DOCSLIB.ORG

Armed Forces As Instruments of Foreign Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Armed Forces As Instruments of Foreign Policy ARMED FORCES AS INSTRUMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY: SOME CASE STUDIES R.K. CAMPBELL A Dissertation in compliance with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1986 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Aits in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other University. 20th day of January, 1987. To Mum and Dad? thanks for everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Maps Page v List of Diagrams Page vi List of Tables Page vii Introduction Page viii Part 2: Theoretical Framework: Page I Power, War and Strategies Chapter 1: Concepts of Power Page 2 Chapter 2: Theories of War Page T9 Chapter 3; Sea Power Page 62 Chapter 4: Are Power Page 91 Chapter S: United States Nuclear Page 124 Strategy 1945-84 Chapter 6: Soviet Military Doctrine, Page 154 Military Science and Strategy 1945-34 Chapter 7: Wars of National Liberation Face 193 and Counter-Insurgency Three Case Studies Page 234 Chapter d: Case Study I: Page 235 The Sinai War of 1956 Charter 9: Case Study II: Page 311 Sea Power in the Falklands War, 1992 Chapter 10: Case Study III: Page 417 Counter-Insurgency in I'hofar Chapter 11: Conclusion Page 524 Bibliography Page 546 ' ' ' ■ imq 4 LIST OF MAPS j -I MAP 1: The Sinai Peninsula 237 and Operation Kadesh MAP 2s The Battle of Abu Ageila Page 282 MAP 3s The Battle of Rafah Page 293 MAP 4: Argentina, the Falklands Page 314 and the Dependencies 5: The Falkland Islands Page 315 6: Oman and the Arabian Peninsula Page 418 7; Central and Eastern Dhofar Page 419 8: Western Dhofar Page 420 4 1 LIST OF DIAGRAMS STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL INSURGENT Page 201 ORGANISATION ORGANISATIONAL CHART FOR THE VIET CONG Page 202 THE PROCESS OF INSURGENCY Page 206 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE ONE: STRENGTH AND COMPOSITION Page 328 OF THE ARMADA REPUBLIC* ARGENTINA 1982 MERCHANT SHIPS Page 340 REQUISITIONED AND CHARTERED FOR OPERATION CORPORATEf 1982 TABLE THREE: WARSHIPS, »ND AUXILIARIES IN TF 31/.. 1982 TABLE FOUR: COMPOSITION OF TF 324 Page 348 V ■ x ^ viii INTRODUCTION Traditionally, a State's Aimed Forces have been regarded as its ultimate instruments of power, and war as the extreme form of the application of military force. In more recent times this view has been challenged (see Chapter 1). The purpose of this Dissertation is to examine the effectiveness of Armed Forces, and military power as instruments of foreign policy, in the post-war era. To this end, the Thesis is divided into two sections - Part I and Part II - the former of seven, the latter of four. Chapters. Part i provides the theoretical framework for the Dissertation, which is the essential prerequisite for understanding and evaluating the actual practice of military power. To this end, in Chapter 1, the concept of power itself is examined, for this is the basic concept without which Armed Forces and military power have no meaning or purpose. Following on from this. Chapter 2 focuses on the phenomenon of war, by an examination of the works of some of the great theorists of war. Soecific forms of military power and war are +•' . red - Sea Power (Chapter 3), Air Power (Ctv , U.S. and Soviet Nuclear strategies (Chapter 5 and 6) and Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency (Chapter ?). Having established the nature of power and war, and how Armed Forces should best be employed to obtain the ends desired by the State, it is necessary to examine the application of Armed Forces, and thus military power, in practise. This is the purpose of Part XI, which contains three Case Studies, each of which is directly linked to one of the theoretical Chapters of Part I, and each of which is concerned with the examination of a different type of Armed Service and a different form of military power. Thus Chapter 8 {linked directly with Chapter 2 for the purposes of analysis) examines Conventional land war through a study of the Israeli campaign in the Sinai in 1956. Chapter 9 (linked to Chapter 3) focuses on Saa Power through an analysis of the 1982 Falklands War, and Chapter 10 (linked with Chapter 7) covers the Dhofar campaign ''965-1975} in order to examine the practice oi b Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency. As there have (fortunately) been no nuclear wars to date, there are no Case Studies to examine with regard to Chapters 5 and 6. These analyses of nuclear strategy are included, however, for nuclear weapons form the unavoidable background to contemporary international relations in general and conflicts in particular. Indeed, as will be apparent from Chapter 7, the existence of nuclear weapons has had a direct influence upon the occurrence of the localized wars that have so marked the post-1945 era. Similarly, there is no Case Study specifically for Air Power; this is because of its nearly all t/ervasive presence in modern warfare. Finally, the results of all three Case Studies are brought together, along with the theoretical insights of Part 1, to produce a final conclusion to the Dissertation, in Chapter 11. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK POWER, WAR AND STRATEGIES <*■ - w. .drtfe* w CHAPTER 1: CONCEPTS O F POWER Power is, and lias o.;wnys been, one of the central themes and concornc of interotato relations. One of the earliest recorded oxi'ositionfi of this theme was in the 5th Century BC by Tnucydides, in his The relercnaeria_n__^-.'Which relates how: "In those years the Athenians made their empire more and more string, and greatly added to their own power at home ... So finally the point was reached when Athenia* strength attained a peak plain for all to sue and the Athenians began to encrcaen upon Sparta's allies. It was at this point that Sparta felt the position to be no longer tolerable and decided oy starting this present war to employ a*! her energies in attacking and, if possible, destroying the power of Athens’ (1). Thucydides alec offers us probably one of the tluntes1. statements on the relationship between power and international affairs in the famous Melisn dialogue, wherein he has the Athenian delegation expound upon power politics in the mosr unconstrained manner: "... we recommend that you should try to get what it is possible tor you to get ... when these mutt'-rs are discussed by practical i eople, the standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to co and the weak accept what they have to accept .... Our opinion of the gods and our knowledge of men lead us to conclude that it is a general and necessary law of nature to rule wherever one can ... we know that you or anybody else with the same power would be acting in precisely the same way .... What is looked for. is n positive preponderance of power in action ibis is the safe rule - to stand up to o;; $zs equals, to behave with deference towards one's superiors, and to treat one's inferiors with moderation’ (2). Approximately twenty one centuries later, the peace settlement of Utrecht (AD 1713) announced its intention •to establish the peace and tranquility of Christendom by a just balance of power, which is the best and most solid basis of mutual friendship ..." (3). Indeed, the question of power and the need to balance it became the central issue of the modern states system following Utrecht. Frederick the Great, of Prussia, in 1736 went as far as to argue that an equilibrium of power between states was essential to the health of the European body politic (4). Treaties continually reflected this concern. Thus the anti-Bonaparte Treaty of Chaumont (1814) stipulated that it had: "for its object the maintenance of the balance of Europe, to secure the repose and independence of the powers, and to prevent the invasions which for so many years have devastated the world" (5>. In 1854 Palmerston proclaimed that: "call it what you like - 'balance of power' or any other expression, it is one which has been familiar to the minds of all mankind from the earliest ages" (6). Unsurprisingly, given the wide usage of the concept-, there is no concise, universally acceptable definition, of 'balance of power'. American theorist Inis L. Claude, for example, assembled seven different versions of the concept, grouping them into three categories, which he designated: balance of power as situation? balance of power as policy; the balance of power as a system (7). Under the first category, Claude assembled those concepts of balance of power which saw it as an objective reality, as something which exists in the states system. In this context, he advanced three meanings. Firstly, balance of power as equilibrium - a simple description indicating when states are in a rough state of equality with each other. Secondly, balance of power as disequlibrium - a balance, seen in Claude's descriptive analogy, as a bank balance, in which one seeks to deposit more than one withdraws (in terms of states, a desire to have a margin of strength ov'-r rivals). Finally, balance of power - as distribution of power - as a means to measure whether the power relationships between states are in equilibrium or disequilibrium (8 ) . The second category, balance as policy, was concern­ ed with the treatment of power as . \te policy or as a principle that could, or should, govern state policy. Again three concepts stand forth, equivalent to those in the first category.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • For 30 Minutes, James H. Howard Single-Handedly Fought Off Marauding German Fighters to Defend the B-17S of 401St Bomb Group. for That, He Received the Medal of Honor
    For 30 minutes, James H. Howard single-handedly fought off marauding German fighters to defend the B-17s of 401st Bomb Group. For that, he received the Medal of Honor. One-Man Air Force By Rebecca Grant Mustang pilot who took on the German Air Force single-handedly, and saved on Nazi aircraft and fuel production. our 401st Bomb Group from disaster?” uesday, Jan. 11, 1944, was Devastating missions to targets such wondered Col. Harold Bowman, the a rough day for the B-17Gs as Ploesti in Romania had already unit’s commander. of the 401st Bomb Group. produced Medal of Honor recipients. Soon the bomber pilots knew—and TIt was their 14th mission, but the Many were awarded posthumously, and so did those back home. first one on which they took heavy nearly all went to bomber crewmen. “Maj. James H. Howard was identi- losses—four aircraft missing in ac- Waist gunners, pilots, and naviga- fied today as the lone United States tion after bombing Me 110 fighter tors—all were carrying out heroic acts fighter pilot who for more than 30 production plants at Oschersleben and in the face of the enemy. minutes fought off about 30 Ger- Halberstadt, Germany. The lone P-51 pilot on this bomb- man fighters trying to attack Eighth Turning for home, they witnessed ing run would, in fact, become the Air Force B-17 formations returning an amazing sight: A single P-51 stayed only fighter pilot awarded the Medal from Oschersleben and Halberstadt with them for an incredible 30 minutes of Honor in World War II’s European in Germany,” reported the New York on egress, chasing off German fighters Theater.
