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VANA-LÄHIS-IDA AJALUGU 3500–2000 Ekr

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VANA-LÄHIS-IDA AJALUGU 3500–2000 Ekr VLADIMIR SAZONOV, PEETER ESPAK, ANDREAS JOHANDI VANA-LÄHIS-IDA AJALUGU 3500–2000 eKr Mesopotaamia ajalugu kiilkirja tekkest kuni Uus-Sumeri riigi languseni Vana-Lähis-Ida ajalugu 3500–2000 eKr. Mesopotaamia ajalugu kiilkirja tekkest kuni Uus-Sumeri riigi languseni Vladimir Sazonov, Peeter Espak, Andreas Johandi Vana-Lähis-Ida ajalugu 3500–2000 eKr. Mesopotaamia ajalugu kiilkirja tekkest kuni Uus-Sumeri riigi languseni Toimetanud Mari Mets Kaane kujundanud Kalle Paalits Küljendanud Kairi Kullasepp Raamatu ilmumist on toetanud Tartu Ülikool ja Eesti Teadusagendtuur (ETF grandid 8669 ja 8993 ning PUT 500). ISBN 978-9949-32-907-6 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-32-908-3 (pdf) Autoriõigused: Vladimir Sazonov, Peeter Espak, Andres Johandi, 2015 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee Sisukord EESSÕNA 9 LÜHENDID 12 1. SISSEJUHATUS 13 1.1. Mis on Vana-Lähis-Ida uuringud ja mis on orientalistika? 13 1.2. Kuidas sai alguse assürioloogia kui teadusdistsipliin? 16 1.3. Assürioloogiast ja orientalistikast Eestis 31 1.4. Vana-Lähis-Ida geograafia ja loodus 35 1.5. Kronoloogiasüsteemidest ja periodiseeringutest 42 1.5.1. Vana-Lähis-Ida kronoloogiasüsteemidest ja periodiseeringutest 42 1.5.2. Ajaarvamine ja dateerimine muistses Lähis-Idas 43 1.6. Mesopotaamia ajaloo allikad ja kiilkiri 46 1.6.1. Kiilkiri ning selle teke ja areng 46 1.6.2. Vana-Mesopotaamia allikatest üldisemalt 50 1.6.3. Leksikaalsed nimekirjad 66 1.6.4. Ametlikud dokumendid 67 1.6.5. Pitsatid ja silinderpitsatid 68 1.6.6. Isikunimed kui allikad 69 1.6.7. Aastanimed 70 1.6.8. Raidkirjad 70 1.6.9. Mütoloogilised ja kirjanduslikud tekstid 71 Bartoni silinder 74 Tekst „Ukg 15” 75 „Enki ja Ninmah” 76 „Gilgameš, Enkidu ja allilm” 77 Maailma ülesehitus Mesopotaamias 80 Abzu ja surnuteriik Kur 82 1.6.10. Allikakriitika 84 5 2. MESOPOTAAMIA JA EELAMI AJALUGU 3500–2000 EKR 86 2.1. Mesopotaamia ja Eelami rahvastest ning nende päritolust 86 2.1.1. Sumerid 86 2.1.2. Akadlased 89 2.1.3. Eelamlased 91 2.1.4. Hurriidid 94 2.1.5. Amoriidid 94 2.2. Ülevaade Mesopotaamia ajaloost 96 2.2.1. Ubaidi ajastu (5500–4000 eKr) 97 2.2.2. Uruki ajastu (4000–3100 eKr) 99 2.2.3. Ğemdet-Nasri ajastu (3100–2900 eKr) 101 2.2.4. Varadünastiline periood (2900/2800–2335 eKr) 102 Varadünastiline ajastu I (u 2900–2750 eKr) 104 Varadünastiline ajastu II (u 2750–2650 eKr) 104 Varadünastilise ajastu III periood (u 2650–2335 eKr) 106 Uri kuninglik kalmistu 106 Meš-Ane-pada 109 Lagaši I dünastia 111 Ur-Nanše (ca 2500 eKr) 112 Akurgal (ca 2460/2450 eKr) 116 E-anatum (ca 2450–2425 eKr) 117 En-metena ja Dudu (24. saj eKr) 117 En-anatum II 121 En-entarzi ja Lugalanda reformid Lagašis 122 Urukagina 122 2.2.5. Umma ja Uruki valitseja Lugal-zagesi vallutab Sumeri 126 2.2.6. Sumeri arhailine ühiskond ja kuningavõim 127 En 130 Ensi 130 Lugal 131 2.2.7. Akadi ajastu 131 Sargon (2334–2279 eKr) 131 Narām-Su’en (2254–2218 eKr) ja Akadi impeeriumi hiilgeajad 134 Akadi impeeriumi lõpp 139 6 2.2.8. Sumer ja Akad gutilaste ülemvõimu ajastul (ca 2200–2120/2016 eKr) 140 Gudea (valitses u 2144–2124 eKr või 2143–2117 eKr) 140 2.2.9. Uri