KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER YEAR 8 St Ivo School Geography Department www.geobytes.org.uk Geography thiscondensation precipitation evaporation, and involves (water) The watercycle isbetween takes journey the the water 2. How2. does water flowinto ? a means of with water Rivers are because important they 1. Why1. are rivers Important? known as a feeding abigger is one and smaller rivers called the riverstwo meet is watershed basins is calledthe between drainage mouth from into theflow falling this area in will feeds The rain ariver. landarea of which A drainage an basin is

RIVER LANDSCAPES source , . atmosphere The division

and travel travel and , influence, of withus thesettlementsprovide location and . travel Where to to river , power

( . air)

and and lithosphere Confluence recreation Channel shape the landscape

.

(land). At it Source

Mouth ’ s most simple, s most hydrosphere hydrosphere ,

supply us Tributary Watershed

3. What3. dowork rivers do? and transport material: Therewhich ways arein ariver different four may more energyit material. will have transport to The greater in thewater of river, the volume the 2. River Transport 1. 1. River . ed is known asthe erode landscapes. the Material within ariver found dient ariver of is steep, more energyprovided is to RiversWheredownhill flow to gravity. due the gra- • • • • Depositionwillwhere: occur rocks are droppeddue first the greatest to weight. energy carry material, to it so islarger dropped. The the river takes longer whenplace the no has 3. Deposition term glossary) attrition, hydraulic action There areriver types four of erosion:

the river enters alake the or sea. thebecomes channels river shallower the waterslows river insidebend a the downon of decreases the the the of or gradient river water volume of Suspension and

traction deposited

Traction (see key term glossary) term key (see

load

downstream. suspension, solution,

and is this material

and

corrosion

Suspension ,

. (see key transport- Saltation

4. How4. do rivers change fromsource to mouth? Changes in the Downstream Downstream Valley inthe Changes Changes in the River Channel Downstream Downstream Channel River inthe Changes downstream the valley gets flatter and much wider. much and flatter gets valley the downstream v steep have valley the isand steeper gradient the river course a of upper the In A mouth. to source riverfromof a gradient the which in change showsa similar a share many same, rivers two the no are Although Narrow Channel Upper Course cross profile profile cross - shaped valley sides and narrow valley floors, as it moves further moves further as it valley floors, narrow and sides valley shaped —

shows the gradient of slopes across the valley. the across of slopes shows gradient the steep sided /narrow

Lower CourseLower Channel becomes wider

—

flatter and wider long profile, profile, long

RIVER LANDSCAPES continued.. 3. A is a bend in the course of a river. On the outside of a 5. How do rivers shape the land? meander the water is deeper and the flows faster. The The processes of erosion, transport and deposition also force of water undercuts the of the outside bend, forming have a key role in the formation of other river landscapes a steep bank. This is called a river cliff. On the inside bend the such as v-shaped valleys, and meander, current is slower, sand and pebbles are deposited forming a plains and oxbow lakes. gentle slip off slope.

1. V-Shaped Valleys In the upper course, the river

cuts down verti- Geography cally into the bed, creating v- shaped valleys.

Where the river

does not have

the power to 6. How are rivers important to people?

cut through hills it winds around 4. Historically settlements grew up next to rivers. River water them leaving supplied drinking water, narrow points along a river chan- Lateral erosion (where the river is eroding into its banks) occurs interlocking nel provide bridging points and a focus for roads, where at the lower stage of the river, forming a wide flat valley called a YEAR 8 YEAR spurs people could trade, leading to a growth of a settlement. www.geobytes.org.uk flood plain. As a river it deposits material, continuing to The mouth of a river can also provide a deep and wide 2. Waterfalls build up a flat wider . natural harbour. For example, the mouth of The River A forms at a steep drop in the long profile of a Tees has developed into a large port which brings in raw river, where a hard layer of rock lies over a softer, less materials for industries located in the area. resistant rock. A deep pool forms at the base of the wa- terfall called a . Mouth of the River Tees

5. Ox-Bow Lakes

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER KNOWLEDGE St Ivo St School Geography Department Sometimes when the loop of a meander becomes extreme, two erosion banks can meet at a narrow neck. Eventually the channel can cut through leav- ing an ox-bow lake.

Key Term Definition RIVER LANDSCAPES continued.. Abrasion Rocks hitting into and scraping against the river bank wearing 7. How do river floods create problems? it away Attrition Rocks hitting into each other becoming smaller & rounded A flood occurs when a river has too much water in its Biological Weathering The breakdown of rocks caused by living plants and creatures channel. The water in the river overflows its banks and (e.g. roots forcing themselves into rock). spreads out onto the surrounding area. Chemical weathering The breakdown of rocks by chemicals in the rock reacting with The Causes of River Flooding air and water Condensation The change in state from a gas to a liquid PHYSICAL CAUSES HUMAN CAUSES Confluence The point where two or more river channels join Heavy, prolonged rainfall River Management The area of land drained by a river (i.e. land where a river gets its water from. Geography Saturated Soil Deforestation Evaporation The change in state from liquid to gas Impermeable rock Urbanisation Groundwater Flow The transfer of water through the ground back to the sea or river

Steep Gradient Hydraulic Action The force of water hitting the bank and squeezing air into

cracks in rocks causing mini explosions

Infiltration The movement of water into the ground from the surface

8. The effects of Flooding Interception Where leaves on trees / plants stop rain reaching the ground Flooding can have the follow types of effects: APPLYING YOUR KNOWLEDGE... Mouth The point at which a river meets the sea ECONOMIC EFFECTS—cost of damage to buildings, loss • Describe the main changes in a river and its valley as it moves Physical Weathering The breakdown of rock caused by the effects of changing tem-

YEAR 8 YEAR from source to mouth.

www.geobytes.org.uk of crops, insurance costs, damage to cars. perature in rocks & the effects of wind and rain. • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS—loss of habitats, land flood- Describe and explain how a meander is formed. Precipitation Any moisture falling from the sky—including rain, snow, sleet and hail ed, pollution of freshwater • Outline the ways in which the risk of flooding can be re- River Channel The path through which the river flows (consisting of bed and SOCIAL EFFECTS—deaths, stress and anxiety, closure of Now Challenge yourself even further! banks) schools etc. Saltation Medium sized rocks ‘bounced’ along bed

ORGANISER ORGANISER • Try and find out what is meant by the Bradshaw Model Solution Where minerals in rocks are dissolved by the water 9. Managing Floods • Investigate the causes, effects and responses to flooding in Source Starting point of a river The Environment Agency (EA) is a governing body that York or Bangladesh. The movement of water over the surface of land into the rivers has responsibility for the protection and enhancement of • Through research create a poster to show how the River (also known as overland flow) the environment in the England. Severn changes from source to mouth. Suspension Small material actually carried in the flow of the water

Challenge Question: In what ways can an increasing popula- Throughflow The horizontal movement of water through the soil KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE St Ivo St School Geography Department They also manage the risk of flooding and making people tion lead to an increased flood risk? Traction Large material rolled along bed of river. aware of how they can protect themselves and their OTHER RESOURCES KS3 Schoology property, using a combination of hard and soft engineer- Transpiration The evaporation of water from the leaves of trees and plants BBC KS3 Bitesize—Rivers and Water ing approaches. Hard Engineering being man-made artifi- Tributary A small river or which joins a larger river https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zs92tfr cial structures which try and control rivers.eg. building a Watershed The invisible land (marked by high land) marking the edge of a https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class- River Flooding drainage basin. raised bank. Soft Engineering being where more natural clips-video/geography-ks3-river-flooding/zmdq7nb methods are used.eg. planting trees which uptake water. To test yourself Read, Cover, Write, Check OR try this quizlet https://tinyurl.com/KS3Rivers