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Abstract Extreme Sport Athletes' Perceptions ABSTRACT EXTREME SPORT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT SPORT PSYCHOLOGY AND USE OF MENTAL SKILLS Given the inherent danger of FMX and the association between the consistent use of mental skills and successful performance (Weder, 2009), an investigation of FMX athletes’ uses of sport psychology skills is warranted. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate amateur FMX athletes’ perceptions about sport psychology and their use of mental skills. Nine amateur male FMX riders between the ages of 18-26 years (M = 21.67) participated in the study. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with each athlete. The interviews were audio-taped then transcribed verbatim. The interview transcripts were inductively analyzed following qualitative analysis procedures commonly used in sport psychology research (Côté, Salmela, Baria, & Russell, 1993). Peer debriefing and review were used throughout the data analysis process to address the validity of the emerging findings. Results showed that the athletes had little knowledge of sport psychology and how it could benefit their performance. However, all nine described using mental skills in some capacity prior to, during and after their participation. Inductive analysis resulted in five main categories: Performance Challenges, Mental Toughness, Performance Preparation, Attention Control and Anxiety Control. It is anticipated that the results of the study will provide insight regarding the culture of extreme sport athletes and offer suggestions about how sport psychology consultants may best serve these individuals. Sean Michael Chamberlain May 2011 EXTREME SPORT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT SPORT PSYCHOLOGY AND USE OF MENTAL SKILLS by Sean Michael Chamberlain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Kinesiology in the College of Health and Human Services California State University, Fresno May 2011 APPROVED For the Department of Kinesiology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Sean Michael Chamberlain Thesis Author Jenelle N. Gilbert (Chair) Kinesiology Wade D. Gilbert Kinesiology Timothy A. Hamel Kinesiology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The process of completing my thesis has been a long, rough, challenging, and stressful, but enjoyable journey. There are many people who I would like to acknowledge in the completion of my thesis. First and most importantly, I would like to thank my Nana who gave me strength to push through school and accomplish all that I have. I miss my Nana very much and a day does not go by where I do not think about her. I love you Nana! Second, I would like to thank my family for their love and support with all the decisions I have made in my life. I would like to thank my mom especially for always being there for me when I would call her to tell her about any troubles in life or an accomplishment I achieved. Also, if my accomplishments required me to travel, she was always would be the first one to say she will be there even if it is across the country. Thank you mom, I love you!! Third, I would like to give great thanks to my thesis chair, Dr. Jenelle N. Gilbert for taking on this thesis with no background in extreme sports and really taking it all in and committing to making my thesis possible. Dr. Jenelle N. Gilbert has shown me how to conduct research at the highest standard possible. She is also a wonderful sport psychology mentor and I have learned a lot of consulting techniques from her classes and one-on-one meetings. Fourth, I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee members, Dr. Wade “Dr. Love Cat” Gilbert and Tim “Sexy” Hamel, and thank them for their support and expertise. My committee really took the time to make this thesis the best that it could be, and I thank them for the time that they put into reading each page and challenging me to become a more efficient researcher throughout the thesis process. I would like to thank Dr. Dawn Lewis for always being there since undergrad with an open door. Dr. Dawn Lewis has helped shaped the person I am v today in the field of Kinesiology. I would like to thank the Division of Graduate Studies at the California State University, Fresno, for providing me with the Graduate Student Research Merit Award and Travel Grant. I would also like to thank the American Freestyle Motocross Association (AFMXA) for giving me the opportunity to conduct interviews with professional and amateur freestyle motocross (FMX) riders. They welcomed me into their sport and allowed me to work with their athletes on performance- and safety-related issues. Last but not least, I would like to thank my fellow classmates for motivating me and helping through the completion of my thesis. You are a great group of “Love Cats” who will succeed to your fullest in every endeavor in your life. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Purpose Statement ............................................................................................. 5 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 5 Significance ....................................................................................................... 5 Delimitations ..................................................................................................... 7 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 7 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................... 11 Perceptions About Sport Psychology .............................................................. 11 Effective Sport Psychology Consulting .......................................................... 13 Extreme Sports ................................................................................................ 16 MST among Extreme Sport Athletes .............................................................. 19 Inherent Danger in Extreme Sports ................................................................. 22 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ..................................................................................... 25 Pilot Study ....................................................................................................... 25 Pilot Study Participants ................................................................................... 26 Pilot Study Instruments ................................................................................... 27 Pilot Study Procedure ...................................................................................... 30 Pilot Study Data Analysis ............................................................................... 32 Research Experience Gained........................................................................... 33 Main Study ...................................................................................................... 33 vii Page Participants ...................................................................................................... 34 Instruments ...................................................................................................... 35 Procedure ......................................................................................................... 37 Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ....................................................................................... 44 FMX Participants’ Perceptions about Sport Psychology ................................ 44 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 53 Mental Skills FMX Riders’ Use to Participate in their Sport ........................ 54 Performance Challenges.................................................................................. 54 Mental Toughness ........................................................................................... 69 Performance Preparation ................................................................................. 76 Attention Control ............................................................................................ 83 Anxiety Control ............................................................................................... 89 Conclusion ......................................................................................................
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