O Papel Da Edubba Na Sociedade Suméria

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O Papel Da Edubba Na Sociedade Suméria Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Letras A ESCOLA E A EDUCAÇÃO NA SUMÉRIA O PAPEL DA EDUBBA NA SOCIEDADE SUMÉRIA André Gonçalo Azevedo Pedro Dissertação Mestrado em História História Antiga 2015 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Letras A ESCOLA E A EDUCAÇÃO NA SUMÉRIA O PAPEL DA EDUBBA NA SOCIEDADE SUMÉRIA André Gonçalo Azevedo Pedro Dissertação orientada pelo Prof. Doutor António J. Ramos dos Santos Mestrado em História Antiga 2015 Aquele que sabe, porque há-de tê-lo escondido? - Provérbio sumério i AGRADECIMENTOS Ainda que a redacção de uma dissertação seja um trabalho solitário, devo, por gratidão e inspiração, registar os merecidos agradecimentos e dedicatórias às pessoas que durante todo o meu período de investigação e de escrituração me ajudaram e me inspiraram. Apraz-me também dizer que, apesar de reservar esta secção da dissertação para agradecimentos e dedicatórias, o seu espaço limitado não me permite, como deveria, referir todas as pessoas que, de forma directa ou indirecta, me apoiaram na criação desta tese. As palavras que, portanto, dirijo serão sempre insuficientes para tamanha gratidão para um momento tão marcante na vida escolar como é a criação de uma tese de mestrado. A todos, deixo desde já, de forma geral, a mais sincera das gratidões. Por contubérnio, devo dirigir as minhas primeiras palavras de gratidão aos meus pais e às minhas irmãs. À minha mãe, que sempre foi, e sempre será, a pessoa mais querida da minha vida, e por em qualquer circunstância acreditar em mim e no que faço. Ao meu pai, pela camaradagem e apoio. Às minhas duas irmãs, pela cumplicidade, amizade e alegria que sempre caracteriza a nossa relação. Espero que esta etapa na minha vida académica, que agora findou, traga, de alguma forma, retribuição por todo o carinho e apoio que me ofereceram. Deixo também aqui uma palavra de gratidão à minha avó, cuja alegria jovial é uma inspiração. A nível académico, devo agradecer em primeiro lugar ao meu orientador de tese, o Prof. Doutor António Ramos dos Santos, pelo acompanhamento, conselhos e incentivos. Agradeço também ao Prof. Doutor Luís Manuel de Araújo, pelo seu espírito sempre alegre e apaixonante devoção ao seu trabalho que inevitavelmente contagia os seus alunos. Ao Prof. Doutor José Augusto Ramos, pela sua natural alegria com que guia as suas aulas e mestria do conhecimento do Mundo Antigo que tanta admiração desperta. À Prof. Doutora Maria de Fátima Reis, pelas suas esclarecedoras lições sobre a metodologia e trabalho científico. E a todos os outros professores com quem me cruzei e troquei palavras durante o meu mestrado, pela inspiração e conhecimento adquiridos. ii Devo igualmente um agradecimento aos funcionários da Biblioteca Central da FLUL e da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal. Em última parte, mas não por grau de relevância, quero expressar um especial agradecimento ao Prof. Doutor Bram Jagersma da Universidade de Leiden por ter respondido às mensagens deste anónimo estudante estrangeiro, e por ter disponibilizado a sua notável obra A descriptive grammar of Sumerian (prémio De la Court do KNAW) que possibilitou a um estudioso como eu introduzir-se com sucesso na língua suméria, não havendo, infelizmente, a oportunidade de o fazer por método convencional de aula devido à inexistência desta especialidade no nosso país. Agradeço aos Profs. Doutores Niek Veldhuis, da Universidade da Califórnia, Berkeley, e a Eleanor Robson, da Universidade de Oxford, que já tive a oportunidade de gratificar por outros meios, pelo trabalho desenvolvido que, em larga medida, me possibilitaram a criação desta tese. A estes, junto muitos outros cuja lista seria demasiado extensa para aqui nomear todos os historiadores que consultei, mas cujos nomes e obras estão devidamente referidos ao longo desta dissertação. Da mesma forma, agradeço aos responsáveis pelos projectos: electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD) da Universidade da Pensilvânia, Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, financiado pelo National Endowment for the Humanities e contribuições privadas; o The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) da Universidade de Oxford, financiado em parte pelo The Leverhulme Trust e o The Arts and Humanities Board; o Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) da Universidade da Califórnia, da Universidade de Oxford, e do Max Planck Institute for the History of Science; o Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (Oracc); e à base de dados do Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften da Universidade de Berna. Por fim, dedico esta tese de Mestrado à minha tia Custódia, que durante este ano partiu antes de nós. A ela, que sempre amou os seus sobrinhos, preservo o seu amável e genuíno afecto. Para sempre, a memória de uma grande amiga gravada no meu coração. Descansa em paz. iii RESUMO No final do quarto milénio a.C., no rescaldo da invenção da escrita (c. 3300 a.C.), surgiu nos templos sumérios a primeira educação letrada, vocacionada, sobretudo, a formar administradores para a gestão das transacções