Appendix One Shadow of a Warrior Queen

BOUDICCA AND THE DESTRUCTION OF LONDON: UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

We know very little about Boudicca and even less about her anony- mous daughters, her husband the shadowy Prasutagus, their household and retainers, where they may have lived, fought, died or been buried. We have no strong grasp of who or how many were the Iceni, or what their daily conversation was or their immediate hopes and fears. Our words for Iceni society are already packed with duplicity: tribe, warrior, priest, native, barbarian, king. Many of these defini- tions come directly from Roman historians trying to make sense of a closely knit agricultural society based upon ties of kinship and allegiance. Even the ‘tribal’ names (which changed for unknown rea- sons between the Caesarian and Claudian invasions) tell us almost nothing and may be little more than dynastic titles for groups of people joined under a certain ruler. For a Roman, all non-Romans were essentially barbarians – fascinating, exotic, very dangerous and, at least on first contact, utterly alien and ‘other’ (hence the terror engendered in the legions every time they came into contact with an army of indigenous warriors). Tacitus remarks, ‘remember we are dealing with barbarians’ – who, however familiar by looks, were simply unknowable. It is of course, a truism that the Romans were not racially biased.

There is little evidence that the Romans had any general racial prejudice in the modern sense. Hence they assumed anyone, or almost anyone, could absorb Roman culture and manners, even as they themselves (despite the protests of moralists and conserva- tives) borrowed extensively from other cultures, especially in the fields of art and religion.1

Yet this disguises the fact that Romans demanded conformism. Absorption equalled assimilation into the civil, legal and religious structure of being governed as Roman. Refusal meant persecution or extermination (policies adopted towards both religious dissenters such as the early Christians and tribal opponents). For the rulers of an ethnically diverse, multilingual empire, the Romans were ever conservative and conformist. Otherness came from a wilful refusal to become Roman and learn Latin. The determining quality of Roman

519 520 Violent London civilization was similarity in terms of recognition of the cultural rules. The Romans simply could not understand the stubbornness of other highly civilized metropolitan peoples (in the Middle East) or the supposed haphazardness of agrarian tribespeople. The war of AD 60 itself is recorded in full by only two Roman historians, from whom the name Boudicca has come down through history. The evidence of destruction exists as a layer of blackened earth in Colchester, St Albans and London. The Roman texts are therefore supported only by the circumstantial evidence of city fires (a frequent occurrence in wooden towns). There is almost no direct evidence of violent destruction through deliberate human intervention, although skulls purportedly from the period were found in excavations around the Walbrook in London. The archaeology has therefore always been used to support the Roman texts (like biblical archaeology support- ing the Gospels), for no independent voice records the narrative of events and no oral tradition remains. Indeed even the name Boudicca is complicated by the fact that it translates as ‘Victory’, a rather convenient name for a warrior queen and one she may have adopted or been given at a symbolic or ritual event. She may have been therefore Boudicca or another Celtic variant, Buddia, or neither to her followers. She does not name herself in Tacitus’s narrative. The first written record of the war occurs in the work of P. Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman administrator and historian who was the son-in-law of Britain’s most famous governor, Agricola, a participant in the war himself. Born around AD 55, Tacitus had a personal interest in Britain through his marriage and was sufficiently close in time to be able to write from contemporary evidence, Roman records and the oral tradi- tions of legionary families. He did not visit Britain, however, and was only too well aware of the generic requirements of history, the sty- listic shape and tone needed for a retelling. Boudicca fascinated him, not merely as a person in her own right but because she represented a power against which Roman honour and virtue could be tested. For Tacitus it was Roman incompetence that allowed Boudicca to cause trouble but it was equally important that Boudicca and her followers were not represented as mindless savages, for then Roman virtue would have no worthy opponent. Read this way, Tacitus’s account is determined by a Roman readership for whom history is a way of recalling a republican ideal in a world fallen into decadence and led by greed and political intrigue. The nobility of the Roman generals is contrasted with the barbarian warrior leaders. However noble, brave and honourable Boudicca’s speeches, they are predicated upon a background of wanton terror and atrocity, which can never be forgotten. Natives always reverted to type. Roman generals, however, trusted their troops and the discipline of the legions; they were capable of following the path of virtue and many did so even when prosecuting Appendix One 521 a punitive campaign. Only when campaigners went too far, as with Paulinus’s revenge ride into East Anglia, or legionaries got out of hand, does Tacitus condemn them, for discipline and virtue (truth to an unspoken Roman personal code of honour) had broken down and on these two alone Roman power allegedly rested. It was the ability of the legions to recover from disaster and disadvantage that marked their superiority over undisciplined natives and barbarian hordes. Tacitus’s account gives only glimpses of the political state of Britain during the war of AD 60. The independence that Prasutagus thought that he had won by making the emperor co-heir was cruelly stolen away when Roman troops arrived to protect Roman administrators and their slaves who were intent on occupying the Icenian territories just as they had occupied the area in Essex and Suffolk of their neighbours the Trinobantes. It is unclear what this ‘occupation’ meant for Boudicca (or her representatives) as they had obviously not expected an attack and had prepared no forces. The Romans may therefore have arrived uninvited from nearby Colchester or, more likely, marched from London on the orders of the imperial agent Catus Decianus. The Iceni may have believed this to be a diplomatic mission to renegoti- ate terms. Either way, it is clear that the Iceni felt themselves to be outside Roman rule and independent of Roman taxation or law. They were willing to pay tribute, the naming of the emperor as co-heir clearly a symbolic gesture verifying neighbours (British and Roman) in kinship. No one expected an occupying force nor one intent on such violence. The Romans clearly intended to cash in their cheque and turn Iceni lands into part of the military province. Things then turn very ugly. Boudicca is seized and flogged. We do not know why, but this and the rape of her children is clearly a symptom rather than a cause of the war. The daughters may have been raped by Roman ‘slaves’, something that would have been deeply humiliating to the royal household. Yet these slaves were not mere menials but clearly the civil servants and administrators of the Roman authorities. Slaves such as Narcissus and Polyclitus could rise to become the most important men in the empire below the Emperor, so the term is very wide and impossible to interpret. Why then were Icenian lands occupied, the royal household humiliated and the nobility deprived of its estates? Because the Romans knew they were plotting a war. It seems clear that the Iceni and Trinobantes were possibly conspiring before the occupation, which itself was a punitive raid to show once and for all who was in charge. Tacitus tells us that the Trinobantes were already plotting to regain their ancestral capital (Colchester) for ‘they had secretly plot- ted together to become free again’. Insulted by the ex-legionaries who had made Camulodunum their home and expelled the aborigi- nal inhabitants, the Trinobantes were witness to the building of the 522 Violent London largest structure yet seen in the British Isles, ‘a blatant stronghold of alien rule’. This itself was an insult but even more insulting was the fact that the priests of the emperor cult were of Trinobantian origin and so the Romans were using Trinobantian administrators to tax their own ‘tribe’ for constant tribute for the temple. This was extor- tion in which the Trinobantes had become unwilling partners. Even more dreadful was the fact that the retired legionaries seemed to be under no legal or disciplinary restraints. For all intents and purposes the north-east corner of modern Essex and the southern part of Suffolk were under permanent martial law designed to uphold an arbitrary system of legalized banditry. Nevertheless, Tacitus tells us ‘servitude had not broken them’. The bonds of household and kinship still held amongst these Britons as it did still with those non-provincial Britons north of the Thames and west of the Sussex Weald. Some modern historians have suggested that ‘the rebellion of Boudicca’ was a consequence of the ‘new’ status of tribal life in Norfolk, hence ‘By AD 60 we may expect a number of the British tribes to have been formally recognized as civitates, or non-citizen but regular local authorities on the Roman pattern, to whom various functions were delegated, and it is likely that the kingdoms of Prasutagus of the Iceni and of Cogidubnus and perhaps others were similarly regulated.’2 Not only is there scant evidence for such an assertion, but the ‘status’ that came from recognition as civitates for a Roman must surely in East Anglia have been a scandalous humiliation and degradation (although not perhaps on the south coast of the province of Britain proper). The Iceni had been forced to take on exorbitant loans that were the immediate cause of the Roman delegation’s visit to Norfolk. Either way, what to the Romans were taxes (and therefore legitimate) were probably extortionate loan charges to a bitter Icenian nobility. Constant debt brought fiscal as well as moral obligations. It is possible that Prasutagus hoped to ‘buy off’ the Emperor in his (Roman style) will in order to alleviate the entrapment of debt. Such a ‘pay- ment’ would make the Emperor a sleeping partner in the kingdom, an arrangement of symbolic honour to replace a situation of actual bankruptcy. The Emperor’s men, acting as unruly bailiffs, understood debt quite differently. The war therefore was between contracted and equal partners – not a rebellion; for the Iceni at least a war of opposing ‘nations’ with equal but opposite diplomatic rights. The dispersed Trinobantes, still sensible of their independence, saw the war as a way of returning ‘home’ to ancestral lands. The war may be seen as part of the entrepreneurial phase of the early Roman Empire, where the boundaries of the geographical lim- its of conquest also constantly shifted the power structures in Rome itself. Britain refused to remain peaceful for over a hundred years, the German borders remained in a state of continual flux and alert and Appendix One 523 within ten years the Middle Eastern provinces rose in a series of wars of ‘independence’ to which the Romans answered with extermination and dispersal. We may not be surprised to find that Suetonius Paulinus, ex-Governor, having quit Britain, is next seen as a central figure in the growing disturbances in the heart of the empire, nor that a former commander of legions in Britain, Vespasian, was in command in the Middle East. The Icenian war is, in this context, a war caused by rapid imperial expansion on behalf of a Roman machine unable to comprehend the speed of its own conquests or absorb the diplomatic lessons of imperial rule. Druid, Jew and German tribesman were therefore united in a strange and prolonged period of major world disturbance in which the Romans were the sole aggressors. This was a world war of sorts carried out sporadically and across global dimensions. Such a situation was not lost on Tacitus, who suggests that the lesson was also not lost on the leaders of later British wars of independence who were aware of struggles on the German borders and the meaning of those struggles.

You have mustered to a man, and all of you are free . . . We, the most distant dwellers upon earth, the last of the free . . . the Romans, . . . pillagers of the world . . . create a desolation and call it peace . . . can you seriously think that those Gauls and Germans – and, to our bitter shame, many Britons too – are bound to Rome by genuine loyalty or affection?3

The destruction of Camulodunum was perhaps being prepared before the final outrage committed by the Roman administrators. Rumour- mongers, fifth columnists and saboteurs roamed the environs of the city near the theatre and senate-house. A night raid by Trinobantian warriors toppled the statue of Victory – they had entered the town by stealth, knowing its layout and knowing that it was unprotected by any effective defence earthworks. Alternatively, it may have been the work of Trinobantian freemen or slaves whom the Romans trusted and who were already within the city. The east coast was filled with portents and wonders all the way to the Thames itself. The confused and concerned Roman inhabitants began a partial evacuation (through Mersea Island in the Blackwater estuary or Fingringhoe, on the Colne estuary) but they also appealed to Catus Decianus, who in the absence of Paulinus was now district commander. He miscalculated and sent 200 men, probably auxiliaries. If such was the case, and given the preparation and marching time, the crisis now entered its final phase, some months after the first prepa- rations for war by the Iceni and Trinobantes. By a series of forced marches Paulinus got back to Londinium with a skeleton force, news already brought to his headquarters 524 Violent London that part of the Ninth Legion had ceased to exist. In order to re-organize, he abandoned the town leaving women, old people and those who already had made it their permanent home. It is these people Boudicca slaughtered, although Tacitus leaves it quite unclear why escape by river, or by the bridge or with the regrouping Roman forces, would not have left a ghost town. The slaughter in London alone is meant to run into tens of thousands adding to the thousands slaughtered elsewhere, at Verulamium, Camulodunum and elsewhere in Suffolk, Essex and Hertfordshire. Tacitus puts the total deaths by Boudicca’s forces alone at 70,000 Romans and ‘provincials’. By provincials can he mean anything less than British ‘collaborators’ settled peaceably under Roman rule and following Roman gods and ways? This was a war against both the Romans and their British accomplices. Indeed the atrocities committed by Boudicca’s forces (if not artistic licence) suggest a war to settle old scores, gain revenge against Roman and Briton alike with especial hatred reserved for quiescent tribes. This was a war of annihilation fuelled by a deep and ancient anger and a desperate craving for satisfaction in blood. Its centre was in Icenian territory but its ideological centre was on besieged Mona – or at least that is how it appears on a first reading of Tacitus’s account. It may be more likely that the Trinobantes and Iceni had already abandoned some of the traditional Celtic religious beliefs by the rising of AD 60. Trinobantian priests worked in the Temple of Claudius and as Tacitus tells us Paulinus’s campaign in Wales was a strategic opportunity not to be missed. It may be that druidic ‘agents’ travelled amongst hostile tribes fomenting dissent. Tacitus suggests as much. This was a war to destroy the alien Romans and their collaborationist friends rather than an ideological war to defend the ancient groves of druiddom. There is no suggestion that activities on Mona would themselves had led eastern tribes to war. Druidic justification was only part of the political mix, which saw the destruction of Roman provincial life and Londinium in flames. Why did Boudicca destroy Londinium with such extraordinary violence? Tacitus again gives us two tantalizing clues. The first relates to the role of Catus Decianus, the Roman bureaucrat and second in command to Paulinus. Either during or just before Paulinus’s Welsh campaign the Iceni had been visited by Decianus’ agents intent on their due. It is quite possible that the order to carry out the occupation was merely a routine procedure on orders of Decianus’s office before Paulinus’s departure but with Paulinus’s cooperation (as it needed Roman ‘offices’). Paulinus emerges as a violent and vindictive soldier bent on abso- lute revenge (‘as if every injury was personal’). He had left for Wales without securing his rear, and believed he had lost a whole command Appendix One 525