    [Show full text]
  • 1476620137807.Pdf
    Since the middle of the twentieth century Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, has been dogged by war and its ever present partners; conquest, famine and death. Much debate can be, and is, had about who or what is to blame for this sorry state of affairs, and what is certain is that there are no shortage of political commentators who are all too happy to tell you their theories. In B’Maso I have attempted, but not always succeeded, to avoid any such postulating. Instead of politics, what the gamer will find inside is lots of information that will, I hope, allow him to refight a selection of African wars, stretching from the 1950s up to the 1990s across thousands of miles and hundreds of cultures. There are rule changes and additions that will help the gamer produce games that capture the feel of the various conflicts – some generic to Africa, others specific to one conflict. As will be seen, so much of the fighting in Africa was, in effect, the embodiment of the cold war fought by proxies. This can mean that all sorts of weird and wonderful equipment can turn up, from pre-WWII armoured trucks to the most modern technology. In many places it is impossible to provide detailed orders of battle, as formations operated on an entirely ad hoc basis, using anything that they could lay their hands on. What we have done throughout, however, is provide information on organisational structures and equipment that was used by the various nations, factions, tribes and groups.
    [Show full text]
  • BNC Final Brief
    Succeeding in 21st Century Battle Network Competitions John Stillion and Bryan Clark Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments 1 • Battle Network (BN) definition: – A combination of distributed target acquisition sensors (finders and damage assessors), command and control (deciders), weapons (shooters), and the electronic communications linking them together. • Essential BN attributes: – Enable shooters to engage targets they cannot “see” far more effectively than would otherwise be possible – Enable finders to achieve much higher levels of effectiveness as a group than they possess organically – Enable deciders to coordinate and prioritize tactical engagements at a much higher level of efficiency to achieve the desired operational effects – Enable those assessing the results of these operations (damage assessors) to determine their relative success with far greater accuracy than would otherwise be possible • BNs first emerged about 100 years ago but were relatively rare until recently due in part to the high cost of transmitting and processing information – This limited the number of BNs and the instances of BN competition • Declining cost and increasing power of information transmission and processing systems will likely spur BN proliferation, and with it BN competition 2 • Network attributes depend heavily on operational metrics • Tempo of operations influences decision to exploit or disrupt opposing network • “Virtual Attrition” is often more cost-effective than platform destruction • Competitions accelerate and culminate, then jump to new mode • In some cases one side or the other is “saved by the bell” when a conflict ends just before a competition jumps to a new mode 3 • Submarines vs. ASW – Examine competition with focus on BMC2, multi- domain elements, success of networked vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Radar Game Understanding Stealth and Aircraft Survivability
    A MITCHELL INSTITUTE STUDY The Radar Game Understanding Stealth and Aircraft Survivability By Rebecca Grant September 2010 A mitchell inStitute Study 1 Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell On September 12, 1918 at St. Mihiel in France, Col. Wil- liam Mitchell became the first person ever to command a major force of allied aircraft in a combined-arms opera- tion. This battle was the debut of the US Army fighting under a single American commander on European soil. Under Mitchell’s control, more than 1,100 allied aircraft worked in unison with ground forces in a broad offen- sive—one encompassing not only the advance of ground troops but also direct air attacks on enemy strategic tar- gets, aircraft, communications, logistics, and forces beyond the front lines. Mitchell was promoted to Brigadier General by order of Gen. John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, in recognition of his com- mand accomplishments during the St. Mihiel offensive and the subsequent Meuse-Argonne offensive. After World War I, General Mitchell served in Washington and then became Commander, First Provisional Air Brigade, in 1921. That summer, he led joint Army and Navy demonstration attacks as bombs delivered from aircraft sank several captured German vessels, including the SS Ostfriesland. His determination to speak the truth about airpower and its importance to America led to a court-martial trial in 1925. Mitchell was convicted, and re- signed from the service in February 1926. Mitchell, through personal example and through his writing, inspired and en- couraged a cadre of younger airmen. These included future General of the Air Force Henry H.
