International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat

Activity Report 2008

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405 URL: http://www.hfsjg.ch

August 2009 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2008 Table of contents

Report of the Director ...... i High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Statistics on research days 2008 ...... 1 Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ...... 3 Activity reports: ƒ High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) ...... 5 ƒ Atmospheric physics and chemistry, (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ...... 15 ƒ Study of atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone and temperature by a LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland)...... 21 ƒ Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland)...... 27 ƒ Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 33 ƒ Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over Switzerland LIRAS (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland)...... 35 ƒ Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV photovoltaic plant at 3454 m (Berner Fachhochschule BFH, Technik und Informatik TI, Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland)...... 37 ƒ National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL, (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland)...... 39 ƒ Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch – New substances on the horizon, (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland) ...... 45

ƒ Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland)...... 51 ƒ Aerosols radioactive monitoring RADAIR (Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Sektion Umweltradioaktivität) ...... 55 ƒ The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland)...... 61 ƒ Single particle analysis of aerosols from a Saharan dust event, sampled during CLACE 2008 (Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland)...... 75 ƒ Life in Darwin’s Dust (LBMPS, Université de Genève, Switzerland)...... 77 ƒ Measurements of ambient ice nuclei with the new instrument PINC (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich)...... 79 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2008

ƒ Study of new particle formation and ion concentrations, (Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, France)...... 81 ƒ High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements (Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University Bern, Switzerland)...... 85 14 222 ƒ Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany)...... 89 ƒ 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland and Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany)...... 91 ƒ Collection of large volume air sample (Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany)...... 93

ƒ NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich IACETH, Switzerland)...... 95 ƒ Measurement of 222Rn for atmospheric tracer applications (Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel, Switzerland).... 99 ƒ Spectroscopic measurements of direct moon light (Institut für Umweltphysik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany)...... 101 ƒ Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 103 ƒ Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith angles (Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy) ...... 107 ƒ Production, transport and deposition of cosmogenic radionuclides 7Be, 10Be, 36Cl (Radioactive Tracers, Eawag, Switzerland)...... 109 ƒ Prevalence and pathophysiology of high altitude illness in children (Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland)...... 111 ƒ Fetal programming of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland)...... 115 ƒ A thermal drill for ice coring on high-elevation glaciers, NCCR Climate VIVALDI, Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits - Integrated (Labor für Radio- und Umwelt Chemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Switzerland) ...... 117 ƒ Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasser- bau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 121 ƒ PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls (Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland)...... 123 ƒ Permafrost in the Jungfrau East Ridge (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Switzerland) ...... 125 ƒ Geometric Validation of TerraSAR-X High-Resolution Products (Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland)...... 127 ƒ Automated GPS Network Switzerland AGNES (Bundesamt für Landestopographie swisstopo, Switzerland)...... 133 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2008

ƒ Soft Error Measurements on CCD sensors (iRoC Technologies, France) ... 139 ƒ Evaluation of Bioaerosol Detectors for NBC-Reconnaissance (Labor Spiez, Fachbereich Biologie, Switzerland)...... 141 ƒ «As if the Stars were countless», A simulation of the view of Space from Space according to Astronaut Jim S. Voss (Christian Waldvogel, Switzerland)...... 143 ƒ Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the Alps (Surface Meteorological Networks, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland)...... 149 ƒ The weather in 2008 (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zürich, Switzerland)...... 151 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Statistics on research days 2008 ...... 155 Activity reports: ƒ KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie (I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln; Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany) ...... 157 ƒ SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 161 ƒ Glacier outburst floods, a study of the processes controlling the drainage of glacier dammed lakes (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, Switzerland) ...... 165 ƒ Field survey at Gornergrat, August 2008 (Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany) ...... 169 The International Foundation HFSJG in the news ...... 175 Publications ...... 179 Index of research groups / institutes...... 195 Index of projects ...... 199 Review of 2008: Pictures of the month from http://www.hfsjg.ch ...... 203 Workshop organized by the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (scnat): “Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch”.... 211 Acknowledgements ...... 215 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2008

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 Message of the President

In my last message I mentioned several important issues that were in progress. I am happy to report that the most important ones have been brought to a very positive end.

First of all, the request for continued support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) for another 3 year period has been honoured. It includes a substantial sum for investing measures against falling rocks, a problem which has been aggravated due to the climate warming. We thank all our scientists for having contributed to a very substantial yearly report that serves as convincing evidence for maintaining the SNF support of our stations.

Further, I mentioned last year that we had started talking to our sponsors in kind, the University of Bern and its Physikalisches Institut, about putting this sponsorship on a more formal basis. For example, over many decades Hermann Debrunner and Erwin Flückiger could spend part of their working time for their duties as directors of our foundation. Furthermore the computer specialists of the University have aided in maintaining reliable data lines from Gornergrat and Jungfraujoch. With Erwin Flückiger retiring as professor from the University we needed to ensure that this support will continue. The University has now joined our foundation as a formal member and will maintain its former support in kind. In addition, it finances a position for the continued operation of the neutron monitors within the worldwide network that previously was part of Erwin Flückiger’s SNF research grant, and a position for the IT support of the foundation (presently Rolf Bütikofer). With this agreement with our University of Bern, all intermediate personnel problems have been solved.

One issue mentioned a year ago has still not been solved. The plans for using the north tower at Gornergrat for projects of Swiss amateur astronomers are not progressing due to the lack of sponsors. This is, of course, not very surprising in this time of economic crisis. Outreach activity by an amateur astronomer, financed by the Kulm Hotel Gornergrat, has shown that the public would appreciate the possibility to watch astronomical activity at Gornergrat and to get some firsthand information on astronomy. Hence we continue to examine possibilities to ensure that Gornergrat remains a site hosting first-class astronomy. Hopefully in my next message I can inform you about a solution.

I would like to finish by acknowledging the continued support of our loyal international and national members, as well as of the Jungfraujoch Commission SCNAT and the Swiss National Science Foundation. I am also very grateful to our excellent staff, and I take this opportunity to heartily welcome our new member of the Foundation, the University of Bern with its Physikalisches Institut.

Bern, July 23, 2009 Hans Balsiger

i International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

ii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Report of the Director

In the financial and economic world the year 2008 will be remembered for the beginning of a global crisis with unprecedented dimension. Fortunately, in the world of science, and especially for the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG), the consequences of the dramatic financial and economic changes were minimal. I am extremely happy, therefore, to be able to state that, as documented by the individual reports that have been prepared by the respective research groups, the year 2008 was again extremely rich in scientific activity at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. Therefore, the main goal of the International Foundation HFSJG, i.e. providing infrastructure and support for scientific research of international significance that must be carried out at an altitude of 3000-3500 meters above sea level or for which a high alpine climate and environment are necessary, was again successfully pursued.

The Foundation HFSJG According to the by-laws of the Foundation HFSJG the Board has its regular meetings only every other year. As the last meeting took place on September 7, 2007, no meeting was scheduled for 2008. Statutory items, now required by new Swiss regulations for foundations every year, were settled by correspondence ballot voting. The activity report and the statements of accounts for 2007 were approved unanimously. Unfortunately, as announced last year, the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica INAF in Rome terminated its membership in the Foundation HFSJG. One major reason for this decision was the fact that there are no longer any scientific astrophysical activities at Gornergrat involving Italian institutions. On the other hand, the president of the Foundation HFSJG, Prof. Hans Balsiger, in a remarkable personal effort, was successful in putting the long supportive collaboration between the University of Bern with its Physikalisches Institut and our foundation on a more formal basis. We are extremely happy to report that as of January 1, 2009, the University of Bern is officially a member of the Foundation HFSJG. We thank the rector of the University of Bern, Prof. Urs Würgler, and the Director of the Physikalisches Institut, Prof. Willy Benz, for their support and benevolence in this matter. For many years, the financial contributions from the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF form the backbone of our existence. In 2008 we submitted a request for financial support for the next budget period. Fortunately this request could be based on the very substantial activity reports that were provided by the user community, documenting how scientifically successful the activities in our two stations are. It gives me great pleasure to report that our application was successful and that the SNF awarded a substantial new grant for the three years 2009-2011. Under the chairmanship of its new president, Prof. Martin C.E. Huber, the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), which looks after the interests of Swiss research within the Foundation HFSJG, settled its position within the newly structured organization of the Academy by joining the platform “Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics” (Platform Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics (MAP)). At its meeting on November 7, 2008, the commission decided to participate in the project “Jungfrau Klimaguide”, a public outreach initiative in the

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Jungfrau region by the University of Bern on the occasion of its 175-year anniversary (http://www.jungfrau-klimaguide.ch/de/#/home/). On November 25/26, 2008, the Jungfraujoch Commission hosted the workshop “Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch”. About two dozen scientists from Belgium and Switzerland who work actively at Jungfraujoch exchanged ideas and discussed the most recent results of their research in the “House of Science” of the Academy SCNAT. Participation of the Belgian scientists was supported and coordinated by Prof. J.-C. Gérard of the University of Liège, in close collaboration with the president of the Commission, Prof. M.C.E. Huber, whose work as the main organizer of the workshop is gratefully acknowledged. For a detailed report with all the presentations please see http://www.ifjungo.ch/workshops/2008/.

Figures 1 & 2: Snapshots of the workshop “Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch”, hosted by Prof. M.C.E. Huber and the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences SCNAT on November 25/26, 2008, in Bern.

The Astronomic Commission, which acts as a users’ and science advisory committee to strengthen the Foundation’s internal and external communication, had no meetings in 2008. The meeting of the Board and the General Assembly of the Sphinx AG took place at Jungfraujoch on June 19, 2008.

Additional scientific and public outcome of the events in celebration of the 75th anniversary of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Markus Leuenberger, who acted as guest editor, the proceedings of the Jubilee Conference “Jungfraujoch – Top of Science”, held from September 11-13, 2006, at the Casino-Kursaal in Interlaken, were finally published by ELSEVIER in “Science of the Total Environment” , vol. 391, issues 2-3, March 2008, and are now available online at sciencedirect.com. The work on the popular brochure about the scientific station at Jungfraujoch initiated by Prof. Hans Balsiger turned out to be much more extensive than anticipated. Steady progress was made, but the goal to have this task finished before the end of the year was unfortunately missed by a narrow margin. We are happy to report, however, that at the time of the writing of this report, the final versions in German and English have been printed. We gratefully acknowledge all those involved in the project, in iv International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 particular the contributing authors, Mr. Ulrich Schotterer for his invaluable help in preparing the DVD that is part of the brochure with the movies and the scientific reviews, and the financial support by the Swiss Academy of Sciences SCNAT.

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch As documented by the individual reports and the lists and statistics, the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and exciting research. In 2008, 40 (2007: 36) teams were active at Jungfraujoch. Among a total of 43 (2007: 46) research projects, 22 (2007: 22) were primarily based on automatic measurements around the clock. All member countries of the Foundation benefited from the excellent research conditions (Figure 3). Although Austria was not present with a research project, it was represented by a student excursion from the Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna. By number of projects, Germany and Belgium were again the largest users after Switzerland. Even a research team from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, carried out a test project for a 30cm radio telescope. Scientists spent a total of 1339 person-working days at Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 4, this number is again higher than in the previous year (2007: 1273). Figure 5 illustrates the relative number of person-working days for 2008 by country. Leading in presence at Jungfraujoch were the Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne (323 person-working days), followed by the Institut d’Astrophysique et Géophysique, Université de Liège (262), the Institut für Sport und Sportwissenschaften, Universität Basel (190), and the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen (107). As an outstanding example of long-term activity at Jungfraujoch, Dr. Ginette Roland, corresponding member HFSJG, was awarded with the HFSJG “Distinguished Scientist Award”, on September 4, 2008, in recognition of 50 years of outstanding achievements in solar spectroscopy and atmospheric research at Jungfraujoch, and in grateful acknowledgement of her personal endeavors for the benefit of the Research Station and the Foundation. She is the second recipient of this award after Prof. Luc Delbouille (2006).

Figure 6: The presentation of the “HFSJG Distinguished Scientist Award”, by the director HFSJG, to Dr. Ginette Roland, on September 4, 2008, for 50 years of excellent scientific work at Jungfraujoch.

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40 34 35 Research Projects 30 at Jungfraujoch 25 2008 20 15 Total = 43 10 3 5 2 2 1 1 00 0 Switzer- Germany Belgium France Italy Japan Austria United land Kingdom

Figure 3: Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch in 2008 by country.

Working Days at Jungfraujoch 1600 1500 1432 1339 1400 1278 1273 1197 1157 1200 1095 1032 1027 967 976 1000 922 906 881 910

800 686

600

400

200

0

3 5 7 9 1 3 5 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 1992 1 1994 1 1996 1 1998 1 2000 2 2002 2 2004 2 2006 2007 2008

Figure 4: Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the past years.

0.5% 0.1% 0.6% 0.1% 5.2%

20.9% Switzerland Belgium Germany Italy France United Kingdom Japan 72.4%

Figure 5: Relative number of person-working days in 2008 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by country. vi International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

The research conducted at Jungfraujoch resulted in the following output in 2008: 52 refereed publications, 67 conference presentations / posters, 10 data publications and reports, and 6 Ph.D. theses. Scientific results obtained at Jungfraujoch were presented by the various research groups at a number of international conferences, e.g. at the 2008 General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union EGU in Vienna. Due to the unique location and the unspoiled environment as well as the quality of the scientific work, Jungfraujoch has maintained its role as a leading European center for environmental research. The site plays a significant role in a number of nationally and internationally coordinated research programs, many of them funded by the European Commission. Jungfraujoch is a key station in a number of major networks or projects (please see Table 1 for details). As in previous years, Jungfraujoch environmental measurements again played an important role in the validation/calibration of satellite instruments (e.g. the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment ACE onboard the Canadian satellite SCISAT-1; the German Earth-observation satellite TerraSAR-X). In the context of international cooperation, research teams working at Jungfraujoch, as well as the Foundation HFSJG itself, participated in an application within the FP7- INFRASTRUCTURES-2008-1 call. The project “European Observatories Network” (EurObsNet), under the leadership of Dr. M. Bittner, German Aerospace Center, was supposed to become a sustainable research infrastructure for climate and atmospheric related research and observations, and to include a “distributed” and “virtual” research infrastructure consisting of selected observatories with long-term support located in Europe, Africa, the Arctic and Antarctica, and the World Data Centers ICSU/WMO WDC-RSAT, ICSU WDC-MARE and ICSU WDC-Climate. The project got high rating at several levels, but finally failed to get funding.

Among a number of scientific highlights the following received special attention in the news media: - The new portable ice nucleation chamber PINC developed by the cloud physics group of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich ETHZ was deployed for the first time at Jungfraujoch in January 2008,

- the new CO2 tracker developed by EMPA, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, allowing for the first time the continuous measurement of the isotopic signature of CO2 characteristic of the main sources of carbon dioxide, and - the detection of three new Fluoro-Chloro-Hydrocarbons (CFC) at Jungfraujoch by researchers from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main. During the past years, Jungfraujoch has become a prime site for biologists studying the transport and survival of microbes on intercontinental dust. In 2008 the Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes Supérieures (LBMPS), Université de Genève, installed a “Bertin” air sampler at the top Sphinx terrace. Researchers studying this topic highly appreciate the new on-line alert system developed by the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of the Paul Scherrer Institut providing real- time notification of ongoing Saharan dust events.

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Table 1: List of major nationally and internationally coordinated networks and/or research programs where Jungfraujoch is a key station

NDACC Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Primary Site (http://www.ndacc.org/) GAW, GAW-CH Global Atmosphere Watch, Global GAW Station (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html, and http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klimabeobachtungen/GAW_CH_Allg.html) SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (http://www.nilu.no/soge/) EARLINET-ASOS European Aerosol Research Lidar Network - Advanced Sustainable Observation System (http://www.earlinetasos.org/) GEOMON Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the Atmosphere (http://www.geomon.eu/; http://geomon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) HYMN Hydrogen, Methane and Nitrous oxide: Trend variability, budgets and interactions with the biosphere (http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/hymn/) NADIR/NILU NILU's Atmospheric Database for Interactive Retrieval (NILU: Norwegian Institute for Air Research) (http://www.nilu.no/nadir/) AGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment Collaborative Sampling Station (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/) EUROHYDROS European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies (http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/eurohydros/) CarboEuro-IP Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance (http://www.carboeurope.org/) IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle (http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/index.html) EUMETNET Network of European Meteorological Services (http://www.eumetnet.eu/) SwissMetNet Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss (http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/forschung/projekte/swissmetnet.html) RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity Monitoring (http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00045/02372/02374/index.html?lang=de) ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System (http://www.icos-infrastructure.eu/) NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und -Meldung (https://www.naz.ch/de/aktuell/tagesmittelwerte.shtml) NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (National Air Pollution Monitoring Network) (http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/699/*/---/l=1) AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland (http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/swisstopo/geodesy/pnac/html/en/statjujo.html) NCCR Climate Swiss Climate Research (http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/) E-GVAP The EUMETNET GPS Water Vapour Programme (http://egvap.dmi.dk/) PERMASENSE Wireless Sensing in High Alpine Environments (http://www.permasense.ch/) PERMOS Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland (http://www.permos.ch/) NMDB Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (http://www.nmdb.eu) As in previous years environmental research at Jungfraujoch was in 2008 again supported by INTROP Interdisciplinary Tropospheric Research: from the Laboratory to Global Change (http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth- and-environmental-sciences-lesc/current-esf-research-networking- programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/interdisciplinary- tropospheric-research-from-the-laboratory-to-global-change-introp-page- 1.html) ACCENT Atmospheric Composition Change, The European Network of Excellence (http://www.accent-network.org/farcry_accent/) http://www.accent-network.org/ EUSAAR European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (http://www.eusaar.net/files/activities/transnat_act.cfm) Most of the measurements made at Jungfraujoch are publicly available via the respective databases, many of them in real or near real-time. viii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

For studies on climate change and the consequences of global warming for the high alpine environment in general and in particular for the region of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB), Jungfraujoch is a research site of utmost importance. Therefore, the projects PERMASENSE (http://cn.cs.unibas.ch/projects/permasense/) and PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland, http://www.permos.ch/) were diligently continued. In December 2008 within PERMASENSE a new base station (access node between the sensor web and the internet) and a small test network were installed at the Sphinx observatory. The setup of the entire wireless sensor network WSN is planned for early 2009. As in previous years, the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch served again as a base for scientific expeditions to the glacier area of the Jungfrau region (Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, University of Bern and Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI); within the NCCR climate project VIVALDI: Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits; and ETH Zürich, Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie VAW). In June 2008 a new thermal drill (TD) using ethanol/water mixtures as antifreeze drilling fluid was successfully tested by the PSI group at Jungfraujoch. Long-term observations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher including length, area, volume, and mass changes are complemented by a new method for the determination of the glacier wide mass balance that merges point- based observations with net volume changes and runoff measurements. Since 2005, several extensive medical studies have been conducted, e.g. on the short- term acclimatization to high altitude in children. In 2008 two major medical studies were conducted, one by the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, with 60 children and 40 adults, the other by the Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, with 10 families. Both studies aimed at a better understanding of possible mechanisms predisposing to pulmonary hypertension and possible correlations with acute mountain sickness AMS. The big spark chamber, built by the Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern (Prof. K. Pretzl and Prof. A. Ereditato, and team), in collaboration with CERN, and installed with support by the Jungfraubahn AG in the tourist area of the Sphinx during the Einstein Year, continued operation throughout 2008. Complementing the automatic meteorological measurements within SwissMetNet, our custodians continued the daily visual weather observations for the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). The custodians also provide the updates for the internet weather report of the Jungfraubahnen.

The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch. The research station was also visited by a large number of student groups as part of a lecture or training school. Examples of the more than 88 individual and group visitors in 2008 are: - sol-E Suisse AG, Bern; Inauguration solar power plant; 11.01.2008 - Students for sustainability at ETH and University Zürich; 29.03.2008 - Dr. Bert Scheeren, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, Ispra, Italy; 21.05.2008

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- Prof. John Seinfeld, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA; 01.06.2008 - Visitors group „AGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment“; 06.06.2008 - EMPA Director Prof. Louis Schlapbach, Dr. B. Buchmann; Prof. Teruo Kishi, National Institute of Materials Science, Japan; 11.06.2008 - Mrs. Hung Boon Lee, Mr. Sainghui Lim, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Malaysia; 25.06.2008 - Ozone Block Course, PD Dr. Evi Schüpbach; 16.07.2008 - Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (group of 5 Korean technicians); 03.09.2008 - Dr. Shin Sugiyama, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, with glaciology students; 04.09.2008 - IUFRO International Union of Forest Research Organisations / 5 aerosol experts; 11.09.2008 - ETH Zürich, Glaciology students of Prof. Martin Funk; 05.11.2008 - Departement of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Student excursion; 27.11.2008

In addition to the large number of requests for visits of the Research Station at Jungfraujoch, there was an unbroken intense interest by print media and TV, with more than a dozen contributions in 2008. In order to provide the researchers with optimal working conditions, continuous effort is made to adapt the infrastructure to the changing needs of the researchers and to adequate standards. In accordance with the 10-year plan for the maintenance of the entire infrastructure that was set up with our architect, Mr. Hans Boss, Zweilütschinen, the kitchen and the living room shared by the two custodian couples were renovated in 2008 (Figures 7 and 8).

Figures 7 & 8: The newly renovated kitchen (left) and living room (right) of the custodians at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. As in previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of the Jungfraubahnen. The annual coordination meeting at Jungfraujoch, a platform for the discussion of items of common concern, took place on November 6, 2008, and was attended by the director HFSJG and the head custodian, Mr. Martin Fischer. Prime topics from our point of view remain the continued efforts to avoid or minimize disturbances of the scientific measurements by emissions in connection with construction work or by apparatus defects. The x International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 measures taken to stabilize the temperature in the Sphinx laboratory turned out to be effective. A subject of common concern is the increasing risk of falling rocks. On December 12, 2008, the director HFSJG attended the annual meeting of the “Alpenfeuerwehr”, the fire-fighting body now responsible for the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. The continuous support by Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division of the Jungfraubahnen at Jungfraujoch, of Mr. Fritz Jost and Mr. Heinz Schindler in all these matters is gratefully acknowledged. Much to our regret, Mr. and Mrs. Kurt and Gertrud Hemund, our second custodian couple, resigned from their duty in February 2008. We were lucky to find a qualified replacement with Mr. and Mrs. Felix and Susanne Seiler (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Susanne and Felix Seiler, our second custodian couple as of March 1, 2008.

The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Due to its unique location, its clean environment, and the good infrastructure, the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat, which at present includes the astronomical observatory Gornergrat South and a container laboratory, continues to be an excellent basis for astrophysical research. The Observatory Gornergrat South is subleased to the Universität zu Köln. Here, the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln has installed the 3m radio telescope KOSMA (Kölner Observatorium für Submillimeter und Millimeter Astronomie). The central topic of the research with KOSMA, conducted jointly with the Radio- astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, is the spectrally resolved observation of the global distribution of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO, and atomic carbon. The most advanced technical equipment combined with the excellent observing conditions at Gornergrat allows astronomical observations up to the highest frequencies accessible to ground-based instruments. Figure 10 shows the statistics for the use of the Gornergrat South Observatory during 2008. Compared to previous years, the number of 297 working days at Gornergrat was slightly larger than in 2007. The Observatory was again used by a significant number of guest observers. As already stated in previous reports, the termination of the TIRGO era in 2005 by the Italians left the future of Gornergrat North open. The Burgergemeinde Zermatt would like the Foundation HFSJG to use Gornergrat North to embed science in public outreach and tourism. Unfortunately, the project for a robotic telescope worked out by a team of astronomers under the lead of the president of the Schweizerische Astronomische Gesellschaft, Dr. Max Hubmann, made no progress. Alternatives are

xi International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

300 272

250

200 8.4% 91.6% 150

100

50 25 0 Germany China 1. Physikal. Inst. University of Peking Universität zu Köln

Figure 10: Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South. under investigation. In the meantime the Observatory Gornergrat North continues to be used by an experienced amateur astronomer for astrophotography and astronomical lectures to the public (Figure 11).

Figure 11: IC434 Horse Head nebula, photographed at the Observatory Gornergrat North (courtesy Mr. Roland Schneider).

Since 1998, the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division of the University of Bern has been operating a solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) on the Belvedere plateau. This detector is the European cornerstone of a worldwide network initiated by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory of the Nagoya University for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. During 2008, continuous operation of SONTEL was ongoing. During the last couple of years the region of the Gorner glacier has become increasingly interesting to the glaciologists of the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in xii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Zurich (ETHZ). In 2008, the teams under the leadership of Prof. Martin Funk spent about 210 working days near and at the Gornersee in order to study the processes controlling the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes. Another 40 working days were spent in field campaigns in the region by the Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany. In 2008, seven (2007: 7) scientific papers were published based on work at Gornergrat. Details can be found in the individual reports. The Gornergrat site with its observatories was also again a demanded topic for media reports. On October 14, 2008, we had the honor and the pleasure of welcoming the members of the Research Council of Division II (Mathematics, Natural and Engineering Sciences) of the Swiss National Science Foundation for a visit at Gornergrat.

Figure 12: The members of the Research Council of Division II (Mathematics, Natural and Engineering Sciences) of the Swiss National Science Foundation at Gornergrat, on October 14, 2008.

An extremely important help for the operation of the observatories and the successful scientific work at Gornergrat is the continued support provided by the Burger- gemeinde Zermatt, with its president Mr. Andreas Biner, by the Gornergrat Bahn, and locally by Mrs. Fabienne Clemenz and Mr. Fernando Clemenz as the directors of the Kulm Hotel, and their crew.

Summary and Acknowledgements As documented by the individual activity reports, the large number of publications, and the feedback from meetings, scientific work at the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat during the report period 2008 continued to be extensive and of high international standard. Due to the unique observational and measuring conditions, the Jungfraujoch station has maintained its position as a key station in a number of European and global measuring networks for climate and environmental studies. For the same reasons, Gornergrat continued to be a prime site for astronomical and astrophysical research. The Foundation HFSJG confirmed its

xiii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 role as a provider of excellent research infrastructure. The hard work and the efforts of all who contributed to this success are highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. We also thank all members of the Foundation and their representatives for their support. In particular, we thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for the most significant funding of the Swiss contribution, and in particular Prof. Christian Leumann (President Div. II), Dr. Paul Burkhard (Head Division II), and the former Deputy Director and Head Interdivisional Coordination, Dr. Jean-Bernard Weber, for the excellent and benevolent collaboration. Operation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat would not be possible without the help and support of many individuals and organizations. For the Research Station Jungfraujoch, our thanks go to our custodians, Mr. and Mrs. Fischer, Mr. and Mrs. Hemund, and Mr. and Mrs. Seiler. With their devotion to duty, their competence, and their ability to create a comfortable atmosphere in the station, they are providing the basis for all scientists to do good research work. Special thanks go to the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd and to the Jungfrau Railways. Without their goodwill and their substantial support the Research Station at Jungfraujoch could hardly be operated. The Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd under its president Prof. Thomas Bieger, as well as the management and personnel of the Jungfraubahnen under Chief Executive Officer Walter Steuri and his successor Urs Kessler, are always open and positive toward our needs, which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. We gratefully acknowledge the generous direct and indirect support and appreciate the continued interest in the research activity and the scientific output. At Jungfraujoch we are particularly grateful to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance, and his team, and to Mr. Fritz Jost, chief Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW). Our thanks also include Mr. Urs Zumbrunn, and the personnel of the Restaurant Top of Europe. The great efforts of all these individuals and institutions would, however, be worthless if the research facilities would not be used adequately. We therefore would like to express our sincere gratitude to all scientists for their dedicated work and good collaboration, demonstrating through the excellence of their research that the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continues to fulfill an undisputed need of the scientific community. In this sense, for Gornergrat our thanks go first to all the scientists of the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln (Prof. Jürgen Stutzki, Dr. Martin Miller) and of the Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, of the University of Bern, and of all collaborating institutions. We are also grateful to the scientists of the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). We then thank the Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ Holding AG) and, in particular, its member of the board, Mr. René Bayard. The substantial continuous support provided by the Gornergrat Bahn, by its Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser as well as the entire crew, has been essential for the success of the scientific work. Finally, we are extremely grateful to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the members of the Burgerrat, to Mr. Fernando Clemenz, director of the Matterhorn Group Holding AG and of the Kulm-Hotel Gornergrat, and to his wife Fabienne. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to operate a world-famous astrophysical observatory at Gornergrat.

xiv International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Urs Jenzer, the technical assistant HFSJG for electronics and computers, for his proficient work. As a consequence of changes at the Physikalisches Institut in the context of the retirement of the undersigned, Dr. Jenzer will transfer his duties within the Foundation HFSJG by the end of 2008 to Dr. Rolf Bütikofer. Continued assistance by the Informatikdienste of the University of Bern in networking and data transfer, in particular by Mr. Christian Heim and Mr. Fritz Bütikofer, is also gratefully acknowledged. We have greatly appreciated the competent services of our treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss, the knowledgeable support and bookkeeping by Mr. Christian Gasser, and the professional auditing by Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern (Mr. Harro Lüdi). Last, but not least, I would like to thank our president, Prof. Hans Balsiger, and our secretary, Mrs. Louise Wilson. Once again it was to a great deal due to Mrs. Wilson’s competence and flexibility in running the administrative affairs, to her kindness in the daily contacts with staff and scientists, and to her devotion to the Foundation HFSJG that we could successfully pursue our goal in supporting top-level research.

Bern, June 30, 2009 Erwin O. Flückiger

xv International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

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Research statistics for 2008 High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Department of Internal Medicine, Switzerland 323 CHUV, Lausanne Institut d’Astrophysique et Belgium 262 Géophysique, Université de Liège Institut für Sport und Switzerland 190 Sportwissenschaften, Universität Basel Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Switzerland 98 9 Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Germany 52 Pneumologie, Medizinische Klinik, München Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique Switzerland 42 2 et Sol, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Switzerland 41 8 Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Switzerland 27 Paul Scherrer Institut Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und Switzerland 22 36 Forschungsanstalt (Empa), Dübendorf Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Belgium 18 (BIRA-IASB), Brussels Department of Geosciences, University Switzerland 18 4 of Fribourg Department of Geography, University Switzerland 15 4 of Zürich Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Germany 14 3 Heidelberg Christian Waldvogel, Zürich Switzerland 8 Labor Spiez, Bundesamt für Switzerland 6 2 Bevölkerungsschutz BABS Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Switzerland 6 2 Universität Basel LaMP Laboratoire de Météorologie France 5 Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Switzerland 4 11 Plantes Supérieures, Université de Genève

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Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Departement für Chemie und Switzerland 4 Biochemie Universität Bern Klima- und Umweltphysik, Switzerland 3 5 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Bern Switzerland 2 4 iRoC Technologies, Grenoble France 2 MeteoSwiss, Payerne Switzerland 2 37 Department of Physics, University of Italy 1 7 Rome „La Sapienza“ Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Switzerland 1 Brugg École Polytechnique Fédérale de Switzerland 10 Lausanne, Lausanne VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zürich Switzerland 6 Laboratory for High Energy Physics Switzerland 6 Universität Bern Gruppe Kosmische Strahlung, Switzerland 6 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Switzerland 3 Observatorium PMOD, World Radiation Center WCR, Davos National Physical Laboratory, UK 2 Middlesex Graduate School of Pure and Applied Japan 2 Sciences, University of Tsukuba Société Mont-Soleil, Bern Switzerland 2 Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Switzerland 1 Information, Photovoltaiklabor, Burgdorf Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Germany 1 J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt TOTAL 1166 173

Overnight stays Days with no overnight stay Workers, Jungfrau railway, and visitors 54 Media / film / TV and radio 24 HFSJG administration 3 26 Total including researchers 1247 199

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Long-term experiments and automatic measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Institut d’Astrophysique et Atmospheric physics and solar physics de Géophysique de l'Université de Liège B-4000 Liège

Belgian Institute for Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Space Aeronomy B-1180 Brussels

École Polytechnique Fédérale de LIDAR Lausanne EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne

Federal Office of Meteorology and Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Climatology (radiation measurements) MeteoSwiss CH-1530 Payerne

Federal Office of Meteorology and Weather observations Climatology MeteoSwiss CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Landestopographie Automated Global Positioning System Network AGNES swisstopo CH-3084 Wabern-Bern

Paul Scherrer Institut Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry, GAW Laboratory of Atmospheric Aerosol Program Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Labor für Radio- und VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits Umweltchemie – Integrated) within the frame of NCCR Climate Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern and Paul Scherrer Institut Analytical Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center Aerosol depth monitoring CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories Atmospheric chemistry for Materials Testing and Research, (O3 - and NOx measurements) CH-8600 Dübendorf NABEL National Air Pollution Monitoring Network and continuous measurements of stable CO2 isotopes

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Institute Experiment / Measurements

Abteilung für Weltraumforschung Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) und Planetologie Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Department of Physics Measurement of large zenith angle cosmic rays University of Rome „La Sapienza“ I-00185 Rome

Berner Fachhochschule, Technik Photovoltaic power plant und Informatik Photovoltaik-Labor CH-3400 Burgdorf

14 222 Universität Heidelberg Long term observations of CO2 and Radon Institut für Umweltphysik D-69120 Heidelberg

Climate and Environmental 85Krypton measurements Physics, Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz D-78098 Freiburg i.B.

Abteilung für Klima- und High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Nationale Alarmzentrale NADAM Automatic Dose Alarm and Monitoring Network Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (ambient dose rate) CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Gesundheit RADAIR Measurements of radioactivity in the air CH-1700 Freiburg

VAW Glacier measurements Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich

Swiss Federal Institute for Snow Permafrost monitoring in the Jungfrau east ridge and Avalanche Research SLF CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Department of Geography Permasense: Permafrost monitoring in alpine rock walls University of Zürich CH-8057 Zürich

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège

Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

Project leader and team: Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Emmanuel Mahieu, Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais (project leader), Samy Trabelsi, Rodolphe Zander (em.) Jacqueline Bosseloirs, Olivier Flock, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander

Project description: Contribution to the long-term monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere has remained the central activity of the Liège group. Regular observations carried out at the Jungfraujoch with our two high-performance Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers allow to derive abundances of more than 25 constituents affecting our climate and monitored in the frame of the Kyoto protocol (N2O, CH4, CO2, SF6…), related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere (HCl, ClONO2, HNO3, NO, NO2, HF, COF2, O3, CCl2F2, CHClF2, CCl3F…), or altering the oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C2H2, C2H6, OCS, HCN, H2CO…). The resulting databases allow the determination of the short-term variability, seasonal modulations, as well as long-term changes affecting most of these species. In the frame of a permanent development of the instruments, numerous improvements to the remote operation of the Bruker FTIR spectrometer have been installed, including remotely operated mirrors protection flaps, cameras and a new liquid nitrogen detector cooling system. These hardware oriented tasks have been complemented by the development of the corresponding application-specific control software, enabling remote access to all the necessary parameters of the spectrometer, sun tracker and protections. In mid-October 2008, for the first time, we have been able to remotely observe with the Bruker FTIR spectrometer at the Jungfraujoch and to successfully record solar spectra from Liège. During 2008, observers spent 248 days at the Jungfraujoch. Good weather conditions enabled solar observations on 108 days, including 12 days with spectra remotely recorded from Liège. Regular measurements with a sealed cell containing HBr gas have also been realized, in order to characterize the instrumental line shape. This objectively warrants that the observations are performed consistently at the highest level of quality/performance. In addition to the constituents routinely retrieved, here are a few examples where emphasis was placed in 2008: Water vapour In the frame of GAW-CH1 and AGACC2 projects, preliminary investigations have been performed to derive total and partial vertical abundances of water vapour from

1 Swiss Global Atmosphere Watch 2 Belgian Advanced exploitation of Ground-based measurements for Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Applications, http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html

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Jungfraujoch solar observations, including historical atmospheric spectra recorded with a grating spectrometer from 1968 to the late 80s. Numerous water vapour lines are present in the spectral range accessible by the Jungfraujoch FTIR spectrometers. One part of the work consists in finding appropriate H2O lines, temperature-insensitive, free of interferences… in different spectral regions. A selection of 63 micro-windows, distributed between 700 and 4300 cm-1, has been retained. Combination of several micro-windows with strong and weak lines should allow to increase the quantity of information retrieved from the FTIR spectra, in particular the information characterizing the vertical distribution of water vapour. In the case of the grating spectra, the narrow spectral domains recorded for regular atmospheric trend studies contain very few H2O lines and do not provide many possibilities in the lines selection. Figure 1 shows an example of the HF windows recorded in 1976 with the Jungfraujoch grating spectrometer.

Figure 1. Example of a spectrum recorded on 7 October 1976 at the Jungfraujoch with the Liège grating spectrometer, in the region of the R1 line of HF. Several H2O lines recorded simultaneously with HF allow to derive water vapour contents during that day.

One major difficulty associated to this work will be to carefully intercalibrate the various H2O lines selected for retrieval in different spectral regions, because the spectroscopic parameters of these lines are not always known with high precision and biases regularly exist between intensities of lines from different bands. Fortunately, the successive Jungfraujoch spectrometers were always operated with some overlap and it should therefore be possible to intercalibrate the lines in different spectral domains by using observations simultaneously performed by two instruments. A new retrieval algorithm, PROFFIT, developed at IMK (Karlsruhe) has also been implemented. This program can perform spectra inversion on a linear or on a

6 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 logarithmic VMR scale, this later being more adapted for H2O retrievals, because of the huge vertical gradient of water vapour in the atmosphere. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a 7-years H2O total columns time series derived from FTIR spectra with the PROFFIT code.

3.5E+26

3.0E+26

2.5E+26

2.0E+26

1.5E+26 H2O (molec/m2)

1.0E+26

5.0E+25

0.0E+00 1/01/2002 1/01/2003 1/01/2004 1/01/2005 1/01/2006 1/01/2007 2/01/2008 1/01/2009

Figure 2. Water vapour total column above Jungfraujoch, from 2002 to 2008, derived with the PROFFIT retrieval tool, from a 6 micro-windows combination (1110.00-1113.00, 1117.30-1117.90, 1120.10-1122.00, 1196.00-1200.40, 1220.50-1221.50 and 1251.75-1253.00 cm-1). Note the huge difference between winter and summer water vapour contents (up to a factor of 50 !)

Carbon monoxide isotopologues A new approach has been developed to retrieve carbon monoxide isotopologues 12CO and 13CO from FTIR spectra. Six unsaturated lines from the (2-0) band of 12CO have been selected in the 4200-4300 cm-1 spectral interval, essentially on the basis of 13 minimum interference by CH4, HDO and the solar spectrum. For CO, four lines -1 from the 2055-2155 cm range have been kept, with interferences by O3 and the solar spectrum only. Information content analysis of this micro-windows setting indicates that, typically, 2.7 and 2.1 pieces of information may be derived, with errors on tropospheric columns of 7 and 6 %, respectively for 12CO and 13CO. Since the 2 isotopologues are recorded with different optical filters, simultaneous measurements are not available and only data taken within maximum 3.5 hours interval have been considered. Mean tropospheric VMRs have been compared, monthly mean VMR relative differences (defined as 200 x (13CO- 12CO)/(13CO+12CO), in %) are plotted versus the year fraction in Figure 3, for all available data since 1997. Among striking features, we notice the significant seasonal modulation, with a maximum in the middle of the year; this probably reflects significant changes in specific sources and/or sinks of the isotopologues. We also see interannual change, with possible impact of strong biomass burning events, with e.g. 1998 showing relative differences above the mean signal. However, these data are still preliminary, further investigations will be performed in 2009, including comparison with numerical models and results available from the scientific literature.

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Figure 3. Seasonal modulation of the monthly mean relative differences between 13CO and 12CO isotopologues, in the troposphere above the Jungfraujoch station.

HCFC-142b Among the replacement products for the CFCs, one of the most commonly used is the HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2), with applications in refrigeration and foam blowing. This has resulted in significant release to the atmosphere, and hence to large growth rates, e.g. 4.2 %/yr for the period 2003-2004 (WMO, 2006). At present times, it is the third most abundant HCFC in the atmosphere, after HCFC-22 and HCFC-141b. HCFCs, which are ozone depleting substances, since they are relatively long-lived chlorine-bearing source gases, have recently started to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol, with 100 % phase-out production actually settled for 2029. It is therefore important to monitor their accumulation in the atmosphere, in order to make sure that the observed growth rates are consistent with the reported emissions. In addition, these species are also potent greenhouse gases, with several absorption features in the infrared. Relatively broad HCFC-142b absorption features have been identified in the Jungfraujoch infrared observations. In all cases, the absorptions are very weak, even in the most recent observations. Three microwindows have been selected to retrieve HCFC-142b in our spectra: around 904, 967 and 1192 cm-1. Synthetic spectra of the corresponding intervals are reproduced in Figure 4. Although the calculations have been performed for low sun conditions (zenith angle of 85º), the total absorption for the target gas remains weak, with values of 0.36, 0.12 and 0.47 %, to be compared to total absorptions of 7.1, 11.1 and 26.6 % in the 904, 967 and 1192 cm-1 intervals, respectively.

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Figure 4. Synthetic spectrum calculations performed for a zenith angle of 85º and for the micro- windows used for the retrieval of HCFC-142b, further extended to the left and the right to allow the identification of adjacent absorptions that could influence the local continuum. Absorptions by individual gases and total spectra are reproduced and identified on the right of each frame. Traces have been offset for clarity.

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In order to reach sufficient information content despite these unfavourable and challenging conditions, we have performed the retrievals using simultaneous fits of the three microwindows, further combining several consecutive observations of the same day. Jungfraujoch observations collected over the 2002-2007 time period have been systematically fitted to produce a consistent time series. Monthly mean total columns have been computed, they are ranging from about 1.0E14 to 2.5E14 molec./cm2. A linear fit to the whole time series indicated a mean trend slightly lower than 8 %/yr. This value is more than two times larger than expected, and we have tried to identify possible causes for this bias. The most likely one is the interference by HFC-134a, which also absorbs in the 1192 cm-1 micro-window. This species is currently accumulating at a very high rate in the atmosphere (10 %/yr in over 2004-2006). Unfortunately, pseudolines for HFC-134a are actually unavailable, preventing us to perform retrievals accounting for this interference. It is therefore not possible to validate our approach – and hence to perform reliable HCFC-142b retrievals – until these pseudolines are available.

Key words: Earth atmosphere, climate change, greenhouse gases, ozone layer, long-term monitoring, infrared spectroscopy

Internet data bases: ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/, http://www.nilu.no/nadir/

Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, previously NDSC; http://www.ndacc.org/) / GAW-CH / partners of the EC-project HYMN (http://www.knmi.nl/ samenw/hymn/) and GEOMON (http://geomon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) / NASA Langley Research Center / ACE science team / NASA JPL / University of Oslo / EMPA / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: IASI, AURA, OMI, ACE, ENVISAT / …

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Clerbaux, C., M. George, S. Turquety, K. A. Walker, B. Barret, P. Bernath, C. Boone, T. Borsdorff, J. P. Cammas, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P.-F. Coheur, M. Deeter, M. De Mazière, J. Drummond, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy, R. de Zafra, F. Eddounia, D. P. Edwards, L. Emmons, B. Funke, J. Gille, D. W. T. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Höpfner, N. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, E. Le Flochmoën, N. J. Livesey, M. López-Puertas, M. Luo, E. Mahieu, D. Murtagh, Ph. Nédélec, A. Pazmino, H. Pumphrey, P. Ricaud, C. P. Rinsland, C. Robert, M. Schneider, C. Senten, G. Stiller, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, V. Thouret, J. Urban, and A. Wiacek, CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2569-2594, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2569/2008/acp-8-2569-2008.html De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, P. F. Bernath, P. Baron, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, C. Brogniez, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, Y. Kasai,

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I. Kramer, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney, C. Piccolo, C. Randall, C. Robert, C. Senten, K. Strong, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, K. A. Walker, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 methane profiles from the upper troposphere to lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2421-2435, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2421/2008/acp-8-2421-2008.html Gardiner, T., A. Forbes, M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, R. Sussman, W. Stremme, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, K. Ellingsen, and M. Gauss, Trend analysis of greenhouse gases over Europe measured by a network of ground-based remote FTIR instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6719-6727, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6719/2008/acp-8-6719-2008.pdf Mahieu, E, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, K. A. Walker, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, C. Randall, V. Catoire, K. Strong, C. D. Boone, P. F. Bernath, J.-F. Blavier, T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, M. De Mazière, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, K. W. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, R. Nassar, J. Notholt, C. P. Rinsland, C. Robert, O. Schrems, C. Senten, D. Smale, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, G. C. Toon, T. Warneke, S. W. Wood, R. Zander, and C. Servais, Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 measurements of HCl, HF, CCl3F and CCl2F2 using space-, balloon- and ground-based instrument observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6199-6221, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6199/2008/acp-8-6199-2008.pdf Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, R. Zander and E. Mahieu, Observations of Long-Lived Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High-Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) for Assessment of Trends and European Sources, Sci. Tot. Environ., 391, 224-231, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-4R718CY- 1&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=34c693f24a22ff8dc752 ecdeaf473c9f Rinsland, C.P., L. Chiou, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, Measurements of long-term changes in atmospheric OCS (carbonyl sulfide) from infrared solar observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 109, 2679-2686, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVR-4T1Y41V- 4&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=73aa5a78c01fb20f0fbf6 6d6367752cf Senten, C., M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Hermans, M. Kruglanski, E. Neefs, F. Scolas, A. C. Vandaele, G. Vanhaelewyn, C. Vigouroux, M. Carleer, P. F. Coheur, S. Fally, B. Barret, J. L. Baray, R. Delmas, J. Leveau, J. M. Metzger, E. Mahieu, C. Boone, K. A. Walker, P. F. Bernath, and K. Strong, Technical Note: New ground-based FTIR measurements at Ile de La Réunion: observations, error analysis, and comparisons with independent data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3483-3508, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3483/2008/acp-8-3483-2008.html Strong, K., M. A. Wolff, T. E. Kerzenmacher, K. A. Walker, P. F. Bernath, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy, J. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. J. Jin, N. Jones, K. Jucks, H. Kuellmann, J. Kuttippurath, A. Lambert, E. Mahieu,

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J. C. McConnell, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, D. P. Murtagh, J. Notholt, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfii, C. Robert, M. Schneider, O. Schrems, K. Semeniuk, C. Senten, G. P. Stiller, A. Strandberg, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. Warneke, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4759-4786, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/8/4759/2008/acp-8-4759-2008.pdf Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, F. Hase, T. Blumenstock, I. Kramer, M. Schneider, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, and P. Woods, Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6865-6886, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6865/2008/acp-8-6865-2008.pdf Wolff, M. A., T. Kerzenmacher, K. Strong, K. A. Walker, M. Toohey, E. Dupuy, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, S. Brohede, V. Catoire, T. von Clarmann, M. Coffey, W. H. Daffer, M. De Mazière, P. Duchatelet, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Höpfner, N. Huret, N. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, H. Kullmann, J. Kuttippurath, E. Mahieu, G. Manney, C. T. McElroy, C. McLinden, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, D. Murtagh, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, R. Ruhnke, M. Santee, C. Senten, D. Smale, C. Tétard, J. Urban, and S. Wood, Validation of HNO3, ClONO2 and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3529-3562, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3529/2008/acp-8-3529-2008.html Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, G. Roland, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, S. Reimann and C.P. Rinsland, Our changing atmosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared solar observations at the Jungfraujoch since 1950, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 184-195, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-4RCNPR1- 1&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=1cdf5848e8f774334edf dc8e6e3c7028

Conference papers De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, F. Hendrick, G. Vanhaelewyn, I. De Smedt, M. Van Roozendael, B. Dils, C. Hermans, M. Kruglanski, A. Merlaud, F. Scolas, C. Senten, M. Carleer, S. Fally, V. Duflot, J.M. Metzger, J.-L. Baray, R. Delmas, P. Duchatelet, Observations of halogens, CO, CH4, and H2CO at Ile de La Réunion from ground- based FTIR and MAXDOAS campaign measurements, poster presented at the "4th general Assembly of SCOUT-O3", 21-24 April 2008, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany, 2008. Demoulin, P., S. Trabelsi, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, and G. Roland, H2O retrievals from Jungfraujoch infrared spectra: some spectroscopic problems, to appear in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, 2008. Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, C. Frankenberg, M. Buchwitz, A. Gloudemans, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellvqvist, A. Strandberg, K. Petersen, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann and T. Borsdorff, Validation of SCIAMACHY CH4 scientific products using ground-based

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FTIR measurements, poster presented at the "IGAC 10th International Conference", 7 – 12 September 2008, Annecy, France, 2008. Dils, B., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, M, Steinbacher, B. Buchmann and M. De Mazière, Ground-based CO observations at the Jungfraujoch: comparison between FTIR and NDIR measurements, poster presented at the "EGU 2008 General Assembly", 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria, 2008. Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Ruhnke, P. Demoulin, P. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker and S.W. Wood, Carbonyl fluoride (COF2) vertical information above Jungfraujoch by FTIR and multi-spectra fitting: error budget and comparisons with KASIMA 3-D CTM model calculations, poster presented at the "EGU 2008 General Assembly", 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria, 2008. Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Frankenberg, F. Hase, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, P. Spietz, M, De Mazière and C. Vigouroux, Impact of different spectroscopic datasets on CH4 retrievals from Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra, in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, pp. 80-83, 2008. Fally, S., A.C. Vandaele, S. Trabelsi, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Frankenberg, H. Vogelmann, and T. Trickl, Water vapor line parameters: some feedback from atmospheric users, in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, pp. 58-61, 2008. Mahieu, E., P. Duchatelet, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C.P. Rinsland, C. Servais and K.A. Walker, Retrievals of C2H2 from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station (46.5ºN) and comparison with ACE-FTS observations, poster presented at the "EGU 2008 General Assembly", 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria, 2008. Ruhnke, R., T. Blumenstock, T. Borsdorff, P. Duchatelet, K. Hamann, F. Hase, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, S. Mikuteit, J. Notholt, T. Reddmann, M. Schneider, B.-M. Sinnhuber, R. Sussmann, V. Velazco, T. Warneke, and M. Wiehle, Measured and modeled trends of stratospheric Cly and Fy column amounts in the northern hemisphere, poster presented at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium QOS 2008, June 29th – July 5th 2008, Tromso, Norway, 2008. Sussmann, R., F. Foster, T. Borsdorff, M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, J.P. Burrows, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, J. Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, O. Schneising, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, J. Taylor and S. Wood, Satellite validation of column-averaged methane on global scale: ground-based data from 15 FTIR stations versus last generation ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY retrievals, poster presented at the "IGAC 10th International Conference", 7 – 12 September, 2008, Annecy, France, 2008.

Theses Daadoucha Skander, Développement du logiciel de pilotage d'un coelostat autonome fonctionnant en mode poursuite sous microstepping, Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège, 2007-2008

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Martin Grégory, Développement du logiciel embarqué en charge du contrôle d'une station météorologique destinée au Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Solaire du Jungfraujoch, Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège, 2007-2008

Data books and reports Mahieu, E., C. Servais, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, M. De Mazière, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, C.P. Rinsland and R. Zander, Optimised approaches to invert Jungfraujoch high-resolution FTIR observations for long-term monitoring and satellite validation of tropospheric species, to appear in the ACCENT-TROPOSAT final report, 2008.

Magazine and Newspapers articles "Top of Europe" prend le pouls du climat, University of Liège press release, 3 Dec. 2008 http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_200337/top-of-europe-takes-the-climate-s-pulse

Radio and television "L'Université de Liège au Jungfraujoch ", film of Daniel Bay, 2008. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_18064/l-universite-de-liege-au- jungfraujoch?hlText=jungfraujoch

Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Contacts: Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: [email protected] Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: [email protected] Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: [email protected] Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/

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Name of research institute or organization: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

Title of project: Atmospheric physics and chemistry

Project leader and team: Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis Bart Dils, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Gaia Pinardi, C. Senten, Corinne Vigouroux: team scientists Pierre Gérard, José Granville: team support engineers

Project description: UV-Vis (main results, significance of results, progress in 2008) BIRA-IASB operates a SAOZ (Système d’Analyse par Observations Zénithales) UV- visible spectrometer installed on the Sphinx platform since June 1990. Measurements of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide total columns are performed twice a day at twilight and used for trend analysis as well as for satellite validation as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). SAOZ total ozone and NO2 data are regularly submitted to the NDACC, ENVISAT Cal/Val and GeoMON databases and used for the geophysical validation of a number of satellite missions. The SAOZ instrument was seriously damaged in June 2007 after a thunderstorm, which resulted in a data gap of 14 months until the instrument was repaired and re- installed in September 2008. In the course of 2008, the NO2 measurements from both SAOZ and FTIR instruments have been used to investigate long-term trends at Northern mid-latitude, in comparison with similar analyses performed at other stations of the NDACC. Trend results are found to show large hemispheric differences which are currently not understood. Also trend evaluations obtained from UV-Vis and FTIR techniques are currently inconsistent. Work is ongoing to try and resolve these apparent inconsistencies, in collaboration with NDACC colleagues from NIWA and ULlg. Regarding satellite validation, main activities in 2008 have focused on the assessment of the latest upgrade of the GOME and SCIAMACHY processors (in the latter case, for both nadir column and limb profile data products), as well as on a first validation of the GOME-2 operational product covering a complete yearly cycle. Finally preparation work has been engaged in view of the next major UV-Vis intercomparison exercise which will take place in summer 2009 at Cabauw (The Netherlands) in the combined framework of NDACC, CEOS and GeoMON.

FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results, progress in 2008) BIRA-IASB participates in the measurement of the atmospheric composition by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coordinated by the University of Liège (see report by ULg).

The concentration of CO at Jungfraujoch is measured on a continuous basis at the surface by in-situ observations, with a non-dispersive infrared detection method. It is also observed regularly by FTIR remote-sensing methods in the boundary layer. In 2008, we have continued the work on comparisons between both data sets and

15 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 associated long-term trends, and their interpretation, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Liège and EMPA in Switzerland. While the in situ NDIR measurements detect local CO concentrations at the site, the FTIR technique provides integrated measurements along the line-of-sight. Nevertheless, the pressure broadening of the spectral absorption lines recorded at high resolution enables retrieving information on the vertical distribution of CO, mainly in the troposphere, including its concentration near the surface. To provide enough information content we derive from the FTIR profile data the averaged volume mixing ratio (vmr) between 3.58 and 7 km, and then we compare this average vmr with coincident in-situ surface concentration data from the NDIR observations. Both datasets show a significant negative trend over the investigated time period (1997-2007). However, the NDIR dataset's negative trend is much stronger. Pettitt change point tests reveal that the NDIR minus FTIR bias changes substantially from 1997 till 2004 after which the bias stabilizes. Possible causes for the observed differences are still under investigation. We hope to publish the study in 2009.

BIRA-IASB also coordinates the Belgian AGACC project that aims – among others - at an advanced exploitation of the ground-based FTIR and MAXDOAS measurements at the Jungfraujoch. University of Liège is responsible for the FTIR measurements, BIRA-IASB for the MAXDOAS measurements. BIRA-IASB has performed a preparatory campaign at Uccle in the second half of 2006 for the measurement of H2CO by (simultaneous) FTIR and MAXDOAS observations. The data have been analysed in 2007: a good agreement between the MAXDOAS and FTIR data has been demonstrated. The strategy developed for the FTIR and MAXDOAS data analysis of H2CO at Uccle has been adjusted to the measurement conditions at Saint Denis at the Ile de La Reunion (21°S, 55°E). H2CO data have been retrieved successfully from the campaign observations in 2004-2005 and 2007; MAXDOAS and FTIR data have been found to be in good agreement. This study of H2CO has been extended to comparisons with SCIAMACHY data and with IMAGES model results. A publication in this respect is in preparation and will be submitted in the first trimester of 2009. In 2009 we hope to start MAXDOAS measurements of H2CO at the Jungfraujoch and to compare these with the FTIR data acquired by the University of Liège.

Key words: atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical inversion methods, satellite validation

Internet data bases: ¾ The data are archived in the NDACC database (http://www.ndacc.org/), in the NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir). ¾ Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the ENVISAT CAL/VAL database (http://nadir.nilu.no/calval). ¾ Revised FTIR vertical profile data have been submitted to NADIR/NILU in a dedicated database for UFTIR (see http://www.nilu.no/uftir). They will be copied to the NDACC database as soon as this one is upgraded to accept FTIR profile data. ¾ The SAOZ data are also submitted to the Rapid Delivery ftp site at the GEOmon Data Center (http://www.geomon.eu/data.html)

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Collaborating partners/networks: ¾ Collaborations with University of Liège and NDACC partners ¾ Collaboration with European FTIR and UV-Vis teams and modelling teams in the frame of the EU projects GEOMon and HYMN; ¾ Collaboration with M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds. ¾ Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes (NDACC, or the former NDSC). ¾ Collaboration with B. Buchmann, D. Brunner, S. Henne and M. Steinbacher of EMPA ¾ Collaboration with the GOME, ENVISAT, ACE and MetOp GOME-2 and IASI satellite communities.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, P. Bernath, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, J. Hannigan, L. Harvey, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, G. Manney, C. Piccolo, C. Randall, C. Senten, K. Strong, J. Taylor, K. Walker, S. Wood, Validation of ACE v2.2 methane profiles from the upper troposphere to lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Special Issue ‘Validation Results for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE)’, 8, 2421-2435, 2008. (www.atmos- chem-phys.net/8/2421/2008/) Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, F. Hase, T. Blumenstock, I. Kramer, M. Schneider, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, and P. Woods, Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Special Issue ‘Results from the European project UFTIR, Time series of Upper Free Troposphere observations from a European ground-based FTIR network’, 8, 6865–6886, 2008. (www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6865/2008/) Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, G. Roland, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, S. Reimann and C.P. Rinsland, Our changing atmosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared solar observations at the Jungfraujoch since 1950, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 184-195, 2008. Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J. van Geffen, J. van Gent, C. Fayt, R. Spurr, G. Lichtenberg, and A. von Bargen, Six years of total ozone column retrieval from SCIAMACHY nadir measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Hendrick, F., P.V. Johnston, K. Kreher, C. Hermans, M. De Mazière, and M. Van Roozendael, One decade trend analysis of stratospheric BrO over Harestua (60°N) and Lauder (44°S) reveals a decline, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14801, doi:10.1029/2008GL034154. Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, Q. Errera, F. Hendrick, F. Daerden, S. Chabrillat, M. Dorf, K. Pfeilsticker, A. Rozanov, W. Lotz, J.P. Burrows, J.-C. Lambert, F. Goutail, H.K. Roscoe, and M. De Mazière, A global stratospheric bromine monoxide climatology based on the BASCOE chemical transport model, accepted for publication in Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008). Gunn, L.N., W. Feng, M.P. Chipperfield, M. Van Roozendael, M. Gil, M. Yela, P.V. Johnston, K. Kreher, S.W. Wood, Long-Term Changes in Stratospheric NO2: Studies

17 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 with a 3-D CTM Forced by ERA-40 Analyses and Chemical Data Assimilation, submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008). Hendrick, F., A. Rozanov, P. V. Johnston, H. Bovensmann, M. De Mazière, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, K. Kreher, W. Lotz, N. Theys, A. Thomas, J. P. Burrows, and M. Van Roozendael, Multi-year comparison of stratospheric BrO vertical profiles retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb and ground-based UV-visible measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Loyola, D. G., R. M. Coldewey-Egbers, M. Dameris, H. Garny, A. Stenke, M. Van Roozendael, C. Lerot, D. Balis, and M. Koukouli, Global long-term monitoring of the ozone layer - a prerequisite for predictions, accepted for publication in International Journal of Remote Sensing (2008). Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, J. Van Gent, D. Loyola, and R. Spurr, The GODFIT algorithm: a direct fitting approach to improve the accuracy of total ozone measurements from GOME, accepted for publication in International Journal of Remote Sensing (2008). Farahani, E., K. Strong, R. L. Mittermeier, H. Fast, M. Van Roozendael, and C. Fayt, Ground-based UV-visible spectroscopy of O3, NO2, and OClO at Eureka, Canada: Part I - Evaluation of the analysis method and comparison with infrared measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Conference papers Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Frankenberg, F. Hase, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, P. Spietz, M. De Mazière and C. Vigouroux, Impact of different spectroscopic datasets on CH4 retrievals from Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra, submitted to the Proceedings of the 8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications (ASA) meeting, (Reims, France, August 27-30, 2008). Mahieu, E., P. Duchatelet, P. Bernath, C.D. Boone, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C.P. Rinsland, C. Servais and K.A. Walker, Retrievals of C2H2 from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station and comparison with ACE- FTS observations, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008 (EGU2008-A-08188) Dils, B., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann and M. De Mazière, Ground-based CO observations at the Jungfraujoch: Comparison between FTIR and NDIR measurements, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008 (EGU2008-A-08687). Ciais, P., C. Textor, M. Logan, P. Keckhut, B. Buchmann, S. Godin-Beekmann, G. de Leeuw, M. De Mazière, E. G. Nisbet, P. Rayner, M. Schulz, K. Torseth and the GEOmon team, Monitoring the atmospheric composition using satellite-ground-based synergies, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008. De Mazière, M., Lambert, J.-C., Roscoe, H. K., Cook, P., Keckhut, P., Textor, C., Ciais, P., and NDACC partners involved for observations, modelling and outreach, Monitoring of the evolution of stratospheric ozone and its relation to climate, in the GEOmon project, poster presentation at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2008, Tromso, Norway, June 29 - July 5, 2008. Vigouroux, C., and UFTIR partners, Ozone tropospheric and stratospheric trends (1995-2004) over Western-Europe from ground-based FTIR observations, oral

18 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 presentation (by C. Vigouroux) at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2008, Tromso, Norway, June 29 - July 5, 2008. Ciais, P., C. Textor, M. Logan, P. Keckhut, B. Buchmann, S. Godin-Beekmann, G. de Leeuw, M. De Maziere, E. G. Nisbet, P. Rayner, M. Schulz, K. Torseth and the GEOmon team, Monitoring the atmospheric composition using satellite-ground-based synergies, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference Symposium, Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008 Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, C. Frankenberg, M. Buchwitz, A. Gloudemans, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, K. Petersen, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann and T. Borsdorff, Validation of SCIAMACHY CH4 scientific products using ground-based FTIR measurements, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference Symposium, (Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008). Sussmann, R., F. Forster, T. Borsdorff, M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, J.P. Burrows, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, J. Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, O. Schneising, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, J. Taylor, S. Wood, Satellite validation of column-averaged methane on global scale: ground- based data from 15 FTIR stations versus last generation ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY retrievals, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference Symposium, (Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008). Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, R. Sussmann, F. Forster, T. Borsdorff, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, J. Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, J. Taylor, S. Wood, evolution of SCIAMACHY CH4 scientific product quality & initial look at the ‘HYMN FTIR dataset’, presentation at HYMN second annual meeting, Garmisch-P., Oct. 13-15, 2008. De Mazière, M., B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, C. Senten, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, Contributions to the exploitation of Fourier transform infrared observations at Jungfraujoch: recent work on ozone and CO, presentation at Workshop ‘Spawning the atmosphere measurements at Jungfraujoch’, Bern, Oct. 25-27, 2008. Data books and reports Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, O. Schneising, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann and W. Stremme, Validation of WFM-DOAS CO and CH4 Scientific Products using Ground-based FTIR Measurements, in Observing Tropospheric Trace Constituents from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2006-7, J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., 2008. Kruglanski, M., A.-C. Vandaele, M. De Mazière, Atmospheric Constituent Retrieval from Thermal Infrared Nadir Sounding, in Observing Tropospheric Trace Constituents from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2006-7 (Urbino, December 2007), J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., p. 189-191, 2008. Mahieu, E., C. Servais, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, M. De Mazière, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, C.P. Rinsland and R. Zander, Optimised approaches to invert Jungfraujoch high-resolution FTIR observations for long-term monitoring and

19 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 satellite validation of tropospheric species, to appear in the ACCENT-TROPOSAT final report, 2008. Radio and television Belgian Press release «Top of Europe» prend le pouls du climat ( “Top of Europe” neemt de pols van het klimaat), Dec. 2, 2008

Address: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Contacts: Martine De Mazière Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

Michel Van Roozendael Tel. +32 2 373 04 16 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html http://www.nilu.no/uftir http://www.geomon.eu

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Name of research institute or organization: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Title of project: Study of atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone, and temperature by a LIDAR

Project leader and team: Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader Prof. Hubert van den Bergh, head of the Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution (LPAS) Prof. Marc Parlange, head of the Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology (EFLUM) Marcel Bartlome, Pablo Ristori, Todor Dinoev

Project description: In 2008, the work on the upgrade of the EPFL lidar with an ozone channel continued and first ozone profiles have been acquired. The efforts were directed mostly towards emitting-setup improvement and data treatment procedures. A modified beam transmitting system was designed at the EPFL and installed on the lidar at the beginning of 2008. The modifications of the transmitter aimed to extend the operational range of the lidar to lower and higher altitudes. This was achieved by decreasing the distance between the lidar transmitter and receiver axes and by reducing the output divergence of the laser beam by a beam expander. In the new design (Figure 1), the prism used to direct and steer the output laser beam in the atmosphere is positioned at its closest possible position (approximately 0.75m) from

Figure 1: Modified transmitter receiver setup.

21 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 the telescopes axis. The beam expander is formed by the entrance lens of the Raman cell (0.6 m focal length) and an additional 2 m FL positive lens, installed just before the steering prism. The expander reduces the laser beam divergence by a factor of three. The modifications in the transmitter required changes in the position of the telescope field stop. Optical modeling of the lidar, performed by the ray-tracing software OSLO 6, showed, that a 2 mm displacement of the field stop reduces the full overlap altitude to approximately 2 km AGL. Further displacement leads to decreasing the overlap height but at the price of loosing the high-altitude signal. The software development was focused on the completion of adequate evaluation tools. Data treatment is now performed by either Mathematica or by MATLAB graphical user interface. The first measurements with the modified system were taken in April-May. The lidar profiles were compared to balloon-borne ozone sondes. Sondes are launched by the Swiss Meteorological Institute (SMI) from Payerne (491 m ASL, 46° 55' 06.20'' N. 6° 57' 20.54'' E) three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) at noon. A comparison between the lidar and the sonde ozone measurements is shown in the left panel of Figure 2. The lower detection range of the lidar is at 2 km AGL in accordance with the estimates given by the physical and optical restrictions of the system. The lidar and sonde profiles show almost constant ozone concentration up to 7 km, followed by a rapid increase until approx. 8 km, and almost steady concentrations above this height. The 8 km altitude corresponds to the tropopause height as derived from the temperature profile measured by the radiosonde. The observed fluctuations of the ozone concentration at higher altitudes may be ascribed to variations in the local meteorological conditions. Wind shear in the upper troposphere can be one of the factors responsible for the variations in the ozone number density. The two profiles show very good agreement with differences generally lower than 30 %. and less than 20% below 4 km Bigger discrepancies in the measured ozone concentrations were observed in the tropopause and the lower stratosphere regions with a maximum difference of 60 % at the beginning of the tropopause (7.8 km). The discrepancies between the two profiles are not surprising and can be explained mainly by the atmosphere dynamics and the fact that the two instruments are measuring different atmospheric volumes due to inevitable differences in time and the position in space of the probed atmospheric part. The initial difference in the space between the sonde and the lidar was approx 100 km and varies with time as seen from the sonde trajectory shown in Fig. 3. Another reason for the discrepancies is the underestimation of the ozone concentrations by about 20% by the electrochemical cell detector of the sondes known from comparisons to ozone photometers.

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Figure 2: Left panel: ozone concentrations measured by the lidar (blue) and the balloon sonde (green) taken on May 7th 2008. Right panel: difference between the lidar and sonde concentrations. The tropopause height derived from the sonde temperature profile is marked by a horizontal red line.

Figure 3: Trajectory of the balloon sonde launched at SMI in Payerne on noon of May 7th 2008.

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During the same period short time series were also taken with the lidar. The time series shown in Figure 4 consists of five single measurements. As can be seen from the figure, air masses containing higher ozone concentration were observed above 7 km during almost the whole observation period. The decrease in the ozone content at the highest part of the profile seen at approx 12.40 h could be ascribed to short-term variations of the tropopause height.

Figure 4: Example of a short time series measurement.

The measurements during the second part of the year were interrupted because of various technical problems related to the laser source and its supporting systems. Some of the problems lead to a serious damage of the laser. The work on fixing up the laser is ongoing and we expect to resume measurements at the beginning of 2009.

Key words: Multi –wavelength lidar, Raman lidar, pure rotational Raman scattering, aerosols, backscatter and extinction coefficients, troposphere, water-vapor mixing ratio, temperature, ozone, STE.

Internet data bases: http://eflum.epfl.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: EARLINET – European Aerosol Research Lidar NETwork Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss Institute of Atmospheric Optics – Tomsk, Russia

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Conference papers T. Dinoev, P. Ristori, B. Calpini, H van den Bergh, M. parlange and V. Simeonov Meteorological water vapour Raman lidar- Calibration, 24 th International Laser Lidar Conference, pp. 1045-1047, 23-27 June 2008, Boulder, Colorado US. I. Serikov, M. Froidevaux, P. Ristori, V. Simeonov, Y. Arshinov, S. Bobrovnikov, H. van den Bergh, M. Parlange, A temperature and water vapour Raman lidar: Calibration and field tests, 24 th International Laser Lidar Conference, pp. 1033- 1038, 23-27 June 2008, Boulder, Colorado US.

Address: EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne

Contacts: Valentin Simeonov Tel.: +41 21 693 61 85 Mob.: +41 79 277 61 76 Fax: +41 21 693 36 26 e-mail: [email protected]

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26 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements

Project leader and team: Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader Dr. Rolf Philipona, Daniel Walker

Project description: As mentioned in the 2007 report of the Global Atmosphere Watch radiation measurements program to the International Foundation HFSJG, the radiation measurement infrastructure was integrated in the main MeteoSwiss ground measure- ment network SwissMetNet (SMN) in 2007. Following this integration, the operation of the GAW radiation measuring program was successful in 2008 for most parameters, except for the solar photometry (i.e., aerosol optical depth monitoring). For solar photometry, incompatibilities between the instruments and the data acquisition infrastructure complicated the task. The data availability for radiation parameters reached 96.5% at the Jungfraujoch in 2008 (01.11.2007 –31.10.2008), except for solar photometry. The quality control and analysis procedures have also been improved in 2008. Efforts have been focused toward building an expert system able to perform a battery of tests on radiation measurements and instrument housekeeping monitoring data, so that suspicious or invalid data can be automatically identified. Human intervention is still needed to validate decisions made by the expert system. This system is still being improved, and will in the near future allow a quicker detection of problems and failures, as well as lead to an improved data quality. A project focused on analyzing the time evolution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and total shortwave radiation in Switzerland and Germany was initiated in 2006 and was the focus of the year 2007. Most results of this project are described in the 2007 report of the Global Atmosphere Watch radiation measurements program to HFSJG. In 2008, the results of this study were published in Geophysical Research Letters and presented at several conferences. The radiation monitoring program is also involved in a study of the applicability of erythemal ultraviolet (UV) reconstruction techniques in Switzerland. This project is a contribution to the European COST action 726 aiming at establishing a European- wide UV climatology. Since observed time series are both too short and spatially too sparse for such purpose, UV irradiance at the ground is estimated using recon- struction techniques based on ancillary data and radiative transfer models. Such techniques involve establishing relationships between ancillary data, corresponding model output and UV observations. The established relationships are then used for estimating (reconstructing) UV ground irradiance at times when and locations where UV radiation is not measured. The spatial representativity of a European-wide UV climatology is enhanced if reconstruction techniques developed and tested for a given location can be generalized for being applied at different locations with similar environments. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the adequacy of such generalization and to test the accuracy of a reconstruction technique when applied in environments not identical to the locations where the method was derived. Switzerland is a

27 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 particularly challenging environment for such techniques because of its very complex topography and wildly differing conditions. Our project tests such a technique at four locations where erythemal UV is operationally measured: Davos, Jungfraujoch, Locarno-Monti and Payerne. In 2008, particular attention was devoted to the evaluation of the ground surface reflectance (albedo), which is a difficult task in the Alps. The albedo can strongly influence UV radiation, since it affects the amount of downwelling radiation due to multiple reflections between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. In the UV range, the majority of soils have an albedo below 10%. The outstanding exception is snow, able to reflect up to 90% of the incoming UV radiation, especially in case of fresh and clean snow. When considering multiple reflection processes, an effective albedo should be used that characterizes the regional surface reflectance. While the local albedo can be determined by up- and downward radiation measurements, the effective albedo is much more difficult to establish. Because of the binary character of the albedo in the UV (presence or absence of snow), knowledge about the regional snow cover distribution is crucial. The relationship between albedo and the resulting UV enhancement is significant but still limited (i.e., a large change in albedo results in comparatively modest change in UV radiation). Enhancement of erythemal UV radiation can reach up to 30% for an effective albedo of 70% (Smolskaia et al., 2003). This amplification shows a wavelength dependency reaching a peak around 320 nm. The average effective UV albedo can be derived by different methods using observed UV radiation or information about the regional snow coverage. A common method to find the effective UV albedo is by comparing observed and modeled UV radiation (e.g. Weihs et al., 2001). Considering spectral dependencies or not, the albedo, which is an influential input parameter of the radiation transfer model, is adapted to match the observed UV radiation. However, such techniques can lead to uncertainty up to ±0.15. On the other hand, the average surface reflectance around a specific location can also be derived by considering the regional snow distribution. The snow information from the surrounding topography is integrated using for each pixel a distance weighted local albedo. This approach is less dependent on UV observation and modeling. Finally, the snow information can be derived by remote sensing methods based on satellite observations, numerical weather prediction models or the use of snow depth observations in (geo-) statistical approaches. A method for estimating snow-coverage in Switzerland was developed using daily estimations of the snow-line altitude in five different Swiss climatic regions. This information is linked with a high-resolution digital elevation model (gtopo30 DEM) to derive the regional snow distribution on a daily base. The snow line altitude is determined for each region by fitting a robust linear regression of snow depth against the altitudes of the measurement locations, and deducing the altitude corresponding to a snow depth threshold of 5cm. The number of measurement stations used for this analysis is relatively constant since the beginning of the 1980’s, as well as the manual measurement technique. The land surface above the snow line altitude is flagged as snow covered while the one below is assumed to be snow free. The daily effective UV albedo for any Swiss area can then be derived from an empirical relationship between snow cover fraction and albedo. The snow coverage was validated against satellite snow maps and by the means of a cross-validation within our data set. In four case studies during the winter seasons 2002-2005, the post-agreements (Wilks, 1995) between modeled and satellite- observed snow flags range between 69 and 85% for snow predictions and between 91

28 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 and 97% for predictions of absence of snow (Table 1). In a second step, observed snow depths were used to cross-validate the modeled snow flags at the altitude of the different stations. Depending on the region, a probability of detection of 90 to 98% and a false alarm rate between 8 and 18% were found. The results of the cross- validation for the five regions in Switzerland are summarized in Table 2. The rather high false alarm rates and positive bias are caused by the tendency of our model to overestimate the presence of snow at low altitudes where it occurs only rarely.

Table 1: Post-agreements (PAGs) for predicted snow-free (left part) and -covered areas with satellite snow maps from the AVHRR sensors. This skill factor describes up to which extent modeled snow-free (-covered) pixels are actually snow-free (- covered) using the satellite retrievals as reference. On the last row, the average PAGs for all cases are shown. The analysis is based on four case studies chosen during winter seasons 2002-2005. Case #1: 1/8 November 2002, case #2: 24 February 2003, case #3: 15 March 2004, and case #4: 21 March 2005. NE, NW: lowland regions in the north-east and north-west of Switzerland. SW, S and SE: mainly alpine regions in the southern part of Switzerland. p(obs="no snow" | mod="no snow") p(obs="snow" | mod="snow") NE NW SW S SE NE NW SW S SE case 1 98 100 99 93 98 69 71 64 67 case 2 65 90 82 100 89 82 92 71 91 case 3 100 97 100 99 81 85 90 90 96 case 4 100 99 100 96 58 67 82 47 86 all 91 97 95 97 97 74 76 82 69 85

Table 2: Results of the cross-validation of the snow line altitudes in the five different regions of Switzerland (see caption Table 1). HR: hit rate, POD: probability of detection, FAR: false alarm rate, n: number of stations in each region. On the last row, the weighted averages are shown. HR POD FAR BIAS n NE 0.92 0.96 0.18 1.01 39 NW 0.92 0.90 0.16 1.04 24 SW 0.87 0.98 0.08 1.05 14 S 0.88 0.96 0.14 1.12 25 SE 0.90 0.98 0.08 1.08 23 all 0.91 0.96 0.15 1.05 125

References Smolskaia, I., D. Masserot, J. Lenoble, C. Brogniez, and A. de la Casinière (2003), Retrieval of the ultraviolet effective snow albedo during 1998 winter campaign in the French Alps, Appl. Opt., 42, 9, 1583-1587. Weihs, P., et al. (2001), Modeling the effect of an inhomogeneous surface albedo on incident UV radiation in mountainous terrain: determination of an effective surface albedo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(16), 3111–3114. Wilks, D. S.: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences - An Introduction, vol. 59, Academic Press, Inc., 1995.

