IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 1 (Jan 5 –(Jan 2015) 13, Feb Andreas Linsbauer (slides: modified from H. Machguth) IHCAP – IHCAP Programme Adaptation Change Climate Himalayas Indian Mass balance measurements Capacity building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 programme Capacity building on FindelenAdler Glacier and and glacier wide mass balance Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 2 Mass Balance exercise – level 1 4. Derive area of each segment Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 3 altitude for elevation bins 100 of m, observations. Mass Balance exercise – level 1 5. plot into one figure: • the glacier hypsography, • balance mass vs. • and the point Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 4 glacier
Adler a.s.l.,
m
(3400
no precipitation, data quality)
?, ‐ 2002 Stockhorn limited a.s.l.,
m
bad data quality)
now, ‐ a.s.l.,
m
Findeln (2500 1970 a.s.l.,
m
(1650
now) ‐ no precipitation)
Zermatt 1981 now, ‐ Geographical setting of Findel glacier Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Gornergrat (3100 2004 IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 5 Kappenberger
G.
source:
glacier
no rainy
(ice and type
‐ °C)
(roughly #15 2 characteristics
km
season
mostly at 0
the Alps)
temperate climate, in debris free valley and dry clear seasonal temperature cycle temperate glacier firn area 13.4 clearly seperable accumulation and ablation seasons Geographical and climatological setting and climatological Geographical Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Climate and glacier • • • • Findel glacier • • IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 6 Kappenberger
G.
source: Huss
M.
modified after
of plots:
Source Geographical and climatological setting and climatological Geographical Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 7 glacier
+ w.e.
‐ m
+0.7 w.e.
m
, only measured for 0.2 ‐ balance distribution Findel and Adler
modelled mass not a mass balance glacier ground truthing in a modelling study of a presumed horizontal precipitation gradient Why Findelen galcier? • Initially • Investigation Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course
8
The
to in
2011) […]
. al., close
varies
year
out line
year
area equilibrium (Cogley et
carried accumulation
balance hydrological ‐ are
direct glaciological
system. the
mass
of
surveys date
the ‐ floating date system
of
field
floating beginning
the duration the Annual Findel glacier: method, How do we measure on Findelen? Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 9 Bircher
S.
Photo: readings
Stake
/
drilling
Stake Salzmann
N.
Photo: How do we measure on Findelen? Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 10 pits
Salzmann
Snow N.
Photos: Machguth
H.
Photo: Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. How do we measure on Findelen? IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 11 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. The usual starting point Some random stake readings IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 12 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Interpolation approaches WGMS: Submitted to 0.1±0.5 m w.e. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 13 unpublished
Joerg,
b=0.83 m w.e. P.
source: b=-0.18 m w.e. range
b=-0.29 m w.e. 47% xml:20 2009 - 2008 Example: b = f(h) Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Profile method IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 14 1.0 m w.e. mass balance (b) 2004/05 mass balance b = -0.25 m w.e. -1.4 m w.e. m -1.4 -4.25 m w.e. -7.2 m w.e. m -7.2 -7.6 m w.e. m -7.6 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Contour line method IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 15 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Mass Balance exercise – level 1 4. Derive area of each segment IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 16 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Calculated mass balance is never final! • Re-analysis using geodetic mass balance • Extrapolation methods subject are to improvements • way mass balance The data are used is changing … IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 17 the key to good quality mass balance data characteristics process-based extrapolation (see talks on Friday) Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Conclusions • Understanding and addressing the relevant processes is • Adapt methods to climatological and glacier • Extrapolation is the key to total mass balance • In most cases it is best to either work manually use or • Publish/submit complete meta data and stake readings IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 18 (Jan 5 –(Jan 2015) 13, Feb Andreas Linsbauer (slides modified from M. Huss) for mass balance analysis IHCAP – IHCAP Programme Adaptation Change Climate Himalayas Indian Capacity building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 programme Capacity building The use of computer modelling Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 19 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Three systems to evaluate mass balance: IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 20 energy balance model / Distributed temperature-index 1 parameter 3 parameters including potential radiation (Hock, 1999; 2001) erlemans, –Extrapolation of precipitation Acc.: – Melt: using physical relations daily mass balance model (temperature, precipitation). Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Mass balance model Basic approach: • ExtrapolateTIME and point mass balance in SPACE • Analyze seasonal to annual mass balance data using a Two steps: • Fit model 1. to winter accumulation data • Fit model 2. to annual data IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 21 constrain accumulation parameters measurements constrain melt parameters Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Model adjustment Downscaling of seasonal mass balance observations using daily weather data: • Winter measurements • Annual balance Spatial distribution: • Slope, shading aspect, • Wind drift IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 22 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Model adjustment: Spatial distribution IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 23 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Step accumulation 1: Winter IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 24 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Step 2: Annual mass balance Annual Step 2: IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 25 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Final correction IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 26 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Inferred daily mass balance series IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 27 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Separation of mass balance components IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 28 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Elevation distribution of mass balance IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 29 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Elevation distribution of mass balance IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 30 Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Inferred daily mass balance series IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme: Level-2 course 31 Extrapolation using physical relations Use information contained in winter snow Daily resolution from seasonal surveys, correct varying automated method measurements periods (2) does not allow integration of the observers' knowledge Mass Balance FindelenglacierMass Balance 21.01.2015 Linsbauer, A. Conclusion • Evaluation of mass balance using a consistent, • Important advantages compared to traditional evaluation: • (1) Requires nearby meteorological measurements, BUT: