbum from quitting the Times, and he was sorry to see such a promising young newsman shun his aristocratic roots in order to join with the intellectual Left. After repeatedly trying to convince his fellow Oxford alumnus to reconsider his decision to resign, Dawson finally admitted defeat and sarcastically remarked to Cockbum that “[i]t does seem rather bad luck that you of all people should go Red on us.”3 Dawson had no way of knowing how hauntingly prophetic those words would prove to be. five years later, the strongly anti-communist newspaper editor’s words would come back to haunt him with a vengeance that neither man could have likely predicted.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Visions and Historical Scores
    Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres.
    [Show full text]
  • Sgg 37 Druk.Pdf
    37.indd 1 2017-09-28 09:54:03 37.indd 2 2017-09-28 09:54:04 37.indd 3 2017-09-28 09:54:04 Redaktor serii / Reihenherausgeber Prof. dr. hab. Mirosław Ossowski Komitet Redakcyjny / Herausgeberbeirat Marion Brandt, Agnieszka Haas, Andrzej Kątny, Sławomir Leśniak, Danuta Olszewska, Izabela Kujawa (sekretarz), Mirosław Ossowski, Jan Sikora Rada Naukowa / Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Anna Babka (Wien), Bernd Ulrich Biere (Koblenz), Ines Busch-Lauer (Zwickau), Marek Jaroszewski (Warszawa), Hans Wolf Jäger (Bremen), Peter Oliver Loew (Darmstadt), Heinz-Helmut Lüger (Koblenz-Landau), Grażyna Łopuszańska (Gdańsk), Ole Letnes (Agder), Stefan Michael Newerkla (Wien), Christoph Schatte (Poznań), Marian Szczodrowski (Gdańsk), Zenon Weigt (Łódź) Recenzenci / Gutachter Prof. dr hab. Czesława Schatte, Prof. Dr. habil. Danuta Rytel-Schwarz, Prof. Dr. habil. Haraldt Weydt Projekt okładki i stron tytułowych / Umschlag- und Titelseitengestaltung Andrzej Taranek Adres Redakcji /Anschrift der Redaktion: Instytut Filologii Germańskiej, ul. Wita Stwosza 51, Pl 80‒308 Gdańsk E-Mail: [email protected] Skład i łamanie / DTP Marek Smoliński Wydanie publikacji sfinansowano ze środków Fundacji im. J.G. Herdera w Gdańsku oraz Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego / Der Band wurde aus Mitteln der J.G.-Herder-Stiftung in Gdańsk und der Philologischen Fakultät der Universität Gdańsk mitfinanziert Wersją pierwotną Studia Germanica Gedanensia jest wersja drukowana Copyright by Instytut Filologii Germańskiej Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego 2017 ISSN 1230‒6045 ISBN 978–83–7865–582–4 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego ul. Armii Krajowej 119/121, 81‒824 Sopot tel./fax 58 523 11 37, tel. 725 991 206 e -mail: [email protected] www.wyd.ug.edu.pl 37.indd 4 2017-09-28 09:54:04 Inhaltsverzeichnis KONTRASTIVE LINGUISTIK UND INTERKULTURELLE KOMMUNIKATION SPRACH- UND KULTURKONTAKTE Heinz -Helmut Lüger Kulturspezifik und Übersetzbarkeit.
