20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Mass Balance exercise – level 1 4. Derive area of each segment Mass balance measurements and glacier wide mass balance Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 on Findelen and Adler Glacier Andreas Linsbauer (slides: modified from H. Machguth) IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme Mass BalanceCapacity Findelenglacier building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 (Jan A. Linsbauer, 5 – Feb 21.01.2015 13, 2015) 1 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 2 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Mass Balance exercise – level 1 Geographical setting of Findel glacier 5. plot into one figure: Adler glacier • the glacier hypsography, Zermatt (1650 m a.s.l., 1981‐now) • mass balance vs. altitude for elevation bins of 100 m, • and the point Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Findeln (2500 m a.s.l., Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 observations. 1970‐now, bad data quality) Stockhorn (3400 m a.s.l., Gornergrat (3100 m a.s.l., 2002‐?, no precipitation, 2004‐now, no precipitation) limited data quality) Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 3 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 4 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Geographical and climatological setting Geographical and climatological setting source: G. Kappenberger source: G. Kappenberger Findel glacier characteristics • area 13.4 km2 (roughly #15 in the Alps) • debris free valley‐type glacier Climate and glacier • temperate climate, no rainy Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 and dry season • clear seasonal temperature cycle • temperate glacier (ice and firn mostly at 0 °C) • clearly seperable accumulation and ablation seasons Source of plots: modified after M. Huss Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 5 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 6 1 20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Why Findelen galcier? How do we measure on Findelen? Annual field surveys are carried out close to • Initially not a mass balance glacier, only measured for the beginning of the hydrological year. […] The ground truthing in a modelling study duration of the mass‐balance year varies in the floating‐date system. (Cogley et al., 2011) • Investigation Findel glacier: direct glaciological of a presumed +0.7 m w.e. method, floating date system horizontal ‐ precipitation Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 gradient accumulation ‐0.2 m w.e. area equilibrium + line modelled mass balance distribution Findel and Adler glacier Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 7 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 8 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change How do we measure on Findelen? How do we measure on Findelen? Photo: N. Salzmann Photo: H. Machguth Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Photo: S. Bircher Stake drilling / Stake readings Photos: N. Salzmann Snow pits Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 9 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 10 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change The usual starting point Interpolation approaches Some random stake readings Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Submitted to WGMS: 0.1±0.5 m w.e. Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 11 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 12 2 20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Profile method Contour line method b = f(h) mass balance (b) 2004/05 b = -0.25 m w.e. b=-0.29 m b=-0.18 m -7.2 m w.e. -4.25 m w.e. w.e. w.e. -1.4 m w.e. -7.6 m w.e. Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 1.0 m w.e. Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 47% b=0.83 m w.e. range Example: 2008 - 2009 source: P. Joerg, unpublished Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 13 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 14 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Mass Balance exercise – level 1 Calculated mass balance is never final! 4. Derive area of each segment • Re-analysis using geodetic mass balance • Extrapolation methods are subject to improvements • The way mass balance data are used is changing … Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 15 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 16 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Conclusions • Understanding and addressing the relevant processes is the key to good quality mass balance data • Adapt methods to climatological and glacier characteristics • Extrapolation is the key to total mass balance The use of computer modelling • In most cases it is best to either work manually or use Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 for mass balance analysis Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 process-based extrapolation (see talks on Friday) • Publish/submit complete meta data and stake readings Andreas Linsbauer (slides modified from M. Huss) IHCAP – Indian Himalayas Climate Change Adaptation Programme Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 17 Mass BalanceCapacity Findelenglacier building programme “Cryosphere” Level-2 (Jan A. Linsbauer, 5 – Feb 21.01.2015 13, 2015) 18 3 20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Three systems to evaluate mass balance: Mass balance model Basic approach: • Extrapolate point mass balance in SPACE and TIME using physical relations • Analyze seasonal to annual mass balance data using a daily mass balance model (temperature, precipitation). – Melt: Distributed temperature-index / energy balance model Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 including potential radiation (Hock, 1999; erlemans, 2001) Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 3 parameters – Acc.: Extrapolation of precipitation 1 parameter Two steps: • 1. Fit model to winter accumulation data • 2. Fit model to annual data Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 19 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 20 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Model adjustment Model adjustment: Spatial distribution Downscaling of seasonal mass balance observations using daily weather data: • Winter measurements constrain accumulation parameters Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 • Annual balance measurements constrain melt parameters Spatial distribution: • Slope, aspect, shading • Wind drift Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 21 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 22 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Step 1: Winter accumulation Step 2: Annual mass balance Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 23 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 24 4 20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Final correction Inferred daily mass balance series Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 25 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 26 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Separation of mass balance components Elevation distribution of mass balance Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 27 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 28 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Elevation distribution of mass balance Inferred daily mass balance series Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 29 Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 30 5 20.01.2015 IHCAP IHCAP – Indian Climate Himalayas Change Conclusion • Evaluation of mass balance using a consistent, automated method • Important advantages compared to traditional evaluation: Extrapolation using physical relations Use information contained in winter snow measurements Adaptation Programme: course Level-2 Daily resolution from seasonal surveys, correct varying periods • BUT: (1) Requires nearby meteorological measurements, (2) does not allow integration of the observers' knowledge Mass Balance Findelenglacier A. Linsbauer, 21.01.2015 31 6.