    [Show full text]
  • Raf Bomber Command and No. 6 (Canadian) Group
    ANGLO-CANADIAN WARTIME RELATIONS, 1939-1945: RAF BOMBER COMMAND AND NO. 6 (CANADIAN) GROUP By (£) WILLIAMS. CARTER, B.A., M.A. Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University April 1989 ANGLO-CANADIAN WARTIME RELATIONS, 1939-1945: RAF BOMBER COMMAND AND NO. 6 (CANADIAN) GROUP DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (1989) McMASTER UNIVERSITY (History) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Anglo-Canadian Wartime Relations, 1939-1945: RAF Bomber Command and No. 6 (Canadian) Group AUTHOR: Williams. Carter, B.A. (York University) M.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor John P. Campbell NUMBER OF PAGES: viii, 239 ii ABSTRACT In its broadest perspective the following thesis is a case study in Anglo-Canadian relations during the Second World War. The specific subject is the relationship between RAF Bomber Command and No. 6 (Canadian) Group, with emphasis on its political, operational (military), and social aspects. The Prologue describes the bombing raid on Dortmund of 6/7 October, 1944, and has two purposes. The first is to set the stage for the subsequent analysis of the Anglo­ Canadian relationship and to serve as a reminder of the underlying operational realities. The second is to show to what extent Canadian air power had grown during the war by highlighting the raid that was No. 6 Group's maximum effort of the bombing campaign. Chapter 1 deals with the political negotiations and problems associated with the creation of No. 6 Group on 25 October, 1942. The analysis begins with an account of how the Mackenzie King government placed all RCAF aircrew graduates of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan at iii the disposal of the RAF and then had to negotiate for the right to concentrate RCAF aircrew overseas in their own squadrons and higher formations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1948 Arab‒Israeli
    1948 Arab–Israeli War 1 1948 Arab–Israeli War מלחמת or מלחמת העצמאות :The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known to Israelis as the War of Independence (Hebrew ,מלחמת השחרור :, Milkhemet Ha'atzma'ut or Milkhemet HA'sikhror) or War of Liberation (Hebrewהשחרור Milkhemet Hashikhrur) – was the first in a series of wars fought between the State of Israel and its Arab neighbours in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine and the Israeli declaration of independence on 15 May 1948, following a period of civil war in 1947–1948. The fighting took place mostly on the former territory of the British Mandate and for a short time also in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon.[1] ., al-Nakba) occurred amidst this warﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ :Much of what Arabs refer to as The Catastrophe (Arabic The war concluded with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Background Following World War II, on May 14, 1948, the British Mandate of Palestine came to an end. The surrounding Arab nations were also emerging from colonial rule. Transjordan, under the Hashemite ruler Abdullah I, gained independence from Britain in 1946 and was called Jordan, but it remained under heavy British influence. Egypt, while nominally independent, signed the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 that included provisions by which Britain would maintain a garrison of troops on the Suez Canal. From 1945 on, Egypt attempted to renegotiate the terms of this treaty, which was viewed as a humiliating vestige of colonialism. Lebanon became an independent state in 1943, but French troops would not withdraw until 1946, the same year that Syria won its independence from France.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Target for Tonight Rules (English)
    RULES OF PLAY TARGET FOR TONIGHT 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 5.12 Heat Out and Frostbite 1.1 Game Rules 5.13 Oxygen Fires 1.2 Game Equipment 5.14 Loss of Oxygen and its Effects 1.3 Dice 1.4 Counter Identification 6.0. In the Target Zone 1.5 Game Forms and Boards 6.1 Bombing the Target 1.6 The Operational Tour of Duty 6.2 Low Altitude Bombing 1.7 Designer’s Note: The Anatomy of A Bombing Mission 6.3 (Optional Rule) Thermal Turbulence - Fire Bombing and Firestorms 2.0 Pre-Mission Steps 6.4 Pathfinders and the “Master Bomber” 2.1 Set-Up 6.5 The Turn Around - Heading Home 2.2 How to Win 2.3 The Twelve Campaigns Offered in Target for Tonight 7.0. Ending the Mission 2.4 Target Selection 7.1 Landing at Your Base 2.5 Selecting Your Bomber Type 7.2 Ditching (Landing) In Water 2.6 The Bomber Command Flight Log Gazetteer 7.3 Landing in Europe 2.7 The Electronics War 7.4 Bailing Out 2.8 The Bomber’s Crew Members 7.5 (Optional Rule) Awards 2.9 Crew Placement Board and Battle Board 7.6 (Optional Rule) Confirmation of German Fighters 2.10 Determine the Phase of The Moon Claimed Shot down By Your Gunners. 3.0 Starting the Mission 8.0 Post Mission Debriefing 3.1 Take-Off Procedure 9.0. Additional German Aircraft Rules 4.0 The Zones 9.1 (Optional Rule) The Vickers Wellington Bomber 4.1 Movement Defined 9.2 (Optional Rule) German Me-262 Jet Night Fighter 4.2 Weather in the Zone 9.3 (Optional Rule) Ta-154 A-0 Night Fighter.
    [Show full text]
  • Sheet Key.Indd
    Sheet Key The worksheets are avalable, on request, from [email protected]. Each worksheet in the 1939–41 file, unlike other data presented on this CD-ROM, is based on a single documentary source that could not be cross-checked against another. Thus, the information in the three worksheets that make up the 1939 and 1941.xls workbook does not match the criteria and specificity of worksheets for 1942–45. The following lists of documents are the sources of the worksheet in file 1939–41.xls: 1. Sir Charles Kingsley Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945, vol. 4, Annexes and Appendices (London: Her Majesty’s Statio- nery Office, 1961), app. 40 and 41, which include Bomber Command (BC) losses and tonnage by month, September 1939 to May 1941, worksheet 1, BC 1939–41 2. RAF Air Historical Branch Monograph, The RAF in the Bombing Offensive against Germany, vol. 2, app. U 15, May 1940 to 31 May 1941, worksheet 2, BC 1940–41 3. RAF Air Historical Branch Monograph, The RAF in the Bombing Offensive against Germany, vol. 3, app. L1 through L16, Bomber Command operations by day, June 1941 to December 1941, worksheet 3, BC June–December 1941. An explanation for the content of each worksheet’s abbreviation; codes, and other des- ignations follows. Worksheet Columns The following list of abbreviations spells out the names of countries abbreviated in column A of the worksheets: Column A: countries struck by Anglo-American strategic bombers Au = Austria Be = Belgium Bu = Bulgaria Cz = Czechoslovakia De = Denmark
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Union with Syria, Its Impact and the June 1967
    Egypt’s Union with Syria, its Impact and the June 1967 War S. Qalb-i-Abid / Massarrat Abid Introduction Four hundred and sixty five million people of the Middle East are almost of the same composition. They share a common language, culture and religion and believe in the concept of the Arab Nationalism - Umma al Arabiya. The Arabic language is a potent unifying bondage. Although spoken Arabic changes widely from area to area, the literary language is more or less the same throughout the Arab world; and all those who speak Arabic are regarded as a part of the Arab Nation. This sacred language of Islam and Quran is the common bondage among the Arabs. The Arab Middle East also comprises the Holy Places for the three major religions of the world - Islam, Christianity and Judaism and remains the place of origin of their faith. Religion has thus always played a major role in political, economic, and social aspects of life for very many years; and in all likelihood, it will also continue to be a significant factor in future politics of this region. Middle East therefore is rightly described as the cradle of Islam. The importance of Middle East in world affairs has been emphasized by the fact that two world wars have had their Middle Eastern commands; and events there, though not principal, weighed heavily on the final results of these gigantic international conflicts. Egypt’s Union with Syria 165 The Middle Eastern politics has therefore always been very important for the World. Politics, transportation, communications, markets, military strategy, imperialism, nationalism, culture, religion and natural resources of this area had always great attraction1 for the “Big Powers” as well as small countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 28
    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 28 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Photographs credited to MAP have been reproduced by kind permission of Military Aircraft Photographs. Copies of these, and of many others, may be obtained via http://www.mar.co.uk Copyright 2003: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2003 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361-4231 Typeset by Creative Associates 115 Magdalen Road Oxford OX4 1RS Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Mothmoor OX29 5UH 3 CONTENTS A NEW LOOK AT ‘THE WIZARD WAR’ by Dr Alfred Price 15 100 GROUP - ‘CONFOUND AND…’ by AVM Jack Furner 24 100 GROUP - FIGHTER OPERATIONS by Martin Streetly 33 D-DAY AND AFTER by Dr Alfred Price 43 MORNING DISCUSSION PERIOD 51 EW IN THE EARLY POST-WAR YEARS – LINCOLNS TO 58 VALIANTS by Wg Cdr ‘Jeff’ Jefford EW DURING THE V-FORCE ERA by Wg Cdr Rod Powell 70 RAF EW TRAINING 1945-1966 by Martin Streetly 86 RAF EW TRAINING 1966-94 by Wg Cdr Dick Turpin 88 SOME THOUGHTS ON PLATFORM PROTECTION SINCE 92 THE GULF WAR by Flt Lt Larry Williams AFTERNOON DISCUSSION PERIOD 104 SERGEANTS THREE – RECOLLECTIONS OF No