(the Ninth Legion). The Ninth had been destroyed, Londinium and Camulodunum had been abandoned as undefendable, Mona had only been temporarily occupied and the commander of the legions called to Paulinus’s aid had feared to leave barracks because of concern about an immediate local insurrection (he later committed suicide). Paulinus had now lost control and, worse, Boudicca had escaped his clutches by poisoning herself. An imperial inquiry suggested the immediate removal of this incompetent general whose ‘failures [were] attributed to perversity – and his successes to luck’. To make things worse Decianus and Paulinus seemed to have nothing but dislike and contempt for each other. There were two Roman power centres in Britain in AD 60. It is clear that the destruction of Londinium was not intended to draw Paulinus into a trap, as the destruction of the Ninth was quite sufficient. Clearly, in some ways, the destruction of Camulodunum may have been intended to draw the Ninth into a trap on the line of march (Paulinus blamed the commander’s ‘rashness’ for the failure). Rather, Londinium may have been taken not for ‘loot’, as Tacitus puts it brutally, but because it represented the new overt collaboration that was emerging between Romans and Britons (‘those attached to the place’). London was also the probable headquarters of Decianus, who was the epitome of the rapacious colonial administrator, the symbol of all the Iceni hated and the direct cause of their humiliation. It is ironic therefore that at the same time as Paulinus arrived in Londinium, Decianus was catching a boat to Gaul, quite possibly from Mersea near Colchester (if not London itself), ‘horrified by the catastrophe, and by his unpopularity’, for, Tacitus tells us explicitly, ‘it was his rapacity which had driven the province to war’. Decianus escaped to continue his complaining about Paulinus but his town did not, nor those who wished to find an accommodation with Decianus and his Roman ways, taxes and tithes. Tacitus sees only obliquely the political significance of Londinium, a town fitted to traders, merchandise and travellers. We know next to nothing about the Romanized population of London, a handful of names preserved through later monuments and inscriptions. No wonder this produces such diverse views as the following:

The most abundant source for the nature of a Roman town’s population is its inscriptions. The inscriptions of London are not numerous, the recorded names very few. But the few that are known are all Roman; there are no signs at all of freeborn persons with native names, who formed the overwhelming bulk of the population of all classes in the normal cities of Gaul and Britain in the early empire. Though the quantity of information is exceed- ingly small, what it says is clear; as far as the limited available evidence goes, the early population of London was of foreign, continental, Roman, not of British origin.4 526 Violent London and That Londinium was home to thousands of ‘Britons’ as well as ‘Romans’ would seem likely simply from the size of the population that was massacred.5 In the mind of a Roman historian London was not a home to the indigenous population but a magnet for booty-hungry and vandal- izing barbarians come to prey on peaceful Roman citizenry and their provincial partners. Londinium becomes thereby a cockpit for the theatre of war, a dramatic and climactic scene for a barbarian success and theatricality, and a place to rehearse barbarian excess. And this excessive theatrical violence (reported by Cassius Dio but not by Tacitus) is a further clue to the motives behind the Iceni advance, sack and occupation of London. Tacitus tells us that the Britons used ‘crucifixation’ in their repertoire of vengeance. If this is the case then they were using Roman means of punishment against Romans (we do not know whether crucifixions ever occurred in Britain). Perhaps, not knowing what they did, Tacitus merely invented a Roman scenario, which he then imparted to the tribes. Cassius Dio, however draws our attention to non-Roman torture- rituals, committed in the sacred grove of Andastre (possibly near the Walbrook Stream). One commentator suggests that the singularity of this deity (unique to Dio’s writing and unknown from archaeological evidence) may be because, as a god of war and fertility (death and sex), Andastre had another more common name elsewhere. It may be that Andastre was an ancestor of Morrigan, Queen of Nightmares, but it is possible the name stands for ‘victory’ – Boudicca’s own name. The British recovery of London may have had meanings lost to its Roman historians. One final set of clues emerges for Boudicca’s attack on London. The first rests in the suggestion that at the final battle the Britons were blocked by their heavy wagons and the second in the fact that the Iceni had neglected to sow their fields. These clues are both odd and intrigu- ing. What are we to make of these wagons, which are clearly not the same as the chariots of the warriors? It is true that indigenous popula- tions often moved with their families in wagons but why do so when the circuit of travel is so limited? London is only two days’ march from Colchester, merely forty or so miles away along a straight road. Any attack could have been made by a war band or army marching on light rations and expecting a good store of food to be awaiting them once they arrived on the banks of the Thames. This is indeed what Tacitus tells us, but he also says that the Iceni neglected to sow crops. Why? Could this have been because war plans existed prior to early spring AD 60 and that a short campaign would ensure allowing time for sowing? This would require a war to begin at the worst time of year. The granaries of Appendix One 527

London seem to be the target of Boudicca’s forces as much as revenge. The granaries were certainly an outward sign of decadent and luxuri- ous plenty but what if they were more? What if Iceni crops had begun to fail and that therefore the wagons were part of a greater movement – a migration eastward (possibly exacerbated by movement in the Brigantean population) which would therefore include the bulk of the population, some 80,000 migrants? (Ancient numbers are always suspect but one can conclude that this represented the bulk of the Iceni/Trinobantian army.) As far as Tacitus is concerned the Iceni had become little more than a booty-hungry horde by the time they reached London. Such an explanation holds little water, despite the almost con- tinuous butchery of the previous two or three weeks. The presence of wagons suggests connected movement which could have been avoided if an Iceni army had only needed to sally out of Norfolk for a series of raids and then build defences around their fen-protected homeland. The Iceni and their allies turned around at London either because they had reached their goal, or because they could not or would not fight the southern tribes or because they turned to face Paulinus. Their ‘plunder’ would have meant relief from a starving winter if the crops had failed. And what then of the final catastrophic battle? Tacitus tells us only that it took place somewhere with a wood and a defile. Basing their evidence on this and Roman military displacements modern historians have put the Icenian army on the move north-west and north- east back towards Norfolk by circuitous routes. Archaeologists have long since dismissed Victorian romantics who saw Boudicca staging a last-ditch battle in Epping Forest or on the present site of platform 10 at King’s Cross Station! The site, however, remains unknown. Boudicca now controlled all of eastern Britain from the Wash to London, other tribes were restless, and only Paulinus opposed her. Given the above argument there is no reason to believe that Boudicca was returning to Norfolk. Instead she either turned to defend the approaches to London, which would now have become part of a greater Icenian kingdom, or she turned to protect her lines of com- munication. Boudicca would have calmly and optimistically waited for Paulinus to turn up. The romantic idea of a battle for London remains a real possibility despite lack of archaeological evidence (there is almost none elsewhere). Only after the disastrous defeat would the British remnant retreat homeward to their ancestral land. The Iceni empire had lasted perhaps less than a month. Boudicca died and was buried away from Roman eyes and Roman revenge, yet, ironically, it was a Roman who caused her corpse to speak to us across the ages, of lost freedom and restored honour. Appendix Two The Huguenot and Italian Legacy

All aliens might be foreigners but not all foreigners are alien. Prominent amongst the foreigners in London were the Huguenots, Protestants from France who had arrived in England in ever increasing numbers. By the seventeenth century, between 200,000 and 250,000 Huguenots had left their homes and set out for Holland, England and America. Of these, 20,000 to 25,000 settled in London, by far the most important immigrant group after the Irish, taking root in Greenwich, Wandsworth, Spitalfields and Soho (not to mention an important colony in Colchester), and as far south as Wandsworth and Putney, bringing the skills of market gardening, paper making, dyeing and hatting to the semi-rural villages along the south-west bank of the Thames. The cry went up again that bloodsucking foreigners were swamping London. In 1593 the following verse was nailed to the Dutch Church in London:

You strangers that inhabit this land! Note this same writing, do it understand; Conceive it well, for safety of your lives, Your goods, your children, and your dearest wives.

No one was caught, despite widespread concern within the Privy Council and City. Even in the eighteenth century, after long association with England and English ways, Huguenots and their descend- ants met abuse. One French visitor was horrified at the ‘volley of abusive litanies’ he faced ‘at every street corner’, ‘the constant bur- then of these litanies was, French dog, French b------; to make any answer to them was accepting a challenge to fight; and my curiosity did not carry me so far’. In many instances, however, support for the Protestant Huguenots took second place to the abuse dolled out to the French generally, especially during the ‘Popish Plot’. There were riots in 1675, 1681 and 1683 as Irish and other weavers attacked the Huguenot workers living in Spitalfields whose superior cloth outsold their own. Charles II and his brother James (later James II), happy to have refugee Huguenots when it was convenient, had little intention of helping them towards naturalization despite the fact that in 1685, with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (which had allowed freedom of belief), Protestantism was outlawed in France and its followers besieged. After all, the French were allies. London companies opposed Huguenot integration, and a new Huguenot

528 Appendix Two 529 church was opposed on grounds that it would create a permanent ‘alien’ body in London. Relations with Huguenot families were ambivalent. People applauded their Calvinism and hated their economic power, complaining of foreign speech and strange ways – French food was anath- ematized for creating ‘noisome’ urine! In 1695 a Huguenot family were threatened by English dyers living in ‘Wandsor’ after the rejec- tion in 1694 of a Bill to naturalize the refugees. ‘Let us kick the Bill out of the House, then the foreigners out of the kingdom,’ demanded one MP. Despite everything, the Huguenots quickly became ‘English’, readily accepting the rules and position of the Church of England, which welcomed their congregations. When Wandsworth became a borough in 1965 it included in its coat of arms the ‘tears’ of the Huguenot refugees. By the eighteenth century Huguenots accounted for 20 per cent of the population and were sometimes resented for their industrious- ness and wealth. The industrial mills on the Wandle, which ran into the Thames, were also owned by these French immigrants. London could easily absorb them, its population so large by the 1750s that no group could make any real demographic crisis occur. Indeed, the population had risen from just under 200,000 in 1600 to 500,000 by 1700 and 675,000 by 1750; by 1700 it was already twenty times the size of the next largest city, with 9.5 per cent of the population within its increasing boundaries. Huguenots brought skills that fitted in to the new consumer culture, which required food, drink, clothing, wig makers and textile workers, not to mention doctors and ministers. The Italian presence in London has roots deep in the Middle Ages; the majority of those who came from the many city states of Italy were aristocrats, ambassadors, doctors and craftsmen. The growing stereotype of the ‘machiavel’ in English drama created Italian vil- lains with twirling moustaches, insatiable libidos and cloaked stiletto knives who would live on to haunt the pages of Georgian Gothic, but Italians, though considered subtle and crafty, were rarely per- sonally victimized after their reputation during the Middle Ages as bankers and merchants faded from memory. During the nineteenth century small groups of artisans from northern Italy began settling in Manchester and in Clerkenwell, then the traditional destination of foreign skilled immigrants. Poor settlers arrived in the 1820s and 1830s, walking their way across Europe to catch the ferry for Britain. New arrivals (usually beholden to a ‘padrone’) dealt in semi-skilled work such as knife grinding, ice-cream vending, statuette making or food production. Others were the highly skilled terrazzo craftsmen much in demand during the 1880s. Ice-cream manufacture alone was so successful it tripled the Italian immigrant population. 530 Violent London Violent London 530