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Key words: Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV).

Internet data bases: http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC) http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/startwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data)

Collaborating partners/networks: • Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch. • Study of AOD evolution in collaboration with the German Weather Service (DWD) and the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern. • Study of solar photometry (aerosol optical depth) and longwave infrared radiative forcing in collaboration with the "Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos" (PMOD) World Radiation Center (WRC).

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Ruckstuhl, C., R. Philipona, K. Behrens, M. Collaud Coen, B. Dürr, A. Heimo, C. Mätzler, S. Nyeki, A. Ohmura, L. Vuilleumier, M. Weller, C. Wehrli, and A. Zelenka: 2008, Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12708, doi:10.1029/2008GL034228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034228 Conference papers Philipona, R., C. Ruckstuhl, K. Behrens, S. Nyeki, M. Weller, C. Mätzler, and L. Vuilleumier: 2008, Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming. Geophys. Res. Abstr., Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-03023. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2008 Vienna, Austria, 13 – 18 April 2008. SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-03023 Philipona, R. et al.: 2008 Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming in Europe (poster). 10th BSRN Science and Review Workshop, 7–11 July 2008, KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands. Vuilleumier, L.: 2008. Long-term comparisons of collocated ground irradiance flux measurements. 10th BSRN Science and Review Workshop, 7–11 July 2008, KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands. Walker, D. and L. Vuilleumier: 2008. Effect of clouds on erythemal UV radiation. Quadrennial Ozone Symposium QOS 2008, Tromsø, Norway, June 29th - July 5th, 2008. Data books and reports “Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2007 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 113–130.

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Address: Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie MétéoSuisse Station Aérologique Les Invuardes CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth

Project leader and team: Christoph Wehrli, project leader Stephan Nyeki

Project description: Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is derived from solar spectral irradiance measurements at Jungfraujoch since 1998. These measurements are made in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the WMO by PMOD/WORCC in collaboration with MeteoSwiss. Quality controlled results are fed into the World Data Center Aerosols (WDCA) for public access. AOD measurements were taken continuously in 2008 and now cover a period of 10 years. Quality assured results are available as hourly means from January 1999 to August 2006 at WDCA. Daily preliminary results from Jungfraujoch and 7 more GAW stations are now made available in graphical form on the WORCC website.

Key words: Solar radiation, Aerosol optical depth monitoring, calibration

Internet data bases: http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc http://wdca.jrc.it/

Collaborating partners/networks: MeteoSwiss (MCH) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), AOD network

Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Christoph Wehrli Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 Fax: +41 81 417 5100 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch

33 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

34 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over Switzerland (LIRAS)

Project leader and team: Julian Gröbner Stefan Wacker Eugene Rozanov

Project description: The measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) temperature are obtained from concurrent measurements of two pyrgeometers: One standard pyrgeometer sensitive to the 3 µm to 50 µm wavelength range and one modified pyrgeometer sensitive only in the atmospheric window, e.g. from 8 µm to 14 µm. By combining the two measurements we retrieve the effective temperature of the saturated atmospheric water vapor from the radiation emitted by the atmosphere in the wavelength range 3 µm to 8 µm and 14 µm to 50 µm. The radiation in this wavelength range is emitted from the lowest layers of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface which form the ABL. The temperature derived from these measurements can be considered as an effective temperature of the saturated atmospheric water vapor, which depends directly on the profiles of humidity and temperature. This effective saturated water vapor temperature is a powerful indicator for the state of the ABL when it is compared to the synoptic temperature measured at the surface. The measurements at Jungfraujoch (JfJ) do not show any systematic diurnal variation of the atmospheric temperature relative to synoptic temperature which is due to the absence of a stable boundary layer at JfJ. This is consistent with observations that the JfJ at 3580 m.a.s.l. is located in the free troposphere. Key words: Infrared radiation, Climate change

Collaborating partners/networks: Meteoswiss, Univ. Bern - Institute of Applied Physics (IAP)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Conference papers S. Wacker, J. Gröbner, C. Emde, L. Vuilleumier, B. Mayer, and E. Rozanov, Comparison of Measured and Modeled Nocturnal Clear Sky Longwave Downward Radiation at Payerne, Switzerland, IRS 2008, August 3-8, 2008, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil. S. Wacker, A. Viudez, J. Gröbner, E. Rozanov and L. Vuilleumier, Comparison of measured and modelled downwelling Longwave Infrared Radiation at Payerne, Switzerland, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09693, 2008.

35 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Julian Gröbner Tel.: +41 814175157 Fax: +41 814175100 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch

36 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Berner Fachhochschule (BFH), Technik und Informatik (TI), Photovoltaik-Labor

Title of project: Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at Jungfraujoch (3454 m)

Project leader and team Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin, project leader Martin Kämpfer, project assistant

Project description: PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.152 kWp, 3454 meters above sea level) was planned and realised by the laboratory for photovoltaics (PV) of the Berne University of Applied Sciences (BFH) during summer and fall 1993. At the time of its erection it was the highest grid connected PV plant in the World. Purpose and Goals of the project: • Test of PV components: Operation in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all components due to extremely high irradiance peaks of more than 1.7 kW/m², heavy storms and thunderstorms, and large temperature differences. PV components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably under normal operating conditions. • Long-term operating experience: Experimental demonstration that high PV energy yields for high alpine PV plants can not only be simulated, but can actually be obtained in practical operation over many years. • Intensive analytical monitoring with redundant sensors to ensure maximum reliability in order to get long-term data about energy yield and reliability of the plant. • Maximum availability of energy production and monitoring data (AMD ≈ 100%). In 2008, normalized energy production of PV plant Jungfraujoch (rated peak power 1.152kWp, effective peak power 1.13 kWp, 3454 m above sea level) decreased to 1375 kWh/kWp/a or 1375 h/a, about 5.4% less than in 2007. This was mainly due to the decrease in irradiation compared to 2007 and a longer period of heavy hoarfrost and snow on the array owing to a prolonged period of south wind weather in December 2008. Compared to 2007, irradiation into the array plane was about 6% lower, but performance ratio PR increased again slightly. The long-term annual average from 1994 to 2008 of PV plant Jungfraujoch decreased a little to 1411 kWh/kWp/a or 1411 h/a with a winter energy fraction of 46.2 %.

37 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20062007 2008 Mean 1994-2008

Yf 1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1376 1537 14491453 1375 1411 (h/a)

PR=Yf /Yr 81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 86.2 86.9 85.585.9 86.4 84.8 in % Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance ratio PR (referred to reference cell irradiance measurement) from 1994 – 2008. Fifteen- year average values are also indicated.

Fig. 1: Normalized monthly energy production for 2008.

A detailed description of the plant, measurement results of earlier years and defini- tions used can be found in earlier annual reports (2000 - 2008) and in several publications (many publications can be downloaded under www.pvtest.ch) and a book (details see annual report 2007). Diagrams similar to fig. 1 for the years 1994 – 2008 and normalized diagrams for each month can be downloaded under www.pvtest.ch > PV monitoring data.

Key words: Grid-connected PV plants, energy yield, high alpine

Internet data bases: http://www.pvtest.ch

Address: Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Informatik Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik Photovoltaiklabor Jlocweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

Contacts: Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53 Fax: +41 31 426 68 13 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pvtest.ch

38 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research

Title of project: National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Project leader and team: Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Stephan Henne, Stefan Reimann, Christoph Hüglin (project leader)

Project description: The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network NABEL is a joint project of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN) and Empa. The NABEL network was established in 1978 with initially 8 sites emerging from activities that started already in 1968 as contributions to international observations networks as part of WMO and OECD. In-situ measurements by Empa at Jungfraujoch started in 1973. Early activities mainly focused on sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. In 1990/1991 the NABEL network was extended to 16 monitoring stations that are distributed all over Switzerland. The monitoring stations represent the most important air pollution levels from curbside to remote free tropospheric background. The NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very little polluted site, representing a background station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. The current measurement program at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the sum of nitrogen oxides (NOy) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The concentrations of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), molecular hydrogen (H2), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are measured in 30 min intervalls. An extended set of halocarbons and a selection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time resolution of two hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of particulate sulfur. The concentrations of particulate matter < 10 µm (PM10) are continuously observed as well as measured as 24-hour bulk samples.

Figure 1 shows the time series of CH4 mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch from early 2005 to the end of 2008. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas and exhibited significant growth rates until the end of the 1990s due to anthropogenic sources. This lead to a triplication of the atmospheric CH4 concentration since pre- industrial times. Since about 2000 a period of rather constant CH4 levels has been observed. No significant trend can be observed for the first three years of the observation period at Jungfraujoch. More recent data point to a slight increase in CH4 at Jungfraujoch in agreement to the latest observations at other remote sites that detected a renewed growth of atmospheric methane since early 2007 (Rigby et al., Geophys. Res. Lett, 2008). The reasons for this global increase in CH4 are still uncertain, especially because it is a global phenomenon with simultaneous growth in both hemispheres. It is also still unclear if this latest increase is only a short-term episode or the beginning of a continuing growth. The data gap at Jungfraujoch in June 2008 was caused by an instrument failure. Low concentrations after the restart of the

39 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 measurements are due to atmospheric variablity as confirmed by other trace gases and CH4 time series at other sites. CH4 [ppb] 1800 1850 1900 1950

2005/01 2006/01 2007/01 2008/01 2009/01 date [yyyy/mm]

Figure 1: Time series of daily mean CH4 mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch (preliminary data). The blue and red line illustrate the linear regression for the 2005-2007 and the 2007-2008 period, respectively.

The hourly averaged data reveal that the CH4 mixing ratios are closely correlated with short-term changes in atmospheric CO (see Figure 2) and points to the influence of collocated sources and sinks on the concentrations of these two trace gases. This legitimates the application of the so-called tracer-ratio technique for emission estimates, that relates measurements of a substance with an unknown source to concurrent measurements of a substance with a known source. This requires a-priori information of the emission inventory of one compound. Most commonly,

Figure 2: Time series of hourly mean CH4 and CO mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch for October to December 2007 (preliminary data).

40 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

CO is used as known source as the reported emissions of this species are known with relatively small uncertainty. Estimates of regional source allocations can be determined when combining this approach with air mass back-trajectory analysis to select episodes predominantly influenced by boundary layer air from specific countries (Switzerland, Italy (I) , France (FR) and Germany (DE)). Pollution events were detected by applying a statistical background determination algorithm. Tracer- ratios are assigned to Switzerland and other countries if the air mass’ residence time in the country’s atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is > 10 hours (CH) and > 8 hours (IT, FR, DE) and if it contributes to > 75% (CH) and > 66% (IT, FR, DE) of the total ABL residence time over Europe. The results finally allow an independent experimental verification of reported emissions such as the National Inventory Reports on Greenhouse Gases to the UNFCCC. Figure 3 illustrates estimates of CH4 emissions.

CH FR DE IT CH4 emissions CH4 (FR, DE, IT) [ktIT) /yr] DE, (FR, 2000 3000 4000 5000 (CH) [kt (CH) /yr] 0 100 200 CH4 emissionsCH4 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 year

Figure 3: Estimates of the European emissions of CH4 according to the National GHG inventories (open circles) and Jungfraujoch measurements (filled circles).

Our results agree reasonably well with the National Inventories reported to UNFCCC based on economic data. However, the experimentally derived top-down emission estimates show usually higher emissions than reported. This might be likely due to natural CH4 emissions that are not considered in the National Inventory Reports.

Key words: Air quality, long-term monitoring

Internet data bases: http://www.empa.ch/nabel http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html

41 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut Meteo Schweiz

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Balzani-Lööv J. M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A. S. H. Prevot, M. Steinbacher, M. K. Vollmer, 2008. Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D22305, doi: 10.102972007JD009751. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009751.shtml Cozic J., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, J. Crosier, K. Bower, M. Flynn, H. Coe, S. Henning, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, M. Collaud Coen, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, 2008. Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 407-423. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/407/2008/acp-8-407-2008.html Folini, D., S. Ubl, P. Kaufmann, Lagrangian particle dispersion modeling for the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, D18111, doi:10.1029/2007JD009558. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009558.shtml Lanz V. A., C. Hueglin, M. K. Vollmer, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, J. Staehelin, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. Statistical analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon variability at a European background location (Jungfraujoch, Switzerland). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8, 19527-19559. http://www.atmos- chem-phys-discuss.net/8/19527/2008/acpd-8-19527-2008.html Legreid G., D. Folini, J. Staehelin, J. Balzani Lööv, M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, 2008. Measurements of organic trace gases including OVOCs at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D05307, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008653. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD008653.shtml Parker A. E., P. S. Monks, K. P. Wyche, J. M. Balzani Lööv, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, G. Legreid, M. K. Vollmer, M. Steinbacher, 2008. Peroxy radicals in the summer free troposphere: Seasonality and heterogeneous loss. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8, 17841-17889. http://www.atmos-chem-phys- discuss.net/8/17841/2008/acpd-8-17841-2008.html Reimann S., M. K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, B. Buchmann, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, 2008. Observations of Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High- Alpine site of Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391, 224-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.022 Steinbacher M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391, 217-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.003

42 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Conference papers Brunner, D., M. Steinbacher, M. Leuenberger, C. Uglietti, S. Henne, S. Nottelmann, S. Reimann, B. Buchmann, Influence of air mass origin on CO, CH4 and CO2 concentrations at Jungfraujoch, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Dils, B., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, M. De Mazière, Ground-based CO observations at the Jungfraujoch: Comparison between FTIR and NDIR measurements, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Gheusi, F., S. Henne, D. Brunner, J. Staehelin, Small-scale transport of ozone and CO to the high-Alpine observatory Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl): a fine-scale model strategy and first results, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Lanz, V., A. S. H. Prevot, C. Hüglin, Transport and ageing of organic aerosols, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 01, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, S. Henne, D. Brunner, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, In-situ measurements of non-CO2 greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, S. W. Bond, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, H2 observations in the atmosphere: an integration from the exhaust pipe to a remote site, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Werner, A., A. Engel, A. Jordan, I. Levin, E. Nisbet, K. Rozanski, T. Röckmann, M. Schultz, M. Steinbacher, F. Stordal, EUROHYDROS – a European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Theses Lanz, V., Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic compounds, PhD Thesis Nr. 18019, ETH Zurich. Data books and reports BAFU, NABEL Luftbelastung 2007. Umwelt Zustand Nr. 0823, pp. 139. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, 2008. Empa and BAFU, Technischer Bericht 2008 zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), pp. 175, Dübendorf, 2008. GCOS, Lokal messen …, Swiss GCOS Office, pp. 32, Bundesamt für Meteorologie und Klimatologie MeteoSchweiz, 2008.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

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Contacts: Martin Steinbacher Tel.: +41 44 823 4654 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel

44 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research

Title of project: Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch --- New substances on the horizon

Project leader and team: Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann (project leader), Brigitte Buchmann, Matthias Hill, Christoph Hueglin

Project description: Halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and greenhouse gases (GHG) have been monitored at Jungfraujoch since 2000. The measurements aim at several purposes. Most importantly, these measurements help to identify regional pollution of these substances and build the basis for a quantitative estimate of regional emissions using atmospheric transport models to identify the origin of the polluted air masses. The measurements also help to identify ‘new’ substances. Due to the restriction on the uses of ODS within the Montreal Protocol (e.g. the chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs), new replacement chemicals are being produced by the industry. Some of these substances are greenhouse gases, particularly the ‘3rd generation’ compounds, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In February 2008, the ‘Adsorption-Desorption System’ (ADS) gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) at Jungfraujoch was replaced by a new system with improved sample preparation capabilities. The new GCMS instrument with a sample preparation unit termed ‘the Medusa’, was designed by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (B. R. Miller et al., Anal. Chem, 2008) and allows for faster and more precise measurements compared to the ADS-GCMS, which was decomissioned after ~6 month of overlapping measurements with the Medusa system.

Table 1: List of compounds currently measured by the Medusa-GCMS at Jungfraujoch. The compounds are separated into columns according to their treatments within the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.* HFC-245fa is currently not part of the Kyoto Protocol but its isomer HFC-245ca.

Montreal Protocol Kyoto Protocol Not regulated

CFC-11 HCFC-22 HFC-23 CF4 CH3Cl C2H2

CFC-12 HCFC-141b HFC-32 PFC-116 CH3I C2H4

CFC-13 HCFC-142b HFC-134a PFC-218 CHCl3 C2H6

CFC-113 HCFC-124 HFC-152a SF6 CHBr3 C6H6

CFC-114 CH3Br HFC-125 CHClCCl2 C7H8

CFC-115 CH3CCl3 HFC-143a CCl2CCl2

H-1211 CCl4 HFC-365mfc SO2F2 H-1301 HFC-245fa * H-2402 HFC-227ea HFC-236fa

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260 255 250

CFC−11 245 30 240

25

20 HCFC−141b

0.6

0.5

PFC−218 0.4 2

1 HFC−365mfc 200 0

100 benzene

0

3 2 F 2 2 SO 1 600

COS 500

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Figure 1: Tropospheric mixing ratios for a selection of compounds measured by the GCMS-Medusa at Jungfraujoch in 2008. The data in black denote pollution events and those in red are depletion (sub-background) events. Data in blue and green are from air masses that are free of regional pollution (background) and were derived using a statistical filter (rfbaseline, R-project). For COS, this filter was not applied. A strong depletion (grey) and a strong pollution (dark green) event is highlighted.

In Figure 1 we show a 6-month record for a selection of compounds measured by the Medusas system. The data are colored according to their classification into background, pollution and depletion air. All major compounds treated under the Montreal Protocol are now measured precisely at Jungfraujoch. This allows to detect pollution events of small magnitudes. For the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), our

46 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 measurements show that despite the complete ban from usage of these substances in the Non-Article-5 countries (mainly developed countries) under the Montreal Protocol more than 10 years ago (1996), several of these substances are still being emitted in quantities which are being detected at Jungfraujoch after transport from the sources to the site. In particular, the long-lived and abundant ODS CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 show some European pollution events. This is exemplified with the pollution event in early June 2008 showing enhanced CFC-11 mixing ratios. These pollution events for CFC- 11 and CFC-12 are likely due to emissions from banked substances (reservoir ODS installed in equipment such as foams), The second-generation Montreal Protocol substances are the HCFC, which are now generally banned in Europe and globally regulated in a phase-out plan over the next decades. As a results, HCFC-141b pollution events have stabilized in magnitude and frequency over the last years. In contrast to the CFCs, the background mixing ratios of the HCFCs are increasing mainly due to the increased use in Art-5-countries (mainly the Asian regions). In addition to pollution events, there are also observations of ‘depleted’ mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch. These are mainly observed for substances with lifetimes of typically <10 yrs or for rapidly growing substances. These depletion events denote air mass arrivals from regions of lesser abundance, i.e. higher altitude (stratosphere) or lower latitudes (south, and southern hemisphere, Atlantic Ocean). A major depletion event was observed in April 2008 (Fig. 1). Third generation foaming agents and refrigerants (HFCs -134a, -152a, -125, -365mfc, -245fa, -236fa) are globally emitted in large quantities and have lead to rapid increases in the background mixing ratios over the last decade. Some are characterized by large and frequent pollution events arriving at Jungfraujoch (e.g. HFC-365mfc, Fig. 1). The Medusa GCMS system also allows for measurements of perfluorated carbon (PFCs) and sulfur species, some of which have extremely long atmospheric lifetimes, and which are part ot the GHG baskets under the Kyoto Protocol. While all PFCs and SF6 show increasing background concentrations, pollution events are rare compared to other Kyoto Protocol compounds. For example, the PFC-218 (C3F8) Jungfraujoch record (Fig. 1) shows only one clear (and relatively large) pollution event in June 2008. Several of the predominantly anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also monitored at Jungfraujoch. These generally have short-lived atmospheric lifetimes (order of months or less) and are characterized by large and frequent pollution events but also by large seasonal cycles in background air, which are mainly controlled by the seasonality of the sink meachanism of these compounds, the destruction by the hydroxyl radical (OH). Among the measured substances are benzene (Fig. 1), toluene, and other short-chained hydrocarbons such as C3 – C6 substances. Atmospheric trace gas research has made progress in recent years by early detection of ‘new’ compounds. While several of the HFCs have only been mass-produced and emitted in recent years, there are other compounds to which attention should be drawn. These are e.g. the climate-active substances nitrogen trifluoride NF3, and some halogenated compounds (e.g. C2ClF3, Laube et al., 2008), which are currently

47 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 under investigation for continuous measurements on the Medusa. Here we show the record of disulphuryl fluoride (SO2F2) at Jungfraujoch. This substance serves as a fumigant (structural, agricultural) replacement for the regulated potent ODS methyl bromide (CH3Br). This substance is currently not permitted for usage in Switzerland and the air trajectories for the measured pollution indeed point to sources outside Switzerland. While the focus of the project is on anthropogenic compounds, some attention is also drawn to substances with large biological components. For example, carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a substance whose atmospheric abundance is largely characterized by its major sink, uptake by plants. COS is a tracer for plant productivity and is a promising helpful piece in the carbon cycle puzzle, because it lacks a plant source (which for CO2 is plant respiration). Measurements of COS at Jungfraujoch show occasional large negative excursions pointing to regional (plant) sinks. The major pollution event in June 2008 mentioned earlier is characterized by a large drawdown in COS, suggesting long ground-based residence times of the air masses before transport to Jungfraujoch. Most compounds mentioned here are also observed at other ground-based stations distributed around the world within the international networks NOAA-GMD, AGAGE, SOGE, and affiliated stations in Asia. In addition to background measurements, recent studies have also focused on characterization and quantification of pollution around the globe. It is hoped that the budgets of climate-relevant trace gases can be better characterized through the advancements in measurement and modeling techniques thereby leading to improved understanding of the distributions and trends of the predominantly anthropogenic sources of these substances.

Key words: Ozone-depleting compounds, greenhouse gases, Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) / Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) SOGE (System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment)

This research was financially supported by FOEN

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Balzani-Lööv J. M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A. S. H. Prevot, M. Steinbacher, M. K. Vollmer, 2008. Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D22305, doi: 10.102972007JD009751. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009751.shtml Folini, D., S. Ubl, P. Kaufmann, Lagrangian particle dispersion modeling for the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, D18111, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009558. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009558.shtml

48 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Laube, J. C., A. Engel, 2008. First atmospheric observations of three chlorofluorocarbons, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 5143-5149. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/5143/2008/acp-8-5143-2008.pdf Lanz V. A., C. Hueglin, M. K. Vollmer, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, J. Staehelin, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. Statistical analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon variability at a European background location (Jungfraujoch, Switzerland). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8, 19527-19559. http://www.atmos- chem-phys-discuss.net/8/19527/2008/acpd-8-19527-2008.html Legreid G., D. Folini, J. Staehelin, J. Balzani Lööv, M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, 2008. Measurements of organic trace gases including OVOCs at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D05307, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008653. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD008653.shtml Reimann S., M. K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, B. Buchmann, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, 2008. Observations of Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High- Alpine site of Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391, 224-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.022 Steinbacher M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391, 217-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.003 Conference papers Gheusi, F., S. Henne, D. Brunner, J. Staehelin, Small-scale transport of ozone and CO to the high-Alpine observatory Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl): a fine-scale model strategy and first results, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Lanz, V., A. S. H. Prevot, C. Hüglin, Transport and ageing of organic aerosols, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 01, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, S. Henne, D. Brunner, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, In-situ measurements of non-CO2 greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008.

Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, S. W. Bond, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, H2 observations in the atmosphere: an integration from the exhaust pipe to a remote site, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Werner, A., A. Engel, A. Jordan, I. Levin, E. Nisbet, K. Rozanski, T. Röckmann, M. Schultz, M. Steinbacher, F. Stordal, EUROHYDROS – a European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Vollmer, M. K., S. Reimann, S. Henne, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, Using observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) to validate regional bottom-up emissions, AGU General Assembly 2008, San Francisco, Dec 15 – 19.

49 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Theses Lanz, V., Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic compounds, PhD Thesis Nr. 18019, ETH Zurich. Data books and reports BAFU, NABEL Luftbelastung 2007. Umwelt Zustand Nr. 0823, pp. 139. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, 2008. GCOS, Lokal messen …, Swiss GCOS Office, pp. 32, Bundesamt für Meteorologie und Klimatologie MeteoSchweiz.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Martin K. Vollmer Tel.: +41 44 823 4242 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected]

50 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research

Title of project: Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Project leader and team: Lukas Emmenegger (project leader), Bela Tuzson, Kerstin Zeyer, Brigitte Buchmann

Project description: A recently developed instrument employing direct absorption spectroscopy was installed on the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) for in situ 13 18 and continuous measurements of δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2 isotope ratios (Fig. 1). The spectrometer employs a novel quantum cascade laser at 4.3 µm as light source, combined with thermoelectrically cooled IR-detectors. This design allows for cryogen-free operation, thus facilitating long-term and unattended operation.

multipasscell (reference)

multipasscell (sample)

QCL aser

reference

Ge- etalon sample

Fig. 2: Optical layout of the QCL spectrometer for stable CO2 isotope ratio measurements.

Spectra of 12C16O16O, 13C16O16O and 12C18O16O are acquired in a 76 m astigmatic multipass cell at a pressure of 60 mbar (Fig 2).Before being deployed at this high altitude station, the instrument’s performance was demonstrated in various laboratory and field studies (1,2), achieving a precision better than 0.1‰.

51 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

1.00

0.95 spectrum fit 0.90

0.85

0.80 ) T rans mitta nce (%)

-2 -20 10 9 8 7 6 5

4 / molecule cm -1 3

2

-21

Linestrength (cm Linestrength 10 2309.9 2310.0 2310.1 2310.2 2310.3 2310.4 Wavenumber (cm-1)

Fig. 2: measured (dots) and simulated (line) spectra and corresponding strength of absorption lines.

The spectrometer has run continuously since September 2008, providing for the first 13 18 time condinuous isotope ratio data of both δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2, which will be further validated based on IRMS for isotope ratios and NDIR for CO2 mixing ratios.

Key words: Isotope ratio measurements, laser spectrometry, quantum cascade laser

Collaborating partners/networks: IMECC - Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle University of Bern, Climate and Environmental Physics

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Zeeman, M. J., Werner, R. A., Eugster, W., Zahniser, M. S., Nelson, D. D., McManus, J. B. and Emmenegger, L. (2008). High precision and continuous field measurements of δ13C and δ18O in carbon dioxide with a cryogen- free QCLAS. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics: 92(3), doi:10.1007/s00340-008- 3085-4 Tuzson, B., Zeeman, M. J., Zahniser, M. S. and Emmenegger, L. (2008). Quantum cascade laser based spectrometer for in situ stable carbon dioxide isotope measurements. Infrared Physics and Technology 51(3): 198-206, doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2007.05.006 Conference papers Emmenegger L., B. Tuzson, J. Mohn, J, M. Zahniser, M. Waechter, M. Sigrist M, high precision isotope ratio analysis of CO2 and N2O using quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy, International Quantum Cascade Lasers Workshop, Monte Verita, Switzerland. Emmenegger, L., B. Tuzson, J. Mohn B, M. Zeeman, A. Kammer, applications of laser spectroscopy for CO2 isotopologues: from the soil to the free troposphere, Swiss Chemical Society Fall Meeting, Zürich, Switzerland.

52 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Tuzson, B., J. Mohn, H. Waechter, M. Zahniser, L. Emmenegger, continuous and high-precision measurements of N2O and CO2 isotopes with a cryogenic free QClaser based spectrometer, International Symposium on Isotopomers, Tokyo, Japan, 2008. Magazine and Newspapers articles "Neues CO2-Messgerät auf dem Jungfraujoch", NZZ Online, November 19, 2008.

"Le Jungfraujoch accueille un appareil analysant le CO2", Le Quotidien Jurassien, November 20, 2008.

"Brèves planète: CO2", Le Temps, November 20, 2008.

"CO2-Quellen auf der Spur", Tagesanzeiger, November 20, 2008. "Empa-Gerät auf Jungfraujoch", Zürcher Oberländer, November 20, 2008.

"Le CO2 humain traqué au sommet de la Jungfrau", 24 heures, November 21, 2008.

"Schweizer Wissenschaftler erforschen natürliche CO2-Quellen", Ad Hoc News, November 21, 2008. "Woher kommt das Kohlendioxid?", Basler Zeitung, November 21, 2008.

"Le CO2 humain traqué au sommet de la Jungfrau", Tribune de Genève, November 21, 2008. "Kohlendioxyd-Quellen auf der Spur", Jungfrau Zeitung, November 21, 2008. "Jungfraujoch, der Luft auf der Spur", Berner Zeitung, November 22, 2008.

"Impact des activités humaines sur le CO2", Le Journal du Jura, November 25, 2008.

"Kontinuierliche CO2-Daten vom Jungfraujoch", Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 26, 2008.

"Dem CO2 auf der Spur", Der Garten Bau, November 27, 2008. "Klimaforschung in grosser Höhe", Der Bund, November 28, 2008. Radio and television "Neues CO2-Messgerät auf dem Jungfraujoch", Nachrichten DRS, November 20, 2008.

"New CO2 tracker on Jungfraujoch", interview with L. Emmenegger, World Radio Switzerland, November 21, 2008.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Lukas Emmenegger Tel.: +41 44 823 4699 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://empa.ch/abt134

53 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

54 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Gesundheit; Sektion Umweltschutz, Bern

Title of project: Aerosols radioactivity monitoring (RADAIR)

Project leader and team: Beuret Pierre, project leader Dr. Sybille Estier, Matthias Müller

Project description: Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch An automatic aerosol radioactivity monitor FHT59S is operated at Jungfraujoch research station by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. It has the following particular features: - Quick detection of any increase of radioactivity in air at the altitude of 3400 m above sea level. - A detection limit for artificial beta radioactivity as low as 0.1 Bq/m3. Such a high sensitivity is made possible due to the very low Radon daughter concentration at this altitude.

Comments on the measurement performed in 2008: Graph 1 shows the maximal values of the gross alpha radioactivity recorded every week during the period January 1st to December 31 2008 (and 2006).

- Alpha radioactivity - Radon daughter products - is transported mainly up to the Jungfraujoch by air masses from the lowlands; - The maximal values are approximately 2 to 7 times lower at the Jungfraujoch than those on the Swiss Plateau. For instance the highest natural gross alpha concentration observed near the Paul Scherrer Institute were typically 30 to 50 Bq/m3 (See Graph 1b); - Due to greater thermal air movement in summer than in winter, the highest values are usually observed from March to November. - The maximal’s values recorded in 2008 are slightly higher than those observed in 2006.

55 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

a) M a x i m a l v a l u e s o f t h e n a t u r a l a l p h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n J u n g f r a u j o c h : j a n - d e c 2 0 0 8 14

JUN_Values 08 12 JUN_Values 06

10

8

6

4

2 Natural alpha concentration / [ ] Bq m3

0 01.01.08 01.02.08 01.03.08 01.04.08 01.05.08 01.06.08 01.07.08 01.08.08 01.09.08 01.10.08 01.11.08 01.12.08 01.01.09

b) M a x i m a l v a l u e s o f t h e n a t u r a l a l p h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n P a u l S c h e r r e r I n s t i t u t : j a n - d e c 2 0 0 8 60

50

40

30

20

10 Natural alpha concentration [ Bq / m3 ] / m3 [ Bq concentration alpha Natural

0 01.01.08 01.02.08 01.03.08 01.04.08 01.05.08 01.06.08 01.07.08 01.08.08 01.09.08 01.10.08 01.11.08 01.12.08 01.01.09

Graph 1

56 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Graph 2 shows the calculated net beta radioactivity for 2008. - No artificial beta concentration above the detection limit was observed; - As shown in the histogram below some 95 percent of the values recorded in 2008 were below 0.08 Bq/m3. - The histogram is rather symmetric; this shows that the compensation technique was good. - For weak naturals activities the calculated beta radioactivity was slightly over compensated (peak at a negative value: -0.01 Bq/m3). - When the alpha concentration decreases rapidly, the compensation technique can’t follow and some values are therefore greater than 0.1 Bq/m3.

Histogram of the artificial beta mean concentration Jungfraujoch : jan - dec 2008

3000

2500

2000

Mean value: 1.1E-3 ± 0.2E-3 Bq/m3 1500

1000 Number of measures [ -- ] [ of measures Number

500

0 -0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 Mean beta concentration [ Bq / m3 ]

Graph 2

For normal situations, i.e. with no artificial radioactivity in the air, the calculated net Beta radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch, using the Alpha-Beta compensation technique (See below), is less than 0.1 Bq/m3. At the top of Europe, a radiation incident causing an increase of the artificial beta radioactivity in the atmosphere of as low as 0.1 Bq/m3 could therefore be detected. The automatic α/β-compensation technique applied by our aerosol monitoring stations is based on the simultaneously measured gross Alpha (AG) and gross Beta (BG) radio-activity of the aerosols collected on the filter. The net (artificial) Beta . radioactivity (BN) is calculated by the following formula: BN = BG - f AG. The constant factor f can be adapted either by the software program or by the operator.

57 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

DIGITEL - aerosol sampler The Digitel DHA-80 High Volume Sampler is an automatic air sampler with an air flow rate up to 1 m3/min. Aerosols are collected on glass fibre filters of 150 mm in diameter. The pump maintains a constant flow rate independently of dust load of the filter. Filter change intervals are programmed in advance and the sampler is controlled remotely by an internet connection. The filters are automatically changed once a week and are measured at the end of the month by gamma ray spectrometry in the laboratory using a high purity coaxial germanium gamma-ray detector during 1-2 days. Between September and December 2008, the measurements were interrupted due to a pump failure. The graph below shows the activity of 7Be and 210Pb at Jungfraujoch (3450 m AMSL) and Oberschrott/FR (850 m AMSL):

Comparison Be-7 and Pb-210

100000 100000

10000 10000

] 3 1000

1000

100 Activity [µBq/mActivity Precipitation [mm] Precipitation

Be-7 (JJ) 100 Be-7 (FR) 10 Pb-210 (JJ) Pb-210 (FR) precipitation (JJ) precipitation (FR) 1 10 Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Date 2008

Concentrations of the cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be are higher at Jungfraujoch, as, due to the half-live of 53 days and considering a mean residence times of 10-30 days in the troposphere, part of the nuclides decay before arriving at lower altitudes. Even if snow and ice prevent terrestrial radionuclides like the long-lived 210Pb to ascend into atmosphere, convection brings them to appreciable altitudes where they come down again due to the same mechanisms as 7Be. Thus 7Be and 210Pb curves should correlate in summer, which is the case for both locations. The rather untypical behaviour of the 210Pb - graph in February is probably due to low precipitations during this period.

Comments on technical aspects: Due to high temperatures in the room caused by the presence of both FHT59s monitor and Digitel aerosol sampler, the power supply of the automaton as well as the power

58 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 supply of the PC have been damaged and replaced. The air evacuation system of the Digitel’s pump has therefore been modified: the air evacuated from the pump goes now directly to the canal of outside air. At the end of November, the FHT59S monitor’s filter became blocked due to the presence of snow and ice in the aspiration line. Fortunately, the filter band system is equipped with air bypass and pressure measurement. Apart from some minor telecommunication troubles, no major breakdown at the aerosol monitor was registered during 2008. P. Beuret / URA / BAG

Key words: RADAIR, Digitel, Radon, radioactivity, aerosols,

Internet data bases: http://www.radair.ch http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de

Address: Bundesamt für Gesundheit Sektion Umweltradioaktivität Schwarzenburgstrasse 165 CH-3003 Bern

Contacts: Dr. Sybille Estier Tel.: +41 31 325 19 10 Fax: +41 31 322 83 83 e-mail: [email protected]

59 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

60 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Title of project: The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader Dr. Martin Gysel, Zsofia Juranyi, Günther Wehrle, Rahel Schmidhauser, Lukas Kammermann, Dr. Peter DeCarlo, Dr. M. Collaud Coen (MeteoSwiss, Payerne)

Project description: Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and absorption of radiation and their influence on planetary albedo and the climate system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This could lead to an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet effective radius, when the cloud liquid water content (LWC) remains constant. The resulting cloud droplet spectrum could lead to reduced precipitation and increased cloud lifetime. The overall result would be an increase in cloud albedo which cools the Earth’s climate. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatio- temporal distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW monitoring network consists of 24 Global (including the Jungfraujoch) and about 300 Regional stations. While Global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as possible, the Regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations. The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. Table 1 shows the current GAW instrumentation that is continuously running at the Jungfraujoch.

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Table 1: Current GAW aerosol instrumentation Instrument Measured parameter CPC (TSI 3010 or 3772) Particle number density (particle diameter Dp>10 nm) Nephelometer (TSI 3563) Scattering coefficient at three wavelengths Aethalometer (AE-31) Absorption coefficient at seven wavelengths; black carbon (BC) concentration MAAP Absorption coefficient; black carbon (BC) conc. Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP) Betameter and HiVol1) Aerosol mass, PM1 and TSP1) 1) measured by EMPA

For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25°C), designed to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This inlet is called the total inlet.

Long-term aerosol data and trend analysis Hourly and daily averages are calculated and the data is visualized in real-time for different time periods in the internet, see http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch/onlinedata. As an example for the collected long- term data, Figure 1 shows the measured scattering and absorption coefficients of the last 14 years. The absorption coefficients were calculated from different instruments and were extrapolated to a wavelength of λ = 700 nm assuming a wavelength dependence of λ-1. The MAAP dataset is taken as a reference and the aethalometer data are adjusted to this reference by using empirical scaling factors deduced from concurrent measurements (Weingartner et al. (2003)1 and Collaud Coen et al., in preparation2).