    [Show full text]
  • Poles Under German Occupation the Situation and Attitudes of Poles During the German Occupation
    Truth About Camps | W imię prawdy historycznej (en) https://en.truthaboutcamps.eu/thn/poles-under-german-occu/15596,Poles-under-German-Occupation.html 2021-09-25, 22:48 Poles under German Occupation The Situation and Attitudes of Poles during the German Occupation The Polish population found itself in a very difficult situation during the very first days of the war, both in the territories incorporated into the Third Reich and in The General Government. The policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Executions, resettlements, arrests, deportations to camps, and street round-ups were a constant element of the everyday life of Poles during the war. Initially the policy of the German occupier was primarily aimed at the liquidation of the Polish intellectual elite and leadership, and at the subsequent enslavement, maximal exploitation, and Germanization of Polish society. Terror was conducted on a mass and general scale. Food rationing was imposed in cities and towns, with food coupons covering about one-third of a person’s daily needs. Levies — obligatory, regular deliveries of selected produce — were introduced in the countryside. Farmers who failed to deliver their levy were subject to severe repressions, including the death penalty. Devaluation and difficulty with finding employment were the reason for most Poles’ poverty and for the everyday problems in obtaining basic products. The occupier also limited access to healthcare. The birthrate fell dramatically while the incidence of infectious diseases increased significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Acta 103.Indd
    Acta Poloniae Historica 103, 2011 PL ISSN 0001–6892 Marek Kornat THE POLISH IDEA OF ‘THE THIRD EUROPE’ (1937–1938): A REALISTIC CONCEPT OR AN EX-POST VISION? The concept of ‘the Third Europe’ – or ‘the Intermarium Bloc’ – was certainly an interesting political project invented by the Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck in the years 1937–8. It was bold and ambitious, but quite controversial, therefore it was merely mentioned in many works devoted to the foreign policy of the interwar Poland. There can be no doubt today that without a careful analysis of the assumptions of this concept, it is impossible to grasp the real meaning of the Polish ‘policy of balance’ between Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union, as well as the way of thinking of the Polish leaders about international affairs towards the end of the 1930s. The idea of concentrating the smaller states of East-Central Europe around Poland was one of the most essential and independent politi- cal concepts of Beck, although, quite naturally, it referred to various similar ideas put forward by Polish political thought and in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the dawn of Poland’s independence. Had this project any real basis in the political reality of the Europe of the 1930s? What was its essence? What were its concrete pros- pects? What aims did Józef Beck connect with it – who was regarded, not without reason, as a fi rm adherent of bilateralism in international relations and a critic of the concept of ‘bloc-building’ as a method of fi nding security? What were the possibilities of Polish diplomacy in the realities of the late 1930s? Was it a real political project, or maybe only a concept described by historians ex post? What determined its failure? The present study is devoted to refl ection upon these questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Zapisz Jako PDF Otwiera Się W Nowym Oknie
    The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Children with flags during a ceremony Source: Dzieci z chorągiewkami podczas uroczystości, 1934, Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn to define the effects of the May Coup D’État and the manifestations of the crisis of democracy; to describe the everyday life of students of the elementary schools in the Second Polish Republic; to characterize the strong and weak points of the economy and social life of the Second Polish Republic. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu In 1926, Józef Piłsudski decided to take the power with the use of armed force. Ignacy Mościcki assumed the office of President. The August Novelization of 1926 became a temporary solution. One of the first decrees to be issued was the appointment of the General Armed Forces Inspector (Polish acronym: GISZ). Józef Piłsudski was appointed for this office by Ignacy Mościcki. In 1935, the April Constitution was adopted, limiting the authority of the Parliament. During the campaign for the new term of the Sejm in September 1930, the opposition leaders were arrested. Some of them were forced to emigrate. The Brest elections of November granted the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 56% of the seats in the Sejm and almost 68% in the Senate. It was a result of a violation of democratic principles. The founding of the Bereza Kartuska prison in the 30s became a symbol of the Sanation’s activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler, Britain and the Hoßbach Memorandum
    Jonathan Wright and Paul Stafford* Hitler, Britain and the Hoßbach Memorandum The Hoßbach Memorandum is the most famous and most controversial document in the history of the Third Reich. Yet there is no critical edition of it — a telling example of the degree to which historians of the twentieth century are swamped by their sources. Every line of the document deserves close study. It contains one of the classic statements of Hitler's racial philosophy and of the policy of the conquest of living space to solve Germany's economic problems. On this level it is comparable to passages in Mein Kampf and the Memorandum on the tasks of the Four Year Plan. But the Hoßbach Memorandum also offers an insight into another dimension of Hitler's thought: the first recorded detailed argument about when and how the conquest of liv- ing space was to begin. The essence of this argument is that Germany had limited time at its disposal because its relative strength compared to its opponents would decline after 1943—45 and that was therefore the final date for action. Hitler appeared confi- dent about the international situation. The weakness of the British Empire, which he elaborated in some detail, and the domestic divisions of the French Republic, Russian fear of Japan and Polish fear of Russia, the favourable attitude of Italy so long as the Duce was alive, all he declared offered Germany an opportunity to destroy Czechoslo- vakia and simultaneously to absorb Austria with little risk of intervention by other powers. Hitler also discussed two possible developments which would enable Germany to act before 1943—45: a domestic crisis in France which made it unable to go to war, or France becoming involved in war with another power which he saw as an immediate possibility for 1938 arising out of the Spanish civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 the Causes of World War Ii in Europe: Hitlerls
    6 THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE: HITLER’S WAR As you read this chapter, consider the following essay question: • To what extent was World War II ‘Hitler’s War’? As you have read, there were problems with peacekeeping in the 1920s, and there were aggressive and expansionist states that were threatening peace (Japan in Manchuria and Italy in Abyssinia) in the 1930s. Yet according to some historians, and according to Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, World War II was primarily caused by the ambitions and policies of Adolf Hitler – the conflict was ‘Hitler’s War’. Timeline to the outbreak of war – 1933–39 1933 Jan Hitler becomes Chancellor in Germany Feb Hitler introduces programme of rearmament Oct Hitler leaves Disarmament Conference / announces intention to withdraw Germany from A Nazi election poster from the 1930s. The text translates League of Nations ‘Break free now! Vote Hitler.’ 1934 Jan Germany signs Non-Aggression Pact with Poland 1935 Jan Plebiscite in Saar; Germans there vote for return of territory to Germany Mar Conscription re-introduced in Germany. Stresa agreements between Britain, France and Italy Jun Anglo-German Naval Treaty Oct Italian invasion of Abyssinia 1936 Mar Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland Jun Hitler sends military support to Franco’s Nationalists in Spain Aug Hitler’s Four Year Plan drafted for war Nov Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan; Rome–Berlin Axis signed 1937 May Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister in Britain Jul Sino-Japanese War begins Nov Hossbach Memorandum; war plans meeting
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 3 the AFA's Art and Research Album Numer 3 Katalog Artystyczno
    2 The AFA’s Art and Research Album 3 Katalog Artystyczno-Badawczy ASP Big City Lokalność Locality issue 3 dużego miasta numer 3 4 The AFA’s Art and Research Album 5 Katalog Artystyczno-Badawczy ASP Big City Lokalność Locality issue 3 dużego miasta numer 3 6 O projekcie 7 124 Rzeźba na Przeróbce 212 Ścieżka dydaktyczna z GIWK About the Project Sculpture in Przeróbka Didactic Path with GIWK Robert Kaja Jacek Zdybel 2 O projekcie Anna Waligórska Przemysław Garczyński About the Project 138 Nabrzeże Szyprów na Przeróbce. Iwona Dzierżko-Bukal Koncepcje mebli siedziskowych 246 Ołowianka Szyprów Wharf in Przeróbka. Rafał Setlak 18 Gdańskie przestrzenie lokalne Concepts of Seating Furniture. The Local Spaces of Gdansk Arkadiusz Staniszewski 256 Wyporność Anna Fikus-Wójcik Displacement Agnieszka Rózga-Micewicz Wybieramy lokalność Robert