20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Mass Balance exercise – level 1

4. Derive area of each segment

Mass balance measurements

and glacier wide mass balance Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation on Findelen and Adler Glacier

Andreas Linsbauer (slides: modified from H. Machguth)

IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme Mass BalanceCapacity Findelenglacier building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 (Jan A. Linsbauer, 5 – Feb 21.01.2015 13, 2015) 1 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 2 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Mass Balance exercise – level 1 Geographical setting of Findel glacier

5. plot into one figure: Adler glacier • the glacier hypsography, (1650 m a.s.l., 1981‐now) • mass balance vs. altitude for elevation bins of 100 m,

• and the point Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation (2500 m a.s.l., Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation observations. 1970‐now, bad data quality)

Stockhorn (3400 m a.s.l., (3100 m a.s.l., 2002‐?, no precipitation, 2004‐now, no precipitation) limited data quality)

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 3 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 4 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Geographical and climatological setting Geographical and climatological setting

source: G. Kappenberger source: G. Kappenberger

Findel glacier characteristics • area 13.4 km2 (roughly #15 in the Alps) • debris free valley‐type glacier

Climate and glacier • temperate climate, no rainy Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation and dry season • clear seasonal temperature cycle • temperate glacier (ice and firn mostly at 0 °C) • clearly seperable accumulation and ablation seasons Source of plots: modified after M. Huss Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 5 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 6

1 20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Why Findelen galcier? How do we measure on Findelen?

Annual field surveys are carried out close to • Initially not a mass balance glacier, only measured for the beginning of the hydrological year. […] The ground truthing in a modelling study duration of the mass‐balance year varies in the floating‐date system. (Cogley et al., 2011) • Investigation Findel glacier: direct glaciological of a presumed +0.7 m w.e. method, floating date system horizontal ‐ precipitation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation gradient accumulation ‐0.2 m w.e. area equilibrium + line

modelled mass balance distribution Findel and Adler glacier Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 7 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 8 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP How do we measure on Findelen? How do we measure on Findelen?

Photo: N. Salzmann Photo: H. Machguth Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Photo: S. Bircher

Stake drilling / Stake readings Photos: N. Salzmann

Snow pits

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 9 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 10 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP The usual starting point Interpolation approaches

Some random stake readings Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Submitted to WGMS: 0.1±0.5 m w.e.

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 11 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 12

2 20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Profile method Contour line method

b = f(h) mass balance (b) 2004/05 b = -0.25 m w.e. b=-0.29 m b=-0.18 m -7.2 m w.e. -4.25 m w.e. w.e. w.e. -1.4 m w.e.

-7.6 m w.e.

Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation 1.0 m w.e. Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation 47% b=0.83 m w.e. range Example: 2008 - 2009

source: P. Joerg, unpublished Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 13 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 14 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Mass Balance exercise – level 1 Calculated mass balance is never final!

4. Derive area of each segment • Re-analysis using geodetic mass balance • Extrapolation methods are subject to improvements • The way mass balance data are used is changing … Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 15 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 16 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Conclusions

• Understanding and addressing the relevant processes is the key to good quality mass balance data • Adapt methods to climatological and glacier characteristics • Extrapolation is the key to total mass balance The use of computer modelling • In most cases it is best to either work manually or use Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation for mass balance analysis Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation process-based extrapolation (see talks on Friday) • Publish/submit complete meta data and stake readings Andreas Linsbauer (slides modified from M. Huss)

IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 17 Mass BalanceCapacity Findelenglacier building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 (Jan A. Linsbauer, 5 – Feb 21.01.2015 13, 2015) 18

3 20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Three systems to evaluate mass balance: Mass balance model

Basic approach: • Extrapolate point mass balance in SPACE and TIME using physical relations • Analyze seasonal to annual mass balance data using a daily mass balance model (temperature, precipitation). – Melt: Distributed temperature-index / energy balance model Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation including potential radiation (Hock, 1999; erlemans, 2001) Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation  3 parameters – Acc.: Extrapolation of precipitation  1 parameter

Two steps: • 1. Fit model to winter accumulation data • 2. Fit model to annual data

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 19 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 20 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Model adjustment Model adjustment: Spatial distribution

Downscaling of seasonal mass balance observations using daily weather data: • Winter measurements constrain accumulation

parameters Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation • Annual balance measurements constrain melt parameters Spatial distribution: • Slope, aspect, shading • Wind drift

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 21 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 22 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Step 1: Winter accumulation Step 2: Annual mass balance Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 23 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 24

4 20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Final correction Inferred daily mass balance series Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 25 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 26 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Separation of mass balance components Elevation distribution of mass balance Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 27 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 28 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Elevation distribution of mass balance Inferred daily mass balance series Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 29 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 30

5 20.01.2015 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Himalayas Climate Indian – IHCAP Conclusion

• Evaluation of mass balance using a consistent, automated method • Important advantages compared to traditional evaluation:  Extrapolation using physical relations  Use information contained in winter snow measurements Level-2 Programme: course Adaptation  Daily resolution from seasonal surveys, correct varying periods

• BUT: (1) Requires nearby meteorological measurements, (2) does not allow integration of the observers' knowledge

Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 31

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