Figure 1 shows a distinct seasonality in the encountered aerosol loadings. In warm months, the site is influenced by injection of planetary boundary layer air into the free troposphere during sunny afternoons due to thermal convection, while in winter it is usually in the undisturbed free troposphere.

1 Weingartner, E.; Saathoff, H.; Schnaiter, M.; Streit, N.; Bitnar, B.; Baltensperger, U., Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers. Journal of Aerosol Science 2003, 34, (10), 1445-1463. 2 Collaud Coen, M., et al. Minimizing light absorption measurement artifact of the Aethalometer: A new correction evaluation based on a 4-year dataset, in preparation.

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1E-4 daily mean ] λ = 700 nm monthly mean annual mean

1E-5

1E-6 scattering coefficient [1/m coefficient scattering 1E-7 Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1E-5 ] λ = 700 nm 30 day running average AE10 MAAP AE31 1E-6

1E-7

absorption coefficient [1/m coefficient absorption 1E-8 Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 1: Long-term measurements of the light scattering and absorption coefficients.

A thorough statistical trend analysis was performed for the measured absorption (AE31 only) and scattering coefficients with data measured before December 2005 (Collaud Coen et al., 20073). The summer months at the Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show any statistically relevant long-term trend. In contrast, a significant and distinct positive trend of 4-7% yr-1 was encountered for most aerosol parameters during the September to December period before 2006. A possible explanation for this increase involves a European-wide, large-scale increase of the injection of planetary boundary layer (PBL) air masses into the lower free troposphere (FT) coupled with large scale transport, or long-range transport from even more distant sources. In this sense this positive trend in this time period is interpreted as an increase of the lower FT aerosol concentration. An important future field of activity will be a careful reanalysis of trends using for the entire dataset. A first preliminary analysis which includes also the latest tree years shows a less pronounced trend.

3 Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Nyeki, S.; Cozic, J.; Henning, S.; Verheggen, B.; Gehrig, R.; Baltensperger, U., Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112, D13213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007995.

63 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

On-line notification service for the presence of mineral dust at Jungfraujoch The continuously measured wavelength dependent scattering coefficients (bs) and absorption coefficients (babs) can be used to determine the presence of mineral dust events at Jungfraujoch with an analysis of the wavelength dependence of the aerosol 4 single scattering albedo, defined as bs/(bs+babs) (see Collaud Coen el al. (2004) for details). This analysis is done on a regular basis at MeteoSwiss with quality controlled aerosol data from the Jungfraujoch. External groups expressed their interest to have a much faster notification service for the presence of mineral dust events. Therefore, a real-time notification service was established by a continuous analysis of the measured optical aerosol data. Computer generated notification emails are sent to interested users as soon as a mineral dust event is detected at the Jungfraujoch (a second email will be sent as soon as the event stops). As an example, Figure 2 shows the email attachment of such a mineral dust notification.

Figure 2: On-line detection of mineral dust events at the Jungfraujoch using an event in October 2008. The upper 3 lines represent the single scattering albedo (multiplied by 100) and the lower line (single scattering albedo exponent (SSAE), multiplied by 1000) is a measure of the presence of mineral dust. A mineral dust event (seen as negative SSAE values) can be detected with a maximum delay of 4 hours.

4 Collaud-Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schaub, D.; Hueglin, C.; Corrigan, C.; Henning, S.; Schwikowski, M.; Baltensperger, U., Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2004, 4, 2465-2480.

64 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Additional measurements during 2008 In 2008, additional aerosol parameters were continuously measured at Jungfraujoch (see Table 2). These measurements were conducted as part of the “GAW plus” and two EU Projects (EUSAAR and EUCAARI).

Table 2: Additional aerosol instrumentation operated in 2008-2009 Instrument Measured parameter Measurement period SMPS, OPC Particle number size 10.1.2008 - 1.4.2009 distribution, D = 20 - 22’500 nm CCNC Number concentration of 10.1.2008 - 1.4.2009 cloud condensation nuclei Sunset EC/OC Mass concentration of 1.4.2008 - 1.4.2009 organic and elemental carbon HTDMA Hygroscopic aerosol 1.5.2008 - 1.4.2009 properties Humidified nephelometer Scattering enhancement 25.4.2008 - 29.5.2008 factors AMS Size resolved chemical 1.5.2008 - 1.6.2008 composition

Measurement of particle number size distributions The permanent GAW monitoring activities include measurements of the total concentration of particles with diameters larger than 10 nm. However, the number size distribution of aerosol particles, which plays a key role for direct and indirect aerosol climate interactions, is not being monitored on a permanent basis. We aim at acquiring a whole year of number size distribution measurements at the JFJ station, using a scanning particle mobility sizer (SMPS). The SMPS was installed at the JFJ in January 2008 and has been fully operational since then. As an example, Figure 3 shows the temporal evolution of the size distribution. As also observed for the other parameters, the number concentration experiences a distinct seasonal concentration change. In addition, it is found that during winter and spring, the fraction of smaller particles (with a diameter ≤50 nm) is substantially greater than in summer. This is explained by increased formation of new particles via homogenous nucleation during the colder season (Weingartner et al., 19995).

5 Weingartner, E.; Nyeki, S.; Baltensperger, U., Seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions (10 < D < 750 nm) at a high-alpine site (Jungfraujoch 3580 m asl). Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 1999, 104, (D21), 26809-26820.

65 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Figure 3: Contour plot of the measured particle number size distribution for the period January to October 2008 (preliminary data).

Measurement of the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) The cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) exposes ambient aerosol particles to a defined water supersaturation (SS, in the range between SS = 0.07-1.18%) and measures the concentration of cloud droplets that were activated at this SS. This instrument was installed in January 2008 and has been running since then. It provides valuable information on the variation, absolute value and SS dependence of the CCN concentration. In order to investigate the seasonal variation of the CCN concentrations, it is planned to operate the instrument for more than a whole year.

Figure 4: Temporal evolution of the CCN number concentrations in May 2008. The different colors represent the different supersaturations.

Figure 4 shows as example one month of the measured dataset. The CCN concentration is monotonously increasing with the increasing supersaturation, as expected. The variability of the CCN concentration is high, changing more than two orders of magnitude in the one month example. This variability is only partly coming from the change in the total aerosol number concentration. Figure 5 shows the temporal evolution of the activated fraction, i.e. the number fraction of the particles that are activated to cloud droplets at a certain supersaturation. This fraction was calculated by dividing the CCN concentration by the total particle concentration measured by the CPC.

66 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Figure 5: Temporal evolution of the activation ratio (ratio of CCN number concentration to the total aerosol number concentration). The different colors represent the different supersaturations.

The ability of an aerosol particle to act as CCN depends on its size and chemical composition. The larger the particle, the smaller the critical SS that is needed for activation (Kelvin effect). The shape of the particle number size distribution influences hence the activation ratio at a given SS. In addition, the hygroscopicity of the particles is also important: The more soluble the particles, the more CCN active they are (Raoult effect). The variability of these two parameters is responsible for the encountered changes in the activated fraction as seen in Figure 5.

Closure between chemical composition and CCN activity During May 2008 an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was operated at the Jungfraujoch. This instrument provides information on size resolved particle chemical composition. Together with the measured SMPS size distributions, the CCN concentration was predicted with a simplified Köhler theory for the different supersaturations that were set in the CCN instrument. This allows us to investigate the link between chemical composition, size and critical diameter for CCN activation.

Figure 6 and 7 show the model and the measurement results for one low (Figure 6, SS=0.24%) and one high (Figure 7, SS=1.07%) supersaturation. The blue points were calculated using the time resolved chemical composition and the green points were calculated using the average chemical composition for the whole measurement period. The yellow points were calculated assuming that the aerosol is composed of pure ammonium sulphate.

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Figure 6: Predicted versus measured CCN concentrations at SS=0.24%. Blue points: time resolved chemical composition data was used, green points: averaged, mean chemical composition was used, yellow points: it was assumed that the aerosol consists of pure ammonium sulphate.

Figure 7: Predicted versus measured CCN concentrations at SS=1.07%. Blue points: time resolved chemical composition data was used, green points: averaged, mean chemical composition was used, yellow points: it was assumed that the aerosol consists of pure ammonium sulphate.

The results show very good agreement between the measured and predicted CCN concentrations for all supersaturations (±10%). An analysis also shows that the variability of the size distribution of the aerosol has a bigger influence on the variability of the activated particles than the variability of the chemical composition (blue and yellow points). Taking into account the variation of the chemical composition did not significantly improve the prediction (green and blue points). A conclusion of this analysis is that knowledge of the aerosol size distribution and the average chemical composition is sufficient for a reliable prediction of the CCN number concentration at a location like the Jungfraujoch.

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Measurement of particle light scattering at high relative humidity All aerosol parameters measured within the GAW aerosol monitoring program are measured under dry conditions. This is necessary for establishing the comparability of different measuring sites. On the other hand, aerosol particles experience high relative humidity (RH) in the atmosphere. The RH determines the water content of aerosol particles and therefore has an important influence on the particles’ ability to scatter visible light. The RH dependence of the particle light scattering coefficient (σs) is therefore an important measure for e.g. climate forcing calculations. For this purpose we built a novel humidification system for a nephelometer which allows the measurement of σs at a defined and controlled RH in the range of 40-90%. This RH conditioner consists of a humidifier, followed by a dryer, which enables us to measure the hysteresis behavior of deliquescent aerosol particles. The factor quantifying the influence of RH on σs is called light scattering enhancement factor f(RH) and is the ratio between σs at high and low RH. The dry σs were measured by the GAW nephelometer, and the σs at varying RH by the humidified nephelometer. In May 2008 the humidified nephelometer was running at Jungfraujoch. Figure 8 shows an overview of the RH evolution in the humidified nephelometer, the determined light scattering enhancement factor f(RH) and the dry scattering coefficient σs of the GAW nephelometer. RH [%] in Neph

Figure 8: Temporal evolution of the relative humidity in the humidified nephelometer (on top), the calculated scattering enhancement factors at three wavelengths (middle) and the dry scattering coefficient (bottom).

When the RH in the humidified nephelometer was set to low values, the two nephelometers measured the same scattering coefficient which is seen as f(RH) ≈ 1. At 80 to 85% RH in the humidified nephelometer, f(RH) ranges from 1.5 to 4. During the last days of the measuring period (May 27 to 29) the station was exposed to high concentrations of Saharan dust. During this event the scattering enhancement factor is found to be relatively low (<1.2), due to the non-hygroscopic nature of Saharan dust.

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Key words: Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol climatic effects, radiative forcing, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, CCN concentration, light scattering

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_international/gaw- ch.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. P. Viatte, MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Dr. C. Hüglin and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf

Prof. H. Burtscher and Dr. M. Fierz, Institut für Sensoren und Signale der Fachhochschule Aargau (FHA), Windisch

Prof. U. Lohmann and Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich

Prof. J. Heintzenberg, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany

Dr. Paolo Lai, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, University of Clermont- Ferrand –CNRS, France

Dr. Karine Sellegri, Laboratoire de météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal24, avenue des landais, 63170 Aubiere, France

Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Prof. J. Curtius, Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany

Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Manchester, England

Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany

Dr. U. Pöschl, Biogeochemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany

Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany

Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Choularton, T. W.; Bower, K. N.; Weingartner, E.; Crawford, I.; Coe, H.; Gallagher, M. W.; Flynn, M.; Crosier, J.; Connolly, P.; Targino, A.; Alfarra, M. R.; Baltensperger, U.; Sjogren, S.; Verheggen, B.; Cozic, J.; Gysel, M., The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds. Faraday Discussions 2008, 137, 205-222.

Cozic, J.; Verheggen, B.; Weingartner, E.; Crosier, J.; Bower, K.; Flynn, M.; Coe, H.; Henning, S.; Steinbacher, M.; Henne, S.; Coen, M. C.; Petzold, A.; Baltensperger, U., Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8, 407-423.

Cozic, J.; Mertes, S.; Verheggen, B.; Cziczo, D. J.; Gallavardin, S. J.; Walter, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Weingartner, E., Black carbon enrichment in atmospheric ice particle residuals observed in lower tropospheric mixed phase clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, D15209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009266.

Herich, H.; Kammermann, L.; Gysel, M.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Lohmann, U.; Cziczo, D.J., In situ determination of atmospheric aerosol composition as a function of hygroscopic growth, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D16213, doi:10.1029/2008JD009954.

Hoose, C.; Lohmann, U.; Stier, P.; Verheggen, B.; Weingartner, E., Aerosol processing in mixed-phase clouds in ECHAM5-HAM: Model description and comparison to observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D07210, doi:10.1029/2007JD009251.

Sjogren, S.; Gysel, M.; Weingartner, E.; Alfarra, M. R.; Duplissy, J.; Cozic, J.; Crosier, J.; Coe, H.; Baltensperger, U., Hygroscopicity of the submicrometer aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8, 5715-5729.

Swietlicki, E.; Hansson, H.-C.; Hämeri, K.; Svenningsson, B.; Massling, A.; McFiggans, G.; McMurry, P.; Petäjä, T.; Tunved, P.; Gysel, M.; Topping, D.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Rissler, J.; Wiedensohler, A.; Kulmala, M., Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments - a review, Tellus 2008, 60B, 432-469, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x.

Conference papers Baltensperger U.; Weingartner, E.; Aerosol measurements in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and several EC projects, Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch, 25-26 November 2008, Bern.

Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schaub, D.; Hüglin, C.; Baltensperger, U., Detection and climatology of Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch, 3rd International Workshop on Mineral Dust, 15-17 September 2008, Leipzig, Germany.

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Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schmid, O.; Schmidhauser, R.; Petzold, A.; Baltensperger, U. Minimizing light absorption measurement artifact of the aethalometer: A new correction evaluation based on a 4-year dataset, European Aerosol Conference, 24-29 August 2008, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Gysel, M., Sjogren, S., Duplissy, J., Weingartner, E., Alfarra, M. R., Crosier, J., Cozic, J., Coe, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of the free tropospheric submicrometer aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, 3580 m above sea level. European Aerosol Conference, 24-29 August 2008, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Kamphus, M.; Borrmann, S.; Walter, S.; Curtius, J.; Schneider, J.; Mertes, S.; Weingartner, E.; Mass spectrometric analysis of small ice crystal residuals in mixed phase clouds during the CLACE projects, International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, , July 7-11 2008, Cancun, Mexico.

Mertes, S.; Verheggen, B.; Kamphus, M.; Walter, S.; Ebert, M.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Cozic, J.; Worringen, A.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Weinbruch, S.; Borrmann, S., Physico-chemical characterisation of ice particle residuals in tropospheric mixed-phase clouds based on ice particle collection using the counterflow virtual impactor technique, International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, 7-11 July 2008, Cancun, Mexico.

Verheggen, B.; Cozic, J.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Mertes, S.; Bower, K.N.; Flynn, I.M.; Connolly, P.; Gallagher, M.; Walter S.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Petzold, A., The influence of ice on the partitioning of aerosol particles in mixed- phase clouds, European Geophysical Union, 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria.

J. Cozic1,#, B. Verheggen1,3, E. Weingartner1, U. Baltensperger1, S. Mertes2, D. J. Cziczo3,*, S. J. Gallavardin3,K.N. Bower4, I. Crawford4, M. Flynn4, P. Connolly4, M. Gallagher4, S. Walter5, J. Schneider5, J. Curtius6, A. Petzold7

Cozic, J.; Verheggen, B.; Weingartner E.; Baltensperger U., Mertes, S.; Cziczo, D. J.; Gallavardin, S. J.; Bower, K.N.; Crawford, I.; Flynn, M.; Connolly, P.; Gallagher, M.; Walter, S.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Petzold, A., Activation behavior of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch in Switzerland (3580m asl), International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, 7- 11 July 2008, Cancun, Mexico.

Magazine and Newspapers articles “Die Partei befiehlt Sonne”, NZZ am Sonntag, August 3, 2008.

“Milliarden Tonnen von Mineralstaub belasten jährlich die Atmosphäre”, Tagesanzeiger, May 30, 2008.

“Auf höchstem Niveau, Klimaforschung auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, Feburary 10, 2008.

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Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Ernest Weingartner Urs Baltensperger Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Title of project: Single particle analysis of aerosols from a Saharan dust event, sampled during CLACE 2008

Project leader and team: Prof. Bernard Grobéty, project leader Dr. Martine Heuberger-Vernooij Mario Meier

Project description: Aerosol particles from Saharan Dust Events (SDE’s) have an important influence on the optical properties of the atmosphere. The single scattering albedo shows a wavelength dependant inversion in the range of the visible light during such mineral dust events and was proposed as a recognition feature for SDE’s (Collaud Coen et al., 2004). However, the reason for this comportment is still not clear. Size, morphology and chemical composition of particles as well as their concentration in the atmosphere are important factors. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and automated single particle analysis routines of the EDAX GENESIS software package are powerful tools to obtain these parameters. A selection of particles was also analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Between the14th and 30th of May 2008 (during CLACE 2008) aerosol particles were sampled at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch. Within this time period fortunately a remarkable SDE occurred (From 26 May to 30 May). The samples were taken by a “common” PM-10 sampler (flow rate: 4 l/min) and an electrostatic sampler (described in Fierz et al., 2007), which allows to deposit particles directly on a transmission electron microscopy grid (TEM-Grid). First automated analysis with the SEM shows that number and mass concentrations for particles with sizes between 0.4 and 10 µm were highly increased during the period of the SDE. On May 28 the number concentration reached 30 particles per liter, which is about 10 to 100 times higher than the usual (background) concentration. Different aerosol particles from the SDE could be recognized. The most abundant particles are agglomerates of clays. Other silicates (Quartz, Feldspars), Ca-carbonates, Ca-sulfates and metal oxides/hydroxides are minor components. However, these components are also present in the background samples and are not specific for SDE’s. Because of the use of polycarbonate filters (Nuclepore) and the carbon coating of the samples the carbon rich particles could not be analyzed by the above mentioned method. The analysis with the TEM on the contrary showed the appearance of soot and other carbon rich particles. The attained results by the automated SEM analysis could be confirmed by TEM. For a better understanding of the influence of SDE’s on optical properties of the Atmosphere further studies are ongoing.

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References Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Schaub, D., Hüglin, C., Corrigan, C., Henning, S., Schwikowski, M., Baltensperger, U.: Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2465-2480, 2004. Fierz, M., Kaegi, R., Burther, H.: Theoretical and experimental evaluation of a portable electrostatic TEM sampler, Aerosol Science an Technology, 41, 1-10, 2007.

Key words: Saharan Dust Event, Mineral Dust, Aerosol composition, SEM, TEM

Collaborating partners/networks: Martine Collaud Coen (MeteoSwiss) Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI): CLACE 2008

Address: Departement für Geowissenschaften Universität Freiburg Chemin du Musée 6 / Pérolles CH-1700 Freiburg

Contacts: Mario Meier Tel.: +41 26 300 8933 Fax: +41 26 300 9742 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.unifr.ch/geology

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Name of research institute or organization: LBMPS, Université de Genève

Title of project: Life in Darwin’s Dust

Project leader and team: Prof. W.J. Broughton, Dr. J. Favet, Dr. A.A. Gorbushina, M. M. Parkan

Project description: Dust that blows from deserts across continents and oceans carries countless micro- organisms with it. Our aim is to document the microbial populations that are present at the source (the deserts of the world) and in the sinks (the east coasts of North and South America, Europe, etc). Much of the dust that eventually settles in Europe and the Americas originates from the Republic of Chad. Since travel within the Republic of Chad is restricted by an ongoing war, we asked the International Red Cross (based in Geneva) to collect samples of desert soils for us. We received nine samples from various parts of the country and they have been analysed using classic microbiological techniques (culturing, sequencing the DNA of short, conserved loci). Winds tunnelled through mountains raise some of this sand into the air. Much of it falls quickly back to earth but some smaller particles (10 nm to 10 µm) continue upwards to the Planetary Boundary Layer and from there, they can be blown across continents and oceans. Some of this dust lands in Switzerland but what microbes it carries has not been properly documented. To study the transport and survival of microbes on intercontinental dust, we need to collect samples in an environment that is as much removed from ground-level contamination as possible. Ideally, an aeroplane that flew into a dust storm would be the best way to do this, but failing this collection dust at the High Altitude Research Station, Jungfraujoch is the best possibility. For this reason, we have installed a “Bertin” AirSampler in a heated box on a rail of the research station. Hopefully, dust will be collected during the next storm. It will be analysed using the same combination of microbiological methods used to study sand from Chad. Together, these sets of results will allow us to the answer the questions of what microbes are present at the source, which and how many survive intercontinental flight.

Key words: Microbial hitch-hikers, Chad, bacteria, fungi, desert soils.

Address: LBMPS, Sciences III, Université de Genève, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4

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Contacts: William Broughton Tel: +41 22 379 3108/93222 Fax: +41 22 378 3009 Email: [email protected]

Jocelyne Favet Tel. +41 22 379 3123 Email: [email protected]

Anna Gorbushina +41 22 379 3222 Email: [email protected]

Michal Parkan Microscopie eléctonique, Département de Zoologie et Biologie Animale. Tel : +41 79 447 3128 Fax : +41 22 379 6868

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Measurements of ambient ice nuclei with the new instrument PINC

Project leader and team: Dr. Olaf Stetzer and Prof. Ulrike Lohmann, project leaders Cedric Chou

Project description: The cloud physics group at ETH Zurich has developed various instruments to measure ice nucleation and the properties of ice nuclei of laboratory generated and ambient aerosols. After the lab instrument ZINC has been successfully implemented an instrument for ambient measurements during field and airborne campaigns has been developed. This new instrument (PINC) has been finished in late 2007 and was deployed for the first time on the Jungfraujoch station in January 2008. The intention was primarily to test the new instrument under field conditions and depending on data quality to get first measurements of IN at the Jungfraujoch. The instrument performed well from a technical point of view. However, the quality of the data taken is still being evaluated since the instrument had a relatively high background. Regardless, the experience with the instrument during this campaign helped a lot to target tasks that need to be accomplished to improve the instrument performance during future campaigns.

Key words: ice nuclei, heterogeneous nucleation, aerosol particles

Internet data bases: none

Collaborating partners/networks: Ernest Weingartner, Martin Gysel, PSI

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: none so far Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, CHN O16.3 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Olaf Stetzer Tel.: +41 44 633 6161 Fax: +41 44 633 1058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France

Title of project: Study of new particle formation and ion concentrations

Project leader and team: Dr. Karine Sellegri, Dr. Hervé Venzac, Julien Boulon, David Picard

Project description: The potential impact of nanoparticles on the environment and on health is a high profile contemporary concern. At present, the quantification of nanoparticle sources remains a major uncertainty, especially for secondary organic sources, thus weakening our capacity in predicting air quality (chemical weather) and the global climate models reliability (Pierce and Adams 2008). In some environments, it has been shown that new particle formation by nucleation and growth can contribute significantly to the total number concentrations. Once produced, these nano-particles will have a major impact on health because they will penetrate deeper in the respiratory system than bigger particles do. Moreover, after reaching a critical size, they will spontaneously grow to radiative relevant size and will contribute significantly, because of their number, to the earth radiative balance. New particle formation occurs as “events” of several hours, during which particles of 3 nm rapidly grow to larger sizes. The spatial and temporal coverage of these observations has been confirmed by monitoring activities at atmospheric research stations in Europe. Recently long term measurements performed by the LaMP at the Ev-K2 pyramid station (Nepal, 5079 m a s l.) have shown that nucleation is the dominant process leading to elevated number concentrations of particles at high altitude (Venzac et al. 2008). Evidences indicate that nucleation process occurs at the interface between clean free tropospheric air from the residual nighttime layer and boundary layer air rising from the valley in correspondence with the shift in wind direction at the station (from a weak down- slope N-NE breeze prevailing at night to a strong up-slope S-SW wind prevailing by day). Up-slope winds bring boundary layer air from the polluted areas in the Nepal plains south of the Himalaya mountain range. At the Puy de Dôme station, new particle formation (NPF) events take place more than 30% of the time (Venzac et al. 2007). Clearly, the frequency of this episodes calls for a better understanding of the processes involved, which are complex. To address this problem, a one-year-long European measurement campaign has been designed around simultaneous multi-station observations in the frame of the Integrated European project EUCAARI. This intensive measuring campaign is taking place at more than ten field sites around Europe: Pallas and Hyytiälä (Finland), Cabauw (Netherlands), Mace Head (Ireland), K-Puszta (Hungary), Finokalia (Greece) , San Pietro Capofiume (Italy), Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Vavihill (Sweden), Melpitz (Germany), Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Puy de Dôme (France) and brings together the leading European research groups and state-of-the-art infrastructure to investigate the role of aerosol on climate and air quality. The participants putting together this intensive measuring campaign are University of Helsinki, University of

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Lund, University of Tartu, The French National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (Italy), University of Veszprém (Hungary), Finnish Meteorological Institute, National University of Ireland, Netherlands Royal Meteorological Institute, University of Crete, HFSJG International foundation, and Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research. It is in this context that the NAIS has been installed at the Jungfraujoch station since April 2008, and should measure continuously cluster ions, and new particle formation events for a year long.

The classification of nucleation events has been performed from April to October 2008, into 4 major classes described in (Venzac et al. 2007). Nucleation occurred about 40% of the time, which is lower than observed at the puy de Dôme. Nucleation followed by a continuous growth occurred only 5% of the time which is a quite low frequency, compared to boundary layer sites (Kulmala et al. 2004). A significant effect of clouds was observed on the cluster ions, as illustrated on Figure 1. We observed that in clear skies, the positive cluster ion concentrations significantly exceed the ones of the negative cluster ions. In cloud, both polarities of cluster ions are scavenged and the resulting cloudy concentrations drop to a fifth of their clear sky concentrations for positive ions, and half of their concentrations for negative cluster ions. Negative cluster ions might be scavenged by cloud droplet more efficiently than negative ions because of a charged state of the droplets themselves. Another possibility to investigate is a source of positive ions in clear skies which might be inhibited under cloudy conditions. We emphasis that the charge equilibrium in cloudy conditions is inverse of the one observed under clear sky conditions (negative ions favoured). The full data set will enable us to provide a seasonal analysis of the new particle formation events at the JFJ station, and compare the results with the other 11 European stations.

Figure 1 : Statistical analysis of the effect of clouds on the cluster ion concentrations (mobility diameter lower than 1.8 nm). C stands for measurements under clear sky situations, while N stands for cloudy situations. + and – are the polarities of the ions measured by the NAIS.

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Key words: Nucleation events, new particle formation, cluster ions, clouds

Collaborating partners/networks: PSI, E. Weingartner, EUSAAR P. Laj, EUCAARI, M. Kulmala

Address: Laboratoire de météorologie Physique Université Blaise Pascal 24, avenue des landais 63170 AUBIERE, FRANCE

Contacts: Karine Sellegri Tel.: +33 4 73 40 73 94 Fax: +33 4 73 40 51 36 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University Bern

Title of project: High precision carbon dioxde and oxygen measurements

Project leader and team: Prof. Markus Leuenberger, project leader Chiara Uglietti, Peter Nyfeler and Hanspeter Moret

Project description: During 2008 we monitored the CO2 and O2 concentration at Jungfraujoch (Figure 1). Since eight years we have observed an increasing trend for CO2 and a corresponding expected decrease in O2. However, the decrease in oxygen was stronger than expected between 2003 and 2005 pointing to an uptake by the ocean since it is not compatible either with the consumption by fossil fuel burning nor with terrestrial exchange. However, the decreasing trend has now significantly slowed down as documented in Figure 2. This lowered decrease rate is more compatible with decrease rates from other stations such as Mace Head and Lutjewad as documented by [Sirignano et al., 2008]. The flask measurements are in excellent agreement for CO2 and to a lesser extent also for O2 [Uglietti et al., 2008].

CO2 and O2 measurements at Jungfraujoch

300 405

250 400 200 395 150 390 100 385 in ppm in 50 2 in permeg in 2

380 CO O 0 375 -50

-100 370

-150 365 01.12.2007 31.01.2008 01.04.2008 01.06.2008 01.08.2008 01.10.2008 01.12.2008 31.01.2009 Time

Figure 1: CO2 and O2 online measurements at Jungfraujoch for 2008.

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O2 at JFJ measured on flask samples

450 daily mean flask mean Polynomisch (flask mean)

400

350

300

250

200 [per meg] [per 2 /N

2 150 O δ 100

50

0

-50 01.01.2000 31.12.2001 01.01.2004 31.12.2005 01.01.2008 Tim e

Key words: Greenhouse gas, climate change, oxidation ratio, CO2 emissions

Internet data bases: http://ce-atmosphere.lsce.ipsl.fr/database/index_database.html

Collaborating partners/networks: CarbonEurope IP partners

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Conference papers Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, P. Nyfeler, and H.P. Moret, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. A comparison between online and flask measurements, in CarboEurope IP conference, Jena, 2008

Magazine and Newspapers articles “Klimaforschung in grosser Höhe”, Bund, November 28, 2008.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Markus Leuenberger Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch/

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References:

Sirignano, C., R.E.M. Neubert, C. Rödenbeck, and H.A.J. Meijer, Atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide observations from two European coastal stations 2000- 2005: continental influence, trend changes and APO climatology, ACPD, 8, 20113– 20154, 2008, 2008. Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, P. Nyfeler, and H.P. Moret, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, A comparison between online and flask measurements, in CarboEurope IP conference, Jena, 2008.

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg

Title of project: 14 222 Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Ingeborg Levin, project leader Felix Vogel, Bernd Kromer, Dietmar Wagenbach

Project description: 14 Atmospheric CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch are used as background for other observational sites in Central Europe to estimate the regional fossil fuel CO2 component. The measurements have been started in 1986 and were continued without 14 interruption until today (Figure 1). In recent years, the Jungfraujoch CO2 data was also often used, together with earlier observations at Vermunt at 1800m a.s.l. in the Austrian Alps, in various applications for dating of recent organic material. Atmospheric 222Radon daughter observations started at Jungfraujoch in April 2006 in the frame of the EU-funded CarboEurope project. These observations can be used to identify (polluted) air masses that have recently been in contact with continental surfaces as well as for flux estimates of other continent-borne trace gases using the Radon-Tracer-Method. In summer 2008 difficulties have occurred with the 222Radon monitor so that measurements had to be stopped in autumn 2008, shortly before the end of the CarboEurope project.

1000 14C tree rings (Stuiver & Quay, 1981) 800 Vermunt, Austrian Alps Jungfraujoch 600

C [‰]

14 400 ∆ 200

0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

14 Figure 1: Long-term observations of C in atmospheric CO2 in the Alps supplemented by 14C measurements on tree rings (M. Stuiver and P. Quay, 1981, EPSL 53, 349–62). The strong increase of 14C in the early 1960s is due to the input of bomb-14C, the ongoing decrease due to the global release of 14C- free fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere.

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Key words: carbon dioxide, radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO2, climate, Kyoto Protocol 222Radon, atmospheric tracer

Internet data bases: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radiometrie-web-html

Collaborating partners/networks: CarboEurope-IP (http://www.carboeurope.org/) ICOS (http://www.icos-infrastructure.eu)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal article: Levin, I., S. Hammer, B. Kromer and F. Meinhardt, 2007. Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background. Sci. Total. Environ., doi. 10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2007.10.019.

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Fax: +49 6221 546405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br.

Title of project: 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air

Project leader and team Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser and Martina Konrad, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg Roland Purtschert, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern

Project description: The monitoring of tropospheric Kr-85 activity concentrations at Jungfraujoch (JFJ) has been continued also in 2008. Krypton separated from about 10 m3 of air, which is continuously collected during one week, is sent to the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz in Freiburg i.Br for the measurement of the Kr-85 activity concentration.. The major source of atmospheric Kr-85 are releases from nuclear reprocessing plants. Over the last 40 years the Kr-85 activity concentration in the atmosphere has increased rather continuously with a mean increase rate of about 0.03 Bq/m3 per year and has reached in the last years a maximal value of about 1.45-1.50 mBq/m³ at the stations located in the northern hemisphere. The release from the reprocessing facilities occurs pulsed. The resulting plumes can be detected at sampling stations which are located in downwind direction within a few hundred kilometres from the source (spikes in Figure 1). During the last year already a stabilisation of the Kr-85 activity baseline at JFJ could be observed. This trend reversal has been continued in 2008 and for the first time since the start of the reprocessing activities the baseline activity seems slightly to decline (Figure 1). Future measurement will show whether this trend is sustainable or not. It would mean, that the world wide reprocessing activities do not increase any longer. The data of the global Kr-85 measuring network, provide an instrument for the surveillance of radioactivity in the environment. The location of the JFJ sampling site is strategically important because at this altitude the northern tropospheric background level can best be determined. Secondly, the gradient of the baseline concentration and the occurrence of elevated peak concentrations allow some conclusion about the global and local reprocessing activities, respectively. This feature of Kr-85 could be an important tool to monitor clandestine nuclear reprocessing activities. Known Kr-85 emissions can also be used for the validation and calibration of global circulations models. The well known atmospheric Kr-85 activity provides last but not least the basis for one of the most reliable dating methods for groundwater. Advantageous for dating was up to know the steadily increase of the input activity which provides unique groundwater age estimations. The at present observed declining trend, if continuing the next few years, is from the point of view of Kr-85 dating a change for the worse because ambiguous age estimations results for groundwaters which recharged in the last few years.

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2.2

2.0 air

3 1.8

Bq/m 1.6

1.4

1.2 2006 2007 2008

Figure 1: Measured 85Kr activity concentrations in weekly air samples, collected at Jungfraujoch (3500 m a s l) in the last three years (dotted line: reference line at 1.44 Bq/m³ air) Key words: Krypton, 85Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants

Internet data bases: [email protected]

Collaborating partners/networks: [email protected]

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 (in preparation)

Address: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

Contacts: H. Sartorius e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt

Title of project: Collection of large volume air sample

Project leader and team: PD Dr. Andreas Engel, project leader Johannes Laube

Project description: We have visited the Jungfraujoch Research station in order to collect a large volume whole air sample. This samples was analysed for CO and H2, as well as halocarbons which can destroy ozone if transported into the stratosphere. The analysis included three Chlorofluorocarbons which were first observed in the atmosphere. The results have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. The sample is now being used as a long term reference gas for the measurements of these gases in our analytical laboratory. We have collected the sample cryogenically on December 12, 2007 on the terasse of the Sphinx observatory.

Key words: Halocarbons, ozone depletion, hydrogen

Collaborating partners/networks: EMPA Dübendorf

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Laube, J. C. and Engel, A., First atmospheric observations of three chlorofluoro- carbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5143–5149, 2008, www.atmos-chem- phys.net/8/5143/2008/

Theses Laube, J., Determination of the distribution of halocarbons in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere, PhD Thesis, Universität Frankfurt, 2008.

Address: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt Goethe Universität Frankfurt Altenhöferallee 1 D 60438 Frankfurt

Contacts: Andreas Engel Tel.: + 49 / 69 / 798 40259 Fax: + 49 / 69 / 798 40262 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.geo.uni-frankfurt.de/iau

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94 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich (IACETH)

Title of project: NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch.

Project leader and team: Prof. Johannes Staehelin, Project leader Shubha Pandey, Uwe Weers

Project description: NOy is the abbreviation of a family of tropospheric trace constituents including nitrogen oxides (NOx: NO+NO2, which are primary pollutants mainly emitted by fossil fuel combustion in the northern midlatitudes) plus compounds formed by oxidation of nitrogen oxides in the troposphere (including Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), nitric acid (HNO3), particluate nitrates and some others). NOx are important precrusors for the formation of ozone (O3) which is a key air pollutant of summer smog and an important greenhouse gas.

Figure 1: Measurements of Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) at Jungfraujoch in comparison with earlier measurements (see Zelllweger et al.,, 2003, Balzani Lööv et al., 2008).

PAN is an important reservoir species in tropospheric chemistry:

CH3CO-O2 + NO2 = CH3-CO-O2-NO2 (PAN) (1)

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PAN is formed in polluted air masses binding reactive nitrogen oxides (NO2) and organic radicals which can be released again by the backward reaction of equilibrium (1). This equilibrium strongly depends on temperature; if PAN is formed in the polluted planetary boundray layer and subsequently lifted into the cold upper troposphere it can by transported over large distances, leading to intercontinental transport of NOx.

NOy is continuously measured by Empa at Jungfraujoch since 1999; the concentrations show an increasing tendency which is surprising keeping in mind that during the last ten years NOx emissions in Switzerland and the surrounding European countries are rather decreased. PAN has been measured at JFJ in several campaigns in the last years showing decreasing concentrations, which is puzzling because PAN also significantly contribute to NOy. The PAN instrument (belonging to Empa) was repaired, tested and calibrated and successfully installed at the observatory of Jungfraujoch. The measurements of PAN in May, July and August 2008 are shown in Fig. 1 (because of technical problems some measurements are not available) together with measurements from earlier years, indicating very large variability. The large variability in ambient air concentrations is attributable to differences in the origin of the air masses.

Figure 2: Diurnal variation of PAN and particulate nitrate (courtesy of PSI) from 6. to 10. May 2008.

In Fig. 2 the diurnal variation of PAN is compared with particulate nitrate. In this period a high pressure system prevailed in Switzerland and PAN measurements showed exceptionally high concentrations. The strong diurnal variation with late afternoon peak suggests formation of PAN and particulate nitrate in the polluted planetary boundary layer of the Swiss plateau and subsequent transport of the compounds to measurement site by convective transport.

In the next year we intend to continue the measurements of PAN at JFJ together with NOy measurements performed with our instrument, which uses a converter outside

96 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 the instrument in order to check the possible effect of HNO3 deposition in the instrument operated by Empa. The interpretation of the measurements will be continued making use of backward trajectory analysis and chemical filters for separating the different air masses such as free tropospheric air and air from European planatery boundary layer. References Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, P. Hofer, S. Nyeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, A. Ammann, and U. Baltensperger: Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos.Chem. Phys., 3, 779-796 (2003). J.M. Balzani Lööv, S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A.S.H. Prévôt, M. Steinbacher, and M.K. Vollmer: Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3 580 m asl), J. geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2007JD009751 (2008).

Key words: Atmospheric trace gases, free troposphere, planetary boundary layer, tropospheric chemistry, NOy, PAN

Internet data bases: http://www.iac.ethz.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Christoph Zellweger, Dominik Brunner (Empa); Ernest Weingartner (PSI)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access (Note, that these publications were part of the earlier project “Carbonyls and PANs at the Jungfraujoch and related oxidation processes at the boundary layer/free troposphere interface”)

Balzani Lööv, J.M., Henne, S., Legreid, G., Staehelin, J., Reimann, S., Prévôt, A.S.H., Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M.K., Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3 580 m asl), J. geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2007JD009751, 2008. Legreid, G., D. Folini, J. Staehelin, J.Balzani Lööv, M. Steinbacher, and S. Reimann: Measurements of organic trace gases including oxygenated volatile organic compounds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocation, J. geophys. Res., 113, D05307, doi:10.1029/2007JD00863 (2008). http://iac.ethz.ch/edit/pub/edit.php

Conference papers Shubha Pandey, J. Stähelin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, C. Zellweger “PAN measurements at high alpine observatory, Jungfraujoch”, IGAC 2008, 7 September – 12 September 2008, Annecy, France. (Poster presentation) Staehelin, J, Peter, T., Trace gas measurements at Jungfraujoch to study intercontinental air pollutant transport and tropospheric ozone trends, Bern, Switzerland, 26. November, Spawning the Atmosphere measurements of Jungfraujoch, SANW

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Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IACETH) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich Universitätstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Johannes Staehelin and Shubha Pandey Tel.: +41 01 633 27 48 Fax: +41 01 633 10 48 e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

URL: http://iac.ethz.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel

Title of project: Measurement of 222Rn for atmospheric tracer applications

Project leader and team: Dr. Franz Conen, project leader Dr. Wlodek Zahorowski, international collaborator Yu Xia, PhD student Lukas Zimmermann, technician Dr. Johannes Fritsche, technical support

Project description: Continuous measurements of 222Rn in the atmosphere provide insight into the recent history of air masses arriving at a remote station. They serve, together with other observations, to estimate trace gas emissions on a regional scale and to identify long- range pollution events. In the context of SNF projects 117622 “Improving the 222 verification of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in Europe by the Rn tracer method” and SNF project 117753 “Assessment of European emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases by a combination of continuous measurements, transport models and Rn-222 emission maps”, a two-filter-type detector for 222Rn was installed in the caverne next to the station in May 2008. To that purpose, an inlet tube had been fitted by Seiler AG and two data transmission cables were laid from the caverne to the laboratory (washing room) in the station. A PC sends data daily via e-mail and gives remote access to control calibration and background measurements, and for diagnostic purposes. The instrument was commissioned in June by Dr. Wlodek Zahorowski from the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). It since provides half-hourly activity concentrations of 222Rn. Raw data (including flags for calibration and instrumental background measurement events) are made freely accessible through http://radon.unibas.ch/ .Calibrated activity concentra- tions will become accessible within a few weeks from submission of this report.

From spring to autumn 2009, the instrument will be taken to a rural site in Hungary (K-Puszta), in the context of above mentioned SNF projects. Probably in October 2009, we would like to bring it back to Jungfraujoch Station, to the same place where it is at the moment. Then we would like it to stay there at least until the end of our projects in spring 2011.

Key words: Radon, atmospheric transport, greenhouse gases, long-range pollution events

Internet data bases: http://radon.unibas.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Stefan Reimann, Empa Dr. Wlodek Zahorowski, ANSTO

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Conference papers Xia, Y. and Conen, F., Improved non-CO2-greenhouse gas emission estimates by 222Rn tracer method, IGAC 10th International Conference, Bridging the scales in Atmospheric Chemistry : Local to Global, 7 to 12 September 2008 in Annecy, France. (poster presentation).

Address: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistr. 30 4056 Basel

Contacts: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Fax: +41 61 267 0479 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg

Title of project: Spectroscopic measurements of direct moon light

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Klaus Pfeilsticker

Project description: During 10 nights in 2008 (March 17 to 27th, 2008) the atmospheric group at the Institut für Umweltphysik of the Universität Heidelberg, Germany conducted spectroscopic measurements of direct moon light at the Jungfraujoch station. Major target molecules were stratospheric O3, NO2, and NO3 and tropospheric H2O. The measurements at the Jungfraujoch station were corroborated by similar measurements at Teresina/North Eastern Brazil. Funding came through the EU SCOUT-O3 project (505390-GOCE-CT-2004). Due to extremely bad weather and persistent cloud cover during stay, the measurements only succeeded for short time intervals (hours) however. Details of the thereby gained results can be found in the diploma thesis of Christian Karl (Universität Heidelberg, 2008).

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Prof. K. Pfeilsticker Tel.: +49 (0)6221) 54 6350 Fax: +49 (0)6221) 54 6405 URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de

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102 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: Neutron monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Dr. Benoît Pirard

Project description: The Cosmic Ray Group of the Division for Space Research and Planetary Sciences of the Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions of galactic cosmic radiation with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the heliosphere and about the production of energetic cosmic rays at the Sun, as well as about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide network of standardized cosmic ray detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary cosmic ray intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons ≥ 3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons with energies as low as ~250 MeV. In 2008, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch was pursued without major problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The recordings of the NM measurements are published in near-real time on the webpage (http://cosray.unibe.ch). Although it seems that Solar Cycle 24 has started in January 2008 with the first appearance of a reversed-polarity sunspot, the solar activity was extremely low in 2008. The monthly smoothed sunspot numbers where even lower than in 2007, and March/April 2008 marked the preliminary sunspot minimum. The mean yearly count rate of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch in 2008 was about 0.5% higher than in 2007. The cosmic ray conditions near Earth were undisturbed during the whole year as can be seen from Figure 1, which shows the daily counting rates of the IGY NM for 2008. As a consequence of the low solar activity, no Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs), and no major Forbush decreases (Fd) were observed. The pseudo-periodic variations are mostly a consequence of the sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In 2008 the European Seventh Framework (FP7) project Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB) has started. In a test phase 12 NM stations including the Jungfraujoch NMs send data in real-time to a database server. The Bern group is developing a software package to determine the ionization and radiation dose rates in the Earth's atmosphere based on real-time NM data from the NMDB server. In October 2008 the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch marked 50 years of operation. When the Swiss confederation decided to join the International Geophysical Year in 1957- 1958, Prof. Friedrich G. Houtermans, head of the Physikalisches Institut of the University of Bern (1952-1966) proposed to build a NM at Jungraujoch. A promising

103 International Foundation HFSJG Activiy Report 2008 young student was entrusted with the construction of this detector: Hermann Debrunner, later head of the cosmic ray group at the University of Bern (1964-1997), director of the High Alpine Scientific Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (1964- 1999) and president of the board of the International Foundation HFSJG (1973-1999). The IGY NM with 12 counter tubes was put in operation first on the roof of the building of the research station, and from August 1959 inside the Sphinx laboratory. In summer 1966 the detector was moved to today's position on the terrace of the Sphinx laboratory, and by adding six counter tubes it was enlarged to an 18-IGY NM.

Figure 1: Relative pressure corrected daily counting rates of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch for 2008.

Bieber et al. [Bieber, J.W., J. Clem, D. Desilets, P. Evenson, D. Lal, C. Lopate, and R. Pyle, Long-term decline of South Pole neutron rates, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 112, Issue A12, 2007] have shown that the 1997 peak rate of the South Pole NM was ~8% lower than the 1965 peak rate. However, this decrease was not observed at other South polar NM stations. In their investigations Bieber et al. therefore do not outrule detector tube aging as the reason for the decline in the count rate. If this hyposthesis is correct, a detector tube aging effect should also be present at the NM64 NM at Jungfraujoch, because the NM64 NM at Jungfraujoch has the same type of counter tubes and a similar counting rate per tube as the South Pole NM, i.e. 100 cts/second. Figure 2 shows the monthly values of the relative count rates of the Swiss NMs from the respective beginning of operation until November 2008. Only the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch of the Swiss stations has been in operation in 1965. The peak rate of the monthly mean count rate of IGY NM in 1965 was higher by 5.9% compared to 1997. The two European NM stations Kiel, Germany, and Oulu, Finland, recorded a decrease of 2.9% and 1.5%, respectively, in this time period. For the time period 1985-2008 Figure 3 shows the monthly count rate ratio of the IGY and NM64 NMs at Jungfraujoch. It seems that the average count rate ratio

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IGY/NM64 tends to increase by 0.12% per year after 1988. The steplike decrease in Figure 3 in 1988 was caused by a recalibration of a barometer. The partly well pronounced seasonal variations are due to snow accumulations on the roof and around the detector housings. At the IGY NM the custodians at Jungfraujoch remove the snow from the roof of the detector housing at least once a day. At the NM64 NM snow removal is not possible. Therefore the seasonal effect is more dominant in the data of the NM64 NM compared to the IGY NM. From our analysis we can at present time neither confirm nor exclude an aging of counter tubes over periods of decades.

Figure 2: Monthly values of relative count rate of the three Swiss NMs from the respective beginning of operation until November 2008.

Figure 3: Ratio IGY/NM64 NM of monthly averaged count rates.

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Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric phenomena

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: International Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE database European FP7 Project Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (NMDB): http://www.nmbd.eu

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Flückiger, E.O., and R. Bütikofer, Swiss Neutron Monitors and Cosmic Ray Research at Jungfraujoch, accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research, 2008. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home Book sections Flückiger, E.O., and R. Bütikofer, Untersuchungen der kosmischen Strahlung auf Jungfraujoch – 50 Jahre Neutronenmonitore, «Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern», 65, 2008. http://www.ngbe.ch/content/default.asp?mid=4&rid=0&id=14&action=detail Conference papers Flückiger, E.O., The relationship of cosmic rays to the environment, 21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Košice, Slovakia, 9-12 September 2008. Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, and B. Pirard, Effective radiation dose for selected intercontinental flights during the GLEs on 20 January 2005 and 13 December 2006, 21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Košice, Slovakia, 9-12 September 2008.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza

Title of project: Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith angles

Project leader and team: Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader Prof. Marco Merafina, Dr. Huluk Denzyli, A. Sergi

Project description: The interest in Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) produced a large variety of experiments, with different purposes and based on several techniques (Cherenkov, air fluorescence and radio waves); while timing information is often used to obtain directional information, none of the present techniques is based on upward/downward discrimination by time of flight (TOF). The prototype detector present at Jungfraujoch Station and under test is capable to measure large zenith angle cosmic rays as well to be a module ( see Fig. 1) used in an array for Ultra High Energy tau neutrinos detection by the Earth skimming strategy as shown in the TAUWER proposal.

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the detector. The electronic box and the wireless connection are not shown

The base detector consists in two parallel scintillating plates (20 x 20 cm2, 1.4 cm thick), separated by 160 cm, read by one low voltage R5783 Hamamatsu photomultiplier (PMT). Each scintillating plate is embedded in a PVC box which also contains the PMT. The two boxes are attached to a metal structure that defines the covered solid angle of about 1.4 _ 10-2 sr. The choice of this particular model of PMT is due to its low time resolution (300 ps) and the possibility to use an autonomous low voltage power supply, like a solar panel or a wind turbine, to make it an affordable elementary module of a large area array. A custom electronic board for time and charge analysis designed by Dr. E. Delagnes (CEA-Saclay) and Dr. D. Breton (IN2P3-Orsay), in substitution of standard NIM- CAMAC modules, is under development. This board permits a sampling at 2GS in a range of 2µs. During 2008 we have taken data with this new electronic to evaluate if a resolution of Time of Flight of about 1 ns is reachable by using the shape of the PM signal. The results obtained show we can use this board to collect the PM charge and

107 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 at same time evaluate the TOF with resolution of 1.1 ns, hence discriminate the up- warding track from the vertical and downwarding tracks. The cosmic rays flux in the interval 700-950 is measured. Now we are investigating the electron-gamma and muon selection by a layer of lead put in front of the rear tiles.

Key words: Astroparticle, scintillator detector, Time of flight, Ultra high energy neutrinos

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access M. Iori and A. Sergi Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics research Vol 588 April 1, 2008, ISSN-0168-9002, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/NIMA.

Address: Departement of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza P.zza A. Moro 5 I00198 Rome Italy

Contacts: Prof. Maurizio Iori Department of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza Italy Tel. +039 06 499 14422 Fax +039 06 495 7697

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Name of research institute or organization: Radioactive Tracers, Eawag

Title of project: Production, transport and deposition of cosmogenic radionuclides (7Be, 10Be, 36Cl)

Project leader and team: Prof. Jürg Beer, project leader Dr. Ulla Heikkilä, Marian Fujak

Project description: 10Be and 36Cl are widely measured in polar ice cores in oder to reconstruct the history of cosmic ray intensity over the past several hundred thousand years. The production signal is slightly altered by the atmopsheric transport and deposition processes. Monthly data from Jungfraujoch and from a station at Dübendorf allows us to study these processes and to improve the interpretation of the production signal. The isotopic ratio of 7Be (half-life: 53 days) and 10Be (half-life: 1.5 106 y) is a useful tool to study atmopsheric mixing. A study with the General Circulation Model ECHAM5- HAM revealed a good agreement between the measured and expected data based on production calculations [Heikkila, et al., 2008]. While the monthly data show a clear transport signal the production signal dominates if the data are averaged over a few years.

10Be in precipitation of Jungfraujoch (blue) and Dübendorf (red). The upper panel depicts the monthly concentrations, the lower panel the monthly deposition fluxes.

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Key words: long-term cosmic ray intensity, cosmogenic radionuclides, atmospheric mixing and deposition

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Johann Feichter, MPI Hamburg

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Heikkila, U., et al. (2008), Beryllium-10 and beryllium-7 in precipitation in Dubendorf (440 m) and at Jungfraujoch (3580 m), Switzerland (1998-2005), Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113, D11. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009160.shtml

Theses Heikkilä, U. (2007), Modeling of the atmospheric transport of the cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be and 7Be using the ECHAM5-HAM general circulation model, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

Address: Eawag Postfach 611 Ch-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Jürg Beer Tel.: +41 44 823 5111 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.eawag.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel

Title of project: Prevalence and pathophysiology of high altitude illness in children

Project leader and team: PD Dr. med. Susi Kriemler, project leader Prof. Dr. Med. Hanspeter Brunner, Birgit Soltermann, MSc, Christian Brunner, MSc

Project description: Until recently, scarce data existed about the prevalence of high altitude illness in children in comparison to adults. We therefore performed a first study in 2006, in which we looked at differences in physiological or pathological adaptation to high altitude in 20 biological prepubertal children (mean age 11.9 years) and father pairs. We found that 1. the prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was similar in children and adults when measured with the standard Lake Louise score for adults, 2. children showed less sleep disturbances with less apneic events than adults, and 3. children showed significantly higher increases in pulmonary artery pressure on day 1 of high altitude exposure. Furthermore, the amount of pressure increase among children and their biological fathers was significantly related suggesting a genetic influence of the hypoxic pressure raise. This finding seems to be important since subjects that are at risk to develop a life threatening pulmonary edema under hypoxic conditions (=HAPE-susceptible individuals) show exaggerated pulmonary artery pressure increases at high altitude which is thought to be a main factor responsible for the development of the pulmonary edema. Based on these findings of the first study, we performed a second study in 2008, including 10 families with and without history of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) with three major aims: To test 1. whether children of different maturity and age show the same prevalence of AMS with different questionnaires, including different children’s versions. 2. whether HAPE susceptibility is genetically determined, and 3. to look at mechanisms responsible for the pulmonary artery pressure increase at high altitude. Preliminary results are the following: 1. The prevalence of AMS in prepubertal children, adolescents and adults are not different among fast ascent to high altitude. This finding was irrespective of questionnaire used (two adult or three children’s versions). Nevertheless, every third child developed AMS during a period of two days at 3450m. The distribution of the AMS symptoms was also similar in children and adults. One 9-year-old girl developed severe AMS and had to be treated with dexamethason. The remaining 49 children responded well to symptomatic treatment of headache and gastrointestinal symptoms with paracetamol and/or antiemetics. 2. The pulmonary artery pressure increase on day 1 of altitude exposure was significantly higher in HAPE susceptible adults compared to non-HAPE susceptible adults, and all children. However, when gender specific analyses were done, boys of HAPE-susceptible fathers showed pulmonary artery pressures at high altitude that were not significantly different from the adult values, while this was not the case in girls. Based on the low numbers in each

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group these finding are preliminary and have to be confirmed in a larger study. If true, these preliminary data suggest that the hereditary precondition of HAPE-susceptibility, i.e. an increased PAP response to acute hypoxia may be gender specific. 3. The third aim (to look at mechanisms of the pulmonary artery pressure raise at high altitude) has not been analysed yet.

Key words: Children, high altitude, hypoxia, high altitude illness

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Kriemler S, Kohler M, Zehnder M, Bloch KE, Brunner-La Rocca H. Successful treatment of severe acute mountain sickness and excessive pulmonary hypertension with dexamethasone in a prepubertal girl. High Alt Med Biol 2006; 7: 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=16978138 Kriemler S, Jansen C, Linka A, Kessel-Schaefer A, Zehnder M, Schurmann T, et al. Higher pulmonary artery pressure in children than in adults upon fast ascent to high altitude. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 664-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=18417505 Kohler M, Kriemler S, Wilhelm EM, Brunner-LaRocca H, Zehnder M, Bloch KE. Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 189-97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=18287125

Book sections Kriemler, S. Kinder und Höhe. Gebirgsmedizin. Ein Ratgeber für Laien SAC Verlag, Berne, Switzerland (in review).

Conference papers Wick C, Soltermann B, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Poster presentation at the 15th Biennial Meeting of the North American Society of Pediatric Exercise Medicine, Colorado Springs, Sept 2008 Soltermann B, Wick C, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Poster presentation at 15th Biennial Meeting of the North American Society of Pediatric Exercise Medicine, Colorado Springs, Sept 2008 Wick C, Soltermann B, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Schweiz. Zt Sportmed Sporttraum 2008; 56: 122

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Soltermann B, Wick C, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Schweiz Zt Sportmed Sporttraum 2008; 56: 122

Theses Wick C., Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Master Thesis, Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, 2008. Soltermann B., Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Master Thesis, Institute of Exericse and Health Sciences, University of Basel, 2008.

Magazine and Newspapers articles Höhenkrankheit bei Kindern. Bericht Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Februar 9, 2006. http://www.nzz.ch/2006/02/09/sg/articledj9xt_1.9894.html

Radio and television Forschung zwischen Himmel und Erde, Menschen-Technik-Wissenschaft, SF1, Moderation David Jens, Januar 12, 2008

Address: Institute of Exercise and Health Science University of Basel Brüglingen 33 CH-4052 Basel

Contacts: Susi Kriemler Tel.: +41 61 377 87 68 Fax: +41 61 377 87 58 Email: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne; Inselspital, Bern

Title of project: Fetal programming of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

Project leader and team: Urs Scherrer, project leader, Claudio Sartori, Yves Allemann, Hervé Duplain, Stefano Rimoldi, Thomas Stuber, Sophie Garcin, Jonathan Bloch, Susi Kriemler, Nils Staub, Anita Monney, Pierre Dessen, Rolf Vetter

Project description: Pulmonary hypertension is a syndrome of diverse etiology and pathogenesis. It is characterized by a persistent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, potentially leading to right heart failure and death. In line with Barker’s concept of a fetal programming of adult diseases, recent observations from our group suggest that in humans, pathologic events during the fetal and/or perinatal period predispose the offspring to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, and, in turn, to exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary hypertension later in life. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we will study the pulmonary-artery pressure response to hypoxia and its underpinning mechanisms in older children who had suffered from specific pathologic events during their fetal period that may have resulted in fetal programming of pulmonary hypertension. As a side project of this proposal, we will also prospectively study the prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in children and adults after rapid ascent to 3540 m. AMS is by far the most frequent medical problem encountered at high altitude. Surprisingly, there is no information on its prevalence in children and adolescents at this altitude, and studies in adults on this issue abound with methodological problems. During the month of July 2008, we have completed our preliminary studies dating from 2007, by studying an additional 60 children and 40 adults. The high-altitude studies have been completed without any incident. A first article on AMS will be published in January 2009 in the worlds premier journal of Pedriatrics. With regard to the cardiovascular study, we are about to finalize the analysis of the data. It appears that the data confirm our initial hypothesis. Most importantly, the data also demonstrate marked vascular dysfunction in the systemic circulation. We are expecting to submit an article before the end of the 2008.

Key words: Hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension, fetal programming, endothelial function, cardiovascular risk, acute mountain sickness

Collaborating partners/networks: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St.Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CSEM, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Bloch J., Duplain H., Rimoldi S.F., Stuber T., Kriemler S., Allemann Y., Sartori C., Scherrer U. Prevalence and time-course of acute mountain sickness in older children and adolescents after rapid ascent to 3’450 m. Pediatrics 2009;123:in press. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/contents-by-date.0.dtl

Radio and television Television “MAM et oedèmes: les maladies de haute altitude” Interview with Professor Urs Scherrer, CHUV, Lausanne, High-altitude Medicine Specialist at the research station Jungfraujoch, Canal 9, “L’Antidote, émission de prévention et de promotion de la santé”, October 12, 2008. http://www.canal9.ch/television-valaisanne/emissions/antidote/liste.html Radio Interview with Dr Hervé Duplain, High-altitude Medicine Specialist at the Research Station Jungfraujoch, RSR La Première, Emission "On en parle ", August 15, 2008 Radio France Internationale, Emission "Accents d'Europe", August 26, 2008.

Address: Botnar Center for Extreme Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, BH 10.642 CHUV CH-1011 Lausanne Switzerland

Contacts: Urs Scherrer Tel.: +41 21 314 0934 Fax: +41 21 314 0928 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universität Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts

Title of project: A thermal drill for ice coring on high-elevation glaciers, NCCR Climate VIVALDI (Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Deposits – Integrated)

Project leader and team: PD Dr. Margit Schwikowski Dr. Anja Eichler Dr. Susan Kaspari Manuel Schläppi Leonhard Tobler Michael Sigl Anita Ciric Beat Rufibach Dieter Stampfli Felix Stampfli

Project description: Non-polar ice cores have now been obtained from all continents except Australia, almost exclusively by small teams from one or two institutions, and with a modest amount of funding compared to polar ice coring projects. However, many areas remain from which no ice cores have been retrieved yet. This is especially true for temperate glaciers, where the ice reaches the melting point during summer. Such glaciers exist in high precipitation regions of the Canadian and Chilean west coasts, the Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau, as well as in New Zealand, Scandinavia, and elsewhere. It is commonly believed that temperate glaciers are of limited use as paleo climate archives because meltwater formed during summer percolates through the summer snow and erases or homogenizes the chemical or stable isotope information contained therein. Yet useful information may be preserved because the formation of impermeable ice layers at the end of the summer prevents infiltration. Due to global warming many of the cold glaciers will turn into temperate glaciers in the future. Due to the remoteness and high altitude of most mid- and low-latitude glaciers, the drilling equipment must be custom designed to meet narrow specifications. Particularly for glaciers located above 5500 m, i.e. above the range of helicopter operation, a lightweight and modular drill design is required to allow for trans- portation by either porters or pack animals. The drill must be easy and fast to assemble and operate under extreme conditions, in order to limit the exposure of scientists to dangerous high altitude environments. Most of the drilling devices used under these conditions are electromechanical (EM) drill systems designed primarily for dry hole drilling. However, EM drilling is constrained to glaciers with temperatures well below the ice melting point, since pressure induced melting during drilling can cause refreezing of meltwater on the drill which then easily gets stuck in the borehole. Another disadvantage of EM drilling is its susceptibility to ice core fracture. Especially in the deepest part just above bedrock, which is under highest shear stress, small pieces (“chips”) of ice are often produced instead of good quality

117 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 ice cores. Fractured ice cores cannot be used for the analysis of most trace species, since the standard decontamination techniques cannot be applied. Thermal drills (TD) using ethanol/water mixtures as antifreeze drilling fluid provide good ice core quality, where shear stress is high or where the ice is warmer. Because ice conditions at mid- and low-latitude glaciers vary from “warm” ice (just below freezing point), to “cold” ice, a multi-faceted drilling technology is ideal for retrieving the best possible core quality. However, only one system has been designed so far that can quickly be switched from electro-mechanical drilling to a thermal- alcohol drilling, and still be transported by porters (Zagorodnov et al., 2000). The mail goal of this project was the development of a TD for ice core drilling on high-elevation glaciers which can be used in combination with the existing electromechanical drill FELICS (Ginot et al., 2002). This required a modifi- ation of the control unit and the power supply, since thermal drilling consumes more power. The TD itself consists of two barrels. The upper barrel contains two pumps and two containers, for ethanol and for the ethanol/meltwater mix, respectively. The lower one is the core barrel bearing the melting ring and the core catchers (Fig. 1). The new TD was tested on the Jungfraujoch in June 2008. Good quality ice cores with a diameter of 75 mm and a length of 70 cm could be drilled with a speed of 2 m/h. After this successful test the TD will be used for ice core drilling on Lomonosovfonna in Svalbard in April 2009.

Fig. 1: The core barrel of the new TD during test on the Jungfraujoch (photo J. Cunningham).

Acknowledgement The access to the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch is highly acknowledged. The development of the thermal drill is a project supported by the PSI FoKo. References Ginot, P., F. Stampfli, D. Stampfli, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, FELICS, a new ice core drilling system for high-altitude glaciers. Proc. of the workshop “Ice Drilling Technology 2000”, Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue, 56, 38-48 (2002). Zagorodnov, V., L.G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, Portable system for intermediate-depth ice-core drilling, J. Glaciology 46, 167-172 (2000).

Key words: Thermal drill, ice cores, high-alpine glaciers

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Internet data bases: http://lch.web.psi.ch/ http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Markus Leuenberger, KUP, University of Bern. Martin Grosjean, Heinz Wanner, Geographical Institute, University of Bern.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Conference papers M. Schwikowski, Klimageschichte aus alpinen Eisbohrkernen, Vortragsreihe Klima und Atmosphäre im Kernkraftwerk Leibstadt, Leibstadt, Switzerland, 16 January 2008. M. Schwikowski, Schnee von gestern - Gletschereis als Klimaarchiv, KLIMAsonntag Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, 13 April 2008. M. Schwikowski, Zeitreise durch das Eis: Hochalpine Gletscher als Klimaarchive, Senioren-Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 May 2008. M. Schwikowski, High-alpine glaciers as archives of atmospheric pollution and climate, POMklim seminar, Norwegian Polar Institute, The Polar Environmental Centre, Tromsø, Norway, 25 September 2008. M. Sigl, T.M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, M. Ruff, S. Szidat, C. Boutron, C. Barbante, H.-A. Synal, H.W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski, Radiocarbon dating of glacier ice on a microgram level – examples from the Alps and the Andes, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 13–18 April 2008. M. Sigl, T.M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, M. Ruff, S. Szidat, C. Boutron, C. Barbante, H.-A. Synal, L. Wacker, H.W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski, Radiocarbon dating of glacier ice on a microgram level – examples from the Alps and the Andes, 7th NCCR Climate Summer School, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 31 August-5 September 2008.

Address: Paul Scherrer Institut Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Margit Schwikowski Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 Fax: + 41 56 310 4435 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher

Project leader and team: Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader Matthias Huss, 2-4 field assistants and support by the custodians

Project description: Long-term glacier observations have been carried out to document glacier variations of Grosser Aletschgletscher and include annual length change measurements since 1880, accumulation and mass balance measurements starting 1918, stream runoff in the Massa river since 1922 and repeated map or arial photograph surveys, respectively. In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field measure- ments. Net volume changes are calculated by comparison of digital alevation models (DEM) derived from the existing maps and photogrammetrical analysis. A new method for the determination of the glacier wide mass balance has been developped merging available point-based observations with net volume changes and runoff measurements.

Figure: Cumulative mass balance of Grosser Aletschgletscher since 1864. Triangles mark years of DEMs used for volume change determination. Two decadal periods with positive (I, III) and strongly negative (II, IV) mass balances are highlighted.

Key words: Glacier measurements, firn accumulation, ice melt, volume change, mass balance

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletsch gretscher

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Collaborating partners/networks: Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network, Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Huss, M., Bauder, A., Funk, M. and Hock, R. Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(F1), F01015, doi:10.1029/2007JF000803. 2008. Conference papers A. Bauder and M. Huss, Long term point observations of seasonal mass balance: a key to understanding 20th century climate change", Workshop on mass balance measurements and modelling, Skeikampen, Norway, 26-28 March, 2008. M. Huss, A. Bauder, M. Funk, and R. Hock, "A method to determine seasonal mass balances of Alpine glaciers since 1865", Workshop on mass balance measurements and modelling, Skeikampen, Norway, 26-28 March 2008. A. Bauder and M. Huss, "Long term point observations of seasonal mass balance: a key to understanding 20th century climate change", Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Lugano, 21-23. November 2008. Data books and reports Herren, E. and Bauder, A. eds. (2008). The Swiss Glaciers 2001/02 and 2002/03. Glaciological Report No. 123/124, Cryouspheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences and the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, 97p. Public outreach A. Bauder, "Gletscher: unberechenbare Zeitgenossen?", Tagung "Hallers Gletscher heute" zur Feier des 300. Geburtstags von Albrecht von Haller, Bern, 17. Oktober 2008. A. Bauder, "Unterwegs mit einem Gletscherforscher", Volkshochschule Region Biel- Lyss, Lyss, 28. Oktober 2008.

Address: ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Andreas Bauder Tel. +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls

Project leader and team: Project Leaders: Dr. Stephan Gruber, (geo-science in PERMASENSE) Prof. Christian Tschudin, (computer-science in PERMASENSE) Dr. Jan Beutel, (technical computer-science in PERMASENSE) Dr. Daniel Vonder Mühll, (PERMOS responsible)

Team: Silvia Gerber, Master student (geo-science in PERMASENSE) Stefanie Gubler, PhD student (geo-science in PERMASENSE) Andreas Hasler, PhD student (geo-science in PERMASENSE) Dr. Jeannette Noetzli, (coordination office PERMOS) Igor Talzi, PhD student (computer-science in PERMASENSE)

Project description: The main focus of the PERMASENSE project during 2008 was to establish a reliable operation of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) on Matterhorn and Jungfraujoch. Due to the greater number of sensor types applied at Matterhorn Hörnligrat, this site was given priority. The operation of the Matterhorn deployment was achieved at the end of August 2008 with one maintenance-visit needed in November. Since then the preparation to set up the Jungfraujoch network is undertaken. A new base station (access node between the sensor web and the internet) and a small test network, was installed in December 2008 at the Sphinx Observatory. The setup of the entire WSN on Jungfraujoch is planned for February/March 2009. Conventional data loggers are continuously used to monitor rock surface temperatures within PERMOS on the Jungfrau East Ridge, the west ridge of Mönch as well as on the north and south faces of Eiger.

Key words: permafrost, ground temperatures, monitoring, wireless sensor networks, rock fall

Internet data bases: http://pc-5225.ethz.ch/cacti/graph_view.php?action=tree&tree_id=2&leaf_id=58&select_first=true

Website: http://www.permasense.ch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Funding: NCCR-MICS, BAFU Partners: University Zurich, TIK-ETHZ, PERMOS, University Basel

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Hasler, A., I. Talzi, J. Beutel, C. Tschudin, and S. Gruber, Wireless Sensor Networks in Permafrost Research – Concept, Requirements, Implementation and Challenges, submitted to Proceedings of the ninth international Permafrost Conference 2008, Fairbanks, Alaska, June 29 – July 3, 2008. Igor Talzi, Sandro Schönborn and Christian Tschudin, Providing Data Integrity in Intermittently Connected Wireless Sensor Networks, accepted for Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS'08), Kanazawa, Japan, June, 2008. Radio and Television “Messners Alpen” Part 3: “Vom Eiger zum Matterhorn” – Dokumentarfilm über den Wandel der Alpen mit einer Reportage über PERMASENSE, Schwenk Film GmbH. Ausgestrahlt: 1.1.2008 ARD, 5.1.2008 France 5 und weitere europäische Fernsehkanäle. “Rückzug des Eises – Gefahren aus dem Reich der Giganten” – Dokumentarfilm über Permafrost Degradation und Gletscherrückzug, in dem PermaSense prominent porträtiert wird. Ausgestrahlt: Februar 2008 ARTE und September 2008 Bayern 3.

Address: Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Tel.: +41 44 635 51 46 Fax: +41 44 635 68 41

Contacts: Andreas Hasler Tel.: +41 44 635 51 88 Fax: +41 44 635 68 41 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Title of project: Permafrost in the Jungfrau East ridge

Project leader and team: Dr. Marcia Phillips, project leader Martin Hiller, electronics Christian Bommer, engineer, construction in permafrost

Project description: In 1995 two boreholes located at around 3600 m ASL were drilled in the Jungfrau east ridge, one in the Northern sector, the other in the Southern one. They are equipped with thermistors and borehole temperatures are measured automatically. The measurements deliver valuable information on the state of permafrost in high altitude rock walls and on the reaction of permanently frozen rock walls to changes in air temperature. This information is of relevance with regard to the formation of natural hazards (e.g. rockfall) and in the context of the construction and maintenance of high mountain infrastructure. The boreholes are part of the PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland) network. Onsite controls have shown that recurring technical problems due to lightning occurred in 2008 and the instruments must now be tested in the laboratory, recalibrated and protected to ensure the quality of the data.

Key words: Mountain permafrost, active layer depth, frozen rock walls, borehole measurements

Internet data bases: www.permos.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Magazine and Newspapers articles (Report on snow, glaciers and permafrost in the Swiss Alps, including contributions from SLF): Bauder A., Marty C., Nötzli J. (2008). Kryosphäre in den Schweizer Alpen: Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2005-2006/2006-2007. Die Alpen 9, 2008, 47-56.

Address: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 7260 Davos Dorf

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Contacts: Marcia Phillips Tel.: +41 81 417 02 18 Fax: +41 81 417 01 10 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.slf.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: Geometric Validation of TerraSAR-X High-Resolution Products

Project leader and team: Dr. Erich Meier, principle investigator Michael Jehle, Dr. David Small, Dr. Adrian Schubert

Project description: Project Outline The main task of the project is to perform geometric validation of high-resolution TerraSAR-X (TSX) products, particularly from the stripmap and high-resolution spotlight modes. Using high-resolution products from the spotlight and stripmap modes in ascending and descending configurations, a statistical analysis of the geometric accuracy is carried out for each product, based on ground control points (GCPs). These are selected from various sources: (1) corner reflectors placed within the testsites, (2) national survey points, and (3) tiepoints selected from digital topographic and cadastral maps. Known GCP positions are compared to predicted positions, based on the product annotations. The GCP-based error statistics are calculated and patterns highlighted. Comparisons between equivalent products are made with slant-range and terrain-geocoded data processed from TerraSAR data. Terrain geocoding is possible using a Swiss DTM, the SRTM digital surface model (DSM), and a DSM obtained from LIDAR, available only for one specific test area. Finally, successive ascending (and descending) acquisitions complete proposal documentation and may be used in the context of an interferometric investigation of product geometric consistency, helping to quantify systematic annotation variability.

Calibration Validation Corner reflectors at different altitudes but identical ranges were deployed in the alpine test areas Meiringen/Interlaken and Jungfraujoch. Range differences between the high- and low-altitude reflectors help quantify small variations in the path delay. The reflectors in the alpine area were located such that ascending orbits had nearly- identical ranges to the Jungfraujoch-Interlaken pair, while descending orbits had nearly-identical ranges to the Jungfraujoch-Meiringen pair. Additional meteorological data (temperature, humidity, pressure) from two weather stations near Interlaken and Jungfraujoch provided further reference information for investigations of atmospheric influences.

Scientific Context and First Results The calibration and validation process of high-resolution spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems has become increasingly important with continuing improvements to the resolution of SAR systems surveying the Earth. Atmospheric path delays must be taken into account in order to achieve geolocation accuracies better than 1 meter. These effects are mainly due to ionospheric and tropospheric influences. Path delays through the ionosphere are frequency-dependent, proportional

127 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 to the inverse square of the carrier. At frequencies higher than L-band under average solar conditions, the major contribution of the atmospheric path delay comes from the troposphere. Especially for SAR geolocation measurements, these atmospheric contributions introduce ’geolocation noise’ that without correction causes shifts in geocoded products. A set of TSX data and GPS measurements of corner reflectors at the testsites Meiringen/Interlaken and Jungfraujoch are used to verify path delay results from the radar image with models, as well as for comparison with the operational TSX processor’s own atmospheric path delay model. Since the TSX operational processor corrects the whole scene in question for the influence of the atmosphere using average TEC values, the mean scene height and the nominal mid-range incidenceangle, atmosphere-induced geolocation errors of around 1 m are possible in mountainous regions. Together with differential GPS (DGPS) measurements of four on-site corner reflectors and the TSX data, the results from the models and the measurements were cross-validated. A set of six TSX scenes were used to compare the operational ’average’ atmospheric correction to a model utilizing meteorological data (raytracer), as well as to a simple altitude-dependent model. While the meteorological model may not be suitable for operational use, the altitude- dependent model is straightforward and easy to implement. A comparison between these approaches and the DGPS measurements indicates a path toward improvement, especially in mountainous areas. Six TerraSAR-X Stripmap scenes (30 km x 20 km) containing four identical corner reflectors at altitudes of ~570 m (Meiringen/Interlaken) and ~3580 m (Jungfraujoch) were examined. Figure 1 illustrates the geometry and location of the scenes.

Figure 1: Observation geometry of the alpine testsite

In order to obtain nearly identical ranges for reflectors at different off-nadir angles, the reflectors closer to nadir are located ~3000 m below the reflectors farther from nadir. Locations fulfilling these requirements were found in Switzerland for the descending case with a pair covering the Jungfraujoch and Meiringen regions, and for the ascending case with a Jungfraujoch and Interlaken pair. The arrangement serves two purposes:

(1) The same nominal antenna gain pattern correction is normally applied to two equal-range reflectors. Therefore, differences in their reflected intensities indicate topography-induced antenna gain pattern correction errors.

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(2) The nominal correction scheme for the atmospheric path delay can be tested by comparing predicted and measured ranges. The range differences between the high- and low-altitude reflectors help quantify relative differences in the path delay.

Another interesting side effect is that the average scene height in both configurations is close to the midpoint between the two reflector altitudes. Additional meteorological data (temperature, water vapour pressure, air pressure) from weather stations near Meiringen, Interlaken and Jungfraujoch provided further reference information for accurate modeling of the refractive index and atmospheric path delays. Though they play only a minor role in this case, ionospheric path delays observed during the data takes and at the corresponding locations were estimated using the total electron content (TEC) along the ray path. TEC measurements were obtained from global vertical TEC maps with bi-hourly temporal resolution.

As a first test, the absolute image localization error for all corner reflectors in each of the six TSX products was measured. Accurately surveyed DGPS measurements of the corner reflectors were used to predict their range and azimuth positions in each image, and these predictions were compared to their measured locations. Figure 2 shows a plot of all estimated location errors at the alpine testsite. The blue circles indicate descending-, the red circles ascending products. While for Interlaken and Meiringen (b) the range errors are on the order of a cm, for the Jungfraujoch site (a) the range errors increase to a mean of approximately 0.58 m. Since the TSX tropospheric correction is based on an average scene height roughly halfway between the test site altitudes (Jungfraujoch and Meiringen/Interlaken), the expected average location errors in range for the sites would be expected to be approximately of the same magnitude with opposite signs. Differences in the descending case are usually higher in comparison to the ascending cases, as the signal path through the troposphere was longer, due to the more oblique incidence angle.

Figure 2: Location error of measured corner reflector positions in range direction.

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Figure 3: Modelled and measured atmospheric path delays. Path delays in a) for Jungfraujoch (JJ) testsite and in b) for the Meiringen/Interlaken (MI) testsites. In c) wet path delays compared to measured air- and water vapour pressure (normalized) and in d) path delay differences between the results of the JJ and the MI testsites.

Figure 3(a) and (b) show the total tropospheric path delays (hydro + wet component) estimated from the models, including the results from the measurements as well as the ionospheric delays. In Figure 3(c) the black and yellow lines show the distribution of air pressure and water vapour during the data takes in comparison to the wet path delays estimated from the raytracer model. Both pressure parameters are normalized to the assumptions of the standard atmosphere. Figure 3(d) shows the differences in atmospheric path between the mountain (Jungfraujoch) and the valley (Meiringen/- Interlaken) testsites and therefore measures the dynamic of the path delay models at these altitudes. The results from the height-dependent model are very similar to the raytracer results. An exceptional scene was the data from June 25th (heavy rain) where high water vapour pressure was measured, which significantly increased the wet path delay contribution. The path delays estimated from the image as compared to the GPS measurements are plotted in red, and are less consistent with the model results, but strongly correlate with the water vapour measurements (Figure 3(a) to (c)). This is unsurprising, as the variations arise from the differences between these constant delays and the GPS-measured vacuum propagation. The TSX average

130 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 correction does not significantly vary across the ascending/descending geometries and therefore causes only a constant shift. From Figure 3(a) and (b) it can be seen that the shifts between the model and the measurements are nearly constant.

This suggests that the scene-average method used by the TSX operational processor significantly underestimates the tropospheric delays compared to the results from the raytracer - and the height-dependent model. While the range location errors for the low-altitude reflectors were normally on the order of a cm, the range errors at the high altitude station were usually over half a meter. The absolute location error for a scene-average path delay estimate should result in comparable range errors at equal height offsets above and below the average scene height. Our test sites at Jungfraujoch (3580 m) and Meiringen/Interlaken (~570 m) with average scene heights of 2160 m/1860 m nearly fullfilled that condition. When the annotated delays from the TSX products were replaced by the results from the raytracer for the individual locations, a nearly constant range shift of ~0.7 m was estimated. On the one hand, this indicates that the corrections from the raytracer are reasonable, yet on the other hand, suggests an inherent systematic shift of ~0.7 m which is still within the specifications of the TSX accuracy requirements.

Since the dynamics of all methods are similar, differences between the models are likely due to different atmospheric starting positions. The results for the last two acquisitions are more similar for the various models. The range deviations from the image measurements and the path delays from the raytracer show that this is probably due to the increased amount of atmospheric water vapour during these data takes. As a result, the path delay in the SAR image increases. The standard correction from the TSX annotations does not take these effects into account. Therefore, the influence of the higher water vapour pressure could be directly observed in the changes in the range location errors. In other words, the larger path delay in the image compensates for the underestimated average path delay which leads to the observed ’increased’ accuracy. Path delay estimates from the raytracer include the higher water vapour pressure, but probably to a lesser extent, as the heavy rainfall occurring at that day was observed to be very localized. This might also be seen from its path delay estimates. Loss of accuracy caused by poor modelling of wet path delay estimation in such storm events are not expected to exceed ~10 to 15 cm.

Key words: Synthetic aperture radar, SAR, atmosphere, troposphere, ionosphere, path delay, geolocation accuracy, calibration, TerraSAR-X.

Internet data bases: http://www.geo.uzh.ch/de/units/rsl/forschung/radar-remote-sensing-sarlab/

Collaborating partners/networks: German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Airport authorities on the grounds of the Meiringen and Interlaken airports, the Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss.

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Jehle, M., Perler, D., Small, D., Schubert, A. and Meier, E., Estimation of Atmospheric Path Delays in TerraSAR-X Data using Models vs. Measurements, Sensors, DOI:10.3390/s8128479-8491, 8, 8479-8491, 2008. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/12

Conference papers Schubert, A., Jehle, M., Small, D. and Meier, E., Geometric Validation of TerraSAR- X High-Resolution Products, Proc. TerraSAR-X Third Science Team Meeting, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, November 25-26, 2008. http://sss.terrasar-x.dlr.de/papers_sci_meet_3/paper/CAL0163_schubert.pdf

Address: Department of Geography University of Zurich - Irchel Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland

Contacts: Michael Jehle Tel: +41 44 635 65 16 Fax: +41 44 635 68 42 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.geo.uzh.ch/de/units/rsl/forschung/radar-remote-sensing-sarlab/

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Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Landestopografie / Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)

Title of project: Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)

Project leader and team: Dr. Elmar Brockmann, Dominique Andrey, Daniel Ineichen, Christian Misslin, Dr. Stefan Schaer, Dr. Urs Wild

Project description: The permanently observing GPS (Global Positioning System) station at Jungfraujoch has been operating since autumn 1998. The station is part of the Automated GNSS Network of Switzerland (AGNES) consisting presently of 31 sites, partly equipped with GPS and GPS-GLONASS (the Russian equivalent of GPS) combined receivers and antennas. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the abbreviation for all existing and future satellite navigation systems and therefore include also the planned European Satellite System Galileo. AGNES is a multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning (positioning service swipos GIS/GEO) and for scientific applications (geotectonics and GNSS-meteorology).

Last activities Due to the extreme altitude, the station is not optimal for real-time positioning applications. Therefore, an additional station was built in Hasliberg (September 2006), which is used for real-time positioning, whereas the Jungfraujoch site is used for all scientific applications. In summer 2007, AGNES was enhanced with the Russian navigation system GLONASS. At the Jungfraujoch station, the receiver was replaced on July 2 by a new combined GPS/GLONASS receiver of type Trimble NETR5. The antenna was not replaced due to the special construction with the circulation of warm air in order to keep the antenna ice-free. Therefore, still GPS-only data are collected at Jungfrau- joch. Due to the bigger number of tracking channels of the new receiver, the previous limitation of maximally 12 simultaneously tracked GPS satellites could be eliminated.

GNSS-Meteorology An important scientific application is GNSS-meteorology. From the permanent analysis of the GPS data zenith total delay estimates (ZTD) can be derived with a time delay of approximately 1:30 hours. These GPS-derived humidity information can be used e.g. for numerical weather prediction. The goal of several European projects, such as COST-716 (ended in 2004), TOUGH (Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity; ended at January 31, 2006) and E-GVAP (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme; started 2006) is to operationally use these data for numerical weather predictions. Therefore, MeteoSwiss and other European meteorological institutes are deeply involved in these activities. Whereas MeteoSwiss is using the data not yet in the operational assimilation runs, MeteoFrance is using these new data types already routinely for their numerical

133 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 weather prediction. Figure 1 gives an overview of the status of the availability of ZTD products on Jan., 9, 2009 for Europe. swisstopo analyses on an hourly basis approximately 90-100 stations of this network.

Fig. 1: Jungfraujoch permanent GNSS station is the highest station of roughly 600 permanent European GNSS stations. The orange and red colors indicate data delays of several hours or days.

GPS-tomography and assimilation in numerical weather models (GANUWE) is a Swiss project in which improvements of the numerical weather prediction (especially precipitation) using the tomography approach of GPS-data and additional data (radio sonde, meteorological surface measurements, lidar) are developed by ETHZ (GGL) and MeteoSwiss. The project is financed by the Federal Office of the Environment (FOEN) and is supported by the data stemming from the routine swisstopo analyses. Furthermore, the swisstopo products are sent to the university of Berne (IAP) , to be part of a database, which collects all possible climate data sources in the framework

134 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 of the STARTWAVE project (part of the Swiss National Fund NCCR Climate Project).

Geotectonics The permanent analyses of the data covering several years of data result in hourly/daily/weekly coordinates which can be used to study possible movements of stations. Figure 2 shows the time series of weekly coordinate estimates for the 54 km baseline between Jungfraujoch (JUJO) and the next AGNES station located in Zimmerwald (ZIMM). Horizontally, the movements between the two sites are with 0.3 mm / year very small. Slightly bigger is the vertical movement difference between the two sites of roughly 1.7 mm per year (JUJO moves up compared to ZIMM). The coordinate estimates seem very reliable, but compared with other AGNES stations the time series of JUJO are quite noisy (especially in the height). Up to now we have no explanation for that – possibly it is due to the special radom construction of the antenna or it is due to quite high electromagnetic radiation of the near telecommunication lines.

The GNSS applications provide results for a quite big geographic area within Europe. If we compare the movements of all processed stations in an (assumed as stable) European reference frame, we see quite significant vertical movements of all stations of the alpine area (see Figure 3). Here, JUJO moves with one of the largest vertical "velocities" of the AGNES stations.

Fig. 2: Coordinate time series (north, east, and up component) of the baseline ZIMM- JUJO (JUJO selected as reference station).

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Fig. 3: Vertical velocities of AGNES stations (upward velocity in green, downward velocity in red) with respect to the stable European part (upper diagram) and for the area of Switzerland (lower diagram).

The station ZIM2, the GPS/GLONASS twin station of ZIMM, seems to move downwards. Despite the short time series of only one year, settlement effects seem to be responsible for the only sinking Swiss station (-4 mm per year relative to ZIMM). The fact that the Swiss Alps are still rising is already known since several years from the analyses of leveling data covering a time span of more than 100 years. With respect to the, as stable assumed, reference bench mark in Aarburg, the maximal relative vertical velocities reach 1.5 mm per year for areas in the Valais and Grisons. Similar results can be achieved now with the analyses of 10 years of permanent GNSS data.

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Key words: GPS, GLONASS, GNSS, Meteorology, Positioning, Integrated Water Vapour, Zenith Path Delay, GPS Tomography, Geotectonics

Internet data bases: http://www.swisstopo.ch/pnac; http://egvap.dmi.dk/

Collaborating partners/networks: Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zürich E-GVAP (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Dach R., E. Brockmann, S. Schaer, G. Beutler, M. Meindl, L. Prange, H. Bock, A. Jäggi, L. Ostini (2008), GNSS Processing at CODE, Journal of Geodesy – IGS special issue, accepted for publication Oct., 14 (DOI 10.1007/s00190–008–0281–2), 2008. Conference papers Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, A. Schaltter, B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild (2007): National Report of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss National Geodetic Surveying. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep.). Ineichen D., E. Brockmann, S. Schaer (2008): Processing Combined GPS/GLONASS Data at swisstopo's Local Analysis Center. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep.). Pottiaux, E., E. Brockmann, W. Soehne, C. Bruyninx (2008): The EUREF - EUMETNET Collaboration: First Experiences and Potential Benefits. . In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep), also published in Bulletin of Geodesy and Geomatics (BGG) edited by F. Sanso (in prep).

Address: Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Contacts: Elmar Brockmann Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 Fax.:+41 31 963 2459 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: iRoC Technologies, France

Title of project: Soft Error Measurements on CCD sensors

Project leader and team: Anne-Lise Lhomme-Perrot, project leader SE Test Department

Project description: In some types of semiconductor, like image sensors, hard errors due to neutron radiations become an issue. Our experiment aims to evaluate radiation damage (by natural cosmic radiations) on some CCD sensors. Jungfraujoch Station is a suitable location for this kind of test because of the mild acceleration condition (compared to the average neutron radiation at lower altitude). This irradiation is done from beginning of October 2008 to beginning of January 2009.

Key words: Cosmic rays, cosmic radiations, RTSER, soft error test, CCD sensor

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Test Method for Real-Time Soft Error Rate – JESD89-1A (October 2007) http://www.jedec.org/download/search/JESD89-1A.pdf

Address: iRoC Technologies 2 square Roger Genin 38000 Grenoble FRANCE

Contacts: Anne-Lise Lhomme-Perrot Tel.: +33 438 120 763 Fax: +33 438 129 615 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: LABOR SPIEZ, Fachbereich Biologie

Title of project: Evaluation of Bioaerosol Detectors for NBC-Reconnaissance

Project leader and team: Marc Avondet (LABOR SPIEZ), Frank Haverland (WIS), Jörn-Ulrich Heinrich (WIS)

Project description: High altitude background measurements had been made with different bioaerosol detectors to get informations about their behaviour under extreme environmental conditions. The results obtained were succsessful due to good luck of meteorological conditions during the three days periode end of June 2008.

The activities on the Research Station Jungfraujoch have been part of a broad evaluation programm including test chamber measurements and field trials with simulants of biological particles. Key words: Bioaerosol Detector, Fluorescence Aerosol Particle Sizer, NBC protection

Collaborating partners/networks: Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien - ABC-Schutz (WIS), P.O. Box 1142 D-29633 Munster (Germany).

Address: Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz LABOR SPIEZ Austrasse 2 CH-3700 Spiez

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Contacts: Marc Avondet Tel.: +41 33 228 14 00 Fax: +41 33 228 14 02 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.labor-spiez.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Christian Waldvogel, artist

Title of project: «As if the Stars were countless» A simulation of the view of Space from Space according to Astronaut Jim S. Voss

Project leader and team: Christian Waldvogel, artist Tobias Madörin, documentation photography & video Claudia Meier, documentation photography

Project description: Introduction Looking at photographs showing the stars we realize that these images depict an imperceivable reality. Longer exposure times yield the appearance of stars which otherwise are not visible to the eye, and the use of telescopes, the image scanning of invisible wavelenghts and the filtering influence of the Earth’s atmosphere further add to the fact that these images do not represent «visible truth», but rather are a product of an elaborated design process. When I set off to find out what space looks from space, I started with designing an experiment involving an astronaut, and ended up dealing with the «human calibration» of photographs, and the question of truth and illusion in imaging and cognition.

Space from Space #1: Dear Jim Voss, how does space look from Space? The astronaut Jim Voss, who spent six months aboard the International Space Station, was asked to describe his view of outer space from the space station. I sent him a poster with several images of the same section of the sky, but with a varying number of stars and asked him to mark the image that seemed to best depict what he had seen himself. In an email confirming that he had mailed my poster (fig. 1), Jim Voss wrote: «If you go to the highest mountain, on the clearest darkest night, you will see about 1/2 the stars with about 1/2 the brightness of what you see from space.» This instruction became the guideline for Space from Space #2.

Space from Space #2: As if the Stars were countless. A simulation of the view of Space from Space according to Astronaut Jim S. Voss. To follow Jim Voss’ suggestion, I demanded the possibility to conduct Voss’ instructions at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch.

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fig. 1) Space from Space #1: «Dear Jim Voss, how does Space look from Space?» Voss’ caption reads: «Christian – This is the closest image to the view of space from space. However, it is not what it really looks like. The actual view is much, much brighter with thousands of bright stars on the blackest field possible. Each star is like an intense point of light with some larger in diameter than others. Jim Voss, Astronaut» Inkjet print with silkscreen printed stars, astronaut’s caption and signature, framed, 1200×840mm, single copy. Collection Museum of Fine Arts, Bern/Switzerland

During June 2008 I’ve spent a few nights at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch waiting for the Sky to clear up during the short time that the night was completely dark and no Moon visible. The days were used to stage and film interior documentary video scenes (fig. 2).

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fig. 2) The sphinx observatory at night on Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Still from the documentary. Watch movie at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-67smgCHVAQ

figs 3+4) A computer simulation of the night sky at Jungfraujoch for June, 30th, 2008, 01:30 AM UTC+1. and a simulated day view. Download the landscape plugin for Stellarium at http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Landscapes

In addition to the documentary movie, a 360° panorama was shot and used to produce a simulation of the terrace (figs. 3+4) which was then programmed into Stellarium, an open source sky simulator, which could give an idea on how the sky would look with the atmosphere removed. During our second stay at the end of June the sky was clear. Equipped with an astronomy tripod and a digital camera we determined the exposure time which would yield an image that represents exactly what was seen by the naked eye (figs. 5+6). We took a series of images in which the faintest visible star on the sky was looked up. The exposure time was determined by interpoliting between the longest time which did not yield the star and the shortest time which did. Then, the brightness of the stars was measured using a grey card and a light meter (KODAK method). With the exposure calibrated, a 6x6 Hasselblad camera was mounted on the astronomy tripod and pointed to a random section of the sky. http://www.waldvogel.com/uploaded/0134_space-from-space/voss-signature.jpg

145 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 http://www.waldvogel.com/uploaded/0134_space-from-space/working-on-terrace.jpg http://www.waldvogel.com/uploaded/0134_space-from-space/stellarium-simulation.jpg http://www.waldvogel.com/uploaded/0134_space-from-space/landscape_jungfraujoch_tmb.png

figs. 5+6) Digital calibration images (exposure 10s – 60s @ f2.8 / ASA1600). The weakest stars on the 4th image did not show on the 3rd but were visible by the naked eye. This defined the exposure for the final image. Back in the studio, the resulting image was scanned and traced, so that the pixel stars would become vectors. Due to the pixel nature of the source image, the vector stars appeared in highly irregular shapes. By rotating copies of the stars around their centers they became point-symmetrical (fig. 7). The paths were then duplicated and scattered randomly accross the image in order to receive twice as many stars than were seen. The final piece is a totally darkened room with a lightbox showing twice the amount of stars glowing at twice the brightness, and a panel documentating the work process, lit by astronomy-type low brightness red light (fig. 8).

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fig. 7) Detail view of the final star drawing. http://www.waldvogel.com/projects.php?id=36 - 01352-top

fig. 8) Installation views Helmhaus Zürich, 2008. Lithographic film on LED lightbox emitting 3 Lux, red lit documentation and video, Edition of 3

Key words: Art, Space from Space, Photography

Internet data bases: http://www.waldvogel.com/projects.php?id=36

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: As «As if the Stars were countless» is an art project, it has not been scientifically published yet. It has been exhibited to the general public in the Exhibition «Werk– und Atelierstipendien der Stadt Zürich 2008», held at the Helmhaus Zürich from 9. August – 28th September. Moreover, «As if the Stars were countless» was featured in a lecture by the artist at the conference «Experiments. The transfer of Scientific Methods in Art and Architecture», held by Prof. Dr. Àkos Moravanszky (gta / ETH Zürich) in Gut Siggen in October 2008. The results of this conference are to be published in a book, scheduled to appear in the second half of 2009. Edited books In preparation: A. Moravanszky et. al, Experiments. Transfer of Scientific Methods in Art and Architecture, gta publishers, ETH Zürich

Address: Christian Waldvogel Msci in Architecture Luisenstrasse 41 CH–8005 Zürich

Contacts: Christian Waldvogel Tel.: +41 78 621 1824 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.waldvogel.com

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Name of research institute or organization: Surface Meteorological Networks, MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the Alps

Project leader and team: Dr. Christian Félix, head of surface networks, MeteoSwiss Gilles Durieux and the surface networks team

Project description: The surface network team at MeteoSwiss operates an automatic meteorological station at the Jungfraujoch Observatory and services the instrumentation for the Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements Project. The meteorological station measures parameters such as wind, temperature, sunshine duration, pressure, relative humidity in complement to the solar radiation measurements. Meteorological bulletins are polled every 10 minutes 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and are visible for example on the MeteoSwiss webpage. Operating a meteorological station under the harsh environmental conditions prevailing at Jungfraujoch is a challenge (see picture); all year long the accessibility of the Observatory and the presence of the custodians are very important assets for insuring a high availability of the meteorological data. It has to be noticed that the different meteorological data measured on site, in particular the wind measurements are affected by the effect of wind channeling and the presence of very steep slopes around the measurement site.

Figure 1: Radiation measurements in August (!) 2006 at the Jungfraujoch.

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Figure 2: Temperature and dew point Figure 3: Solar radiation measurement deck measurements (again in August).

Key words: wind, temperature, sunshine duration, solar radiation, pressure, relative humidity

Internet data bases: http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/weather/current_weather.par0001.reg8.stati onJUN.html

Address: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss Measuring Technology Ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Dr. Christian Félix Tel.: +41 26 662 6226 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSwiss, Zürich

Title of project: The weather in 2008

Report by: Stephan Bader and Mischa Croci-Maspoli

Project description: The weather conditions during the first half of the year 2008 in Switzerland were determined by frequent foehn events and generally very mild temperatures. The summer 2008 was characterized by typical variable weather conditions, whereas above-average precipitation amounts were recorded. Wet and particularly cold conditions predominated the first weeks of autumn. After this period a mild and sunny Indian summer followed. Several cold air intrusions during the last weeks of autumn were responsible for an early snow cover even at low altitudes. Due to ongoing south currents considerable snow amounts were recorded at the alpine south side. However, the plains of the alpine north side were also hit by several snow events, bringing an early winter feeling to entire Switzerland.

Table 1 indicates the temperature surplus in 2008 compared to the long-term mean 1961-1990 in both the plains of the northern Alps and the high mountain areas. In Bern it was +0.8°C and at Jungfraujoch +1.1°C warmer than average. The precipitation amounts in 2008 were higher than normal at Jungfraujoch (110%) and below normal in Bern (92%).

Table 1: Comparison of temperature and precipitation in respect to the long-term mean 1961-1990 at the stations Jungfraujoch and Bern. Precipitation is expressed relative to the average amounts. Because precipitation is not measuered at Jungfraujoch, values from Kleine Scheidegg have been used instead.

Jungfraujoch Bern mean temperature - 6.8 °C + 9.0 °C deviation + 1.1 °C + 0.8 °C

precipitation 1733 mm 945 mm relative to average 110 % 92 %

Stormy but mild beginning of the year – winter only in the Southern Alps South foehn was predominant during the first part of January 2008. Between 3-5 January an exceptionally strong and sustaining foehn storm swept over the alps. Wind gusts exceeded 130 km/h and the temperature rose up to 12°C in typical foehn valleys. In contrast, the alpine south side experienced snow falls and typical winter conditions down to low altitudes. A second major south foehn event occurred on 10- 11 January with wind gusts of the order of 100 to 120 km/h. This time temperatures climbed up to 16°C in typical foehn valleys, whereas again heavy snow fall events on

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the alpine south side covered the entire region under a white blanket. A third foehn event occurred in the middle of the month.

Very mild and sunny end of the winter season Starting with the second week in February a stable high pressure system established itself over Europe. Sunny and mild winter sport conditions prevailed for several days in the Swiss mountains, and at the end of the winter season the temperatures rose to spring-like conditions with anomalous high sunshine amounts. Between 23 - 26 February temperature maxima exceeded 13 to 18°C. Record breaking temperatures were even recorded regionally on 24 February in the northern Alps below 2000 m asl.

Winter temperature Jungfraujoch 1937/38 - 2007/08 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14

temperature °C temperature -15 -16 -17 -18 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 year

Figure 1: Winter temperatures (1937/38-2007/08) measured at the Jungfraujoch station (homogeneous dataset). The winter 2007/2008 (-10.8°C) indicates the fifth warmest winter during this measurement period.

Stormy spring The transition between foehn and west storms started in March. Already on 1 March wind gusts from storm “Emma” blew at 130 km/h at low altitudes and 170 km/h in mountainous regions. Considerably lower wind speeds – in some alpine valleys as foehn – were recorded from the low pressure system “Johanna” on 10 March. The upcoming storm system on 12 March was called “Kirsten” and hit the plains of the alpine north side with wind gusts of 80 - 100 km/h, whereas mountainous regions registered wind speeds up to 150 km/h. And finally, the fourth major storm system “Melli” on 21 March brought wind speeds again up to 90 km/h at lower altitudes and about 150 km/h on alpine summits.

Late winter at low altitudes Snow cover at low altitudes in Switzerland was rare during the winter season. The snow event on 5 March 2008 produced only 2 to 5 cm of fresh snow. However, over the Easter days between 21 to 24 March a typical winter feeling was experienced in many places, thanks to air masses of polar origin that produced intensive snow falls. Anomalous heavy snow falls were registered on Good Friday with up to half a meter of fresh snow in the Alps and in parts of the Valais of up to 80 cm.. Locally in the western part of Switzerland 20 cm of fresh snow fell. On Easter Monday, 24 March

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2008, again 2 - 20 cm of fresh snow was measured in the plains of the northern Alps. However, the increased radiance of the spring sun caused the snow in low altitudes to disappear shortly thereafter.

Heavy foehn event and a warm end of spring The sequence of serious foehn events at the beginning of spring ended with an uncommonly severe foehn storm. The highest wind gust ever measured in May since 1981 was recorded on 27 May at Gütsch above Andermatt (2287 m asl) with 180 km/h. During the night of 28 May the foehn blew along the typical foehn valleys and advanced far in the plains of Switzerland. Glarus recorded 136 km/h, a speed that has hardly been reached during the last 40 years during a foehn event. The highest wind gust ever since 1992 was measured in Brienz with 132 km/h. In addition to the strong wind, large amounts of Saharan dust were transported into Switzerland and temperatures increased accordingly. Locally the value of 30°C was exceeded on 27 - 29 May 2008, which represents new May records for some stations.

A variable Summer The months June to August were variable with typical summer conditions only during the last third of the period. Consecutive heavy thunderstorm events in July were responsible for considerable precipitation amounts in large parts of the Alps and the southern Ticino. In principle, the variable weather during summer is a typical characteristic for summers in Middle-Europe, and the alpine north side and hence the summer 2008 can be described as “normal” summer. In summary the summer 2008 was warmer than the 1961-1990 average, and the precipitation amounts reached above-average values in many parts of Switzerland.

As in 2007 a golden autumn and early winter After a relatively long and cold phase in September with wet conditions in the west and south, October was characterized by a gorgeous Indian summer as in 2007. In the plains of the north and south side of the Alps the temperatures rose again up to 20°C, and in altitudes of 1500 m asl they reached 15°C.

The first real and strong harbinger of winter hit Switzerland during the last days in October. Intensive precipitation between the 29 and 30 October was responsible for considerable fresh snow amounts on the plains of the alpine north side and the Alps. In the area between Berne and Lake Constance station measurements reached 2 – 10 cm of fresh snow, locally even 20 cm. In central Switzerland snow amounts locally reached the record amounts for October from 20 to almost 50 cm.

Large snow amount on the alpine south side Winter didn’t stop in the following weeks, and by 21 November cold polar air reached the alpine north side. The plains received again several centimeters of fresh snow, whereas on higher altitudes 40 - 80 cm was not unusual. After this event, snowfall moved into the alpine south side. At the end of November and beginning of December a persistent south current covered the Ticino with enormous snow amounts. On 29 November Locarno Monti (367 m asl) registered with 12 cm the second largest fresh snow amount in November since 1931. The upper part of the Engadin got more than one meter of fresh snow, which was a very rare event and for some stations a new record for this time of the season.

Additional snow events on the plains of the alpine north side were recorded on 9 – 10 December and 17 December with focus in both cases in the region of Berne-Freiburg.

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The total amount of snow in Berne with 38 cm and 18 December set a new record for December since measurement began in 1931. However, most of the snow melted away before Christmas in most parts of the Swiss plains. Mountainous regions on the other hand celebrated perfect Christmas holidays with above-average snow amounts and sunny weather conditions.

Figure 2: Time series of the daily mean temperatures in 2008 measured at the station Jungfraujoch. Color bars represent anomalies in respect to the long-term mean 1961- 1990 and red indicates positive and blue negative anomalies. The dashed lines represent the standard deviation.

Address: MeteoSchweiz Krähbühlstrasse 58 CJ-8044 Zürich

Tel. +41 44 256 91 11 URL: http://www.meteoschweiz.ch

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Research statistics for 2008 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat

Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA) Institute Country Person-working days I. Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln and Germany 272 Universität Bonn University of Peking China 25 Total 297

Relative number of person-working days by country (KOSMA) Country Person-working days Germany 91.6% China 8.4%

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL Institute Country Person-working days Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 3

Field campaigns Institute Country Person-working days VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland 210 Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Germany 40 Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven

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Name of research institute or organization: I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn

Title of project: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, observatory director Dr. M. Miller, station manager Universität zu Köln: Dr. H. Jakob, Dr. U. Graf, Dr. C. Kramer, Dr. R. Simon, Dr. V. Ossenkopf, Dr. M. Röllig. Universität Bonn: Prof. Dr. F. Bertoldi, Prof. Dr. U. Klein, P. Müller, J. Pineda.

Project description: The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar matter

End of last year we upgraded the array receiver SMART, a dual-frequency, 2x8 pixel array receiver operating at two frequency bands near 492 and 810 GHz with 8 pixels each on the sky. SMART now allows observations of both [CI]-lines and CO 7-6 simultaneously. It also allows for CO(4-3), 13CO(8-7) observations. The receiver consists of four major units: * The image rotator. As the source is followed on its path through the sky during a long observation, its image in the focal plane of the telescope rotates. This effect, which is caused by the way our telescope is mounted (alt-az), is compensated by the image rotator. * The main optics unit. This part contains most of the optics of the instrument, in particular the diplexer assembly, consisting of two identical Martin-Puplett- interferometers, and the local oscillator (LO) assembly, consisting of two solid state LO-chains and two collimating Fourier gratings as beam multiplexers. * The cryostat. Inside the cryostat, the detectors (SIS-mixers) and the first low-noise amplifiers are cooled to approximately 4 K using a closed cycle refrigerator. * The electronics racks for the 490GHz and 810GHz channel. The racks contain most of the control hardware required to operate the receiver together with a computer that monitors and controls the hardware. Between January and April 2008 we tested the new hardware (810 GHz components), and the software of the receiver system under realistic conditions at Gornergrat observatory. Several steps of debugging were necessary for the complex electronics. The operation at Gornergrat also proved to be very helpful for determining the most efficient way to properly align the beam rotator and array pixel optical components. Due to the poor weather in the spring 2008 season, no astronomical observations at the high frequencies were possible, except for sun-pointings for the optical alignment measurements. Also, the digital Fourier-transform spectrometer from ETH-Zürich and its associated intermediate-frequency hardware were upgraded and tested for the SMART operation with 16 high spectral resolution channels.

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In the beginning of May we prepared SMART for transport to Chile. Shipping was on May 9. SMART has been successfully installed and tested at NANTEN2. Hardware failures of one of the LO components requires repair in the 2008/09 Chilean summer and full operation will resume in Chile in the 2009 season.

The KOSMA Dual-SIS-Receiver for 230/345 GHz is still in use. In cooperation with Prof. Yuefang Wu from the Astronomy Department of Peking University/China we observed 12CO 3-2, 12CO 2-1 lines in multiple component sources in spring 2008. We resumed operation in late fall 2008 in preparation for the spring 2009 observing season with the 230/345 GHz dual channel receiver.

Key words: Interstellar matter, ISM, PDR, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS receiver, array receiver, Nasmyth rotation, beam rotator, pointing model

Internet data base http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/kosma http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/

Collaborating partners/networks: MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, ETH Zürich, Astrophysics Division of CEA Grenoble, France, Observatoire de Bordeaux, France, Astronomy Department Peking University, China, National Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Science (NAOC), Peking, China, NANTEN2 Observatory, Pampa la Bola, Atacama, Chile (Nagoya and Osaka University)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Sun, K.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Mookerjea, B.; Röllig, M.; Cubick, M.; Stutzki, J.,The photon dominated region in the IC 348 molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics 489, Issue 1, 2008, pp.207-216. Cubick, M.; Stutzki, J.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Röllig, M., A clumpy-cloud photon-dominated regions model of the global far-infrared line emission of the Milky Way, Astronomy and Astrophysics 482, Issue 2, 2008, pp.623-634. Talvard, M.; André, P.; Rodriguez, L.; Le-Pennec, et. al., Recent results obtained on the APEX 12 m antenna with the ArTeMiS prototype camera, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IV. Proceedings of the SPIE 7020, pp. 70200A-70200A-12 (2008). Qin, Sheng-Li; Wang, Jun-Jie; Zhao, G.; Miller, M.; Zhao, Jun-Hui, Massive molecular outflows associated with UCHII/HII regions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 484, Issue 2, 2008, pp.361-369. Trottet, G.; Krucker, Säm; Lüthi, T.; Magun, A Radio Submillimeter and γ-Ray Observations of the 2003 October 28 Solar Flare, The Astrophysical Journal 678, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 509-514. Cubick, M.; Röllig, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Stutzki, J., Modelling of clumpy photon dominated regions, EAS Publications Series 31, 2008, pp.19-22.

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Address: 1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut Universität zu Köln der Universität Bonn Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71 D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn

Contacts: Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director) Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] Martin Miller (station manager) Tel.: +49 221 470 3558 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high- energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Dr. Benoît Pirard

Project description: The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in continous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun [Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Koi, H. Tsuchiya, T. Hoshida, T. Sako and T. Sakai, A New Solar Neutron Telescope At Gornergrat, Proc. 16th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, rayos cósmicos 98, 219, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain, 1998]. Since 2002 the environmental radiation at Gornergrat has also been monitored by a conventional GammaTracer unit designed and manufactured by Genitron Instruments GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. In 2008 the operation of SONTEL and of the GammaTRACER was continued. The solar acticity during 2008 was very low, and no solar flare candidates were observed that could have emitted a solar neutron flux observable at ground level. In the absence of new events the research work of the solar neutron community during the report period was characterized by the comprehensive analysis of the solar neutron event on 7 September 2005. This event occurred in association with an X17 flare shortly after 1730 UT. As illustrated in Figure 1 the zenith angle of the Sun at European longitudes at this time of the day was too large for solar neutrons to be observed at Gornergrat. However, the American continent was in an optimal position. The Solar Neutron Telescopes and neutron monitors located at Mount Chacaltaya, Bolivia, and Sierra Negra, Mexico, recorded a clear solar neutron signal with statistical significance of more than 10σ (Figure 2). The increase in the counting rates lasted for more than 20 minutes. This is the first solar neutron event during which Solar Neutron Telescope records provided spectral information by the different energy channels. Beside the solar neutron signal, intense emissions of gamma-rays were also observed on the INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) satellite, and during the decay phase of the event by the gamma ray detectors on the RHESSI (Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager) satellite. From their analyis Watanabe et al. [Watanabe, K., S. Krucker, R. Lin, R. Murphy, G. Share, M. Harris, and M. Gros, Physics of ion acceleration in the solar flare on 7 September 2005 determines gamma-ray and neutron production, 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 13-20 July 2008, Montreal, Canada., p.3429] concluded that relativistic solar neutrons were produced at the same time as the gamma-ray line emission and that ions were accelerated continuously at the emission site.

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Figure 1: The cosine of the zenith angle of the Sun at 17:40 UT on 7 September 2005 as a function of geographic longitude and latitude. Points represent locations of the neutron detectors [from Watanabe, K., et al., Advances in Space Research, 39(9), 1462-1466, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.10.021].

Figure 2: The solar neutron event on 7 September 2005. The plot shows the 5 min counting rate observed by the Bolivia neutron monitor (a), Bolivia solar neutron telescope (>40 MeV channel) (b), Mexico City neutron monitor in Mexico (c), and Sierra Negra solar neutron telescope in Mexico (>30 MeV neutral channel) (d). For the (d), no data were recorded before 15:30 UT due to a blackout [from Watanabe, K., et al., Advances in Space Research, 39(9), 1462-1466, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.10.021].

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Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. S. Masuda, Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Prof. Y Muraki, Konan University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0000, Japan T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 Shinei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0005, Japan Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 375036, Armenia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Muraki, Y., Y. Matsubara, S. Masuda, S. Sakakibara, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, R. Bütikofer, E.O. Flückiger, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, F. Kakimoto, T. Terasawa, Y. Tsunesada, A. Velarde, P. Evenson, J. Poirier, T. Sakai, Detection of High-Energy Solar Neutrons and Protons by Ground Level Detectors, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics, Astroparticle Physics, 29, 229-242, doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.12.007, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.12.007

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: VAW, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Glacier outburst floods, a study of the processes controlling the drainage of glacier dammed lakes

Project leader and team: Prof. Martin Funk, Prof. Heinz Blatter, Dr. N. Deichmann, Dr. Andreas Bauder, Dr. Martin Lüthi (applicants) Dr. Shin Sugiyama, Hokkaido University, Japan (collaborator) F. Walter, M. Werder and P. Riesen (PhD students)

Project description: Glacier outburst floods (jökulhlaups) are caused by the sudden drainage of glacier- dammed lakes. During such an event, the discharge can increase by more than one order of magnitude within a short time period (hours to days). Jökulhlaups pose a significant hazard potential and have caused substantial damage in the past in the Alps and elsewhere. The assessment and prevention of hazards related to jökulhlaups requires a reliable prediction of the timing, duration and magnitude of the outburst floods. Despite much progress, several aspects of recent field observations were unexpected and highlight the need to improve existing theories. In particular, the rapid rise of discharge during some jökulhlaups indicate that during the start of the drainage different physical processes may be important. This study addresses some important open questions of the subglacial drainage process in a combined field and numerical modeling project. In particular, we propose to study the drainage of the Gornersee located at the confluence of Gorner- and Grenzgletscher (Valais). Gornersee is particularly well suited for this study. Hydrographs from the proglacial river Gornera were recorded since 1967, giving information on the time of the onset, duration and peak discharge of the floods occuring every summer. In the past, glacier floods from Gornersee caused damage in Zermatt and Täsch. Thus, a detailed study of this ice-dammed lake and its drainage is not only of interest for basic glaciology but also for practical reasons. In the past, theory and numerical models of water flow in ice-walled conduits advanced substantially. In addition, techniques to observe glacier dynamics and its short term variations became available. For these reasons, it became possible and timely to produce a comprehensive set of data on glacier floods and to interprete them realistically.

Glacier flow perturbation during the Gornersee lake outbursts 1) Measuring the surface motion of Gornergletscher during the lake drainage 2008 with a portable radar interferometer Our observations on several annual drainages of Gornersee (2004-2008) show that the glacier flow pattern is strongly influenced by the lake outburst event. Vice versa, the disturbances in the flow field of Gornergletscher provide information on the lake drainage itself and on the modulation of the glacier flow by the distribution and pressure of water in the subglacial drainage system.

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Since 2004, repeated surveys on the movement of markers (aluminium stakes) by using either differential GPS or an automated total station were conducted on the tongue of Gornergletscher. The survey area extends from the immediate lake vicinity up to 2.5 km downstream of the lake. The results have shown changes in the glacier surface elevation of about 20 cm occuring during the Gornersee drainage. Generally, the glacier surface rises during the drainage event and then drops at the drainage termination. However, the magnitude of the uplift is spatially and temporally not uniform across the glacier. The surface uplift may be caused by subglacial water storage as the pressurized water locally detaches the glacier ice from its substrate, or by vertical straining due to horizontal flow speed differences which locally thickens the ice. In either case, we conjecture that internal and basal stress conditions are strongly influenced on short time scales (hours to a few days).

Figure 1: Overview of Gornergletscher (black outline is the ice margin) and Gornersee (blue outline). The radar device location (red square) and the scan azimuth sector (red, dash-dotted) are indicated. Black circles are stake marker locations and the triangle (magenta) is the site of vertical borehole length measurements.

During the lake outburst event in June 2008, we deployed a portable real aperture radar interferometer developed by Gamma Remote Sensing AG (Bern) to investigate the surface ice motion of Gornergletscher downglacier of Gornersee (Figure 1). The aim of the radar was to determine a continuous spatial distribution of the surface uplift of Gornergletscher during the lake drainage event. The Gamma Terrestrial Interferometric Radar (GTIR) operates at high frequency (17.2 GHz). Information on the displacement of targets (in this case the glacier surface) can be extracted from the integration of the interferometric phase difference signals of one or more successively acquired radar images, provided that the images show good coherence.

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The device was able to scan a large area of Gornergletscher (Figure 1). The displacement maps inferred from two interferograms of two different 5 hour intervals during the Gornersee drainage show the obvious changes and spatial variations in the displacement of the glacier surface (Figure 2). The GTIR-derived displacements are a projection of both horizontal ice flow and surface elevation changes onto the line of sight direction of the radar. Upstream of the markers 813/814, the look direction of the radar is about normal to the main ice flow. In the case of the results of map 5 (Figure 2, right), the negative displacement observed by the radar at that location indicates that the glacier surface lowered and moved away (towards the glacier center) relative to the radar site. This lateral movement is confirmed by the stake measurements. In the central confluence of Gornergletscher, we measured the vertical strain in boreholes drilled to the glacier bed during the lake drainage (Figure 1). The results did not show any significant length changes throughout the entire ice thickness, this suggests that the observed surface lowering is caused by the release of subglacially stored water towards the lake drainage termination.

Figure 2: Two displacement maps inferred from the GTIR. The displacement is in line of sight of the radar, positive displacement is towards the radar, negative is away from the radar. Map 1 (left) is during the early stages of the lake drainage and map 5 (right) was obtained at the termination of the drainage. The colored and labeled circles indicate in-situ stake displacements projected onto the respective line of sight direction of the radar. Gornersee is indicated by the blue outline.

However, due to the intriguing observation of sideway movements and other flow anomalies, possible changes in the strain regime of Gornergletscher during the lake drainage must be considered nonetheless. The sudden drop of the lake water level provokes a rapid release of the water pressure load on the ice dam and the large amount of lake water entering the subglacial environment changes the basal conditions quickly. Our observations are the response of the glacier ice to these rapidly changing boundary conditions.

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2) Rheological description for ice under rapidly changing stress conditions Treating the response of glacier ice to rapidly changing stress conditions needs a more complex constitutive model than the generally used pure viscous power-law rheology, which is not designed for such a small timescale (< 10 days). A constitutive description of ice as an elastic second order viscous material has therefore been established based on existing literature. The constitutive model relates the stress tensor to strain, strain rates and strain accelerations. The relation describes primary and secondary creep of ice as well as elastic deformation, all on the aforementioned timescale. A set of appropriate numerical experiments will be used to test for the significance of elastic and higher-order viscous effects. By this approach, we intend to interpret our ice flow observations and to contribute to a better understanding of the drainage initiation process.

Key words: Jökulhlaup, glacier outburst floods

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/gz_outburst_glacierd ammed_lake/

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Shin Sugiyama, Hokkaido University, Japan

Scientific publications and public outreach 2008: Refereed journal articles Walter F., Deichmann N. and Funk M., 2008, Basal icequakes during changing subglacial water pressures beneath Gornergletscher, Switzerland; Journal of Glaciology, 54(186), 511-521 Bauder A., Funk M., Huss M., Riesen P. And Sugiyama S., 2008, Triggering and drainage mechanisms of the 2004 glacier-dammed lake outburst in Gornergletscher, Switzerland; Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 113, F04019

Address: VAW ETH Zurich CH-8092 Zurich

Contacts: Martin Funk Tel.: +41 44 632 4132 Fax: +41 44 632 1192 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.glaciology.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven

Title of project: Field survey at Gornergrat, August 2008

Project leader: Dr. Olaf Eisen

Project description: At the end of August 2008 a one-week geophysical field survey was carried out in the accumulation region of Grenzgletscher at Colle Gnifetti. The campaign was part of the DFG-funded junior research group LIMPICS. Aim was the application of ground- penetrating radar and active reflection seismics for mapping the internal structure of the glacier at the location of a borehole. Previous to the actual measurements the five-people team of the Alfred Wegener Institute Bremerhaven and the Institute for Environmental Physics at the University of Heidelberg spent the nights from 22.-24. August in the Kulmhotel Gornergrat. The selection of Gornergrat as the location for accommodation has several reasons: located at a high altitude for acclimatisation, easy and fast accessibility via the Gornergratbahn, access to the Findelgletscher, insight of Grenzgletscher and Zermatt.

Photo 1: Seismics ©AWI

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For working at Colle Gnifetti (4450 m), with overnighting in the Capanna Margherita (4550 m), a good acclimatisation is mandatory. Two overnightings on Gornergrat on 3200 m represents a necessary step. The good accessibility is important in case problems occur for transport of cargo by Air Zermatt's helicopter to Colle Gnifetti and a quick descent to Zermatt is required. ikewise, the Gornergratbahn makes a fast access to the accomodation on the day of arrival easier, leaving enough time for preparation of the cargo flights.

Photo 2: Radar ©AWI

For the actual transportation of personal from Gornergrat to Colle Gnifetti by helicopter it is important to have direct insight of the upper part of Grenzgletscher and to Zermatt. In the case of bad weather this enables the usage of even short fine weather windows for transportation, or to cancel planned flights from Zermatt in time, if the weather conditions in the Monte Rosa-region does not permit a safe flight. After the first night from 22. to 23. August we made a hike from Kulm to the accumulation region of the Findelgletscher. Currently, the Findelgletscher is the area of examination of the working group at the Geographical Institute at the University of Zürich.

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One focus of the investigations is the mapping and reconstruction of the snow deposition on Findelgletscher, in order to be able to model its adaption to climate change. The period of our stay made it feasible to photographically document the snow distribution, as the melting season at the end of August is not finished, but a sufficient part of the winter snow already melted. It was clearly visible that no homogeneous snow cover was present anymore over a large altitude region of Findelgletscher. Instead, the snow left in August displayed a kind of dune structure. Areas with completely melted winter snow regularly changed with areas where snow was still present.

Photo 3: Camp ©AWI

At the end of February 2008 a strong event of dust deposition occurred, which transported large quantities of Saharian dust to the glacier. The slightly redish colouring of the snow surface covered by snow made it possible at the end of August to determine the time of snow deposition. Areas in which snow was deposited after the dust event, which was still present at the end of August, now had a bright-white colour. Where the snow deposited after the dust event had already been melted, but snow was still present, the surface still had a redish colour. Apart from these photographical mapping the Findelglacier provided the opportunity to exercise techniques for crevasse rescue and belay for the measurements on Colle Gnifetti.

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Photo 4: Distant view of the camp ©AWI

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Photo 5: Findel glacier ©AWI

The campaign has been finished successfully and without any incidents with three flights on 29. August at 15 h in Zermatt. We cordially thank the Hochalpinen Fornschungsstationen for their support. Address: Dr. Olaf Eisen Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven Postfach 120161 D - 27515 Bremerhaven e-mail: [email protected] Universität Heidelberg Institut für Umweltphysik Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Dr. Olaf Eisen Glaziologie Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Postfach 120161 D - 27515 Bremerhaven Tel. / Fax. +49 (0) 471 4831 1969 / 1926 e-mail : [email protected] http://www.awi.de

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The International Foundation HFSJG in the News

“Sonnenkraftwerk jetzt am Netz”, Thuner Tagblatt, January 12, 2008. “Alpines Sonnenkraftwerk liefert Strom”, Berner Zeitung / Stadt + Region Bern/- Freiburg (Nord), Stadt + Region Bern (Süd), Langenthal und Oberaargau, Burgdorf und Emmental, January 12, 2008. “Sonnenenergie vom Jungfraujoch”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 14, 2008. “Esprit vom Mont-Soleil flog aufs Joch”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, January 15, 2008. “La centrale du Jungfraujoch sert avant tout la recherche”, Le Nouvelliste, January 15, 2008. “In dünner Luft über dickem Eis: Klimaforschung auf dem Jungfraujoch”, ZDF Magazin, February 10, 2008. “Sonnenkraftwerk in luftiger Höhe”, Tec 21, February 25, 2008. “Le grand espion de l’atmosphère”, L’Illustré, February 27, 2008. “Zwischen Himmel und Erde”, The Pearls of Switzerland, February 28, 2008. “Alpine Forschung für Bertrand Piccards Solarprojekt”, HK-Gebäude Technik, March 27, 2008. “Wechsel in der Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch”, Bändler-Rövü der Jungfraubahnen, April 2008, Nr. 58. “Neue FCKW auf dem Jungfraujoch entdeckt”, Tages-Anzeiger, (Gesamtausgabe, Stadt Zürich, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, Der Brienzer), April 12, 2008. “Sputnik auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Spektrum der Gebäudetechnik, April 15, 2008. “Die Wolkengucker”, Sonntag, April 24, 2008. “Vieles liegt in der Luft; Kurt Hanselmann untersucht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Atmosphäre und Erde an den Mikroorganismen”, Tagblatt für den Kanton Thurgau, May 6, 2008. “29 Viertausender im Blick und die Sterne noch dazu”, Tages Anzeiger, (Gesamtausgabe, Stadt Zürich, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, Fernausgabe), June 3, 2008. “Solarer Weltrekord auf dem Jungfraujoch; Fotovoltaik auf 3500 Meter Höhe”, Spektrum der Gebäudetechnik, June 5, 2008. “An den Alpen treffen sich die Wege”, P. Wenger, BUS transNews, July 17, 2008. “Flachbildschirme als Klimasünder?”, Cash Daily, July 30, 2008. “Wolken – Klimafaktor und Wettermaschine”, Schweizerfernsehen 2, NZZ Format, August 3, 2008. “Neuer Laser zur Atmosphären-Überwachung”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, August 27, 2008. “Bezahlt, um aus dem Fenster zu gucken”, Jungfrau Zeitung, September 19, 2008.

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“Der Frühstückstisch steht im Forschungszimmer”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, September 23, 2008. “Ist Fliegen OK?”, Medical Tribune, October 3, 2008. “Die Sehnsucht des Claude Nicollier”, Swiss Engineering / Schweiz. Technische Zeitschrift, October 17, 2008. “Solarkraftwerk auf dem Jungfraujoch in Betrieb genommen”, TeleBärn, November 1, 2008. “Les sources d’électricité au sommet”, Electro-Revue, November 3, 2008. “Sphinx wird stabilisiert”, Berner Oberländer, Thuner Tagblatt, November 15, 2008. “Kampf gegen den Wasserdruck”, Berner Oberländer, Berner Zeitung / Burgdorf and Emmental / Langenthal + Oberaargau / Stadt + Region Bern/Süd, Thuner Tagblatt, November 15, 2008.

“Neues Analysegerät auf Jungfraujoch soll CO2-Quellen enlarven”, AP Associated Press, November 19, 2008. “Herkunft und Ursprung des Klimagases CO2 / Empa-Forscher nehmen neues Messgerät auf Jungfraujoch in Betrieb”, Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, November 19, 2008.

"Neues CO2-Messgerät auf dem Jungfraujoch", NZZ Online, November 19, 2008.

“Forscher der Empa haben ein neues CO2-Messgerät entwickelt”, DRS 1, November 20, 2008.

"Le Jungfraujoch accueille un appareil analysant le CO2", Le Quotidien Jurassien, November 20, 2008.

"Brèves planète: CO2", Le Temps, November 20, 2008.

"CO2-Quellen auf der Spur", Tagesanzeiger, November 20, 2008. "Empa-Gerät auf Jungfraujoch", Zürcher Oberländer, November 20, 2008.

"Le CO2 humain traqué au sommet de la Jungfrau", 24 heures, November 21, 2008.

"Schweizer Wissenschaftler erforschen natürliche CO2-Quellen", Ad Hoc News, November 21, 2008. "Woher kommt das Kohlendioxid?", Basler Zeitung, November 21, 2008.

"Le CO2 humain traqué au sommet de la Jungfrau", Tribune de Genève, November 21, 2008. “Letzte Chance für die Kohle”, Appenzeller Zeitung, Der Rheintaler, St. Galler Tagblatt / Ausgabe Rorschach + Stammausgabe, Toggenburger Tagblatt, Wiler Zeitung / Der Volksfreund, November 21, 2008. “Woher kommt das Kohlendioxid?”, Basler Zeitung, November 21, 2008. “Mit Weltneuheit der Luft auf der Spur”, Thuner Tagblatt, November 21, 2008. “Der Luft auf der Spur”, Berner Oberländer, Berner Zeitung / Burgdorf und Emmental, Stadt + Region Bern/Süd, Stadt + Region Bern/Nord, November 21, 2008.

“Impact des activités humaines sur le CO2”, Journal du Jura, November 25, 2008.

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“Kontinuierliche CO2-Daten vom Jungfraujoch”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 26, 2008.

“Dem CO2 auf der Spur”, Der Gartenbau / L’Horticulture, November 27, 2008. “Klimaforschung in grosser Höhe”, Der Bund, November 28. 2008. “Kohlendioxyd-Quellen auf der Spur”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, December 2, 2008.

“Le laser sur les traces du CO2”, Swiss Engineering, December 16, 2008. “Erster Nachweis neuer Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe in der Atmosphäre”, Gesundheitsschutz und Umwelttechnik, December 24, 2008. “Europa beobachtet die Atmosphäre”, Gesundheitsschutz und Umwelttechnik, December 24, 2008.

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Publication list Refereed publications Balzani-Lööv J. M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A. S. H. Prevot, M. Steinbacher, M. K. Vollmer, 2008. Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D22305, doi: 10.102972007JD009751. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009751.shtml Bauder A., Funk M., Huss M., Riesen P. And Sugiyama S., 2008, Triggering and drainage mechanisms of the 2004 glacier-dammed lake outburst in Gornergletscher, Switzerland; Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 113, F04019 Bütikofer, R., E. O. Flückiger, L. Desorgher and M. R. Moser, The extreme solar cosmic ray particle event on 20 January 2006 and its influence on the radiation dose rate at aircraft altitude, Science of the total environment, 391, nr 2-3, 177-183, ISSN 0048-9697, 2008. Choularton, T. W.; Bower, K. N.; Weingartner, E.; Crawford, I.; Coe, H.; Gallagher, M. W.; Flynn, M.; Crosier, J.; Connolly, P.; Targino, A.; Alfarra, M. R.; Baltensperger, U.; Sjogren, S.; Verheggen, B.; Cozic, J.; Gysel, M., The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds. Faraday Discussions 2008, 137, 205-222. Clerbaux, C., M. George, S. Turquety, K. A. Walker, B. Barret, P. Bernath, C. Boone, T. Borsdorff, J. P. Cammas, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P.-F. Coheur, M. Deeter, M. De Mazière, J. Drummond, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy, R. de Zafra, F. Eddounia, D. P. Edwards, L. Emmons, B. Funke, J. Gille, D. W. T. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Höpfner, N. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, E. Le Flochmoën, N. J. Livesey, M. López-Puertas, M. Luo, E. Mahieu, D. Murtagh, Ph. Nédélec, A. Pazmino, H. Pumphrey, P. Ricaud, C. P. Rinsland, C. Robert, M. Schneider, C. Senten, G. Stiller, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, V. Thouret, J. Urban, and A. Wiacek, CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2569-2594, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2569/2008/acp-8-2569-2008.html Cozic J., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, J. Crosier, K. Bower, M. Flynn, H. Coe, S. Henning, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, M. Collaud Coen, A. Petzold, U. Baltensperger, 2008. Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 407-423. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/407/2008/acp-8-407-2008.html Cozic, J.; Mertes, S.; Verheggen, B.; Cziczo, D. J.; Gallavardin, S. J.; Walter, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Weingartner, E., Black carbon enrichment in atmospheric ice particle residuals observed in lower tropospheric mixed phase clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, D15209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009266. Cubick, M.; Röllig, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Stutzki, J., Modelling of clumpy photon dominated regions, EAS Publications Series 31, 2008, pp.19-22 Cubick, M.; Stutzki, J.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Röllig, M., A clumpy-cloud photon-dominated regions model of the global far-infrared line emission of the Milky Way, Astronomy and Astrophysics 482, Issue 2, 2008, pp.623-634 Dach R., E. Brockmann, S. Schaer, G. Beutler, M. Meindl, L. Prange, H. Bock, A.

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Jäggi, L. Ostini (2008), GNSS Processing at CODE, Journal of Geodesy – IGS special issue, accepted for publication Oct., 14 (DOI 10.1007/s00190–008–0281–2), 2008. De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, P. F. Bernath, P. Baron, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, C. Brogniez, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney, C. Piccolo, C. Randall, C. Robert, C. Senten, K. Strong, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, K. A. Walker, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 methane profiles from the upper troposphere to lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2421-2435, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2421/2008/acp-8-2421-2008.html Farahani, E., K. Strong, R. L. Mittermeier, H. Fast, M. Van Roozendael, and C. Fayt, Ground-based UV-visible spectroscopy of O3, NO2, and OClO at Eureka, Canada: Part I - Evaluation of the analysis method and comparison with infrared measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Flückiger, E.O., and R. Bütikofer, Swiss Neutron Monitors and Cosmic Ray Research at Jungfraujoch, accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research, 2008. http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/homepage.cws_home Folini, D., S. Ubl, P. Kaufmann, Lagrangian particle dispersion modeling for the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, D18111, doi:10.1029/2007JD009558. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009558.shtml Gardiner, T., A. Forbes, M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, R. Sussman, W. Stremme, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, K. Ellingsen, and M. Gauss, Trend analysis of greenhouse gases over Europe measured by a network of ground-based remote FTIR instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6719-6727, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6719/2008/acp-8-6719-2008.pdf Gunn, L.N., W. Feng, M.P. Chipperfield, M. Van Roozendael, M. Gil, M. Yela, P.V. Johnston, K. Kreher, S.W. Wood, Long-Term Changes in Stratospheric NO2: Studies with a 3-D CTM Forced by ERA-40 Analyses and Chemical Data Assimilation, submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008). Hasler, A., I. Talzi, J. Beutel, C. Tschudin, and S. Gruber, Wireless Sensor Networks in Permafrost Research – Concept, Requirements, Implementation and Challenges, submitted to Proceedings of the ninth international Permafrost Conference 2008, Fairbanks, Alaska, June 29 – July 3, 2008. Heikkila, U., et al. (2008), Beryllium-10 and beryllium-7 in precipitation in Dubendorf (440 m) and at Jungfraujoch (3580 m), Switzerland (1998-2005), Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113, D11. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD009160.shtml Hendrick, F., A. Rozanov, P. V. Johnston, H. Bovensmann, M. De Mazière, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, K. Kreher, W. Lotz, N. Theys, A. Thomas, J. P. Burrows, and M. Van Roozendael, Multi-year comparison of stratospheric BrO vertical profiles retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb and ground-based UV-visible measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Hendrick, F., P.V. Johnston, K. Kreher, C. Hermans, M. De Mazière, and M. Van Roozendael, One decade trend analysis of stratospheric BrO over Harestua (60°N)

180 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 and Lauder (44°S) reveals a decline, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14801, doi:10.1029/2008GL034154. Herich, H.; Kammermann, L.; Gysel, M.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Lohmann, U.; Cziczo, D.J., In situ determination of atmospheric aerosol composition as a function of hygroscopic growth, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D16213, doi:10.1029/2008JD009954. Hoose, C.; Lohmann, U.; Stier, P.; Verheggen, B.; Weingartner, E., Aerosol processing in mixed-phase clouds in ECHAM5-HAM: Model description and comparison to observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D07210, doi:10.1029/2007JD009251. Huss, M., Bauder, A., Funk, M. and Hock, R. Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(F1), F01015, doi:10.1029/2007JF000803. 2008 Iori, M., and A. Sergi, An orientable time-of-flight detector for cosmic rays, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics research Vol 588 April 2008 ISSN-0168-9002. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/NIMA Jehle, M., Perler, D., Small, D., Schubert, A. and Meier, E., Estimation of Atmospheric Path Delays in TerraSAR-X Data using Models vs. Measurements, Sensors, DOI:10.3390/s8128479-8491, 8, 8479-8491, 2008. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/12 Kohler M, Kriemler S, Wilhelm EM, Brunner-LaRocca H, Zehnder M, Bloch KE. Children at high altitude have less nocturnal periodic breathing than adults. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 189-97 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=18287125 Kriemler S, Jansen C, Linka A, Kessel-Schaefer A, Zehnder M, Schurmann T, et al. Higher pulmonary artery pressure in children than in adults upon fast ascent to high altitude. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 664-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=18417505 Kriemler S, Kohler M, Zehnder M, Bloch KE, Brunner-La Rocca H. Successful treatment of severe acute mountain sickness and excessive pulmonary hypertension with dexamethasone in a prepubertal girl. High Alt Med Biol 2006; 7: 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt= Citation&list_uids=16978138 Lanz V. A., C. Hueglin, M. K. Vollmer, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, J. Staehelin, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. Statistical analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon variability at a European background location (Jungfraujoch, Switzerland). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8, 19527-19559. http://www.atmos- chem-phys-discuss.net/8/19527/2008/acpd-8-19527-2008.html Laube, J. C., A. Engel, 2008. First atmospheric observations of three chlorofluoro- carbons, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 5143-5149. http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/8/5143/2008/acp-8-5143-2008.pdf Legreid G., D. Folini, J. Staehelin, J. Balzani Lööv, M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, 2008. Measurements of organic trace gases including OVOCs at the high alpine site

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Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Seasonal variation and source allocations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D05307, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008653. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JD008653.shtml Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J. van Geffen, J. van Gent, C. Fayt, R. Spurr, G. Lichtenberg, and A. von Bargen, Six years of total ozone column retrieval from SCIAMACHY nadir measurements, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Techn. (2008). Lerot, C., M. Van Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, J. Van Gent, D. Loyola, and R. Spurr, The GODFIT algorithm: a direct fitting approach to improve the accuracy of total ozone measurements from GOME, accepted for publication in International Journal of Remote Sensing (2008). Levin, I., S. Hammer, B. Kromer and F. Meinhardt, 2007. Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background. Sci. Total. Environ., doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.019. Loyola, D. G., R. M. Coldewey-Egbers, M. Dameris, H. Garny, A. Stenke, M. Van Roozendael, C. Lerot, D. Balis, and M. Koukouli, Global long-term monitoring of the ozone layer - a prerequisite for predictions, accepted for publication in International Journal of Remote Sensing (2008). Mahieu, E, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, K. A. Walker, E. Dupuy, L. Froidevaux, C. Randall, V. Catoire, K. Strong, C. D. Boone, P. F. Bernath, J.-F. Blavier, T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, M. De Mazière, D. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, K. W. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, R. Nassar, J. Notholt, C. P. Rinsland, C. Robert, O. Schrems, C. Senten, D. Smale, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, G. C. Toon, T. Warneke, S. W. Wood, R. Zander, and C. Servais, Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 measurements of HCl, HF, CCl3F and CCl2F2 using space-, balloon- and ground-based instrument observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6199-6221, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6199/2008/acp-8-6199-2008.pdf Muraki, Y., Y. Matsubara, S. Masuda, S. Sakakibara, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, R. Bütikofer, E.O. Flückiger, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, F. Kakimoto, T. Terasawa, Y. Tsunesada, A. Velarde, P. Evenson, J. Poirier, T. Sakai, Detection of High-Energy Solar Neutrons and Protons by Ground Level Detectors, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics, Astroparticle Physics, 29, 229-242, doi:10.1016/j.astro- partphys. 2007.12.007, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2007.12.007 Parker A. E., P. S. Monks, K. P. Wyche, J. M. Balzani Lööv, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, G. Legreid, M. K. Vollmer, M. Steinbacher, 2008. Peroxy radicals in the summer free troposphere: Seasonality and heterogeneous loss. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8, 17841-17889. http://www.atmos-chem-phys- discuss.net/8/17841/2008/acpd-8-17841-2008.html Qin, Sheng-Li; Wang, Jun-Jie; Zhao, G.; Miller, M.; Zhao, Jun-Hui, Massive molecular outflows associated with UCHII/HII regions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 484, Issue 2, 2008, pp.361-369 Reimann S., M. K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, B. Buchmann, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, 2008. Observations of Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High- Alpine site of Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391, 224-231.

182 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.022 Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, D. Folini, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, R. Zander and E. Mahieu, Observations of Long-Lived Anthropogenic Halocarbons at the High-Alpine site of Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) for Assessment of Trends and European Sources, Sci. Tot. Environ., 391, 224-231, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-4R718CY- 1&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=34c693f24a22ff8dc752 ecdeaf473c9f Rinsland, C.P., L. Chiou, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, Measurements of long-term changes in atmospheric OCS (carbonyl sulfide) from infrared solar observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 109, 2679-2686, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVR-4T1Y41V- 4&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=73aa5a78c01fb20f0fbf6 6d6367752cf Ruckstuhl, C., R. Philipona, K. Behrens, M. Collaud Coen, B. Dürr, A. Heimo, C. Mätzler, S. Nyeki, A. Ohmura, L. Vuilleumier, M. Weller, C. Wehrli, and A. Zelenka: 2008, Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12708, doi:10.1029/2008GL034228. Senten, C., M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Hermans, M. Kruglanski, E. Neefs, F. Scolas, A. C. Vandaele, G. Vanhaelewyn, C. Vigouroux, M. Carleer, P. F. Coheur, S. Fally, B. Barret, J. L. Baray, R. Delmas, J. Leveau, J. M. Metzger, E. Mahieu, C. Boone, K. A. Walker, P. F. Bernath, and K. Strong, Technical Note: New ground-based FTIR measurements at Ile de La Réunion: observations, error analysis, and comparisons with independent data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3483-3508, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3483/2008/acp-8-3483-2008.html Sjogren, S.; Gysel, M.; Weingartner, E.; Alfarra, M. R.; Duplissy, J.; Cozic, J.; Crosier, J.; Coe, H.; Baltensperger, U., Hygroscopicity of the submicrometer aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2008, 8, 5715-5729. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, 2008. An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch. Science of the Total Environment, 391 217-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.003 Strong, K., M. A. Wolff, T. E. Kerzenmacher, K. A. Walker, P. F. Bernath, T. Blumenstock, C. Boone, V. Catoire, M. Coffey, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Dupuy, J. Hannigan, M. Höpfner, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. J. Jin, N. Jones, K. Jucks, H. Kuellmann, J. Kuttippurath, A. Lambert, E. Mahieu, J. C. McConnell, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, D. P. Murtagh, J. Notholt, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfii, C. Robert, M. Schneider, O. Schrems, K. Semeniuk, C. Senten, G. P. Stiller, A. Strandberg, J. Taylor, C. Tétard, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. Warneke, and S. Wood, Validation of ACE-FTS N2O measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4759-4786, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org/8/4759/2008/acp-8-4759-2008.pdf Sun, K.; Ossenkopf, V.; Kramer, C.; Mookerjea, B.; Röllig, M.; Cubick, M.; Stutzki,

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J.,The photon dominated region in the IC 348 molecular cloud, Astronomy and Astrophysics 489, Issue 1, 2008, pp.207-216 Swietlicki, E.; Hansson, H.-C.; Hämeri, K.; Svenningsson, B.; Massling, A.; McFiggans, G.; McMurry, P.; Petäjä, T.; Tunved, P.; Gysel, M.; Topping, D.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Rissler, J.; Wiedensohler, A.; Kulmala, M., Hygroscopic properties of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol particles measured with H-TDMA instruments in various environments - a review, Tellus 2008, 60B, 432-469, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x. Talvard, M.; André, P.; Rodriguez, L.; Le-Pennec, et. al., Recent results obtained on the APEX 12 m antenna with the ArTeMiS prototype camera, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IV. Proceedings of the SPIE 7020, pp. 70200A-70200A-12 (2008). Talzi, Igor, Sandro Schönborn and Christian Tschudin, Providing Data Integrity in Intermittently Connected Wireless Sensor Networks, accepted for Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS'08), Kanazawa, Japan, June, 2008. Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, Q. Errera, F. Hendrick, F. Daerden, S. Chabrillat, M. Dorf, K. Pfeilsticker, A. Rozanov, W. Lotz, J.P. Burrows, J.-C. Lambert, F. Goutail, H.K. Roscoe, and M. De Mazière, A global stratospheric bromine monoxide climatology based on the BASCOE chemical transport model, accepted for publication in Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008). Trottet, G.; Krucker, Säm; Lüthi, T.; Magun, A Radio Submillimeter and γ-Ray Observations of the 2003 October 28 Solar Flare, The Astrophysical Journal 678, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 509-514. Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Zeeman, M. J., Werner, R. A., Eugster, W., Zahniser, M. S., Nelson, D. D., McManus, J. B. and Emmenegger, L. (2008). High precision and continuous field measurements of δ13C and δ18O in carbon dioxide with a cryogen- free QCLAS. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics: 92(3), doi:10.1007/s00340-008- 3085-4 Tuzson, B., Zeeman, M. J., Zahniser, M. S. and Emmenegger, L. (2008). Quantum cascade laser based spectrometer for in situ stable carbon dioxide isotope measurements. Infrared Physics and Technology 51(3): 198-206, doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2007.05.006 Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, F. Hase, T. Blumenstock, I. Kramer, M. Schneider, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, and P. Woods, Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Special Issue ‘Results from the European project UFTIR, Time series of Upper Free Troposphere observations from a European ground-based FTIR network’, 8, 6865–6886, 2008. (http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6865/2008/acp-8-6865-2008.pdf/) Walter F., Deichmann N. and Funk M., 2008, Basal icequakes during changing subglacial water pressures beneath Gornergletscher, Switzerland; Journal of Glaciology, 54(186), 511-521. Wolff, M. A., T. Kerzenmacher, K. Strong, K. A. Walker, M. Toohey, E. Dupuy, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, S. Brohede, V. Catoire, T. von Clarmann, M. Coffey,

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W. H. Daffer, M. De Mazière, P. Duchatelet, N. Glatthor, D. W. T. Griffith, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, M. Höpfner, N. Huret, N. Jones, K. Jucks, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, I. Kramer, H. Kullmann, J. Kuttippurath, E. Mahieu, G. Manney, C. T. McElroy, C. McLinden, Y. Mebarki, S. Mikuteit, D. Murtagh, C. Piccolo, P. Raspollini, M. Ridolfi, R. Ruhnke, M. Santee, C. Senten, D. Smale, C. Tétard, J. Urban, and S. Wood, Validation of HNO3, ClONO2 and N2O5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3529-3562, 2008. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3529/2008/acp-8-3529-2008.html Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, G. Roland, C. Servais, M. De Mazière, S. Reimann and C.P. Rinsland, Our changing atmosphere: Evidence based on long-term infrared solar observations at the Jungfraujoch since 1950, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 184-195, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-4RCNPR1- 1&_user=532038&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C0000 26659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=532038&md5=1cdf5848e8f774334edf dc8e6e3c7028

Conference presentations / Posters Baltensperger U.; Weingartner, E.; Aerosol measurements in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and several EC projects, Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch, 25-26 November 2008, Bern. Bauder, A. and M. Huss, Long term point observations of seasonal mass balance: a key to understanding 20th century climate change", Workshop on mass balance measurements and modelling, Skeikampen, Norway, 26-28 March, 2008. Bauder, A. and M. Huss, "Long term point observations of seasonal mass balance: a key to understanding 20th century climate change", Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Lugano, 21-23. November 2008. Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, A. Schaltter, B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild (2007): National Report of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss National Geodetic Surveying. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep.). Brunner, D., M. Steinbacher, M. Leuenberger, C. Uglietti, S. Henne, S. Nottelmann, S. Reimann, B. Buchmann, Influence of air mass origin on CO, CH4 and CO2 concentrations at Jungfraujoch, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, and B. Pirard, Effective radiation dose for selected intercontinental flights during the GLEs on 20 January 2005 and 13 December 2006, 21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Košice, Slovakia, 9-12 September 2008. Ciais, P., C. Textor, M. Logan, P. Keckhut, B. Buchmann, S. Godin-Beekmann, G. de Leeuw, M. De Mazière, E. G. Nisbet, P. Rayner, M. Schulz, K. Torseth and the GEOmon team, Monitoring the atmospheric composition using satellite-ground-based synergies, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008. Ciais, P., C. Textor, M. Logan, P. Keckhut, B. Buchmann, S. Godin-Beekmann, G. de Leeuw, M. De Maziere, E. G. Nisbet, P. Rayner, M. Schulz, K. Torseth and the

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GEOmon team, Monitoring the atmospheric composition using satellite-ground-based synergies, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference Symposium, Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008. Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schaub, D.; Hüglin, C.; Baltensperger, U., Detection and climatology of Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch, 3rd International Workshop on Mineral Dust, 15-17 September 2008, Leipzig, Germany. Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schmid, O.; Schmidhauser, R.; Petzold, A.; Baltensperger, U. Minimizing light absorption measurement artifact of the aethalometer: A new correction evaluation based on a 4-year dataset, European Aerosol Conference, 24-29 August 2008, Thessaloniki, Greece. Cozic, J.; Verheggen, B.; Weingartner E.; Baltensperger U., Mertes, S.; Cziczo, D. J.; Gallavardin, S. J.; Bower, K.N.; Crawford, I.; Flynn, M.; Connolly, P.; Gallagher, M.; Walter, S.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Petzold, A., Activation behavior of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed phase clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch in Switzerland (3580m asl), International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, 7- 11 July 2008, Cancun, Mexico. De Mazière, M., B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, C. Senten, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Servais, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, Contributions to the exploitation of Fourier transform infrared observations at Jungfraujoch: recent work on ozone and CO, presentation at Workshop ‘Spawning the atmosphere measurements at Jungfraujoch’, Bern, Oct. 25-27, 2008. De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, F. Hendrick, G. Vanhaelewyn, I. De Smedt, M. Van Roozendael, B. Dils, C. Hermans, M. Kruglanski, A. Merlaud, F. Scolas, C. Senten, M. Carleer, S. Fally, V. Duflot, J.M. Metzger, J.-L. Baray, R. Delmas, P. Duchatelet, Observations of halogens, CO, CH4, and H2CO at Ile de La Réunion from ground- based FTIR and MAXDOAS campaign measurements, poster presented at the "4th general Assembly of SCOUT-O3", 21-24 April 2008, Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany, 2008. De Mazière, M., Lambert, J.-C., Roscoe, H. K., Cook, P., Keckhut, P., Textor, C., Ciais, P., and NDACC partners involved for observations, modelling and outreach, Monitoring of the evolution of stratospheric ozone and its relation to climate, in the GEOmon project, poster presentation at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2008, Tromso, Norway, June 29 - July 5, 2008. Demoulin, P., S. Trabelsi, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, and G. Roland, H2O retrievals from Jungfraujoch infrared spectra: some spectroscopic problems, to appear in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, 2008. Dils, B., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann and M. De Mazière, Ground-based CO observations at the Jungfraujoch: Comparison between FTIR and NDIR measurements, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008 (EGU2008-A-08687). Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, C. Frankenberg, M. Buchwitz, A. Gloudemans, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, K. Petersen, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann and T. Borsdorff, Validation of SCIAMACHY CH4 scientific products using ground-based FTIR measurements, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference

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Symposium, (Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008). Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, R. Sussmann, F. Forster, T. Borsdorff, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, J. Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, J. Taylor, S. Wood, evolution of SCIAMACHY CH4 scientific product quality & initial look at the ‘HYMN FTIR dataset’, presentation at HYMN second annual meeting, Garmisch-P., Oct. 13-15, 2008. Dinoev, T., P. Ristori, B. Calpini, H van den Bergh, M. parlange and V. Simeonov Meteorological water vapour Raman lidar- Calibration, 24 th International Laser Lidar Conference, pp. 1045-1047, 23-27 June 2008, Boulder, Colorado US. Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Frankenberg, F. Hase, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, P. Spietz, M, De Mazière and C. Vigouroux, Impact of different spectroscopic datasets on CH4 retrievals from Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra, in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, pp. 80-83, 2008. Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Ruhnke, P. Demoulin, P. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker and S.W. Wood, Carbonyl fluoride (COF2) vertical information above Jungfraujoch by FTIR and multi-spectra fitting: error budget and comparisons with KASIMA 3-D CTM model calculations, poster presented at the "EGU 2008 General Assembly", 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria, 2008. Emmenegger L., B. Tuzson, J. Mohn, J, M. Zahniser, M. Waechter, M. Sigrist M, high precision isotope ratio analysis of CO2 and N2O using quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy, International Quantum Cascade Lasers Workshop, Monte Verita, Switzerland. Emmenegger, L., B. Tuzson, J. Mohn B, M. Zeeman, A. Kammer, applications of laser spectroscopy for CO2 isotopologues: from the soil to the free troposphere, Swiss Chemical Society Fall Meeting, Zürich, Switzerland. Fally, S., A.C. Vandaele, S. Trabelsi, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, C. Frankenberg, H. Vogelmann, and T. Trickl, Water vapor line parameters: some feedback from atmospheric users, in the Proceedings of the "8th Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications" meeting (ASA2008), 27 – 30 August, Reims, France, pp. 58-61, 2008. Flückiger, E.O., The relationship of cosmic rays to the environment, 21st European Cosmic Ray Symposium in Košice, Slovakia, 9-12 September 2008. Gheusi, F., S. Henne, D. Brunner, J. Staehelin, Small-scale transport of ozone and CO to the high-Alpine observatory Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl): a fine-scale model strategy and first results, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Gysel, M., Sjogren, S., Duplissy, J., Weingartner, E., Alfarra, M. R., Crosier, J., Cozic, J., Coe, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties and chemical composition of the free tropospheric submicrometer aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, 3580 m above sea level. European Aerosol Conference, 24-29 August 2008, Thessaloniki, Greece. Huss, M., A. Bauder, M. Funk, and R. Hock, "A method to determine seasonal mass balances of Alpine glaciers since 1865", Workshop on mass balance measurements