    [Show full text]
  • The Aeronautical and Space Industries of the Community Compared with Those of the United Kingdom and - the United States
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES The aeronautical and space industries of the Community compared with those of the United Kingdom and - the United States GENERAL REPORT Volume 4 COMPETITION INDUSTRY - 1971 - 4 I Survey carried out on behalf of the Commission of the European Communities (Directorate- General for Industry) Project coordinator: Mr Felice Calissano, with the assistance of Messrs Federico Filippi and Gianni Jarre of Turin Polytech­ nical College and Mr Francesco Forte of the University of Turin SORIS Working Group : Mr Ruggero Cominotti Mr Ezio Ferrarotti Miss Donata Leonesi Mr Andrea Mannu Mr Jacopo Muzio Mr Carlo Robustelli Interviews with government agencies and private companies conducted by : Mr Felice Calissano Mr Romano Catolla Cavalcanti Mr Federico Filippi Mr Gianni Jarre Mr Carlo Robustelli July 1969 I No. 7042 SORIS spa Economic studies, market research 11, via Santa Teresa, Turin, Italy Tel. 53 98 65/66 The aeronautical and space industries of the Community compared \ with those of the United Kingdom and the United States STUDIES Competition Industry No.4 BRUSSELS 1971 THE AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE INDUSTRIES OF THE COMMUNITY COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES VOLUME 1 The aeronautical and space research and development VOLUME 2 The aeronautical and space industry VOLUME 3 The space activities VOLUME 4 The aeronautical market VOLUME 5 Technology- Balance of payments The role of the aerospace industry in the economy Critical assessment of the results of the survey CHAPTER 3 The aeronautical market ! Contents PART 1 THE MARKET FOR CIVIL AIRCRAFT 1 • INTRODUCTION 675 2. TYPES OF AIRCRAFT 675 NUMBERS OF AIRCRAFT 680 3.1 Total Number 680 3.2 Breakdown by Type of Aircraft and by Country 688 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Combat Aircraft (1945 – 2010)
    I MODERN COMBAT AIRCRAFT (1945 – 2010) Modern Combat Aircraft (1945-2010) is a brief overview of the most famous military aircraft developed by the end of World War II until now. Fixed-wing airplanes and helicopters are presented by the role fulfilled, by the nation of origin (manufacturer), and year of first flight. For each aircraft is available a photo, a brief introduction, and information about its development, design and operational life. The work is made using English Wikipedia, but also other Web sites. FIGHTER-MULTIROLE UNITED STATES UNITED STATES No. Aircraft 1° fly Pg. No. Aircraft 1° fly Pg. Lockheed General Dynamics 001 1944 3 011 1964 27 P-80 Shooting Star F-111 Aardvark Republic Grumman 002 1946 5 012 1970 29 F-84 Thunderjet F-14 Tomcat North American Northrop 003 1947 7 013 1972 33 F-86 Sabre F-5E/F Tiger II North American McDonnell Douglas 004 1953 9 014 1972 35 F-100 Super Sabre F-15 Eagle Convair General Dynamics 005 1953 11 015 1974 39 F-102 Delta Dagger F-16 Fighting Falcon Lockheed McDonnell Douglas 006 1954 13 016 1978 43 F-104 Starfighter F/A-18 Hornet Republic Boeing 007 1955 17 017 1995 45 F-105 Thunderchief F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Vought Lockheed Martin 008 1955 19 018 1997 47 F-8 Crusader F-22 Raptor Convair Lockheed Martin 009 1956 21 019 2006 51 F-106 Delta Dart F-35 Lightning II McDonnell Douglas 010 1958 23 F-4 Phantom II SOVIET UNION SOVIET UNION No.
    [Show full text]