Mango Cultivars Under South Revised : 17.09.2011 Gujarat Conditions in Relation to Physical Characters Accepted : 06.10.2011

Research Paper THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE Vol. 6 | Issue 2 | December, 2011 | 393-397

Article history: Received : 18.08.2011 Performance of fruits of nine mango cultivars under South Revised : 17.09.2011 Gujarat conditions in relation to physical characters Accepted : 06.10.2011

B.V. PADHIAR, S.N. SARAVAIYA1, K.A. TANDEL 1, M.P. AHIR 2, P.P. BHALERAO 1 AND R.R. BHALERAO 1

Associated Authors: Abstract : The experiment entitled performance of fruits of nine mango cultivars under south Gujarat 1Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE conditions in relation to physical characters was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat). In this experiment Navsari Agricultural University, six cultivars of mango viz ., Alphonso, Dashehari, Kesar, Neelum, Rajapuri and Totapuri as well as three NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA 2Horticulture Polytechnic, ASPEE hybrids viz ., Amrapalli, Mallika and Neelphonso were tested for their physical and chemical characteristics. College of Horticulture and Forestry, The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and three repetitions. Navsari Agricultural University, In the physical parameters, the fruits of cv. TOTAPURI recorded the maximum fruit length (cm) at marble and NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA premature stages while, Mallika noted the maximum fruit length (cm) at mature and ripe stages. The maximum fruit diameter (cm) and fruit weight (g) was recorded in Rajapuri at all the stages of growth except Amrapalli at marble stage. The maximum average pulp weight (%) was recorded in Totapuri at marble stage Author for correspondence : and in Rajapuri at other stages. The minimum seed weight (%) was recorded in Rajapuri at all the stages but, B.V. PANDHIAR at marble stage it was recorded minimum in Totapuri, Kesar at pre-mature stage, Amrapalli at mature stage Department of Fruit Science, ASPEE and Mallika at ripe stage. The pulp:stone ratio was found higher in Totapuri at marble stage and in Rajapuri College of Horticulture and Forestry, at pre-mature, mature and ripe stages. Navsari Agricultural University, NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA Key words : Mango varieties, Physical characters, Stages of growth and development, Storage Email : padhiarbalvant@ yahoo.co.in How to cite this article : Padhiar, B.V., Saravaiya, S.N., Tandel, K.A., Ahir, M.P., Bhalerao, P.P. and Bhalerao, R.R. (2011). Performance of fruits of nine mango cultivars under south Gujarat conditions in relation to physical characters, Asian J. Hort. , 6 (2) : 393-397.

ango ( Mangifera indica L.) the King of fruits, investigation entitled performance of fruits of nine mango Mbelongs to the family Anacardiaceae. It is cultivars under south Gujarat conditions in relation to commercially cultivated over more than 111 countries physical characters was conducted with nine varieties of around the world. India occupies the second position in mango viz ., Alphonso, Kesar, Dashehari, Rajapuri, the world with a production of 12,749.8 million tonnes of Totapuri, Neelum, Neelphonso, Amrapalli and Mallika. fruit grown on 2,309 Mt of area (Anonymous, 2009 a). The total area under cultivation of Gujarat is 115.7 hectares RESEARCH METHODS with 299.8 Mt productions. The climatic condition of south The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory Gujarat is highly favourable for mango quality production. of Fruit Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture and In terms of area, south Gujarat ranks first (50,602 ha) Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. Mango with the production of 4,70,069 Mt (Anonymous, 2009 b). fruits each of nine varieties were collected from the In the past, quality traits with regard to physico- orchard of Instructional farm of the college, at different chemical parameters were studied only at ripe stage. four stages of growth and development i.e. , marble, pre- However, the characteristics of physical properties were mature, mature and ripe stage during the year of 2009. not studied so far for the different varieties at marble, The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized per-mature, mature and ripe stages of growth. To design (CRD) with three repetitions. Fruits of total nine understand the physical changes in mango fruits at varieties including of six cultivars viz ., Alphonso, different stages of growth and development, the

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE B.V. PADHIAR , S.N. SARAVAIYA, K.A. TANDEL, M.P. AHIR, P.P. BHALE RAO AND R.R. BHALE RAO