By the 1880s, the London Italians could boast a school, a large Catholic church and a hospital. They also formed political clubs such as the Mazzini Garibaldi Club. With the success of Mussolini in Italy after the First World War, London Italians flocked to the newly formed fascist clubs. It is often forgotten that British Italians played a part in the rise of British fascist consciousness. The community was especially proud of its war heroes, whose military honours and cer- emonial uniforms were paraded on Armistice Day. Ex-combattenti, as the veterans were called, soon became black-clad fasciti, and led by their commander, Captain Gelmetti, could be found giving the fascist salute at the tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey. With its great portrait of Il Duce, the Club Co-operativo in Greek Street became the centre for activities during the early 1930s, followed by new premises in Charing Cross Road later in the decade. The fascist clubs organized outside Italy were intended as social centres and centres of education. An Italian school was based at the London fascist headquarters for young Italians whose language skills needed to be improved. Joining such clubs was not merely patriotic (many London Italians still felt alien in Britain) but was a good way to find husbands and wives with a suitable background. British neighbours tended to ignore these Italian clubs and their activities until things came to a head as war approached. Then the Italian community metamorphosed into the ‘enemy’, leading to rioting in Scotland and window-breaking amongst the delicatessens and restaurants of Soho. One Soho grocer’s carried notices telling custom- ers that it was ‘entirely British’ and the Spaghetti House renamed itself the British Food Shop. On 10 June 1940 all Italians between sixteen and seventy with less than twenty years’ residence were interned, to the outrage of many who considered themselves British and now were behind wire with real enemies. Roundups could be random. The restaurateur P. Leoni, well-known owner of the famous Quo Vadis in Soho, was arrested even though he had been in Britain since 1907 and was obviously no threat. Tragically 400 internees (sent abroad as security risks) were drowned when the Arandora Star was torpedoed. Hatred was short- lived: the war over, Italians returned to the affectionate position they had always enjoyed in London life and continue to enjoy today. Appendix Three Assassination Attempts on the Royal Family

In 1842, two men, John Francis and John Bean, shot at Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace. It all seemed utterly futile. Sir Robert Peel simply thought these ‘shabby’ men had expressions of mere ‘idi- ocy’ rather than malice and let it go at that.1 Francis was tried for high treason and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to transportation for life on 2 July. He went to Van Diemen’s Land and entered an unsuccessful petition for mercy. In September 1855 he vanished. John Bean, convicted of a misdemeanour, served eighteen months. In 1849, William Hamilton unsuccessfully tried to kill Victoria, as did Robert Pate in 1850 – he attacked her with his stick. Sent for seven years to Van Diemen’s Land, he too was refused mercy. Another attack in February 1872 was again put down to imbecility rather than political compunction. This time the failed assassin was Arthur O’Connor, whose ‘weak minded[ness]’ had left him ‘long the victim of delusion’.2 With corroded pistols incapable of firing and unloaded anyway, his defence was that he only intended to scare the Queen. Either way, to avoid a state trial for treason, which would lend gravitas to the case, he was quietly tried and forgotten. In 1881 royal correspondence was full of concern over Irish assassination squads. The scare had been caused by intelligence information that had contained a press clipping of the New York Irish paper, the Irish World, which had darkly hinted that the Queen’s days were numbered. In March 1882 these fears seemed realized: Roderick MacLean (or McLean) jumped out at her when she arrived at Windsor Station and fired one of two cartridges from a revolver. A letter from Sir Henry Ponsonby, the Queen’s private secretary, on 2 March despairs at this ‘insane fellow of 26’. For Sir Henry and his class to be a regicide was proof of being ‘insane’. It should not be forgotten that for Victoria such ‘insane’ attacks were the result of another mania that she feared more than assassins: ‘democratic’ government. Echoing Her Majesty’s feeling on the matter, Ponsonby wrote to Gladstone, the Prime Minister, on 23 April 1882:

It is satisfactory to the Queen to observe that you consider it doubtful whether justice is properly vindicated under the present form of acquittal on the ground of insanity in cases of attempting to take away life, by eccentric individuals. In the trial of Maclean, the charge of the Lord Chief Justice certainly left no choice to the Jury and if this was the necessary effect

531 532 Violent London

of the Law, Her Majesty thinks it worth consideration whether this Law should not be amended. In Macnaghten’s trial (1843) the feeling was so strong against the acquittal for insanity that the opinion of the Judges was asked, and they appear to have thought that such a verdict was scarcely a proper one. Punishment deters not only sane men but also eccentric men, whose supposed involuntary acts are really produced by a diseased brain capable of being acted upon by external influences. Acknowledging that they would be protected by an acquittal on the grounds of insanity will encourage these men to commit desperate acts, while on the other hand a certainty that they will not escape punishment will terrify them into a peaceful attitude toward others.3

Such memories were not quite accurate. McNaghten had attempted to shoot Sir Robert Peel, had failed and hit his private secretary Drummond instead.4 He was declared ‘not guilty on account of insanity’ by all three judges. On 4 March, the Sunday of the verdict, Peel sent a letter to Victoria declaring his amazement at the decision when McNaghten had clearly planned his attack. Victoria replied in equally flabbergasted terms on 12 March, ‘Not Guilty on account of Insanity . . . everybody is convinced [he] was perfectly conscious and aware of what [he] did!’ The Queen was not amused. The strangest of all would-be assassins was George Andrew McMahon who, on 16 July 1936, threw a gun at Edward VIII as the King was riding up Constitution Hill having presented the King’s colours to the Brigade of Guards. For this McMahon was sentenced to twelve months’ hard labour, the King insisting privately on the full sentence. McMahon’s story, however, only begins to unfold at this point. McMahon’s real name was Jerome Bennington. He was an Irishman living in London under an assumed name, the reason for which has never been discovered but nevertheless relates to an earlier imprison- ment and a rich fantasy life. He first came to police attention after libelling two police sergeants in 1933 for which he was jailed in 1934. From then on, feeling the injured party, he continuously petitioned the Home Office for compensation. In 1935 McMahon again approached the Home Office in order to offer his services as an informer against the Irish Free State and illegal gun-running. No guns were ever found. By now he was both a nuisance and a cause for concern. In April 1936 he was back offer- ing information on a Communist plot to assassinate the King. Even a Communist-obsessed secret service could not find any evidence. McMahon’s next move was to throw his gun at the King. Appendix Three 533

Despite being clearly ‘unbalanced’, McMahon went to Brixton and served his sentence. It was at that point that his last and most extraordinary tale emerged. The story revolved around his enrolment in German intelligence, which he said had supplied the gun. During the trial there was much made by the defendant of a mysterious ‘foreign power’.5 The story he told was that the Germans, believing Communists, British agents or both were plotting to kill Hitler, had devised a plan to destabilize Britain by killing its monarch. ‘Do it for Ireland,’ McMahon had been told by his spy master in the German Embassy, a man only known as ‘the Baron’. The turmoil caused by Edward’s death would, McMahon believed, have allowed power to slip into the hands of an enemy agent. Throwing the gun at the King was an act of desperation by a self- declared loyal subject who had played the enemy along until the last minute and who had hoped that such an action would publi- cize to the general public (and the King in particular) that warn- ings to MI5 were not personal fantasy but the truth. Released from prison, McMahon continued to petition and, from his home at 215 Gloucester Terrace in Bayswater, issued loyal appeals direct to the Royal Family. In September 1938 he issued the following:

APPEAL As you are known as a humanitarian and a lover of justice, I appeal to you to mete out to this plea for justice your humane consideration. I am George Andrew McMahon, the unhappy person who was arrested two years ago for that regrettable affair known as the ‘Revolver Incident,’ which occurred at Constitution Hill when His Majesty King Edward VIII was riding past at the head of his troops . . . I had, through a vile misfortune, become entangled with alien agents and assisted them with certain missions. When, however, they began to suggest that I should undertake work which I real- ised was prejudicial to my country, I at once reported the matter to the Home Secretary, who placed it before the War Office. I then continued to act under the instruction of M.I.5. In this way I learned of the dastardly plot to harm His Majesty. As previously stated, it was admitted at my trial that this was correct and, though I was advised not to speak about these mat- ters at my trial, I did so – as I then thought that even at that late hour His Majesty King Edward might still be in danger. Because I dared to mention these facts I was – against all evidence – sent to prison . . . I fully realise that I cannot expect a speedy justice from a group who betrayed their King and used a disgraceful subterfuge to 534 Violent London

hound him from his Throne and Empire, but right will prevail and I know that some day a kindly providence will decree that Britain will give a belated vindication to those who tried to pro- vide their loyalty to EDWARD, GREAT KING, GREAT GENTLEMAN, and GREAT HUMANITARIAN.

The appeal was headed by two photographs, one showing McMahon suited and bespectacled and his wife Rose smartly dressed in hat and fur stole. Opposite was represented a portrait of Edward as Duke of Windsor. The appeal was filed and left unanswered. On 24 April 1956 a CID letter from R. L. Jackson to J. W. Wheeler Bennett again referred to McMahon but the trail was already cold and McMahon had vanished long since. The most serious attack on a member of the Royal Family, however, was probably the attempted kidnap of Princess Anne on Wednesday 20 March 1974 as she travelled along the Mall in her Rolls-Royce. Just before 8 a.m., a white Ford Escort driven by an unemployed drifter called Ian Ball pulled across the path of the royal car as it passed the junction with Marlborough Road. Ball jumped out and raced across towards the Rolls-Royce. Inside were Anne, her (then) husband Captain Mark Phillips, a security officer, Inspector Beaton, the Lady- in-Waiting, Miss Brassey, and the chauffeur, Alexander Callender. Trying to avoid an altercation with a disgruntled driver, Beaton left the Rolls, had a word with Bell but found himself confronted with a .38 revolver. Bell fired at Beaton and Beaton, drawing his Walther, fired back only to miss and then find his gun had jammed on the second attempt. Beaton, however, had been hit in the right shoulder. Bell was now free to wrestle with the door of the Rolls as Anne and Mark Phillips struggled to keep it closed. Miss Brassey ducked out on the offside and ran for cover. By this time the fuss had attracted attention and John McConnell, a freelance journalist passing in a taxi, went to help. Unfortunately Ball had another gun, a .22 Astra that he levelled at Connell. He fired, Connell was hit in the chest and fell back, but the pause allowed the Princess to pull the car door closed and Beaton (now without his gun) to put himself in front of the door where she was sitting. Again Ball fired, hitting Beaton a second time, in the hand. At this point PC Hills arrived from St James’s Palace only to be shot in the stomach by Ball, whose situation was growing desperate. He then shot Beaton again in the stomach and did the same to the chauffeur. The brawl now intensified as another chauffeur, Glenmore Martin, and a taxi passenger, Ronald Russell, joined in – Martin, threatened with being shot, took cover, but Russell attacked Ball as Ball dragged Anne out of the car. Ball fired and missed. By now PC Hills’s Appendix Three 535 emergency call to Cannon Street police station, made as he arrived on the scene, paid off. Police began to come in numbers and Ball was finally captured. His kidnap plans, without motive except ransom, had failed. He was tried and found to be psychologically disturbed. Inspector Beaton, Ronald Russell and PC Hills received the George Cross and Alexander Callender and John McConnell were presented with the Queen’s Gallantry Medal. Notes

PREFACE TO THE PALGRAVE EDITION

1. Evening Standard, 26 May 2010. 2. Ibid., 20 April 2010. 3. Serious Organised Crime and Police Act, 2005, (London: The Stationery Office, 2005) p. 94. 4. Ibid., p. 101. 5. Ibid., p. 97. 6. Metro, 8 December 2005. 7. London Paper, 7 April 2009. 8. Ibid. 9. Adapting to Protest – Nurturing the British Model of Policing, http://www. statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-hmic-adapting-to-protest.pdf p. 51. 10. Intelligence and Security Committee Report 2007–8 (London: The Stationery Office, 2008) pp. 17–18. 11. Ibid., p. 7. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., p. 37. 14. Ibid., p. 33. 15. Ibid., p. 37. 16. Keith Laidler, Surveillance Unlimited (Thriplow, Cambridgeshire: Icon Books, 2008) p. 44. 17. Ibid., pp. 63 and 65. 18. Evening Standard, 9 February 2010. 19. Daily Mail, 30 March 2010. 20. Evening Standard, 26 August 2010. 21. Ibid., 2 February 2010.

1. A DESOLATION THEY CALLED PEACE

1. Julius Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, tr. S. A. Handford (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1953), p. 122. 2. John Morris, Londinium: London in the Roman Empire (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), pp. 102–3. 3. The poet Lucan, quoted in Barry Cunliffe, Iron Age Britain (London: Batsford/English Heritage, 1995), p. 111. 4. Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, tr. Michael Grant (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996). All quotations from this edition. 5. Graham Webster, Boudicca: the British Revolt against Rome AD60 (London: Routledge, [1978] 1999), p. 1.

536 Notes 537

6. G. H. Pittock Murray, Celtic Identity and the British Image (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 13. 7. Web page: www.druidorder.demon.co.uk. 8. In J. M. Scott, Boadicea (London: Constable, 1975), Chapter 1. 9. The Times, July 1871.

2. ‘OFFENCE – A LONDONER’

1. Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, tr. Leo Shirley-Price and R.e. Latham (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990) p. 112. 2. Ibid., p. 114. 3. Glyn Williams, Medieval London: From Commune to Capital (London: Athlone Press, 1963), p. 234. 4. Matthew Giancarlo, Parliament and Literature in Later Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) p. 30. 5. Rodney Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (London: Methuen, 1973), p. 179. 6. Ibid., p. 192. 7. Ibid., p. 193. 8. Martin J. R. Holmes, ‘Evil May-Day 1517: The Story of a Riot’, History Today XV (1965), p. 644. 9. Ibid., p. 648.

3. ‘WE’LL NO NEED THE PAPISTS NOO!’

1. D.M. Loades, Two Tudor Conspiracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965) p. 56. 2. Ibid., p. 52. 3. Ibid., p. 55. 4. Pauline Gregg, Free-Born John (London: Phoenix [1961] 2000), p. 37. 5. Ibid., p. 38. 6. Reverend Ian Paisley, Protestant Telegraph, 9 January 1982. 7. Charles Nicholl, The Reckoning: the Murder of Christopher Marlowe (London: Picador, 1992), p. 97. 8. Ibid., p. 96. 9. Ibid., p. 97. 10. Lady Essex to Robert Cecil in Henry Ellis, Original Letters of English History, vol. III (London: Harding, Triphook and Lephard, 1824) p. 88. 11. Ibid., p. 108. 12. Ibid., p. 112. 13. Ibid., p. 111. 14. Antonia Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605 (London: Arrow, 1999), p. 88. 15. Ibid., p. 98. 16. Ibid., p. 150. 17. Ibid., p. 283. 538 Notes

4. FREE-BORN JOHN 1. John Adair, Puritans: Religion and Politics in Seventeenth Century England and America (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1998), p. 79. 2. Ibid., p. 92. 3. H. N. Brailsford, The Levellers and the English Revolution (Nottingham: Spokesman [1961] 1971), p. 45. 4. Pauline Gregg, Free-Born John (London: Phoenix [1961] 2000), pp. 35–6. 5. Ibid., p. 39. 6. Ibid., p. 63. 7. In Godfrey Davies, The Early Stuarts (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), p. 32. 8. Ibid., p. 87. 9. Quoted in Patricia Higgins, ‘The Reactions of Women, with Special Relevance to Women Petitioners’, in Brian Manning (ed.), Politics, Religion and the Civil War (London: Edward Arnold, 1973), p. 190. 10. John Milton, Areopagitica (1644). 11. In Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London: Pimlico [1957] 1993), p. 320. 12. Ibid., p. 321. 13. Ibid., p. 323. 14. Ibid., p. 323. 15. D. O. Pam, ‘The Rude Multitude’, Edmonton Hundred Historical Society (Occasional Paper) No. 33 (1977), pp. 13–14. 16. Anon., ‘Bloudy Newes from Enfield Chase’, nd.

5. MURDEROUS FANTASIES

1. Neil Hanson, The Dreadful Judgement: The True Story of the Great Fire of London (London: Doubleday, 2001), pp. 168–9. 2. For entries to the entire period of the Fire see E. S. Beer, ed., The Diary of John Evelyn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955). See also Robert Latham and William Matthews, eds, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, vol. VII, 1666 (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1972), pp. 267–81. 3. John Bedford, London’s Burning (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1966), p. 152. 4. Ibid., pp. 154–5. 5. Ibid., p. 165. 6. Ibid., p. 172. 7. Gamini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (London: Alan Sutton, 1995), pp. 144–5. 8. Alan Davidson, ‘A Further Note on Bedlam’ in The London Recusant 4–7 (1974–77), p. 65. 9. John Kenyon, The Popish Plot (London: Phoenix [1972] 2000), p. 177. 10. Ibid., p. 248. 11. Ibid., p. 177. 12. Ibid., p. 264. 13. Ibid., p. 255. Notes 539

14. Ibid., p. 236. 15. Ibid., p. 289. 16. Ibid., p. 293. 17. B.S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men (London: Faber and Faber, 1972) p. 222. 18. David C. Hanrahan, Colonel Blood (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Press, 2003) p. 66. 19. Ibid., p. 69. 20. Ibid., p. 73. 21. Iris Morley, A Thousand Lives: An Account of the English Revolutionary Movement of 1660–1685 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1954) p. 57. 22. Ibid., p. 90. 23. Ibid., p. 147. 24. U. G. O’Leary, ‘A Small Riot in 1688’, London Recusant 4–7 (1974–77), p. 67. 25. Robert Beddard, ‘Anti-Popery and the London Mob, 1688’, History Today VIII (1988), p. 36. 26. Stephen Knight, The Killing of Justice Godfrey (London: Grafton [1984], 1986). 27. Alan Marshall, The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey: Plots and Politics in Restoration London (Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton Press, 1999).

6. GEORGE’S WAR

1. Nicholas Rogers, ‘Popular Disaffection in London during the Forty-five’, London Journal (1975), p. 5. 2. General Evening Post, July 1746. 3. Christopher Hibbert, King Mob: the London Riots of 1780 (New York: Dorset Press, 1958), p. 8. 4. Ibid., p. 21. 5. Ibid., p. 30. 6. John Paul de Castro, The Gordon Riots (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926), pp. 33–4. 7. Ibid., p. 41. 8. Ibid., p. 62. 9. Ibid., p. 66. 10. Ibid., pp. 66–7. 11. Ibid., p. 72. 12. Ibid., p. 76. 13. Ibid., p. 77. 14. Ibid., pp 89–90. 15. Ibid., pp. 90–91. 16. Ibid., pp. 131–2. 17. Ibid., p. 136. 18. Ibid., pp. 162–3. 19. Hibbert, op. cit., p. 103. 20. Ibid., p. 123. 21. Paul Edwards and Polly Rewt, eds, Letters of Ignatius Sanchez (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1994), pp. 230–31. 540 Notes

22. Ibid., p. 232. 23. Ibid., p. 233. 24. Ibid., p. 15.

7. THE APE-LIKE IRISH

1. George Rude, ‘Some Financial and Military Aspects of the Gordon Riots’, Guildhall Miscellany Vols. 52–59, p. 37. 2. Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776). 3. See Tony Hayter, The Army and the Crowd in Mid-Georgian England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978), p. 128.

8. ‘WILKES AND LIBERTY’

1. The Review, January 1710. 2. The description is in Ian Gilmour’s Riot, Rising and Revolution (London: Pimlico, 1995), p. 45. 3. Ibid., pp. 47–8. 4. See Tony Hayter, The Army and the Crowd in Mid-Georgian England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978), p. 128. 5. Ibid., p. 130. 6. Gilmour, op. cit., p. 307. 7. Annual Register, 1768. 8. Gilmour, op. cit., p. 340. 9. I. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997), p. 25. 10. Ibid., p. 53. 11. Anthony Shaw, ‘The Mayor of Garratt’ (Wandsworth: Wandsworth Borough Council, 1980), Cameos No. 1. 12. Ibid., pp. 6–7. 13. Anthony Babington, Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 11. 14. Hayter, op. cit., p. 10. 15. Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1802.

9. THE UNITED STATES OF ENGLAND

1. In C. Desmond Greaves, Theobald Wolfe Tone and the Irish Nation (London: Connolly Publications [1963] 1989), p. 37. 2. Philip J. Haythornthwaite, The Armies of Wellington (London: Brockhampton Press, 1996), p. 191. 3. Roger Wells, Insurrection: The British Experience 1795–1803 (Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1986), p. 738. 4. Ibid., p. 238. 5. Ibid., p. 43. Notes 541

6. David Johnson, Regency Revolution: the Case of Arthur Thistlewood (London: Compton Russell, 1974), p. 5. 7. Morning Chronicle, Thursday, 24 February 1820.

10. MONSTER RALLIES

1. Rodney Mace, Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976), p. 149. 2. The Atlas, 19 August 1832. 3. Poor Man’s Guardian, 11 October 1830. 4. Robert W. Gould and Michael J. Waldren, London’s Armed Police (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988), p. 14. 5. Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester, 1992), pp. 1–2. 6. Gentleman’s Magazine, 4 April 1766. 7. Ibid., 19 August 1763. 8. Mace, op. cit., p. 149. 9. Lewisham Library Archive, File: Woolwich General 1826–1839. 10. The Times, 5 June 1848. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Mace, op. cit., p. 152. 14. Illustrated London News, 3 September 1848. 15. Carol Lansbury, The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers and Vivisection in Edwardian England (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 10. 16. Philip Thurmond Smith, Policing Victorian London (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985), p. 145. 17. Ibid., p. 145. 18. Kentish Mercury, 5 February 1867. 19. In Stephen Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-Class Childhood and Youth 1889–1939 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981), p. 104.

11. PERSECUTING PIGEONS

1. Rodney Mace, Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1976), p. 52. 2. Ibid., p. 54. 3. Ibid., p. 16. 4. The Times, 6 March 1848. 5. Stefan Petrow, Policy Morals: the Metropolitan Police and the Home Office 1870–1914 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 32. 6. Frederick Harrison in Philip Thurmond Smith, Policing Victorian London (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985), pp. 123–4. 7. Karl Beckson, London in the 1890s: a Cultural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), p. 12. 8. Ibid., p. 8. 542 Notes

12. ‘GOOD OLD DYNAMITE’

1. John Quail, The Slow Burning Fuse: The Lost History of the British Anarchists (London: Grafton, 1978), p. 7. 2. Ibid., pp. 21–2. 3. Ibid., p. 37. 4. Ibid., p. 61. 5. David Nicoll, The Walsall Anarchists (London: Hurricane, nd), p. 13. 6. Ibid., pp. 9–10. 7. Quail, op. cit., p. 112. 8. Ibid., p. 152. 9. Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (1906), Chapter Twelve. 10. Quoted in Richard Parry, The Bonnot Gang (London: Rebel Press, 1987), p. 35. 11. Martin Dillon, 25 Years of Terror: the IRA’s War against the British (London: Bantam [1994] 1999), p. 14. 12. News of the World, 5 February 1939. 13. Dillon, op. cit., p. 117. 14. Quoted in Robert Kee, Trial and Error (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986), npn.

13. WOMEN BEHAVING BADLY

1. Antonia Raeburn, Militant Suffragettes (London: New English Library, 1973), p. 28. 2. Ibid., p. 30. 3. Ibid., p. 34. 4. Ibid., p. 64. 5. Ibid., p. 120. 6. Ibid., p. 133. 7. Ibid., p. 170. 8. Ibid., pp. 170–71. 9. Ibid., p. 204. 10. Iris Dove, Yours in the Cause; Suffragettes in Lewisham, Greenwich and Wool wich (London: Lewisham Library Services and Greenwich Library, 1988), p. 5. 11. Women’s Bulletin, 11 September 1953. 12. Ibid., p. 8. 13. Ibid., p. 9. 14. Carol Lansbury, The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers and Vivisection in Edwardian England (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 7. 15. Ibid., p. 15. 16. Ibid., p. 18.

14. HUNS AND HASHISH

1. Sax Rohmer, The Return of Dr Fu-Manchu (1913), Chapter One. 2. East Ham Echo, 9 October 1914. Notes 543

3. Ibid., 30 October 1914. 4. Ibid., 14 May 1915. 5. Ibid. 6. Kentish Independent, 14 May 1915. 7. Kentish Mail, 14 May 1915. 8. Sidney Robinson, Sid’s Family Robinson: the Story of an Early Twentieth Century Enfield Working-Class Boy (London: Middlesex Polytechnic, 1991), p. 17. 9. See Enfield Observer (14 May 1915) and Tottenham and Edmonton Weekly Herald (14 May 1915). 10. Colonel W. T. Reay, The Specials: How they served London: the Story of the Metropolitan Special Constabulary (London: William Heinemann, 1920), pp. 3–4. 11. Ibid., p. 157. 12. Ibid., p. 158. 13. Ibid., pp. 164–5.

15. COMRADES ALL

1. Francis Beckett, Enemy Within: the Rise and Fall of the British Communist Party (London: Merlin Press, 1995), p. 13. 2. Ibid., p. 18. 3. Rupert Allason, The Branch: A History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch 1883–1983 (London: Secker and Warburg, 1983), p. 78. 4. Ibid., p. 85. 5. Bob Darke, The Communist Technique in Britain (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1952), p. 88. 6. Brian Pearce and Michael Woodhouse, A History of Communism in Britain (London: Bookmarks, [1969] 1999), p. 6. 7. Ibid., p. 37. 8. Bob Jones, Left Wing Communism in Britain 1917–21: An Infantile Disorder? (Sheffield: Pirate Press, 1991) npn. 9. Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (Harmondsworth: Pelican [1963] 1982), pp. 333–4. 10. Ibid., p. 333. 11. Jerry White, ‘Governing the Ungovernable’ (unpublished paper), p. 5. This information is now available in Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2002), chapter 9. 12. Ibid., p. 12.

16. BRAVE BOYS OF THE BUF

1. In Labour History Review (Vol. 57, No. 3 Winter 92), p. 74. 2. Ibid., p. 75. 3. Francis Selwyn, Hitler’s Englishman: The Crime of Lord Haw Haw (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987), p. 29. 4. Ibid., p. 37. 5. Robert Skidelsky, Mosley (London: Papermac, 1990), pp. 368–9. 544 Notes

6. Ibid., p. 374. 7. Ibid., p. 372. 8. Ibid., p. 377. 9. Police Record Office (PRO) HO45/25883, p. 407. 10. Ibid., Special Branch Report (10 September 1934), p. 602. 11. Ibid., p. 9. 12. Ibid., p. 619. 13. Ibid. 14. Collin Brooks, Daily Mail, 6 June 1936. 15. Imperial War Museum (IWM) Sound Archive 9308/5. 16. IWM Acc 10210/10/5, pp. 27–8. 17. Ibid., p. 63. 18. In Cable Street Group, eds, The Battle of Cable Street (London: np, nd), npn. 19. IWM, Acc10210/10/5, p. 69. 20. Phil Piratin in Cable Street Group, op. cit. 21. Jim Wolveridge, ibid. 22. Joyce Goodman and Mr Ginsbury, ibid. 23. National Sound Archive, 728018. 24. Board of Deputies of British Jews, ‘The Nordic League’ (report), p. 8. 25. Richard Griffiths, Patriotism Perverted: Captain Ramsay, The Right Club and British Anti-Semitism 1939–40 (London: Constable, 1998), p. 184. 26. Ibid., pp. 255–6. 27. Ibid., p. 265. 28. Nicholas Mosley, Rules of the Game/Beyond the Pale (London: Pimlico, 1994), p. 428. 29. Ibid., p. 360. 30. Comrade, November/December 1999.

17. NOT QUITE KOSHER

1. The Times, 23 November 1917. 2. J. H. Clarke, quoted in Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p. 10. 3. Ibid., p. 14. 4. Ibid., pp. 31–2. 5. Ibid., p. 58. 6. Tony Kushner, ‘The Impact of British Anti-Semitism 1918–1945’, in David Cesarini, ed., The Making of Modern Anglo-Jewry (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), p. 203. 7. Anon, ‘Report on Hamm’ (Board of Deputes of British Jews). 8. Maurice Beckman, The 43 Group (London: Frank Cass, 1993), p. 58. 9. Anon, ‘Police – Public Meetings June 1947’ (Board of Deputies). 10. Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Mosley’s Blackshirts to the National Front (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), p. xii. 11. Nicholas Mosley, Rules of the Game/Beyond the Pale (London: Pimlico, 1998), p. 30. Notes 545

12. Richard Griffiths, Patriotism Perverted: Captain Ramsay, the Right Club and British Anti-Semitism 1939–1940 (London: Constable, 1998), p. 68. 13. Ibid., p. 137.

18. ALIEN NATION

1. In Rosina Visram, Ayars, Lascars and Princes, Indians in Britain 1700–1947 (London: Pluto, 1983), p. 83. 2. Ibid., p. 85. 3. In Anon., For Soviet Britain (London: Communist Action Group, 1995), p. 4. 4. Sunday Telegraph, 3 October 1999. 5. London Chronicle, 13–16 March 1773. 6. In Nigel Rile and Chris Power, Black Settlers in Britain 1555–1948 (London: Heinemann, 1981), p. 25. 7. Public Advertiser, 27 June 1772. 8. Prince Hoare, Memoirs of Granville Sharp, vol. 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1828), pp. 176–7. 9. Morning Post, 3 December 1786. 10. Peter Fryer, Aspects of Black British History (London: Index, 1993), p. 28. 11. Ibid., pp. 46–7. 12. Ibid., pp. 48–9.

19. THE TIBER FLOWING WITH MUCH BLOOD

1. Arthur Moyse, ‘From the Step of a Bus’, Anarchy 44 (Vol. A No. 10), October 1964, p. 291. 2. Gene Martin, Sorry No Vacancies: Life Stories of Senior Citizens from the Caribbean (London: Notting Hill Urban Studies Centre, n.d.), pp. 4–5. 3. Robert W. Gould and Michael J. Waldren, London’s Armed Police: 1829 to the Present (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1986), p. 167. 4. Daily Mirror, 31 August 1976. 5. Ibid. 6. Paul Foot, The Rise of Enoch Powell (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), p. 31. 7. Listener, 28 July 1966. 8. Manchester Guardian, 10 October 1958. 9. The Times, 13 October 1964. 10. Wolverhampton Express and Star, 10 October 1964. 11. Speech at Eastbourne, 16 November 1968. 12. Robert Shepherd, Enoch Powell: A Biography (London: Pimlico, 1996), p. 326. 13. Foot, op. cit., p. 127. 14. In Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: the Life of Enoch Powell (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998), p. 166. 15. Ian Mikardo quoted in Jerry White, ‘Governing the Ungovernable’ (unpublished paper), p. 8. 16. Ibid., pp. 7 and 9. 17. Paul Harrison, Inside the Inner City: Life Under the Cutting Edge (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985). 546 Notes

18. Ibid., p. 377. 19. Ibid., p. 359. 20. In Darcus Howe, Black Deaths in Custody (London: Institute of Race Relations, 1991), p. 71.

20. LIKE RORKE’S DRIFT

1. Lord Scarman, Report of a Court of Inquiry under the Rt Hon Lord Justice Scarman, OBE, into a Dispute between Grunwick Processing Laboratories Limited and Members of the Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff (HMSO: Cmnd 6922, 1977), p. 7. 2. Ibid., p. 10. 3. Ibid., p. 15. 4. Ibid., p. 20. 5. Kentish Mercury, 11 July 1958. 6. Ibid., 19 June 1959. 7. Steve Collins, The Glory Boys (London: Arrow, 1999), p. 55. 8. Joan Anim-Addo, Longest Journey (London: Deptford Forum Publishing, 1995), p. 21. 9. South East London Mercury, 21 January 1971. 10. LCCR Report, 8 June 1972.

21. ANARCHY IN THE UK

1. Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (Brighton: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1992), pp. 95–6. 2. The Times, 18 March 1982. 3. David Leigh, The Wilson Plot (London: Heinemann, 1988), p. 158. 4. Ibid., pp. 158–9. 5. Ibid., p. 158. 6. Ibid., p. 160. 7. Ibid., p. 159. 8. Observer, 8 September 1974. 9. Martin Dillon, 25 Years of Terror: The IRA’s War Against the British (London: Bantam, 1999), p. 101. 10. Sunday Telegraph, 4 November 1979. 11. Tony Cliff, The Crisis: Social Contract or Socialism (London: Pluto, 1975), p. 114. 12. Correspondence: Board of Deputies of British Jews. See also Roger King and Neill Nugent, Respectable Rebels: Middle Class Campaigns in Britain in the 1970s (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1979), pp. 76ff. 13. Ray Hill with Andrew Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe’s Neo- Nazi Network (London: Grafton, 1988), p. 200. 14. Ibid., pp. 200–201. 15. Jew-Wise, 3. 16. Anon, Policing Against Black People (London: Institute of Race Relations, 1983), p. 72. Notes 547

17. New Scotland Yard press release, 24 January 1983. 18. Joan Anim-Addo, Longest Journey (London: Deptford Forum Publishing, 1995), p. 134. 19. Ibid., p. 139. 20. John La Rose in ibid., p. 138. 21. Ibid., p. 139.

22. LIVING ON THE FRONT LINE

1. South London Press, 1 June 1962. 2. Ibid., 26 June 1970. 3. Lord Scarman, The Brixton Disorders 10–12 April 1981 (London: HMSO [1981] 1991), p. 17. 4. Ibid., p. 28. 5. Ibid., p. 48. 6. Picket leaflet. 7. Anon, Policing Against Black People (London: Institute of Race Relations, nd), p. 77. 8. Ibid., p. 3. 9. Searchlight, no. 53, November 1979. 10. Robert W. Gould and Michael J. Waldren, London’s Armed Police: 1829 to the Present (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1986), p. 120. 11. Hansard, 6 July 1981. 12. Scarman, op. cit., p. 125. 13. Ibid., p. 127. 14. Ibid., p. 128. 15. Ibid., p. 131. 16 Hornsey Journal, 22 October 1976. 17. Weekly Herald, 5 August 1977. 18. 12 October 1978. 19. Lord Gifford, The Broadwater Farm Inquiry (London: Karia Press, 1986), p. 24. 20. Ibid., p. 103. 21. Ibid., p. 186. 22. Ibid., p. 108. 23. Mail on Sunday, 27 October 1985. 24. Margaret Burnham and Lennox Hinds, The Burnham Report (London: Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign, 1987). 25. Anon, ‘Alleged Forced Admissions during Incommunicado Detention’ (London: Amnesty International, [February] 1988), Bruce Grove Museum Archive PA89/24, p. 1. 26. In Ferdinand Dennis, Behind the Frontlines: Journeys into Afro-Britain (London: Gollancz, 1988), p. 193. 27. In Brian Cathcart, The Case of Stephen Lawrence (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), p. 409. 28. See Nick Lowles, White Riot: the Violent Story of Combat 18 (Bury: Milo Books, 2001), p. 131. 548 Notes

29. The Times, 8 May 2001. 30. The Mail on Sunday, 17 June 2001.

23. ONE, TWO, THREE, WHAT ARE WE FIGHTING FOR?

1. Tariq Ali, Street Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties (London: Collins, 1987), p. 143. 2. Ibid., p. 177. 3. Ibid., p. 180. 4. John Minnion and Philip Bobover, eds, The CND Story (London: Allison and Busby, 1983), p. 16. 5. Tom Vague, Anarchy in the UK: The Angry Brigade (London: AK Press, 1997), p. 35. 6. Ibid., p. 40. 7. Ibid., p. 106. 8. Ibid., p. 119. 9. Jude Davies, ‘Anarchy in the UK? Anarchism and Popular Culture in 1990s Britain’, in Jon Purkis and James Bower (eds), Twenty-First Century Anarchism (London: Cassell, 1997), p. 64. 10. David Henshaw, Animal Warfare: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (London: Fontana, 1989), p. 4. 11. Ibid., p. 9. 12. Ibid., p. 50. 13. Guardian, 15 May 1995. 14. See New Camden Journal, 18 May 1995.

24. BACK TO THE FUTURE

1. Anon, Poll Tax Riot (London, Acab Press, 1990), pp. 15; 9; 21; 13; 30; 31. 2. Guardian, 2 April 1990. 3. 31 March 1990. 4. Bob Jones, Left-Wing Communism in Britain 1917–21: An Infantile Disorder? (Sheffield: Pirate Press, 1991), npn. 5. Danny Burns, Rent Strikes: St Pancras, 1960 (London: Pluto, 1972), pp. 115–16. 6. Haringey Solidarity Group, The Poll Tax Rebellion in Haringey (London: Haringey Solidarity Group, 1999), p. 5. 7. Ibid., p. 7. 8. Evening Standard, 5 April 1990. 9. Tottenham Journal, 25 July 1991. 10. Ibid., p. 7. 11. Haringey Solidarity Group, p. 5. 12. Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London: Corgi, 1993), p. 100. 13. ‘Merrick’, There’s a Riot Goin’ On? (Leeds: Goodhaven/UK, nd), p. 3. 14. Burns, op. cit., p. 19. Notes 549

15. Ibid., p. 20. 16. Ibid., p. 8. 17. Ibid., p. 15. 18. North London Press, 23 September 1960. 19. Star, 22 September 1960. 20. 23 September 1960.

25. THE FREE REPUBLIC OF WANSTONIA

1. Sonia Richmond, ‘An Examination of the One Tree Hill Anti-Enclosure Movement in South London’ (unpublished paper, 1994), pp. 18–19. See also John Nisbet, The Story of One Tree Hill Agitation with a Short-Sketch of Honor Oak Hill (reprinted 1997, no publisher). 2. John Davis, Unpublished paper, pp. 12–13. 3. Ibid., p. 10. 4. Chris Mosey, Car Wars: Battles on the Road to Nowhere (London: Vision, 2000), pp. 60–61. 5. Ibid., p. 109. 6. Ibid., pp. 125–6. 7. Ibid., p. 134. 8. See also Ellis Stamp, To Wanstonia (London: Zalus Press, 1996). 9. Big Issue, 16–22 August 1999. 10. Contractors Newsletter, October 1999. 11. Contractors Newsletter, August 1994. 12. The Roadbreaker, No. 14, October 1993. 13. Newsletter, December 1993. 14. Conor Foley, New Statesman, 25 February 1994. 15. The Times, 17 February 1994. 16. Paul Foot, Guardian, 28 February 1994.

26. NEVER UNDERESTIMATE A MINORITY

1. George McKay, Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance since the Sixties (London: Verso, 1996), pp. 37–8.

27. THE MAN IN THE THIRD CARRIAGE – 7/7 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

1. Michael Whine, ‘Britain’s New Terrorism Act’ (Press Release of the Board of Deputies of British Jews), 1 March 2001, p. 2. 2. Ibid., p. 4. 3. Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man who Declared War on America (New York: Random House, 1999), p. xiii. 4. Ibid., p. xv. 5. Andy Hayman, The Terrorist Hunters (London: Bantam, 2009), p. 9. 550 Notes

6. Ibid., p. 12. 7. Ibid., p. 16. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., p. 21. 10. Ibid., p. 43. 11. Metro, 11 July 2005. 12. Sun, 30 July 2005. 13. Nafeez Mosadaq Ahmed, The London Bombings: An Independent Inquiry (London: Duckworth, 2006) p. 118. 14. London Lite, 29 September 2008. 15. Metro, 18 July 2009. 16. Ibid., 8 September 2009. 17. Evening Standard, 14 September 2009. 18. London Lite, 8 September 2009. 19. Ibid., p. 121 20. Milan Rai, 7/7: The London Bombings, Islam and the Iraq War (London; Pluto, 2006) p. 18. 21. Ibid., p. 19. 22. Intelligence and Security Committee: Report into the London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005 (London: The Stationery Office, 2007 [Cm 6785]) p. 3. 23. Ibid., p. 25; 11–12. 24. ibid., pp. 30. 25. Metro, 27 November 2009. 26. Evening Standard, 1 February 2010.

28. OPERATION GLENCOE – G20, IAN TOMLINSON AND THE FUTURE OF STREET PROTEST

1. London Lite, 26 March 2009. 2. The Times, 26 March 2009. 3. Metro, 14 September 2009. 4. London Lite, 31 March 2009. 5. www.g-20meltdown.org/node/31 6. London Lite, July 2010. 7. Sunday Times, 19 April 2009. 8. Evening Standard, 13 May 2009. 9. Metro, 20 April 2009. 10. Sunday Times, 19 April 2009. 11. Guardian, 22 June 2009. 12. Adapting to Protest – Nurturing the British Model of Policing, http://www. statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-hmic-adapting-to-protest.pdf p. 43. 13. Ibid., pp. 6–7. 14. Ibid., p. 5. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid., pp. 7 and 27. Notes 551

17. Ibid., p. 31. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., p. 40. 20. Ibid., p. 32. 21. Nick Cohen, ‘New Left and Old Far Right: Tolerating the Intolerable’ in Jonathan Pugh ed., What is Radical Politics Today? (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2009) p. 164. 22. Ibid., p. 175.

APPENDIX ONE: SHADOW OF A WARRIOR QUEEN

1. Peter Salway, Roman Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press [1981], 1998), p. 505. 2. Ibid., p. 111. 3. Cornelius Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, tr. H. Mattingly and S. A. Handford (Harmondsworth: Penguin [1948] 1970). All quotes this edition. 4. John Morris, Londinium: London in the Roman Empire (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982), p. 104. 5. Francis Grew, ‘Representing Londinium: the Influence of Colonial and Post-Colonial Discourses’ (unpublished paper), p. 6.

APPENDIX THREE: ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS ON THE ROYAL FAMILY

1. Royal Archive: VIC/L13/II2. 2. RA/VIC/L13/112. 3. RA/VIC/L14/141. 4. See letter of Sir Robert Peel, 23 January 1843. 5. The Times, 15 September 1936. Index

Page references in bold refer to illustrations.

Abdullah, Bilal 505 allowable homicide guidelines 498 Abdulmutalab, Umar Farouk 505 Al-Muhajiroun 483, 484, 485, 490 Abercrombie, Patrick 461 al-Qaeda xxx, 487–8, 498, 500, Abu-Zahra, Muhammad 488 501, 503 Abwehr, the 247 American Apparel disturbances, Acquaviva, Claudius (Claudio) 39 Brick Lane xxxvi Action Party 392 American Civil War 240 Adam, William 141 American Revolution 156, 160–1 Adapting to Change (Her Majesty’s Amnesty International 414–5 Inspectorate of Police) xix Anarchist 232 Adapting to Protest (Her Majesty’s Anarchist International Club 232 Inspectorate of Police) 514 anarchists 187–8, 233–6; Aethelred 18, 19 deﬁ nitions 433; modern Aggressive Christianity (C. Booth) 432–7, 477–9 205 Anarchy in the UK Festival 436–7 Agricola, Julius 12 Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 260–1 Ahmed, Kafeel 505 Anglesey 7, 8 Ahmed, Nafeez Mosaddeq 503–4 Anglicanism 30–1, 48 air travel xxxiv–xxxv Anglo-Caribbean Club, Deptford Albert, Prince 187–8, 196 372–3 Albion Free State 479 Angry Brigade, the 426–31, 428 Alden, Michael 367 Animal Liberation Front 437–9, Alfred, King 18 474–5 Ali, Abdullah Ahmed 499–500 Animal Liberation Movement 328, Ali, Altab 370 440 Ali, Tariq 288, 384, 422–3, 425 animal rights 267–70, 328, 437–9 Ali, Tosar 369–71 Animal Rights Militia 439 Alien Act 177 Anne, Princess 534–5 Alien Ofﬁ ce, the 177–8 Anne, Queen 114, 150, 165 Aliens Restriction Act 273 Anti Nazi League 370–1, 386 All Britain Anti-Poll Tax anti-capitalist protest 507–15 Federation 445–6, 448 anti-Catholic feeling 83–4 All Lewisham Campaign against anti-gay attitudes xxxv–xxxvi Racism and Fascism 375–6, 393 anti-hunting bill protest xxii–xxiv Allegiance, Oath of (1829) 139–40 anti-poll tax campaign 443–51 Allegiance, Oath of (William III) anti-racism protests 392–5 147 Anti-Racist Committee of Asians in Allegiance and Supremacy, Oath East London 369–70 of 38, 88–9, 117 anti-Semitism xxviii, 297–8, 300, Allen, William 40 320, 322–37, 329, 389–91

553 554 Index

Anti-Terrorism Act 483 Bastwick, John 62 anti-Vietnam War protests 422–5 Bates, Thomas 51 anti-vivisectionism 267–70, 328 Battersea 267–70 apprentices riot 1639 69 Baylis, William 267–8 Apps, Lucy 512 Baynham, Ian, murder of xxxv Arcos 238, 239 Bazalgette, John 481 Argyll, Earl of 100 BBC 302, 313 Arnot, Robert 285 Bean, John 371, 531 arrest warrants 157 Becker, Lydia 255 Arthur, King 13 Beckett, John 305, 330, 336 Asquith, Herbert 225, 257, 259–60 Beckford, William 135–6, 156 Association of Ilford Muslims 483 Becks, Suzanna 492 Association of Professional, Bede 18 Executive, Clerical and Computer Bedloe, William 86, 90, 91, 92, Staff (APEX) 367 105, 106 Atkinson, John 96 Benedict, Pope xxxv–xxxvi Automatic Number Plate Benn, Tony xxvi, 516 Recognition (ANPR) xxxii–xxxiii Bermondsey xxxiv, 292–3 Aveling, Edward 223, 231 Besant, Annie 222, 223, 224, 230, Avis, George 180 340 Ayrton, Hertha 260–1 Besant, Walter 323 Bethell, Vincent 434 Baader-Meinhof gang 430 Bethlam Hospital 120 Babington, Anthony 41–2, 47 Bethnal Green 213, 280, 491; Bailey, Chloe xxii Chartist rallies 197–202 Baillee-Stewart, Norman 298 Betts, Geoffrey 409 Baines, Richard 40 Bhatti, Abdul 354 Baker, Sir Robert 180–1 Bhownaggree, Mancherjee 340 Bakri Muhammed, Omar 490–1, Bhudia, Devshi 367 503, 504 Bidwell, Sydney 403–4 Balcombe Street hostage crisis 251 Biff Boys, the 300 Ball, Ian 534–5 Big Brother (TV programme) xxxiii Ball, John 23–4 Billinghurst, May 265–6 Ballard, John 41–2 Billingsgate 18 Baltic Exchange 253 Bin Laden, Osama 483, 487, 488 Bank of England 149 Birdwood, Jane 387 Bankside 61 Birmingham xxxiii, 194, 246, 290, Banqueting Hall, the 61 400, 498 Barcelona, Liceo Theatre Birmingham Six, the 250 massacre 234 Bishopsgate 31 Bardi, Francesco de 27 black community: activism Barker, John 426–31 344–50; calls to expel Barnaby, Lord 405 344; Chartists 349; Barnes, Peter 247 criminalized 383; deaths in Barnwell, Robert 41–2 custody 363–4; fear of 365–6; Barrett, Michael 241 Lewisham race riots 372–5; Barry, Tom 245 Notting Hill Carnival 353–4; Index 555

Notting Hill race riots 352–3; Bow Street foot patrol 180–1 numbers 347; segregation 345; Boyne, Battle of the 101 West Indian arrivals 351–2, 353; Bradbury, Thomas 167 wrongful arrests 400 Bradford 420 Black Death 22 Bradlaugh, Charles 143, 230 Black History for Action 400 Brandreth, Jeremiah 183 Black Liberation Front 251 Brentford 56–7 Black Monday, 1886 218–20 Brick Lane, American Apparel Black People’s Day of Action 394–5 disturbances xxxvi Black September 377, 432 Brick Lane attacks 369–71 Blackfriars 63, 128 Bridewell Palace 481–2 Blackheath 23, 264, 460 Brighton, Grand Hotel 252 Blackheath climate change British Brothers League 323–4 camp xx British Commonwealth Union 294 Blackwell, George 50 British Constitution 482 Blair, Ian 493, 497, 498 British Empire Union 294–5, 296, Blair, Tony xix, xxii, xxxi, 416, 319, 327 475, 478, 493, 494, 500, 505 British Fascisti 294, 295, 297–8, 319 Blake, William 73, 126, 459 British India Society 338 Blakelock, Keith 193, 411 British Movement 371 Bland, Hubert 224 British National Party (ﬁ rst) 352–3, Blood, Thomas 96–7, 107, 109 386 Bloody Question, the 49–50 British National Party (modern) Bloody Sunday, 1887 222–4 xxvii, xxix, xxxv, 371, 386, 518 Bloody Sunday, 1972 249 British Socialist Party 281, 287 Blunkett, David 485 British Union of Fascists 300–15; Boadicea and her Daughters anti-Semitism 333–4; Battle of (statue) 15–6 Cable Street 308–13; German Boece, Hector 15 inﬁ ltration 316; Hyde Park Bolsheviks 236, 324–6, 326–7 rally 303–5; launch 300; Bomb Squad 377 membership 307; Olympia bombers: anarchist 233–5; rally 300–3; Q Divisions 294 the Angry Brigade 426–32; British Workers’ League 296 Irish 240–54; Islamic 489–97; Brixton riots 363, 397–400, 405–7, Nazi 418–9 415 Bone, Ian 437, 440 Broadwater Farm riots 408–14 Book of Succession (Persons) 48 Brockwell Park 214, 446–7 Booth, Catherine 205 Brown, Amelia 260 Booth, Charles 220 Brown, Gordon xxxi, 505, 508 Booth, William 204–5 Brown Dog Riots 267–70 borders, porous 486 Bryant, Christopher 430 Bott, John 430, 431 Bund, the 326–7 Bottomley, Horatio 279 Bunton, Henry 62 Boudicca 1, 8–12, 14–6, 519–27 Burgess, Victor 330 Bourdain, Martial 234 Burke, Edmund 138, 166, 173 Bourgass, Kamel 489 Burke, Richard O’Sullivan 240–1 Bouvier, Eugenia 265 burnings 56–7, 90 556 Index

Burnley 420 casualties: 7/7 attacks 492, 494; Burns, John 218, 222, 224, 225, Brixton riots 399; the Gordon 268, 343 Riots 128; IRA bombing Bush, George 485–6 campaigns 246, 248, 250, 251–2; Bush, George W. 488, 505 poll tax riot 445 Bute, Lord 156 Cat and Mouse Act 262 Butler, Edward 250–1 Catesby, Robert 46, 50–3 Buxton, Nick 213 Catholic Emancipation Act 139–40 Catholic English College, Cable Street, Battle of 308–13 Rheims 39, 40 Cade, Jack 23 Catholic Relief Bill 117, 118 Caesar, Julius, invasion of Catholics 55, 59–60, 101–2; Britain 1–3 agents 39; Appellants 50; Cagliostro, Count 139 blamed for the Great Fire 79–80; Calais 37 cultural difference 141; dual Caligula, Emperor 3–4 allegiance 139–40; eighteenth Callender, Alexander 534–5 century 136–42; Elizabethan Calvin, John 30, 37, 38 intrigue 39–44; Gordon Riot Cambridge University 38 attacks on 121–2, 130; and the Cameron, David xxi, xxxv Jacobites 115–6; Jesuits 89–90, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 105, 140; judicial murder 87; (CND) 423–4 massacre 1688 102–4; outlawed Campbell, Ken 473 49; plots against James VI and I Campbell, Sir Malcolm 300 44–54; the Popish plot 84–92; Camps for Climate Action, policing the Popish Plot 104–6; subsidence of 514 of persecution 117; threat Camulodunum (Colchester) 3, 4–5, of 38, 42–3, 83–5, 89–90, 104–5; 9–10, 520, 521, 521–2, 523, 525 Tudor criminalization 30–48 Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 248 Catlin, Maliverny 40 cannibalism 76 Cato Street Conspirators 184–7, 348 Canning, George 141 causes, plurality of xx–xxi Cannon Street 21 Cavendish, Lord Frederick 243 Canon Street Hotel 281 Cecil, Sir Robert 42, 44–7, 51–3 Cant, Ernest 285 Cecil, Robert 324–5 Captain Swing 451 Cecil, William (Lord Burghley) 39 Caratacus 4, 7 Celtic identity 13–4 Carew, Sir Peter 35 Central Economic Council 294 Caroline, Queen, funeral 179–81 Champion, Henry Hyde 218 Carr, Robert 375, 427–8 Charing Cross 61, 71; ‘battle of’ 36 Cartwright, John 161 Charles I, King 58, 59, 65–6, 68, 84 Cary, Mary 68 Charles II, King 78–9, 82–3, 85–8, Case of the Allegiance due to Sovereign 90, 92, 96, 100, 105, 110, 141, Powers, The (Sherlock) 147–8 528 Cassivellaunus 2 Charterhouse 31 Castle, John 182–4 Chartism and Chartist Castlereagh, Viscount 141 agitation 144–5, 161, 189–204; Casuals United xxxiii Bethnal Green rallies 197–202; Index 557

black community and 349; coalitions 515–6 Kensington Common rally 195–7 Coates, Ken 422 Chartley Hall 41–2 Cobbett, William 76, 135, 193 Chatterton, Dan 232 COBR[A] Cabinet Offi ce Briefi ng Chatterton’s Commune: the Atheistic Room 486 Scorcher (Chatterton) 232 Cochrane, C. 217 Cheapside 17, 19–20, 21 Cohen, Leonora 262 Chelsea Barracks 251 Cohen, Nathaniel L. 219 Chessell, Olivia xxxiv–xxxv Cohen, Nick 515–6 Chesterton, A. K. 358, 386–7 Colchester 3, 4–5, 9–10, 520, 521, Chidley, Katherine 69 521–2, 523, 525 children, fi ngerprinting of xxxi, Cold Bath Fields 192–3 xxxii Coleman, Edward 86, 89, 108 Childs, Sir Wyndham 284–5 Coleridge, Stephen 268 Chinese community 271–2 College, Stephen 90 Choudary, Anjem xxviii Collins, Michael 244 Christie, Stuart 426–31 Column 88, 388–9 Church and King, protection Combat 18 419 of 88–9 Commission for Racial Equality Church of England 30–1, 55 417–8 Churchill, John 101 Commius the Atrebatian 2 Churchill, Winston 227, 237–8, common land, protection of 247–8, 256, 259, 260, 261, 314 457–61 Civil Association, the 387–8 Common Sense (Paine) 139, 171–3 civil liberties xxxi–xxxiii Commons Preservation Society 460 Civil War, the 60, 62, 66, 94 Commons Registration Act 458 Clan-na-Gael bombing campaign Commonwealth, the 58 242 Commonwealth Immigrants Clapham 396 Act 354 Clarence, Ian Souter 388–9 Commune, the 19 Clarke, Charles 493, 504 Communist Party of Great Clarke, Peter 492, 493, 498 Britain 263, 281–9, 295–6, Class War 439–40, 450 301–3, 305, 310, 324, 342–3, 424 Claudius, Emperor, invasion of Conant, Sir Nathaniel 182–3 Britain 4 Conciliation Bill 261 Clerkenwell 26, 31, 101, 117, 174, Condon, Sir Paul 416 227–8; Spa Fields 179, 181–2, Conrad, Joseph 235 214, 227 Conservative Party 354–9, 383, 396 Clerkenwell Green 214 Contest Two 508 Clerkenwell House of Cony, Nathaniel 109 Detention 240–1 Cook, Don 453–5 climate camps xx, 514 Cook, Robin 420 climate change protest xx, xxi, Copeland, David 418, 419 xxiv, 514 Copenhagen xx Clough, Bryan 321 Copenhagen Fields, peace and bread Club and Institute Union 229 rally 176 coal-heavers strike 152–3 Coppe, Abiezer 71–3 558 Index

Corelli, Marie 323 Davidson, Thomas 224 Corn Laws 204 Davidson, William 184–7, 348 Corporation of London 111, Davies, Barbara 475–6 112–3, 135, 290 Davies, John 429 Corydon, John 240 Davis, Franklyn 251 Coulon, Auguste 233 Davis, Ron xix counter terrorism training 380 Davison, Emily Wilding 262–3 counterculture xxi, 471, 478–9 De Menezes, Jean Charles xxiv, Countryside Alliance xxii–xxiv, 494–5, 496–8, 513 76, 480 De Valéra, Eamon 246, 247–8 Court of Common Council 136 Decianus, Catus 9, 10, 523, 524, Covell, William 76–7 525 Covenanters 95, 99 Declaration of Indulgence, Covent Garden 126, 152 the 100–1 Coventry 24, 247 Deepwater Horizon disaster xx Cowper, Thomas 15 Defence of the Realm Act 314 Crawsaw, Richard 403 deference 59 Creek, Hilary 426–31 Defoe, Daniel 149 Criminal, Justice and Public Order Democratic and Trades Act (1994) xxiv, 450 Alliance 229 Cromwell, Oliver 66, 67, 68, 69, Democratic Federation 231, 231 77, 82, 94, 104 demonstrations, laws Cromwell, Richard 107 proscribing 178–9 Crossman, Richard 359 Deptford 375; Anglo-Caribbean Crowley, Aleister 319–20 Club 372–3 Crown Jewels, Suffragette attempt to Deptford bread riots 210–1 steal 262 Desai, Jayaben 367 Cruikshank, George 457 Despard, Charlotte 268 CS gas 377–8, 403, 450 Despard, Marcus 176–7, 183 Cudlipp, Hugh 381 despotism 161–2 Cuffay, William 349 Dhingra, Madan Lal 341–2 Culloden, Battle of 115 Diamond, Battle of the 175 Cully, Robert 193 Dick, Cressida 498 Culverhouse, John 458 Dickens, Charles 32, 187 Cunningham, Syreeta 361 Diehards 294, 296 Current Affairs Press 387 Diggers, the 74–6 Curtin, John 242 Dingley, Charles 152 Cutler, Horace 291 Dio, Cassius 526 direct action: anti-poll tax Daily Express xxviii campaign 443–51; Guerrilla Daily Herald 302, 455 Gardening 471–4; planning Daily Mail xxii, xxiii, 284, 306–7, protests 457–70; rent strikes 421, 449 451–6; right-wing 479–80 Daily Mirror xxiii, 258–9, 394, 455 Disraeli, Benjamin 191, 323 Daley, John 242, 244 Dissenters 55–9, 62, 83, 85, 100, Dashwood, Francis 155, 156 104, 150 Data Protection Act xxxi divine order 58 Index 559

