A-Level Classical Civilisation Mark Scheme Unit
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The Fleet of Syracuse (480-413 BCE)
ANDREAS MORAKIS The Fleet of Syracuse (480-413 BCE) The Deinomenids The ancient sources make no reference to the fleet of Syracuse until the be- ginning of the 5th century BCE. In particular, Thucydides, when considering the Greek maritime powers at the time of the rise of the Athenian empire, includes among them the tyrants of Sicily1. Other sources refer more precisely to Gelon’s fleet, during the Carthaginian invasion in Sicily. Herodotus, when the Greeks en- voys asked for Gelon’s help to face Xerxes’ attack, mentions the lord of Syracuse promising to provide, amongst other things, 200 triremes in return of the com- mand of the Greek forces2. The same number of ships is also mentioned by Ti- maeus3 and Ephorus4. It is very odd, though, that we hear nothing of this fleet during the Carthaginian campaign and the Battle of Himera in either the narration of Diodorus, or the briefer one of Herodotus5. Nevertheless, other sources imply some kind of naval fighting in Himera. Pausanias saw offerings from Gelon and the Syracusans taken from the Phoenicians in either a sea or a land battle6. In addition, the Scholiast to the first Pythian of Pindar, in two different situations – the second one being from Ephorus – says that Gelon destroyed the Carthaginians in a sea battle when they attacked Sicily7. 1 Thuc. I 14, 2: ὀλίγον τε πρὸ τῶν Μηδικῶν καὶ τοῦ ∆αρείου θανάτου … τριήρεις περί τε Σικελίαν τοῖς τυράννοις ἐς πλῆθος ἐγένοντο καὶ Κερκυραίοις. 2 Hdt. VII 158. 3 Timae. FGrHist 566 F94= Polyb. XII 26b, 1-5, but the set is not the court of Gelon, but the conference of the mainland Greeks in Corinth. -
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia. -
Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens Tim Rood
Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens Tim Rood To cite this version: Tim Rood. Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens. KTÈMA Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, Université de Strasbourg, 2017, 42, pp.19-39. halshs-01670082 HAL Id: halshs-01670082 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01670082 Submitted on 21 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Les interprétations de la défaite de 404 Edith Foster Interpretations of Athen’s defeat in the Peloponnesian war ............................................................. 7 Edmond LÉVY Thucydide, le premier interprète d’une défaite anormale ................................................................. 9 Tim Rood Thucydides, Sicily, and the Defeat of Athens ...................................................................................... 19 Cinzia Bearzot La συμφορά de la cité La défaite d’Athènes (405-404 av. J.-C.) chez les orateurs attiques .................................................. 41 Michel Humm Rome, une « cité grecque -
The Experience of Battle in the Sicilian Expedition: from the Great Harbour to the River Assinarus
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 4-22-2013 12:00 AM The Experience of Battle in the Sicilian Expedition: From the Great Harbour to the River Assinarus Frank D. D'Earmo The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Bernd Steinbock The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Classics A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Frank D. D'Earmo 2013 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation D'Earmo, Frank D., "The Experience of Battle in the Sicilian Expedition: From the Great Harbour to the River Assinarus" (2013). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 1231. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1231 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EXPERIENCE OF BATTLE IN THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION: FROM THE GREAT HARBOUR TO THE RIVER ASSINARUS Monograph by Frank D’Earmo Graduate Program in Classical Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Frank D’Earmo 2013 Abstract Drawing on John Keegan’s Face of Battle approach, this MA thesis reconstructs the soldiers’ experience during the final phase of the Athenians’ Sicilian Expedition (415- 413 BC). -
Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, PREFACE however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to The ultimate, it might be said, the only authority for assure that compromised versions of the work are not widely the military and political facts given in this narrative, is disseminated. Thucydides. These facts have been admirably expounded In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this and arranged by Grote, to whom everyone interested in text, a copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date Greek history must be under obligations which cannot be are included at the foot of every page of text. We require all electronic adequately expressed. I have to acknowledge specially my and printed versions of this text to include these markings, and that indebtedness to the maps which accompany the sixth users adhere to the following restrictions. volume of his history. In writing this little book I have also 1. -