Dashehari, Kesar, Neelum, Rajapuri and Totapuri as well from marble to mature stage followed by a slight decline as three hybrids viz ., Amrapalli, Mallika and Neelphonso at ripe stage. The fruit weight was maximum (8.80 g) in were tested for their physical characteristics. Amrapalli at marble stage; in Rajapuri at pre-mature, Simultaneously, more ten mature fruits were taken to the mature and ripe stages (196.33, 556.00 and 454.67 g, laboratory in CFB boxes for ripening process i.e. under respectively) and in Mallika at all the stages of growth storage condition. Observations on physical characters (Table 1). Weight is one of the most important physical viz ., fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight indices of maturity in fruits. The variability might be due (g), pulp weight (%), seed (stone) weight (%), peel weight to genotypic character of an individual cultivar (%) and pulp:stone ratio were recorded. The data recorded corresponding the size of fruit i.e. length and diameter. during the period of investigation were analysed Environment of particular location vis-a-vis orchard statistically as per Panse and Sukhatme (1967). management practices may also influence on the size and weight of fruit. The results are in agreement with those RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION of Mannan et al . (2003). An increasing trend in weight of The experimental results emerged from the mango fruit from fruit set to ripe stage was reported earlier investigation are discussed under following heads: by Tondon and Kalra (1983), Verma et al . (1986), Badyal and Bhutani (1989) and Kudachikar et al . (2003) Physical characteristics: confirmed the present findings. Fruit length (cm): Length of mango fruit of each variety showed an Pulp weight (%): increase from marble stage to mature stage and it The data on changes in pulp weight of different remained all most same at ripe stage. The fruit length cultivars and hybrids of mango from marble stage to was recorded maximum in Totapuri at marble (1.69 cm) ripening showed that the pulp weight of mango fruit was and pre-mature (10.20 cm) stage and in Mallika at mature increased from marble to mature stage and slighly decline (13.14 cm) stage (Table 1). An increasing trend was at ripe stage. Pulp weight was maximum in Totapuri at observed in fruit length from marble to mature stage. This marble stage (63.92 %), Rajapuri at pre-mature, (79.07 might be due to genetic and varietal characters. The %) mature (84.24%) and ripe stages (80.35) (Table 1). results reported by Verma et al. (1986) and Kudachikar Strach is the main carbohydrate present in green mature et al. (2003) are in accordance with the present study. mango fruit. During ripening of mangoes, starch is being hydrolyzed, changes occurred in amylase activities at the Fruit diameter (g): same time. Similar trend was reported by Kudachikar et The diameter of mango fruit recorded an increasing al . (2003). Pulp is the main edible portion of the fruit and trend from marble to mature stage and remained up to increase in pulp weight indicated the higher recovery of the ripe stage. The fruit diameters was the maximum in mango pulp. Recovery of pulp is also associated with non Rajapuri at all the stages of growth (1.04, 7.44, 9.22 and edible portion (peel + stone) and the size of fruit. Small 9.22 cm), which was followed by Alphonso at marble seed and thin skin influence on pulp weight (recovery). stage, Kesar at pre-mature stage and Mallika at mature and ripe stages (Table 1). This might be due to genetic Seed (Stone) weight (%): variability of the different mango cultivars. Further, the The data of Table 1 indicated that an average seed hormonal activity of seed (the greater source of hormone) weight of different cultivars and hybrids was increased also play a vital role in the development of fruit leading to from marble stage to mature stage by slight decline at length and breadth of the fruit at mature stage. An increase ripe stage. Seed weight was equally minimum in Rajapuri in fruit diameter from marble stage to ripe stage was and Totapuri at marble stage (1.60 %), Rajapuri at pre- reported by Verma et al. (1986) and Kudachikar et al. mature (8.31 %), mature (8.58 %) and ripe stages (6.01 (2003) supported the present findings. %) Massive increase in growth rate during this period is In general, increase in length and diameter directly associated with the period of maximum activity periodically from marble stage to mature and ripe stages of auxin and gibberallin like substances in the seed. An indicated the overall growth of fruit in certain cultivars as increase in seed weight from marble to mature stage as well as in the hybrids. observed in mango fruits were also reported by Pandey et al . (1974). However, the seed weight drastically Fruit weight (g): reduced at ripe stage which might be due to reduction in Fruit weight of mango showed an increasing trend moisture during hardening of seed.

Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute Asian J. Hort. | Vol. 6 | 2 | Dec., 2011| 393-397 394 PERFORMANCE OF FRUITS OF NINE MANGO CULTIVARS IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERS

Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute Asian J. Hort. | Vol. 6 | 2 | Dec., 2011| 393-397 395 B.V. PADHIAR , S.N. SARAVAIYA, K.A. TANDEL, M.P. AHIR, P.P. BHALE RAO AND R.R. BHALE RAO

Peel weight (%): Peel weight (%) of mango indicated declining trend from marble to mature stage, while it was increased from mature to ripe stage. It was recorded significantly the highest in Neelum at marble stage (47.51 %) followed by Neelphonso (44.09%), Alphonso (42.60 %) and Mallika (41.63 %) (Table 1). An increase in peel weight from mature to ripe stage might be due to higher rate of cell division and enlargement in interior (mesocarp) and exocarp (skin/peel) simultaneously. However, the thinness or thickness of peel is a varietal feature which is reflected in the hybrids also. On the contrary, the reduction in peel weight at ripe stage might be due to the hardening of peel and softening of the pulp. The results of Rajput and Pandey (1997) and Mitra and Mitra (2001) are in accordance with the present study.