Kaja Choosing Locality Hydromisja 32 266 Koncepcje projektowe modułowych Hydromission 156 Budowanie poczucia bezpieczeństwa ogrodzeń dla GIWK-u Agnieszka Klugmann w przestrzeni miejskiej za pomocą zmysłów Design concepts for modular fencing for GIWK Building the Sense of Security in Urban Space Arkadiusz Staniszewski Przerabiamy Przeróbkę with the Use of the Senses Reworking Przeróbka Joanna Jurga 284 Plac Inwalidów Wojennych w Oliwie War Veterans Square in Oliwa 38 Przerabiamy Przeróbkę 174 Zmysły w mieście – warsztaty Rafał Setlak Reworking Przeróbka Senses in the City – workshops Bogumiła Jóźwicka Bogumiła Jóźwicka 298 Miejska zieleń w kontekście dzielnicy Oliwa Marek Jóźwicki Joanna Jurga Urban Greenery in the Context of Oliwa District Wzornictwo dla Przeróbki Andrzej Pniewski 78 186 Z jednej kreski Design for Przeróbka From a Single Line 318 Wybieramy lokalność Marek Adamczewski Marta Branicka Bogumiła Jóźwicka Choosing Locality Iwona Dzierżko-Bukal Wyimaginowana funkcja Marcin Kasprowicz 104 Gdańskie przestrzenie lokalne.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviations Used in Notes and Bibliography
    Abbreviations Used in Notes and Bibliography AUA-M Air University Archive, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama ANL Archives Nationales Luxembourg BaB Bundesarchiv Berlin BaMF Bundesarchiv Militärarchiv Freiburg BaZnsA Bundesarchiv Zentralnachweisestelle Aachen GHM German History Museum Berlin HsaD Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf HasH Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover HSaM Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg HStAWi Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden HIADL Hoover Institute Archives, Stanford Library, Daniel Lerner Collection IWML Imperial War Museum London IfZM Institut für Zeitgeschichte München IMTN International Military Tribunal Nuremberg LaSaar Landesarchiv Saarland LaSpey Landesarchiv Speyer LWVH Landeswohlfahrtsverband Hessen MHAP Military Historical Archive, Prague NAA National Archives of Australia NAL National Archives Kew Gardens, London NAW National Archives Washington D.C. OKaW Österreichisches Kriegsarchiv Wein ÖStA Österreichisches Staatsarchiv Vienna PMGO Provost Marshall General’s Office (U.S.A) SaL Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg SaW Staatsarchiv Würzburg SAB State Archive Bydgoszcz, Poland TBJG Elke Frölich, Die Tagbücher von Joseph Goebbels: Im Auftrag des Institute für Zeitsgeschichte und mit Unterstützung des Staatlichen Archivdienstes Rußlands. Teil II Dikate 1941–1945 (Münich 1995–1996). WLC Weiner Library Collection 191 Notes Introduction: Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear: The Historiography of the Nazi Terror State 1 . Christopher Hutton, Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Third Reich (Cambridge 2005), p. 18. 2 . Rosemary O’Kane, Terror, Force and States: The Path from Modernity (Cheltham 1996), p. 19. O’Kane defines a system of terror, as one that is ‘distinguished by summary justice, where the innocence or guilt of the victims is immaterial’. 3 . See Robert Thurston, ‘The Family during the Great Terror 1935–1941’, Soviet Studies , 43, 3 (1991), pp. 553–74.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00830-4
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00830-4 - The German Minority in Interwar Poland Winson Chu Index More information Index Agrarian conservativism, 71 Beyer, Hans Joachim, 212 Alldeutscher Verband. See Pan-German Bielitz. See Bielsko League Bielitzer Kreis, 174 Allgemeiner Schulverein, 36 Bielsko, 25, 173, 175, 203 Alltagsgeschichte, 10 Bielsko Germans, 108, 110, 111 Ammende, Ewald, 136 Bierschenk, Theodor, 137, 216, 224 Anschluß question, 51, 52 Bjork, James, 17 Anti-Communism, 165 Blachetta-Madajczyk, Petra, 9, 130, 136 Anti-Germanism, 214, 244, 245 Black Palm Sunday, 213–217 Anti-Semitism, 38, 79, 151, 159, 166, 178, Blanke, Richard, 9, 65, 76, 90, 136, 162 212, 215, 244, 260 Boehm, Max Hildebert, 31, 39, 46, 54, 88, Association for Germandom Abroad. See 97, 99, 110, 205 Verein fur¨ das Deutschtum im Ausland Border Germans and Germans Abroad, 44 Auslandsdeutsche, 98, 206.SeealsoReich Brackmann, Albert, 45, 208 Germans; Reich Germans, former Brauer, Leo, 221 Auslands-Organisation der NSDAP, 180, Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 42 205 Breuler, Otto, 103 Austria, 34, 165, 173, 207 Breyer, Albert, 153, 155, 212 annexation of, 51 Breyer, Richard, 155, 216, 272, 274 Austrian Silesia. See Teschen Silesia Briand, Aristide, 50 Bromberg. See Bydgoszcz Baechler, Christian, 53 Bromberg Bloody Sunday. See Bromberger Baltic Germans, 268 Blutsonntag Baltic Institute, 45, 208 Bromberger Blutsonntag, 4, 249 Bartkiewicz, Zygmunt, 118 Bromberger Volkszeitung, 134 Bauernverein, 72 Broszat, Martin, 205 Behrends, Hermann, 231 Brubaker, Rogers, 9, 26, 34, 63, 86,
    [Show full text]