Mark Scheme F393 Greek History
GCE Classics: Ancient History Unit F393: Greek History: conflict and culture Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for June 2016 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. -
Marinatos a Note on the Theiasmos
A NOTE ON THE THEIASMOS OF NICIAS IN THUCYDIDES By Nanno Marinatos Summary: Thucydides criticises Nicias for being too partial to divination (7.50.4). It is suggested here through the examination of the linguistic nuances of θειασμός and the verb προσκείμενος, that Thucydides assessed him negatively primarily because he took the side of the army-seers. Yet, this criticism ought not to be blown out of proportion. Thucydides’ portrait differs significantly from Plutarch’s who describes Nicias as a diffi- dent man easily gripped by fear and addicted to prophecies. Consequently, Thucydides’ criticism is a small parenthesis in his overall presentation of the Athenian general’s ca- reer whose decisions were based on skill, rational criteria and experience (5.16.1). καὶ ὁ Νικίας (ἦν γάρ τι καὶ ἄγαν θειασμῷ τε καὶ τῷ τοιούτῳ προσκείμενος) οὐδ᾽ ἂν διαβουλεύσασθαι ἔτι ἔφη πρίν, ὡς οἱ μάντεις ἐξηγοῦντο, τρὶς ἐννέα ἡμέρας μεῖναι, ὅπως ἂν πρότερον κινηθείη (Thuc. 7.50.4). And Nicias (who was a bit too partial to theiasmos and the like), said he would not consider moving before they stayed still for three times nine days as the seers advised. In this often-cited passage, Thucydides is clearly somewhat critical of Ni- cias. The purpose of this note is to assess the nuances of his reproach by examining the broader context of the passage and the connection be- tween theiasmos and the verb πρόσκειμαι. It will be argued that Nicias is not criticized because of his personal theological beliefs but because of his softness towards the seers, the ones who undertook to interpret the divine will. -
Historical Background 3 Approach 3 Ancient Sources 4 the Athenian
Winchester 2 Table of Contents Chapter One: Historical Background 3 ● Approach 3 ● Ancient sources 4 ● The Athenian commanders 7 a. Alcibiades 7 b. Nicias 9 c. Lamachus 10 ● The Spartan commanders 11 a. Gylippus 11 Chapter Two: Background on governmental customs and military customs 12 ● Athens 12 ● Sparta 15 ● Sicily 17 Chapter Three: The Sicilian Expedition 19 ● Thucydides’ perspective as an Athenian 19 ● Athens: The conflict between the generals and the Assembly 19 ● Maps of Sicily and the Greek world 24 ● Sicily: The consequences of division and confusion 25 ● The Syracusan side of the war 28 Chapter Four: Analysis 32 ● Consequences of Athenian and Spartan political systems 32 ● Conclusion: Alcibiades and Athens 35 Appendix: Chronology of the Sicilian Expedition 37 Bibliography 38 Winchester 3 Chapter One: Historical Background Approach In this thesis, I will examine the dynamics of power between the Athenian assembly and the three generals assigned to positions of command in the Sicilian Expedition – Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus – and attempt to contextualize Alcibiades’ defecting from Athens to Sparta. I focus on the Sicilian Expedition narrative in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War Books 6 and 7, but also use Plutarch’s Life of Alcibiades and Life of Nicias, plus the Life of Coriolanus. In the first chapter, after discussing the sources, I examine the personal history of the commanders involved (the Athenians Alcibiades, Lamachus, and Nicias, and the Spartan Gylippus). In my second chapter, I then turn to the governmental structures and military customs of Athens, Sparta, and Sicily, zeroing in on the Athenian Assembly and its military role. -
Battles of Carthage Versus Syracuse, 480-276 B.C. Module Design by Daniel A
Tyrant Alexander Deluxe Module tyrant Battles of Carthage versus Syracuse, 480-276 B.C. Module Design by Daniel A. Fournie GBoH Series Editor of C3i Magazine T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 2 CRIMISSOS RIVER, 341 B.C. ................................... 19 GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................... 3 ABOLUS RIVER, 338 B.C. ........................................ 23 TYRANT MODULE SPECIAL RULES..................... 3 MOUNT ECNOMUS, 311 B.C. .................................. 25 HIMERA, 480 B.C. ..................................................... 4 WHITE TUNIS, 310 B.C. ............................................ 27 SECOND HIMERA, 409 B.C. .................................... 7 TUNIS, 307 B.C. ......................................................... 29 AKRAGAS, 406 B.C. .................................................. 9 LILYBAEUM, 276 B.C. .............................................. 32 GELA, 405 B.C............................................................ 12 Epilogue ....................................................................... 35 CABALA, 377 B.C. ..................................................... 14 Credits .......................................................................... 35 CRONIUM, 376 B.C. .................................................. 17 Sources ......................................................................... 36 GMT GAMES P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 www.GMTGames.com Contains Simple GBoH Versions! -
Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy
Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy Livia Tagliapietra St John’s College, Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2018 Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy Livia Tagliapietra Summary This doctoral thesis investigates dialect contact, identity and change in the ancient Greek colonies of Magna Graecia in the fourth and third centuries BC, as evidenced in the surviving epigraphic sources. South Italy is an area of the ancient Greek-speaking world in which a comprehensive investigation of the linguistic evidence has not previously been attempted. By considering linguistic questions within their broader socio-historical environment, I propose a radical redrawing of the dialect map of this area. I first present the historical context, the linguistic evidence and the methodological framework of my research in the introduction. In the first chapter I reject previous hypotheses about dialect contact in South Italy around 300 BC on the basis of both historical and linguistic arguments. I then propose a new and empirically better supported explanation for the development of the ‘severior’ long- vowel system in the dialect of the southern city of Locri, which previous studies have generally attributed to influence from the dialect of the important northern city of Taras and taken as evidence for Taras’ linguistic influence over the rest of Magna Graecia, and possibly also for the existence of a local Doric koina (i.e. a common dialect). In the second chapter I offer a new analysis of the inscriptional record from Locri and show that, in the absence of compelling evidence for influence from the dialect of Taras, a high level of prestige remained attributed to the traditional local dialect until at least the mid-third century. -
The Military and Political Role of the Allies of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War
THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL ROLE OF THE ALLIES OF SPARTA IN THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR BY PANAYIOTIS KATSIVARDELOS Thesis Presented for the Degree of the Master of Letters GLASGOW 1992 © Panayiotis Katsivardelos 1992 ProQuest Number: 13815419 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13815419 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PARENTIBUS CARISSIMIS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Knox for his understanding, cooperation, constructive criticism and especially for drawing my attention to numerous points throughout this work. Special thanks to Prof. MacDowell whose influences have helped in various direct and indirect ways. I owe particular debts of gratitude to my family, for their moral support and constant encouragement during all these years. Finally I would like to extend my thanks to my colleagues and friends in Glasgow, for their contribution which aided me in improving parts throughout my work and especially to C. Arvanitis & A. Fragos. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to J. -
An Island Too Far (The Athenian Expedition to Sicily, 415 B.C.)
An island too far (The Athenian expedition to Sicily, 415 B.C.) Prologue A bridge too far is the title of a book of the journalist and writer Cornelius Ryan(1920- 1974). It reports Allies’ failed attempt to enter Germany through the Netherlands during the WW II. The bridge mentioned in the title is Arnhem bridge, reached but not conquered by the allied paratroopers. This failure compromised the whole operation, coded as Market- Garden . But in English, A bridge too far has got also a different meaning. According to the Oxford Dictionary, it means “ A step or act that is regarded as being too drastic to take ” or “Something that is very difficult to achieve ”. And the act taken by the army and the navy of a Great Power many centuries before Market-Garden , in 415 B.C, is very similar to “ an act that is regarded as being too drastic to take ”. If Cornelius Ryan had lived in 415 B.C., he would have titled his own work, “ An island too far ”, alluding, from one side, to a real island, and, from the other side, to the gamble connected with the fact of bringing the war thousands kilometres far from the homeland. Sicily is that real island; Athens and the Athenians are those who made the gamble. Segesta’s lies. After the so-called “Peace of Nikias”( 421 B.C.) that ends the Peloponnesian War temporally, Athens, having its hands free, cultivates the idea of expanding westwards, towards Sicily. Some years before(427 B.C), Athens had tried to do it, but its intervention in favour of the town of Leontini ( today Lentini) had failed.