Pulp : Stone ratio: The data of Table 1 indicated that the pulp : stone ratio was maximum in Totapuri at marble stage (40.04) and in Rajapuri at premature (38.94), mature (9.86) and ripe stage (13.38). The edible and non-edible portion decreased from green to ripe stage and from ripe to over ripe stage. The edible and non-edible portion was also similar as studied by Rajput and Pandey (1997), Bains and Dhillon (1999) and Mannan et al. (2003) which is in accordance with the present study.

Changes in physical parameters during storage: Fruit weight (g): Fruit weight of different genotypes is a varietal feature. The maximum fruit weight a was recorded on Ge first day of storage, which gradually declined up to 6 th day in all the genotypes however it was height in Rajapuri (556.00) over all varieties. All the varieties exhibited gradual reduction in weight up to 15 th day of storage (Table 2) regarding different levels of weight loss during storage. Reduction in fruit weight might be due to physiological activities like loss of moisture and respiration.

Pulp weight (%): The pulp weight of different cultivars and hybrids was decreased with increase in storage period. Pulp weight was significantly the highest in Rajapuri during storage followed by Totapuri at 1 st , 3 rd , 12 th and 15 th day of storage. Mallika at 6 th day and Kesar at 9 th day of storage showed higher pulp weight. Various reasons can be assigned namely genetic compositions of different mango cultivars and hybrids own genetically inherent that means phenotype of parental characters might have migrated in offspring and differences in management practices like

Hind Agricultural Research and Training Institute Asian J. Hort. | Vol. 6 | 2 | Dec., 2011| 393-397 396 PERFORMANCE OF FRUITS OF NINE MANGO CULTIVARS IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERS fertigation, irrigation etc. The above findings are in Mitra, S. and Mitra, S.K. (2001). Physico-chemical accordance with the report of Kudachikar et al. (2003). characteristics of 19 mango varieties grown in West Bengal. Indian Agric ., 45 (3-4) : 215-219. REFERENCES Pandey, R. M., Rao, M. M. and Singh, R. N. (1974). Biochemical Anonymous (2009 a). An Indian Horticultural database, NHB, changes in the developing mango fruit ( Mangifera indica L.) Ministry of Agriculture, GURGAON, HARYANA (India). cv. DASHEHARI . Prog. Hort., 5 : 47-59. Anonymous (2009 b). Director of Horticulture, Krishi Bhavan, Panse, V. G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1967). Statistical methods for GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT (India). agricultural workers , ICAR Publication Department, New Delhi. Badyal, J. and Bhutani, V. P. (1989). Phsico-chemical characters Rajput, S.S. and Pandey, S. D. (1997). Physico-chemical of seven mango cvs. grown at Litchi and Mango Research characteristics of some mango cultivars under Chhatisgarh Station, Nagrota Bagwan (H.P.). Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 18 (1-2) region of Madhya Pradesh. Hort. J ., 10 (1) : 9-14. : 51-55. Tondon, D.K. and Kalra, S. K. (1983). Changes in sugars, starch Bains, K. S. and Dhillon, M.S. (1999). Physico-chemical and amylase activity during development of mango fruit cv. characters of 10 cvs. of mango at Fruit Research Station, Gangian Dashehari. J. Hort. Sci ., 58 (3) : 449-453. (Hoshiarpur). Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 28 (3 & 4) : 172-173. Verma, R.A. , Tripathi, M. P. and Srivastava, R. K. (1986). Studies Kudachikar, V. B. , Kulkarni, S.G., Aradhya, S.M., Prasad, B.A. on development of carotenoids ripening of mangoes (cv. and Ramana, K.V.R. (2003). Physico-chemical changes in mango DASHEHARI ). Prog. Hort ., 18 (1-2) : 39-44. (Mangifera indica L.) varieties ‘Alphonso’ and ‘Raspuri’ during fruit development and maturation. J. Food Sci. & Tech., Mysore, 40 (3) : 285-289. Mannan, M.A. , Khan, S.A.K.U., Islam, M.R., Islam, M.S. and Siddiqua, A. (2003). Physico-chemical properties of mango varieties grown in Khulna region. Pakistan J. Bio. Sci., 6 (24) : 2034-2039. ***********

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