187 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008 and modelling, Skeikampen, Norway, 26-28 March 2008. Ineichen D., E. Brockmann, S. Schaer (2008): Processing Combined GPS/GLONASS Data at swisstopo's Local Analysis Center. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep.). Kamphus, M.; Borrmann, S.; Walter, S.; Curtius, J.; Schneider, J.; Mertes, S.; Weingartner, E.; Mass spectrometric analysis of small ice crystal residuals in mixed phase clouds during the CLACE projects, International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, , July 7-11 2008, Cancun, Mexico. Lanz, V., A. S. H. Prevot, C. Hüglin, Transport and ageing of organic aerosols, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Mahieu, E., P. Duchatelet, P. Bernath, C.D. Boone, M. De Mazière, P. Demoulin, C.P. Rinsland, C. Servais and K.A. Walker, Retrievals of C2H2 from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station and comparison with ACE- FTS observations, Poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly (Vienna, April 13-18, 2008), 2008 (EGU2008-A-08188). Mertes, S.; Verheggen, B.; Kamphus, M.; Walter, S.; Ebert, M.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Cozic, J.; Worringen, A.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Weinbruch, S.; Borrmann, S., Physico-chemical characterisation of ice particle residuals in tropospheric mixed-phase clouds based on ice particle collection using the counterflow virtual impactor technique, International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, 7-11 July 2008, Cancun, Mexico. Pandey, Shubha, J. Stähelin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, C. Zellweger “PAN measurements at high alpine observatory, Jungfraujoch”, IGAC 2008, 7 September – 12 September 2008, Annecy, France. (Poster presentation). Philipona, R. et al.: 2008 Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming in Europe (poster). 10th BSRN Science and Review Workshop, 7–11 July 2008, KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands. Philipona, R., C. Ruckstuhl, K. Behrens, S. Nyeki, M. Weller, C. Mätzler, and L. Vuilleumier: 2008, Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming. Geophys. Res. Abstr., Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-03023. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2008 Vienna, Austria, 13 – 18 April 2008. SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-03023 Pottiaux, E., E. Brockmann, W. Soehne, C. Bruyninx (2008): The EUREF - EUMETNET Collaboration: First Experiences and Potential Benefits. . In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Brussels, 2008 (in prep), also published in Bulletin of Geodesy and Geomatics (BGG) edited by F. Sanso (in prep). Ruhnke, R., T. Blumenstock, T. Borsdorff, P. Duchatelet, K. Hamann, F. Hase, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, S. Mikuteit, J. Notholt, T. Reddmann, M. Schneider, B.-M. Sinnhuber, R. Sussmann, V. Velazco, T. Warneke, and M. Wiehle, Measured and modeled trends of stratospheric Cly and Fy column amounts in the northern hemisphere, poster presented at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium QOS 2008, June 29th – July 5th 2008, Tromso, Norway, 2008. Schubert, A., Jehle, M., Small, D. and Meier, E., Geometric Validation of TerraSAR-

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X High-Resolution Products, Proc. TerraSAR-X Third Science Team Meeting, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, November 25-26, 2008. http://sss.terrasar-x.dlr.de/papers_sci_meet_3/paper/CAL0163_schubert.pdf Schwikowski M., High-alpine glaciers as archives of atmospheric pollution and climate, POMklim seminar, Norwegian Polar Institute, The Polar Environmental Centre, Tromsø, Norway, 25 September 2008. Schwikowski, M., Klimageschichte aus alpinen Eisbohrkernen, Vortragsreihe Klima und Atmosphäre im Kernkraftwerk Leibstadt, Leibstadt, Switzerland, 16 January 2008. Schwikowski, M., Schnee von gestern - Gletschereis als Klimaarchiv, KLIMA- sonntag Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, 13 April 2008. Schwikowski, M., Zeitreise durch das Eis: Hochalpine Gletscher als Klimaarchive, Senioren-Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 May 2008. Serikov, I., M. Froidevaux, P. Ristori, V. Simeonov, Y. Arshinov, S. Bobrovnikov, H. van den Bergh, M. Parlange, A temperature and water vapour Raman lidar: Calibration and field tests, 24th International Laser Lidar Conference, pp. 1033-1038, 23-27 June 2008, Boulder, Colorado US. Sigl, M., T.M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, M. Ruff, S. Szidat, C. Boutron, C. Barbante, H.-A. Synal, H.W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski, Radiocarbon dating of glacier ice on a microgram level – examples from the Alps and the Andes, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 13–18 April 2008. Sigl, M., T.M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, M. Ruff, S. Szidat, C. Boutron, C. Barbante, H.-A. Synal, L. Wacker, H.W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski, Radiocarbon dating of glacier ice on a microgram level – examples from the Alps and the Andes, 7th NCCR Climate Summer School, Monte Verità, Switzerland, 31 August-5 September 2008. Soltermann, B., Wick C, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Poster presentation at 15th Biennial Meeting of the North American Society of Pediatric Exercise Medicine, Colorado Springs, Sept 2008. Soltermann, B., Wick C, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Schweiz Zt Sportmed Sporttraum 2008; 56: 122. Staehelin, J., Peter, T., Trace gas measurements at Jungfraujoch to study intercontinental air pollutant transport and tropospheric ozone trends, Bern, Switzerland, 26. November 2008, Spawning the Atmosphere measurements of Jungfraujoch, SANW. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, An evaluation of the current radiative forcing benefit of the Montreal Protocol at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 01, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M. K. Vollmer, S. Henne, D. Brunner, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, In-situ measurements of non-CO2 greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Steinbacher, M., M.K. Vollmer, S.W. Bond, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, H2 observations in the atmosphere: an integration from the exhaust pipe to a remote site,

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IGAC 10th International Conference, Annecy, France, September 07-12, 2008. Sussmann, R., F. Forster, T. Borsdorff, M. De Mazière, B. Dils, C. Vigouroux, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, J.P. Burrows, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, N. Jones, J. Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, O. Schneising, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, J. Taylor, S. Wood, Satellite validation of column-averaged methane on global scale: ground- based data from 15 FTIR stations versus last generation ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY retrievals, poster presentation at the IGAC 10th International Conference Symposium, (Annecy, France, September 7-12, 2008). Tuzson, B., J. Mohn, H. Waechter, M. Zahniser, L. Emmenegger, continuous and high-precision measurements of N2O and CO2 isotopes with a cryogenic free QClaser based spectrometer, International Symposium on Isotopomers, Tokyo, Japan, 2008. Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, P. Nyfeler, and H.P. Moret, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. A comparison between online and flask measurements, in CarboEurope IP conference, Jena, 2008. Verheggen, B.; Cozic, J.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U.; Mertes, S.; Bower, K.N.; Flynn, I.M.; Connolly, P.; Gallagher, M.; Walter S.; Schneider, J.; Curtius, J.; Petzold, A., The influence of ice on the partitioning of aerosol particles in mixed- phase clouds, European Geophysical Union, 13 – 18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria. Vigouroux, C., and UFTIR partners, Ozone tropospheric and stratospheric trends (1995-2004) over Western-Europe from ground-based FTIR observations, oral presentation (by C. Vigouroux) at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2008, Tromso, Norway, June 29 - July 5, 2008. Vollmer, M. K., S. Reimann, S. Henne, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, Using observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) to validate regional bottom-up emissions, AGU General Assembly 2008, San Francisco, Dec 15 – 19. Vuilleumier, L.: 2008. Long-term comparisons of collocated ground irradiance flux measurements. 10th BSRN Science and Review Workshop, 7–11 July 2008, KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands. Wacker, S., A. Viudez, J. Gröbner, E. Rozanov and L. Vuilleumier, Comparison of measured and modelled downwelling Longwave Infrared Radiation at Payerne, Switzerland, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09693, 2008. Wacker, S., J. Gröbner, C. Emde, L. Vuilleumier, B. Mayer, and E. Rozanov, Comparison of Measured and Modeled Nocturnal Clear Sky Longwave Downward Radiation at Payerne, Switzerland, IRS 2008, August 3-8, 2008, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil. Waldvogel, Christian, «As if the Stars were countless», featured in a lecture by the artist at the conference «Experiments. The transfer of Scientific Methods in Art and Architecture», held by Prof. Dr. Àkos Moravanszky (gta / ETH Zürich) in Gut Siggen in October 2008. Walker, D. and L. Vuilleumier: 2008. Effect of clouds on erythemal UV radiation. Quadrennial Ozone Symposium QOS 2008, Tromsø, Norway, June 29th - July 5th, 2008.

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Werner, A., A. Engel, A. Jordan, I. Levin, E. Nisbet, K. Rozanski, T. Röckmann, M. Schultz, M. Steinbacher, F. Stordal, EUROHYDROS – a European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies, EGU General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008. Wick, C., Soltermann B, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Poster presentation at the 15th Biennial Meeting of the North American Society of Pediatric Exercise Medicine, Colorado Springs, Sept 2008. Wick, C., Soltermann B, Brunner-La Rocca H, Hofmann A, Kriemler S. Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Schweiz. Zt Sportmed Sporttraum 2008; 56: 122

Xia, Y. and Conen, F., Improved non-CO2-greenhouse gas emission estimates by 222Rn tracer method, IGAC 10th International Conference, Bridging the scales in Atmospheric Chemistry Local to Global, 7 to 12 September 2008 in Annecy, France. (poster presentation).

Theses Daadoucha Skander, Développement du logiciel de pilotage d'un coelostat autonome fonctionnant en mode poursuite sous microstepping, Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège, 2007-2008 Grégory, Martin, Développement du logiciel embarqué en charge du contrôle d'une station météorologique destinée au Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Solaire du Jungfraujoch, Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège, 2007-2008 Lanz, V., Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic compounds, PhD Thesis Nr. 18019, ETH Zurich, 2008. Laube, J., Determination of the distribution of halocarbons in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere, PhD Thesis, Universität Frankfurt, 2008. Soltermann, B., Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in children upon fast ascent to high altitude. Master Thesis, Institute of Exericse and Health Sciences, University of Basel, 2008. Wick, C., Pulmonary artery pressure adaption to high altitude of children and adults in comparison to adults with and without a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Master Thesis, Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, 2008.

Data publications and reports BAFU, NABEL Luftbelastung 2007. Umwelt Zustand Nr. 0823, pp. 139. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, 2008. Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, O. Schneising, V. Velazco, J. Notholt, R. Sussmann and W. Stremme, Validation of WFM-DOAS CO and CH4 Scientific Products using Ground-based FTIR Measurements, in Observing Tropospheric Trace Constituents from Space, ACCENT-

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TROPOSAT-2 in 2006-7, J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., 2008. Empa and BAFU, Technischer Bericht 2008 zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), pp. 175, Dübendorf, 2008. GCOS, Lokal messen …, Swiss GCOS Office, pp. 32, Bundesamt für Meteorologie und Klimatologie MeteoSchweiz, 2008. Herren, E. and Bauder, A. eds. (2008). The Swiss Glaciers 2001/02 and 2002/03. Glaciological Report No. 123/124, Cryouspheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences and the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, 97p. Kruglanski, M., A.-C. Vandaele, M. De Mazière, Atmospheric Constituent Retrieval from Thermal Infrared Nadir Sounding, in Observing Tropospheric Trace Constituents from Space, ACCENT-TROPOSAT-2 in 2006-7 (Urbino, December 2007), J. Burrows and P. Borrell, Eds., p. 189-191, 2008. Mahieu, E., C. Servais, P. Duchatelet, P. Demoulin, M. De Mazière, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, C.P. Rinsland and R. Zander, Optimised approaches to invert Jungfraujoch high-resolution FTIR observations for long-term monitoring and satellite validation of tropospheric species, to appear in the ACCENT-TROPOSAT final report, 2008. “Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2007 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 113–130. PMOD/WCR Annual Report 2007, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 2008. Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 (in preparation)

Popular publications and presentations «As if the Stars were countless», Christian Waldvogel, exhibited to the general public in the Exhibition «Werk- und Atelierstipendien der Stadt Zürich 2008», held at the Helmhaus Zürich from 9. August - 28th September. Bauder, A., “Gletscher: unberechenbare Zeitgenossen?”, Tagung "Hallers Gletscher heute" zur Feier des 300. Geburtstags von Albrecht von Haller, Bern, 17. Oktober 2008. Bauder, A., “Unterwegs mit einem Gletscherforscher”, Volkshochschule Region Biel-Lyss, Lyss, 28. Oktober 2008. Bauder A., Marty C., Nötzli J. (2008). Kryosphäre in den Schweizer Alpen: Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2005-2006/2006-2007. Die Alpen 9, 2008, 47-56. Flückiger, E.O., and R. Bütikofer, Untersuchungen der kosmischen Strahlung auf Jungfraujoch – 50 Jahre Neutronenmonitore, «Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern», 65, 2008. http://www.ngbe.ch/content/default.asp?mid=4&rid=0&id=14&action=detail Höhenkrankheit bei Kindern. Bericht Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Februar 9, 2006. http://www.nzz.ch/2006/02/09/sg/articledj9xt_1.9894.html Kriemler, S. Kinder und Höhe. Gebirgsmedizin. Ein Ratgeber für Laien SAC Verlag,

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Berne, Switzerland (in review) 2008. "Top of Europe" prend le pouls du climat, University of Liège press release, 3 Dec. 2008. http://www.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_200337/top-of-europe-takes-the-climate-s-pulse

Radio and television Belgian Press release «Top of Europe» prend le pouls du climat (“Top of Europe” neemt de pols van het klimaat), Dec. 2, 2008. Forschung zwischen Himmel und Erde, Menschen-Technik-Wissenschaft, SF1, Moderation David Jens, Januar 12, 2008. Interview with Dr Hervé Duplain, High-altitude Medicine Specialist at the Research Station Jungfraujoch, RSR La Première, Emission "On en parle ", August 15, 2008 Radio France Internationale, Emission "Accents d'Europe", August 26, 2008. “MAM et oedèmes: les maladies de haute altitude” Interview with Professor Urs Scherrer, CHUV, Lausanne, High-altitude Medicine Specialist at the research station Jungfraujoch, Canal 9, “L’Antidote, émission de prévention et de promotion de la santé”, October 12, 2008. http://www.canal9.ch/television-valaisanne/emissions/antidote/liste.html “Messners Alpen” Part 3: “Vom Eiger zum Matterhorn” – Dokumentarfilm über den Wandel der Alpen mit einer Reportage über PERMASENSE, Schwenk Film GmbH. Ausgestrahlt: 1.1.2008 ARD, 5.1.2008 France 5 und weitere europäische Fernseh- kanäle. "Neues CO2-Messgerät auf dem Jungfraujoch", Nachrichten DRS, November 20, 2008. "New CO2 tracker on Jungfraujoch", interview with L. Emmenegger, World Radio Switzerland, November 21, 2008. „Richard Bangs’ Adventures with Purpose: Switzerland – Quest for the sublime.” with the Research Station Jungfraujoch. Broadcast starting June 29, 2008. “Rückzug des Eises – Gefahren aus dem Reich der Giganten” – Dokumentarfilm über Permafrost Degradation und Gletscherrückzug, in dem PermaSense prominent porträtiert wird. Ausgestrahlt: Februar 2008 ARTE und September 2008 Bayern 3. "L'Université de Liège au Jungfraujoch ", film of Daniel Bay, 2008. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/cms/c_18064/l-universite-de-liege-au- jungfraujoch?hlText=jungfraujoch

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194 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

Index of research groups / institutes Research group / institute Project Page Alfred-Wegener-Institut Field survey at Gornergrat, August 2008 169 für Polar- und http://www.awi.de Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Belgian Institute for Space Atmospheric physics and chemistry 15 Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ Belgium http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html http://www.nilu.no/uftir http://www.geomon.eu Berner Fachhochschule Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV 37 BFH, Technik und photovoltaic plant at 3454 m Informatik TI, Photovoltaik http://www.pvtest.ch Labor, Switzerland Bundesamt Automated GPS Network Switzerland AGNES 133 für Landestopographie http://www.swisstopo.ch swisstopo, Switzerland http://www.swisstopo.ch/pnac http://egvap.dmi.dk/ Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Aerosols radioactive monitoring RADAIR 55 Sektion http://www.radair.ch Umweltradioaktivität, http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239 Switzerland /index.html?lang=de Centre Hospitalier Fetal programming of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension 115 Universitaire Vaudois, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland Christian Waldvogel, «As if the Stars were countless», A simulation of the view of 143 Switzerland Space from Space according to Astronaut Jim S. Voss www.waldvogel.com http://www.waldvogel.com/projects.php?id=36 Climate and 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air 91 Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland and Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany Climate and Environmental High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements 85 Division, Physics Institute, http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ University Bern, http://ce-atmosphere.lsce.ipsl.fr/database/index_database.html Switzerland Department of Geography, PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine 123 University of Zürich, rock walls Switzerland http://www.permasense.ch/ http://pc- 5225.ethz.ch/cacti/graph_view.php?action=tree&tree_id=2&lea f_id=58&select_first=true Department of Geosciences, Single particle analysis of aerosols from a Saharan dust event, 75 University of Fribourg, sampled during CLACE 2008 Switzerland http://www.unifr.ch/geology

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Research group / institute Project Page Department of Physics, Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith angles 107 University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy École Polytechnique Study of atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone and temperature by 21 Fédérale de Lausanne, a LIDAR Switzerland http://eflum.epfl.ch/ Empa, Swiss Federal National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL 39 Laboratories for Materials http://www.empa.ch/nabel Testing and Research, http://www.umwelt- Switzerland schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index. html Empa, Swiss Federal Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch – New 45 Laboratories for Materials substances on the horizon Testing and Research, Switzerland

Empa, Swiss Federal Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch 51 Laboratories for Materials http://empa.ch/abt134 Testing and Research, Switzerland Federal Office of Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements 27 Meteorology and http://www.meteoswiss.ch Climatology, MeteoSwiss, http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ Payerne, Switzerland http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/st artwave_dbs.html Federal Office of The weather in 2008 151 Meteorology and http://www.meteoschweiz.ch Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zürich, Switzerland Institut High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, 5 d’Astrophysique et de Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Géophysique, Université de http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ Liège, Belgium ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ Institut für Measurement of 222Rn for atmospheric tracer applications 99 Umweltgeowissenschaften, http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/ Universität Basel, Switzerland Institut für Umweltphysik, Spectroscopic measurements of direct moon light 101 Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de Heidelberg, Germany 14 222 Institut für Umweltphysik, Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Jungfraujoch 89 Universität Heidelberg, http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ Germany http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radi ometrie-web-html Institute for Atmospheric Measurements of ambient ice nuclei with the new instrument 79 and Climate Science, ETH PINC Zurich. Switzerland http://www.iac.ethz.ch/

Institute for Atmospheric NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free 95 and Climate Science, ETH troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch Zürich IACETH, http://www.iac.ethz.ch Switzerland

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Research group / institute Project Page Institute for Atmospheric Collection of large volume air sample 93 and Environmental http://www.geo.uni-frankfurt.de/iau Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany Institute of Exercise and Prevalence and pathophysiology of high altitude illness in 111 Health Sciences, University children of Basel, Switzerland iRoC Technologies, France Soft Error Measurements on CCD sensors 139 Labor für Radio- und A thermal drill for ice coring on high-elevation glaciers, NCCR 117 Umwelt Chemie der Climate VIVALDI, Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Lake Universität Deposits – Integrated Bern und des Paul Scherrer http://lch.web.psi.ch/ Instituts, Switzerland http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/ Labor Spiez, Fachbereich Evaluation of Bioaerosol Detectors for NBC-Reconnaissance 141 Biologie, Switzerland http://www.labor-spiez.ch Laboratoire de Study of new particle formation and ion concentrations 81 Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, France Laboratory of Atmospheric The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the 61 Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Jungfraujoch Institut, Switzerland http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_int ernational/gaw-ch.html LBMPS, Université de Life in Darwin’s Dust 77 Genève, Switzerland Physikalisches Institut, Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 103 Universität Bern, http://cosray.unibe.ch Switzerland Physikalisches Institut, SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and 161 Universität Bern, the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic Switzerland eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html I. Physikalisches Institut, KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie 157 Universität zu Köln; http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Radioastronomisches http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany Physikalisch- Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth 33 Meteorologisches http://www.pmodwrc.ch Observatorium Davos, http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc World Radiation Center, http://wdca.jrc.it/ Switzerland

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Research group / institute Project Page Physikalisch- Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over 35 Meteorologisches Switzerland LIRAS Observatorium Davos, http://www.pmodwrc.ch World Radiation Center, Switzerland Radioactive Tracers, Production, transport and deposition of cosmogenic 109 Eawag, Switzerland radionuclides 7Be, 10Be, 36Cl www.eawag.ch Remote Sensing Geometric Validation of TerraSAR-X High-Resolution 127 Laboratories, Department Products of Geography, http://www.geo.uzh.ch/de/units/rsl/forschung/radar-remote- University of Zürich, sensing-sarlab/ Switzerland Surface Meteorological Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the 149 Networks, Federal Office of Alps Meteorology http://www.meteoswiss.ch and Climatology, http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/weather/current_weat MeteoSwiss, Payerne, her.par0001.reg8.stationJUN.html Switzerland Versuchsanstalt für Glacier outburst floods, a study of the processes controlling the 165 Wasserbau, drainage of glacier dammed lake Hydrologie und http://www.glaciology.ch Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum, http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/ Switzerland gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake/ Versuchsanstalt für Wasser- Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher 121 bau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ Glaziologie, VAW, ETH http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_ Zürich, Switzerland variations_gr_aletschgretscher WSL Institute for Snow and Permafrost in the Jungfrau East Ridge 125 Avalanche Research SLF, www.slf.ch Switzerland www.permos.ch

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Index of projects Project Research group / institute Page «As if the Stars were countless», A simulation of the view of Christian Waldvogel, 143 Space from Space according to Astronaut Jim S. Voss Switzerland www.waldvogel.com http://www.waldvogel.com/projects.php?id=36 Aerosols radioactive monitoring RADAIR Bundesamt für Gesundheit, 55 http://www.radair.ch Sektion Umwelt- http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/022 radioaktivität, Switzerland 39/index.html?lang=de Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgian Institute for Space 15 http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html Belgium http://www.nilu.no/uftir http://www.geomon.eu Automated GPS Network Switzerland AGNES Bundesamt 133 http://www.swisstopo.ch für Landestopographie http://www.swisstopo.ch/pnac swisstopo, Switzerland http://egvap.dmi.dk/ Collection of large volume air sample Institute for Atmospheric and 93 http://www.geo.uni-frankfurt.de/iau Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany

Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Empa, Swiss Federal 51 Jungfraujoch Laboratories for Materials http://empa.ch/abt134 Testing and Research, Switzerland Evaluation of Bioaerosol Detectors for NBC-Reconnaissance Labor Spiez, Fachbereich 141 http://www.labor-spiez.ch Biologie, Switzerland Fetal programming of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension Centre Hospitalier 115 Universitaire Vaudois, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland Field survey at Gornergrat, August 2008 Alfred-Wegener-Institut 169 http://www.awi.de für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Geometric Validation of TerraSAR-X High-Resolution Remote Sensing 127 Products Laboratories, Department of http://www.geo.uzh.ch/de/units/rsl/forschung/radar-remote- Geography, sensing-sarlab/ University of Zürich, Switzerland Glacier outburst floods, a study of the processes controlling Versuchsanstalt für 165 the drainage of glacier dammed lake Wasserbau, http://www.glaciology.ch Hydrologie und Glaziologie, http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydrauli ETH Zentrum, Switzerland cs/gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake/ The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Laboratory of Atmospheric 61 Jungfraujoch Chemistry, Paul Scherrer http://www.psi.ch/gaw Institut, Switzerland http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_i nternational/gaw-ch.html

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Project Research group / institute Page Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements Federal Office of 27 http://www.meteoswiss.ch Meteorology and http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ Climatology, MeteoSwiss, http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE Payerne, Switzerland /startwave_dbs.html Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch – New Empa, Swiss Federal 45 substances on the horizon Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Switzerland High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements Climate and Environmental 85 http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ Division, Physics Institute, http://ce- University Bern, Switzerland atmosphere.lsce.ipsl.fr/database/index_database.html High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Institut 5 Spectrometry, Application to the study of the Earth d’Astrophysique et de atmosphere Géophysique, Université de http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ Liège, Belgium ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/ http://www.nilu.no/nadir/ KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie I. Physikalisches Institut, 157 http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de Universität zu Köln; http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air Climate and 91 Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland and Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany Life in Darwin’s Dust LBMPS, Université de 77 Genève, Switzerland Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV Berner Fachhochschule BFH, 37 photovoltaic plant at 3454 m Technik und Informatik TI, http://www.pvtest.ch Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland 14 222 Long-term observations of CO2 and Radon at Institut für Umweltphysik, 89 Jungfraujoch Universität Heidelberg, http://www.iup.uni- Germany heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/ra diometrie-web-html Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over Physikalisch- 35 Switzerland LIRAS Meteorologisches http://www.pmodwrc.ch Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland Measurement of 222Rn for atmospheric tracer applications Institut für 99 http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/ Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel, Switzerland

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Project Research group / institute Page Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith angles Department of Physics, 107 University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy Measurements of ambient ice nuclei with the new instrument Institute for Atmospheric and 79 PINC Climate Science, ETH http://www.iac.ethz.ch/ Zurich, Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL Empa, Swiss Federal 39 http://www.empa.ch/nabel Laboratories for Materials http://www.umwelt- Testing and Research, schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index. Switzerland html Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays Physikalisches Institut, 103 http://cosray.unibe.ch Universität Bern, Switzerland

NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free Institute for Atmospheric and 95 troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch Climate Science, ETH Zürich NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free IACETH, Switzerland troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch http://www.iac.ethz.ch Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the Surface Meteorological 149 Alps Networks, Federal Office of http://www.meteoswiss.ch Meteorology and http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/weather/current_w Climatology, MeteoSwiss, eather.par0001.reg8.stationJUN.html Payerne, Switzerland Permafrost in the Jungfrau East Ridge WSL Institute for Snow and 125 www.slf.ch Avalanche Research SLF, www.permos.ch Switzerland PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Department of Geography, 123 Alpine rock walls University of Zürich, http://www.permasense.ch/ Switzerland http://pc- 5225.ethz.ch/cacti/graph_view.php?action=tree&tree_id=2&l eaf_id=58&select_first=true Prevalence and pathophysiology of high altitude illness in Institute of Exercise and 111 children Health Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland Production, transport and deposition of cosmogenic Radioactive Tracers, Eawag, 109 radionuclides 7Be, 10Be, 36Cl Switzerland www.eawag.ch Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth Physikalisch- 33 http://www.pmodwrc.ch Meteorologisches http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc Observatorium Davos, World http://wdca.jrc.it/ Radiation Center, Switzerland Single particle analysis of aerosols from a Saharan dust event, Department of Geosciences, 75 sampled during CLACE 2008 University of Fribourg, http://www.unifr.ch/geology Switzerland Soft Error Measurements on CCD sensors iRoC Technologies, France 139 SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and Physikalisches Institut, 161 the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic Universität Bern, Switzerland eruptions at the Sun http://cosray.unibe.ch http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

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Project Research group / institute Page Spectroscopic measurements of direct moon light Institut für Umweltphysik, 101 http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany Study of atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone and temperature École Polytechnique Fédérale 21 by a LIDAR de Lausanne, Switzerland http://eflum.epfl.ch/ Study of new particle formation and ion concentrations Laboratoire de Météorologie 81 Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, France A thermal drill for ice coring on high-elevation glaciers, Labor für Radio- und 117 NCCR Climate VIVALDI, Variability in Ice, Vegetation, and Umwelt Chemie der Lake Deposits – Integrated Universität http://lch.web.psi.ch/ Bern und des Paul Scherrer http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/ Instituts, Switzerland The weather in 2008 Federal Office of 151 http://www.meteoschweiz.ch Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zürich, Switzerland Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher Versuchsanstalt für Wasser- 121 http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/ bau, Hydrologie und http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/g Glaziologie, VAW, ETH z_variations_gr_aletschgretscher Zürich, Switzerland

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Picture Gallery 2008 from http://www.hfsjg.ch

January: Daytime view of astronomy in winter: Observatory Gornergrat South at Kulmhotel Gornergrat.

February: One of the realities of everyday life of a scientist at the research station Jungfraujoch: the work bench.

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March: Installation of a sensor node between the roof of the research station and the Sphinx Terrace. This node is part of a PermaSense wireless sensor network prototype (photo: Andreas Hasler).

April: Study at Jungfraujoch of short-term acclimatization to high altitude in children by the Institute for Sport and Sport Medicine of the University of Basel.

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May: New use of the astronomical telescope in the Sphinx cupola at Jungfraujoch with EPFL's ozone differential absorption lidar (DIAL) receiver, under a clear sky.

June: Sahara dust embedded in ice. Photographed during a recent "föhn" storm at Jungfraujoch.

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July: This chamois was sighted one day at the end of June by Joan Fischer, who reacted quickly and informed Martin Fischer, who made this snapshot. Even the employees of the Jungfrau Railway were astonished to hear about this rare sighting. The chamois was passing over Jungfraujoch from Wallis to Bern.

August: Cardiovascular research by a team from the University Hospitals of Bern and Lausanne, Switzerland, during a recent study at the research station Jungfraujoch. (Photo © Gilles Weber cemcav chuv)

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September: Watching the Earth rotate and gazing at the still standing stars. Photo from the Sphinx at Jungfraujoch. (Photo © Christian Waldvogel, June 28th, 2008, www.waldvogel.com )

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October: The Sphinx rising out of a cloud.

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November: A bird's eye view of Observatory Gornergrat South.

December: The Jungfraubahn's impressive efforts to secure the Sphinx rock above the Aletsch exit.

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210 Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch

A Workshop organised by the sc|nat ‘Jungfraujoch Kommission’

Swiss Academy of Sciences, House of Science, Schwarztorstrasse 9, CH-3007 Bern, Conference Room ‘Max’ on the Ground Floor Tuesday (p.m.)/ Wednesday 25/26 November 2008

Programme

Tuesday afternoon, 25 November 2008, 1500 hrs – ca. 1900 hrs

1500-1520 — Introduction • 1500 — Aims of the Workshop, Martin C.E. Huber (Jungfraujoch Kommission) • 1510 — "The Alpine Research Station on Jungfraujoch – Origin, History and the Future", Erwin O. Flückiger (Univ. Bern, Director of the Research Station) 1520- 1620 — Reports (20 minutes with 10 minutes discussion each): • 1520 — "Aerosol measurements in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and several EC projects", Urs Baltensperger and Ernest Weingarten (Lab. Atm. Chem., PSI) • 1550 — "Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange", Valentin Simeonov, Hubert van den Bergh, Marcel Bartlomé and Bertrand Calpini (EPFL- Faculté Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit/Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution, EPFL) 1620-1640 — Coffee break 1640-1840 — Reports • 1640 — "Overview of existing high-level data products derived from high-resolution Fourier- Transform Infra-Red spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, typical results and their valorisation", Emmanuel Mahieu (GIRPAS) • 1710 — "Contributions to the exploitation of Fourier-Transform Infra-Red observations at the Jungfraujoch: recent work on O3 and CO, and future research directions", Martine De Mazière et al. (Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels) • 1740 — "Water vapour retrievals from Jungfraujoch spectra: valorisation of early observations for multi-decadal trend determinations", Philippe Demoulin (Université de Liège, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Groupe InfraRouge de Physique Atmosphérique et Solaire (GIRPAS)) • 1810 — "Long-term monitoring of stratospheric composition by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and contribution to satellite validation", François Hendrick et al., (Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels) [presented by Michel Van Roozendael] 1840-1850 — Summary of First Day: • 1840 — "First tentative conclusions following the reports of the first day", Jean-Claude Gérard (Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et Géophysique, Université de Liège) Wednesday, 26 November 2008, 0900 hrs – ca.1630 hrs

0900-0915 — Introduction: • 0900 — "The Original Atmospheric Aims of the Liège Measurements of the Solar Spectrum at High Resolution", Ginette Roland (Université de Liège) 0915-1015 — Reports (20 minutes with 10 minutes discussion each): • 0915 — "Instrumental developments in the frame of harsh environmental conditions remote- controlled Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy", Christian Servais (GIRPAS) • 0945 — "Multi-spectra multi-windows retrievals from ground-based Fourier-Transform Infra- Red spectra: application to carbonyl fluoride (COF2)", Pierre Duchatelet (GIRPAS) 1015-1035 — Coffee break 1035-1100 — General Discussion: "Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch" 1100-1230 — Reports (20 minutes with 10 minutes discussion each): • 1100 — "On the potential of the new Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAXDOAS) technique for the monitoring of tropospheric composition at the Jungfraujoch", Michel Van Roozendael et al. (Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels)

• 1130 — "What can we learn from combined CO2 and O2 measurements at Jungfraujoch?", Markus Leuenberger, Physikalisches Institut, Klima- und Umweltphysik, University of Bern) • 1200 — "Air pollution measurements at Jungfraujoch: from determination of trends to European source estimation", Brigitte Buchmann and Stefan Reimann (Air Pollution/Env. Technol., EMPA) 1230-1330 — Lunch break 1330-1530 — Reports (20 minutes with 10 minutes discussion each): • 1330 — "Trace gas measurements at Jungfraujoch to study intercontinental air pollutant transport and tropospheric ozone trends", Johannes Stähelin and Thomas Peter (Inst. Atm. & Climate, ETHZ) • 1400 — "Long-term air pollution records retrieved from Alpine ice cores", Heinz Gäggeler and Anja Eichler (PSI, Lab. f. Radiochem. & Environmental Chem.) • 1430 — "Ice nuclei measurements in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and several EC projects", Olaf Stetzer, Ulrike Lohmann and Berko Sierau (ETHZ, Inst. Atm. & Climate) • 1500 — "Overview on activities in the frame of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) Primary Site Station Bern that belongs (for NDACC) to Jungfraujoch", Niklaus Kämpfer (Inst. Appl. Phys. Univ. Bern) 1530-1620 — Reports (17 minutes with 8 minutes discussion each) • 1530 — "Comparing aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations at Jungfraujoch with those of lower altitude stations", Laurent Vuilleumier (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss) • 1555 — "Long records of weather measurements at Jungfraujoch and their significance yesterday, today and tomorrow", Simon Scherrer (Climate Services, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss) 1620- 1630 — Conclusion: • Summary, Actions, Martin C.E. Huber (Jungfraujoch Kommission) 1630- — Farewell coffee break

«Top of Europe» am Puls des Klimas

Dank der einzigartigen Lage der Forschungsstation auf dem Jungfraujoch kann die Verunreinigung der Atmosphäre gemessen und regionalen Quellen in Europa zugeordnet werden.

Bern, 27. November 2008. Zwei Dutzend Forscher aus Belgien und der Schweiz, die mit Messungen in der Hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch den Puls des Klimas fühlen, haben in den vergangenen zwei Tagen im «House of Sciences» der Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT) die neuesten Resultate ihrer Untersuchungen ausgetauscht und diskutiert. Dabei wurde klar, dass die einzigartige geographische Höhenlage des Jungfraujoch es ermöglicht, in Kenntnis der Wetterlage festzustellen, nicht nur ob, sondern auch wo in Europa die Atmosphäre mit verbotenen Substanzen verunreinigt wurde. Die mittlere Temperatur hat im Laufe der letzten zehn Jahre um zirka 0.4 °C zugenommen. Man muss deshalb erwarten, dass im Jahr 2050 auf dem Jungfraujoch an dreimal mehr Tagen soviel Tauwetter herrscht wie heute. Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphäre durch das in Hochleistungsschaltern benützte Schwefelhexafluorid nimmt gegenwärtig um zirka 4 % pro Jahr zu. Da die Lebensdauer dieses Gases in der Atmosphäre ungefähr 3200 Jahre beträgt, sind sofortige Gegenmassnahmen besonders dringend.

Positivere Nachrichten betreffen die Auswirkungen des Montreal-Protokolls, das die Erhaltung der Ozonschicht zum Ziel hat: Es hat sich nämlich gezeigt, dass die bisher getroffenen Massnahmen greifen und gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zur Reduktion des Treibhauseffektes leisten.

Weitere Informationen:

Prof. Erwin Flückiger Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern Tel. 031 631 40 56 / E-Mail: [email protected]

Wetterbeobachtungen auf Jungfraujoch haben eine lange Tradition. Sie begannen im Jahr 1922 und sind seit 1981 grösstenteils automatisiert, mit Messungen im 10-Minuten- Intervall. Die Klimamessungen, die von einer internationalen Gemeinschaft von Atmosphärenphysikern und Atmosphärenchemikern in der Hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch vorgenommen werden – und wurden – sind ein einzigartiges wissenschaftliches Gut. Die laufenden Messungen sind im internationalen Vergleich in ihrer Vollständigkeit, mit der sie die komplexe Wirklichkeit erfassen, einzigartig. Und die Tatsache, dass viele dieser Messungen weit ins vergangene Jahrhundert zurückgreifen, ermöglicht es, in den Archiven mit den heutigen Mitteln der Datenverarbeitung – dem so genannten ‚Data Mining’ – Phänomene im Detail zurückzuverfolgen. Damit lässt sich manche Theorie überprüfen und auf eine sichere Basis stellen.

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2008

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München The Royal Society, London Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (scnat), Bern Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken Gornergrat Bahn AG, Brig Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt Canton of Bern University of Bern Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon

The remarkable diligence of the scientists working at the Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat research stations and the high quality of the research they pursue are and will remain the primary motivation for the administration of the Foundation HFSJG and its members and sponsors. We thank you all heartily!

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