III ajastu (2112–2004 eKr) 141 Ur-Namma (2112–2095 eKr) 143 Šulgi (2094–2047 eKr) 143 Amar-Su’ena (2045–2038/2037 eKr) 146 Uri III riigi langus ja häving 146 Šu-Su’en (2037–2030 eKr) 146 Ibbi-Su’en (ca 2030–2004 eKr) 147 2.2.10. Ebla ja Mari linnriigid III at eKr 148 Ebla linnriik 148 Mari linnriik 149 2.3. Eelam ehk Loode-Iraani alad 3000–2000 eKr ning nende suhted Sumeri ja Akadiga 150 2.3.1 Eelami ajaloost ja riiklikust süsteemist ning ideoloogiast üldisemalt 150 KRONOLOOGIA 159 FOTODE, JOONISTE JA KAARTIDE NIMEKIRI 162 KIRJANDUS 164 Elektroonilised allikad 164 Kreeka allikad 164 Mesopotaamia ja Iraani allikad 165 Sekundaarkirjandus 165 7 Eessõna1 Juba pikemat aega on Eestis tuntud vajadust omakeelse muistse Lähis- Ida aja- ja kultuurilugu käsitleva raamatu järele. Enne käesoleva raamatu ilmu mist polnud olemas ühtegi eesti keeles kirjutatud teaduslikku üle- vaatekäsitlust muistse Mesopotaamia, Anatoolia, Iraani ja nendega piirnevate alade aja-, usundi- ning kultuuriloost. Alates 2005. aastast on raamatu autorid Peeter Espak ja Vladimir Sazonov pidanud terve rea Vana-Lähis-Ida teemalisi loengukursusi ning seminare Tartu Ülikoolis ning külalisõppejõududena ka Tallinna Ülikoolis ja TÜ Narva Kolledžis. Ala- tes 2014. aastast on Tartu Ülikoolis hakanud loenguid pidama Andreas Johandi, kes on ka viimastel aastatel panustanud Lähis-Ida uuringutesse, sh ka käesoleva raamatu koostamisse. Loengute pidamist raskendas üks tõsine probleem: eestikeelse Vana-Lähis-Ida ajaloo õpiku puudumine. Emakeelse, kaasaegse ja süsteemse õppematerjali olemasolu kindlasti liht- sustab aine omandamist tunduvalt nii üliõpilaste kui ka asjahuviliste seas. Viimane tõlkeõpik sel teemal ilmus eesti keeles 1949. aastal. Selle auto- riks oli nõukogude akadeemik Vassili V. Struve, kelle koostatud kõrgkooli õpik kannab nimetust „Vana-Idamaade ajalugu”.2 Selle õpiku kasutamine õppematerjalina 21. sajandi alguse Eestis on aga problemaatiline, sest õpik on stalinistlikust ajastu vaimust kantuna väga ideologiseeritud. Lisaks on Vana-Lähis-Ida arheoloogia, filoloogia ja ajaloo valdkonnas viimase 65 aasta jooksul tehtud palju silmapaistvaid avastusi,3 mis on ümber lükanud mitmed Struve raamatus esitatud vananenud seisukohad. 1 Raamat valmis Eesti Teadusfondi grantide 8669 ja 8993 ning PUT 500 toetusel. 2 Struve 1949. 3 Ühe näitena paljudest võib tuua 1960. aastatel alanud itaalia arheoloogide korraldatud väljakaevamistel leitud muistse Ebla linnriigi Süüriast Tell-Mardikhist. Ebla linnast leitud kiilkirjaarhiiv, mida dateeritakse III eelkristlikku aastatuhandesse, heidab muuhulgas valgust toonaste sumerite ja semiitide kultuurilisele kontaktile. 9 Paraku on ka muu eesti keeles ilmunud vastavasisuline tõlkekirjandus enamasti madala või lausa väga nõrga kvaliteediga. Üksikud mõnevõrra soliidsemad varasemad käsitlused on tugevasti mõjutatud okupatsiooni- võimude ideoloogiast (nagu ülalmainitud V. V. Struve raamat). Ilmunud populaarteaduslikkusele pretendeerivate raamatute näol on aga tege- mist tihti lausa pseudoteaduslike või pseudoteaduse piiril balansseerivate teostega, nagu näiteks slovakk Vojtech Zamarovský „Alguses oli Sumer”4 (1980) või sakslase Helmut Uhligi „Sumerid: rahvas ajaloo alguses”.5 Sellist laadi raamatuid üliõpilastele lugemiseks soovitada ei tohiks. 