comerciais aí praticadas e sacerdotes para os seus deveres litúrgicos e criação hínica. Não muitas décadas se passaram até surgirem as primeiras escolas seculares, que se designariam por edubba’s, as «casas das tabuinhas». Contudo, foi só em meados do terceiro milénio a.C. que as escolas seculares proliferaram e ganharam maior relevo que as primeiras. A partir desta altura, operaram- se desenvolvimentos no plano curricular e pedagógico, assim como transformações no corpo docente e discente, para além das mudanças na envolvência política, social e cultural, como o decurso da linha cronológica exige. Assim, as edubba’s atravessaram vários estágios ao longo da História da Suméria: o terceiro milénio a.C., que viu a formação destas escolas, assim como os primeiros currículos e métodos pedagógicos; as primeiras grandes reformas na instituição durante a III dinastia de Ur, no âmbito do propositado renascimento cultural sumério; os grandes avanços curriculares aquando da ascensão dos Estados amoritas, principalmente durante a dinastia de Isin; e, finalmente o modelo paleo-babilónio, que materializou o produto acabado de mais de mil e quinhentos anos de desenvolvimento escolar. Para além da parte curricular, a edubba, enquanto instituição de grande especificidade, representou uma idiossincrasia na sua sociedade, catapultando algumas transformações e expectativas no seu contexto. A edubba foi um produto e um produtor de cultura, e um agente activo de metamorfoses na Suméria enquanto meio de mobilidade social, produtor de literatura fundamental, criador de novas profissões, ou formador da classe administrativa, legisladora e burocrata das cidades-estado. Palavras-chave: Suméria; educação suméria; escola suméria; história da educação; edubba iv ABSTRACT At the end of the fourth millennium BC, in the aftermath of the invention of writing (c.3300 BC), the first form of literate education appeared in Sumerian temples. It was dedicated primarily to train administrators for the management of commercial transactions conducted there, as well as priests for their liturgical duties and hymnal creation. Not many decades passed, began to appear the first secular schools, which would be designated by edubba's, the «house of tablets». However, it was only in the middle of the third millennium BC that secular schools proliferated and became more important than the original ones. From this point on, as the course of the timeline demands, they were responsible for developments in the curricular and pedagogical plane, as well as changes in the teaching staff and students, in addition to changes in political, social and cultural surroundings. Thus, the edubba's went through various stages throughout the history of Sumer: the third millennium BC, which saw the formation of these schools, as well as the first curriculum and teaching methods; the first major reforms in the institution during the Third Dynasty of Ur, under the purposeful Sumerian cultural renaissance; the major curricular advances during the rise of the Amorite States, especially during the dynasty of Isin; and finally the paleo-Babylonian model, which materialized the product of more than fifteen hundred years of academic development. In addition to the curricular part, the edubba, as an institution of great specificity, represented an idiosyncrasy in their society, catapulting some changes and expectations in its context. The edubba was a product and a producer of culture and an active agent of metamorphosis in Sumer as medium for social mobility, producer of fundamental literature, creator of new professions, or as a trainer of the city-states' managerial, lawmaker and bureaucrat class. Keywords: Sumer; Sumerian education; Sumerian school; history of education; Edubba v ÍNDICE 1. Estado da Questão 1 2. Conceito de Edubba 23 3. História da Educação na Suméria 33 3.1 Proto-História 34 3.2 Período Arcaico 44 3.3 Acad e Ur III 55 3.4 Isin e Paleo-Babilónia 68 4. Estrutura Física e Materiais 84 5. Currículo e Métodos Pedagógicos 107 5.1 Fase Elementar 116 5.2 Fase Avançada 130 5.3 Metodologia 155 6. Vida e Intervenientes na Edubba 160 6.1 Dumu-Edubba 161 6.2 Dubsar 174 6.3 Ummia 189 6.4 Professores Assistentes 199 6.5 Ugula 202 6.6 Sacerdotes 208 6.7 Reis 211 6.8 Plebe 217 6.9 Mulheres 220 6.10 Outros 222 7. Conclusão 228 Bibliografia 236 Fontes 245 vi PREFÁCIO A presente dissertação propõe-se analisar a integração da instituição suméria edubba na sua cidade-estado e suas influências na construção cultural, social e política da mesma, quer através dos intervenientes humanos directos, quer através da autoridade institucional nas mais diversas matérias. Mais concretamente, intenta-se fazer um retrato social a partir da edubba e seus intervenientes, para além de analisar os aspectos mais importantes do quotidiano dentro desta instituição. Para este efeito, serão abordadas, nesta dissertação, algumas temáticas inerentes: - Sobre o que é a edubba? Perceberemos que era um espaço doméstico e originalmente urbano, destinado ao ensino vocacional da profissão de escriba, e onde se leccionava e se estudava vários géneros textuais, como as leis, contratos, literatura, agrimensura, matemática, epistolária, etc.
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