20. sajan- dil ilmus terve hulk pseudoteaduslikke raamatuid ja artikleid muistse Mesopotaamia ajaloost, nagu näiteks Ants Uro 1940. aastal trükitud raa- matukene „Sumerlaste seadusi”. Pikemalt neist räägime peatükis „Mis on Vana-Lähis-Ida uuringud ja mis on orientalistika”. Lünka eestikeelses lugemisvaras on raamatu autorid (Espak, Sazonov, Johandi) ning eesti assürioloog Amar Annus üritanud täiendada, aval- dades populaarteaduslikke artikleid ajakirjades Horisont, Kirikiri, Kirik ja Teoloogia, Maailma Vaade, Diplomaatia, mõningates tõsisemates teadus- ajakirjades nagu Akadeemia, Eesti Akadeemilise Orientaalseltsi aastaraamat, Usuteaduslik Ajakiri, Ajalooline Ajakiri, Tuna ning muudes väljaannetes.6 Kuid ka pärast hulgaliselt avaldatud artikleid säilib vajadus süstemaatilise õpiku järele. Inglis-, vene-, saksa- või prantsuskeelseid õpikuid on küllalda- selt, kuid samalaadne eestikeelne käsitlus puudus siiani. Nüüd on see lünk loodetavasti täidetud. Raamatu koostamisel püstitasid autorid endale eesmärgi valmistada ette ning trükis välja anda esimene eesti autorite koostatud põhjalik ja kaasaegne muistse Lähis-Ida aja- ning kultuuriloo käsitlus, mis oleks kasutatav eelkõige kõrgkooliõpikuna. Samas võiks see raamat olla abi- materjaliks ka mitmete valdkondade erialateadlastele: nii Vana-Lähis-Ida uurimisele keskendunud ajaloolaste, filoloogide ja arheoloogide kui ka teo- loogide, hebraistide, klassikaliste filoloogide, orientalistika distsipliinidega 4 Vt nt V. Zamarovský 1980. Selle raamatu puhul on tegemist sisult nõrga ja vananenud teosega. 5 Uhlig 2004. Vt ka retsensiooni Espak 2008, 129–135. 6 Vt nt Sazonov 2007a, 2001–2031; Sazonov 2011, 18–25; Sazonov 2012c, 180–202; Espak, Sazonov 2005, 34–41; Espak, Sazonov 2007, 32–39; Espak 2009a, 19–29; Espak 2010a, 1791–1840; Espak 2005, 47–49; Espak 2010b, 69–84; Johandi 2012, 159–179. 10 tegelevate isikute, semiootikute, kulturoloogide, kirjandusteadlaste jt jaoks. Püüd säilitada loogilist ülesehitust ning vältida detailsemate eri- alaterminite liigset kasutamist peaks tegema raamatu ligipääsetavaks ka laiemale lugejaskonnale (nt keskkooliõpilased, ajaloohuvilised). Koostatud trükis hõlmab endas kogu muistse Lähis-Ida aja- ja kultuuriloo ülevaadet aastatel u 3500–2000 eKr e Lähis-Ida kirjalikku ajalugu alates pronksiaja algusest ning kiilkirja leiutamisest Sumeris ca 3500/3400 eKr kuni Uus-Sumeri riigi langemiseni ca 2000 eKr. Niisiis on autorite peaeesmärk täiendada praeguseni sisuliselt puu- duvat muistse Lähis-Ida aja- ja kultuurilugu käsitlevat eestikeelset tõsistel teaduslikel alustel seisvat kirjandust. Kuna Eestis tegutseb mit- meid vanaaja ajaloo ja Vana-Lähis-Ida uurijaid, ei pidanud raamatu autorid põhjendatuks tõlkida mõni rahvusvahelises keeles ilmunud teaduslik aja- lookäsitlus7 eesti keelde, vaid leidsid, et hoopis otstarbekam on koostada just uus originaaluurimus. vanemteadur Vladimir Sazonov, vanemteadur Peeter Espak ja TÜ doktorant Andreas Johandi Tartu, 2015 7 Vt nt Briant 2002; Wiesehöfer 2005; Kuhrt 1995; Cancik-Kirschbaum 2003; van de Mieroop 2004; Edzard 2004; Selz 2005; Liverani 2014; IDV I; Дандамаев 1985; Емельянов 2003. 11 Lühendid AcOr Acta Orientalia (Budapest) Societates Orientales Batava, Danica, Norvegica, Svecica
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