Docklands 254 Edward II, King 20 Docks 189–90 Edward VI, King 32 Doherty, Hugh 250–1 Edward VII, King 188 Domville, Sir Barry 336 Edward VIII, King 532–4 Dongas, the 464–70, 479 Edwards, George 183 Downing Street, No 10, mortar Egerton, Thomas 45 attack on 252–3 Eikonoklastes (Milton) 15 Doyle, Arthur Conan 323 Eleanor, Queen 20 Drake, Sir Francis 56 elections: 1640 59–60; 2001 420–1; drugs and drug abuse 271 eighteenth century 162–3 druids 7–8, 11, 14 Electoral Reform Bill, 1866 255 Drury House 44 Eliot, Sir John 59 Dryden, John 106 Eliot, John 133 Dublin 175, 246 Elizabeth I, Queen 32, 35, 37, Dudley, Sir Henry 37 39–44, 48, 372, 459 duels 140–1 Elliott, Andrew xxiii Duffy, David Anthony 349 Embankment Scheme, the 481 Duffy, Eion 247 Emmet, Robert 177 Dugdale, Stephen 92 Empire Windrush 372 Duggan, Henry 250–1 enemy within, fear of 271–80 Dundee Advertiser 213 Enfi eld Chase, Digger occupation Dunn, Reginald 244–5 of 74–6 Dunne, Harry 41–2 Engels, Friedrich 219, 220, 231 Dunston, Sir Jeffrey 163–4, 164 English Defence League Durham, Palatinate of 43 (EDL) xxix–xxx Dutt, Rajani Palme 281, 342–3, English Revolutionary Society 229 343 environmentalism xxxiv–xxxv, dynamitards 234–5 517–8 Epping Forest 460–1 Earth First 464 Epsom Races 263 East End 272, 322 Equiano, Olaudah 348 East Ham 213 Ermine Street 5 East Ham Echo 274–5 Essex, Earl of 39 East India Company 338 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl East Indian Association 338 of 44–7 East London Conference Against Essex House 44, 46 Racism 370 ETA 377 East London Mosque 516–7 Ethelburt, King 18 East London People’s Council ethnic division xxvii–xxviii Against Fascism 310 Evans, Maya xxv–xxvi Ecclesiastical History of the English Evelyn, John 78–9 People (Bede) 18 Evesham, Battle of 20 Economic League, the 387 Evil May Day 27–9 Edinburgh 166 executions 166; the Babington Educational News 212 plot 42; Brandreth 183; Charles Edward the Confessor 18 I 68; Duke of Monmouth 100; Edward I, King 20 Hesketh 43; Hubert 81; Irish 560 Violent London executions – continued First of May/International patriots 245; the Jacobite Revolutionary Solidarity rebellions 116–7; Kensington Movement 426 Common 195; last public 241; First World War 271, 272–80, 296, Mary, Queen of Scots 42; the 327 Popish Plot 90; Thistlewood Fish Street Hill 5 186–7; Wyatt’s rebellion 37 Fisher, James 119 Explosive Substances Act 243 Fisher, Nicola 511 expropriators 238–9 Fishman, William 310 Eyton, Henry 73 Flamberg, Gerald 332 Flame, The 236, 239 Fabian Society, the 224, 287 Flammock, Thomas 23 Farnley Wood, Leeds 95 fl ash mobs xxvi Farringdon, Thomas 25 Fleet Prison 64–5, 69 fascism 294–321, 328–30, 336–7, Fleet river 481 418–9; anti-Semitism 297–8, Fletcher, John 15 300, 333–4; Battle of Cable Street food riots 151, 210–1 308–13; BUF Hyde Park rally football hooliganism xxx, 303–5; BUF Olympia rally 300–3; xxxiii–xxxiv, 419, 440 and the General Strike 295–6; For Soviet Britain (CPGB) 281–2 German infi ltration 316; Ford, Richard 178 Italian 530; opposition 308–13; foreigners: blamed for the Great women activists 317–8 Fire 79–80; medieval violence Fathers 4 Justice xix–xx against 26–9 Fawcett, Millicent 255, 269 fortifi cations: Roman 17; Fawkes, Guy 50–4 Saxon 18 Feake, Christopher 67, 68 Fortune Green 458 Felmings 26 43 Group 331–2 Ferreira, Michael 364 Fox, Charles James 141, 160–2 Ferry, Otis xxii–xxiii Fox, George 71 Festival of Light 376 Foxe, John 56 festivals 58 Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (Foxe) 56 Fielding, Henry 164 France 32, 238, 347; anarchists Fielding, Sir John 154, 164, 235–6; St. Bartholomew’s Day 348 Massacre 40 Fiennes, Ranulph xxii Francis, John 531 A Fiery Flying Roll (Coppe) 71–2 Franciscius, Andreas 26 Fifth Monarchists 67–8, 92–6, 104, Frankford, Frank 307 107 Franklin, Benjamin 158, 170 fi nancial crisis, 2009 506–7 Franklin, Hugh 261 Finch, Heneage 89 Fraser, Antonia 50 Finch, Joseph 395 Freedom Association 388 Fineberg, Geoffrey 291 Freiheit 229 Finsbury Park 362 French Revolution 173–9, 348 Finsbury Park Mosque 485, Fruits of Philosophy, The (Bradlaugh) 489–90, 504 230 First of May Group 377 fuel lobby 479–80 Index 561

Fussell, Joseph 203 Glover, Richard 15 Fyfe, Hamilton 302, 328 Glyn D’wr, Owain 13 Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry 86, 92, G20 summit protest, 2009 507–15 99; murder of 105–10 gagging acts 176 Golden Boy, the 82 Gallacher, Willie 281, 288 Goldolphin, Sidney 149 Gallaher, Bernard 242 Goodall, Keith 396 Gallaher, Dr 242 Goodman, Cliff 438 Galloway, George 491, 516, 517 Goodwin, Fred 506 Gamble, Jim xxxi Gordon, George 118–21, 122–3, Game, Sir Philip 311, 313 127, 131–2, 138–40 Gang of Hatters 152 Gordon Riots, the 118–32, 122, Gapes, Michael 483 141, 161, 347; aftermath 133–40 Gardstein, George 236 Gothenburg 442 Garibaldi Riots, the 143–5 Goulding, Cahal 248 Garnet, Henry 50, 52 government of national salvation Garrard, Sir Samuel 149 plan 381–2 Garratt, Mayor of 162–4 Gracechurch Street 5, 7, 21 Gash, Stephen xxix Graham, Cunninghame 224, 225 Gately, Kevin 402, 431 Grand Hotel, Brighton 252 Gaul 2 Grandi, Count Dino 335 Gaza 516 Grant, Bernie 410, 412 GCHQ xxxi Grant, John 51 General Inclosure Act 458 Gravers, Anders xxix General Naturalisation Act 149 Great Britain: Roman conquest General Strike, the 288, 295–6, 344 of 1–5; Romanization 12 Genoa 442 Great Charter, the 190–1 George I, King 114, 165 Great Fire, the 78–81, 104 George III, King 119, 135, 156, Great Scrouge, The (C. Pankhurst) 157, 161–2, 344 266 George IV, King 139, 140, 179–80 Greater London 322 George V, King 295 Greater London Council 291–3, George, Richard xxxiv–xxxv 370, 408, 462–4 George Green 468–9 Greater London Development George-Brown, Lord 404–5 Plan 461–4 German population 272 Green Party 517–8 Germanophobia 272–80 green politics 517–8 al-Gharbra, Mohammed 500 Green Ribbon Club, the 108 Ghose, Lalmohun 338 Green Ribboners 92, 94, 99, 107, Gibbes, Asquith 374 108 Gibbons, Kathleen 307–8 Greene, Hughie 382 Gifford, Gilbert 41 Greenﬁ eld, Jim 426–31 Gifford Report 413 Greenpeace 478 Gildas the Wise 14–5 Greer, Germaine 425 Glasgow Airport 505 Gregory, Arthur 40 Glorious Revolution, the 98, Grey, Lady Jane 34 101–4, 135, 146–7 Grifﬁ n, Sir Lepel 339–40 562 Violent London

Grifﬁ n, Nick xxix, 420–1 Harres, John 36 Grifﬁ ths, Peter 355 Harrison, Guy xix Groce, Cherry 410 Hart, David 167 Grosvenor, Lord Robert 206–7 Hattersley, Roy 403 Grosvenor Square march 422–3 Hatton, Derek 292 Grove, John 105 Havers, Sir Michael 250, 251 Groves, John 240 Haw, Brian xxiv, xxvi Grunwick Processing Laboratories Haydon, Charles 116 dispute 366–8, 387 Hayman, Andy 492–3, 494 Guerrilla Gardening 434, 471–4 Haymarket Theatre 152 Guildford Four, the 250 heads, display of 53, 82, 96 Guildhall 111 Healey, Denis 385 guilds 21, 112 Heap, Charles 247 Guise, Duke of 40 Heath, Edward 249, 250, 293 Gulf War, the 483 Heathrow airport xxi, xxxv, Gunpowder Plot, the 44–54, 48–54 499–500 Gurkhas, right to settle Hefeld, Paul 235–6 campaign xxi Heffer, Simon xxiii Gutzmore, Cecil 353–4 Hell Fire Club 155 Henderson, Sir Edmund 219, 242–3 Habershon, Roy 251, 428–9, 431 Hennington, Walter 285 Hackney 360–3, 365–8, 407 Henri II, King of France 37 Hackney riots 362–3 Henrician peace, the 32 Hadley, Katherine 64, 65, 69 Henry III, King 19–20 Hague, William 420 Henry IV, King 24 Haiti 348 Henry VII, King 24 Halifax, Lord 157 Henry VIII, King 27, 30, 56 Hall, Nicholas 56 Herbert Commission 291 Hall, Peter 376 heretics 32, 56 Hamilton, William 531 Hertz, J. H. 326 Hamlyn, Paul 300 Heseltine, Michael 449 Hamm, Jeffrey 330–1, 334 Hesketh, Richard 43 Hammersmith Bridge 254 Hewitt, Patricia 493 Hampstead Heath 457, 460 Hickes, James 78 Hamza al-Masri, Abu 485, 489–90, High Commission, Oath of 64 503, 504 Highgate 96 Hancock, Tony 388–9 Hill, Christopher 286 hangings, Evil May Day 29 Hill, John 502 Hanoverians 112–3 Hills, PC 534–5 Hanseatic League, the 21 Hiscox, Mollie 317 Hardie, Keir 258, 260, 342 Hizb ut-Tahrir 505 Hardwick, Nick 511, 513 Hoare, Sarah 121 Hardwicke, Lord 166 Hobhouse, Henry 181 Hardy, Thomas 176, 348 Holbeach 53 Haringey Solidarity Group 449 Holliday, John xxiii Harley, Sir Edward 81 Holloway Prison 258, 266 Harmston, Dan 358 Holocaust, the 330, 334 Index 563

Holyoake, George 143 poverty 360; threat of Homerton Social Democratic xxviii–xxx; West Indian 351–2, Club 229–30 353; working conditions 366–8 Honor Oak 459–60 Imperial Fascist League 297, Hooper, John 182–4 328–30 Hopkin, Daniel 332 Imperial War Museum 120 Hopkins, Richard 15 Imworth, Richard 25 Horner, Arthur 281 Incitement of Mutiny Act 285, 296 Houghton, Priscilla 188 Independent Labour Party 231, Houndsditch Murders, the 236, 256, 258, 287, 310, 343 238–9 Independent Police Complaints housing conditions 452 Commission 497, 511, 513 Howard, Edmund 29 India House 341 Howe, Darcus 394 Indian activism 338–44 Howe, Geoffrey 449 Indian Sociologist 341–2 Howe, Samuel 62 industrial action 366–8, 378, 385, Hoxton 361 387 Hubert, Robert 80–1 Ings, James 184–7 Hughes, Samuel 207 inheritance plot, the 44–7 Hughes, Simon 292–3 injustice xxi Huguenots 528–9 Inkpin, Albert 285 Humbert, General Joseph 176 INQUEST 408 Humphreys, Sir Travers 286 insurance 133 hunger strikes 249, 262, 263, 266 Intelligence and Security Committee’s Hunt, Henry 181–2, 184 Annual Report 2007–8 xxx Huntley, Robert 249 intelligence gathering 177–8, 183 Hussain, Hasib 492, 494 intelligence services xxx–xxxi Hussain, Nabeel 500 internal security xxx–xxxi Hussain, Tanvir 499 International Black Cross 426 Huxley, Aldous 302 International Islamic Front 488 Hyde Park 206–7, 259, 259, 303–5, International Socialists Group 288 509 Internet, the xxxi, xxxvi, 486, 487 Hyndman, Henry Myers 218–9, intolerance xxviii 228, 231, 341 IRA (Irish Republican Army) 383, 432; arrests 247; bombing Iceni war, the 1, 8–12, 14–6, 519–27 campaigns 245–54; identity cards xxxi–xxxii demands, 1939 245; England Illustrated London News, The 203–4, Department 251–4; hunger 208–9 strikes 249; and the Nazis Imbert, Peter 251 247–8; Provisional 249–51; immigrants and immigration: Stormont talks 253–4 control 354–9; deaths in custody Iranian Embassy siege 380–1 363–4; demographics 355; Iraq war xxv–xxvi, 500, 501–2; ghettoization 369–71; Haw’s vigil xxiv; Not in My Huguenots 528–9; Indian Name rally xxii 338–44, 352; Italian 26–7, 529–30; Ireland 173; and the French Jews 323, 324–6; origins 360–1; Revolution 175–6 564 Violent London

Irish, the 142–3, 155; Jenkinson, Charles 123 bombers 240–54; Despard’s Jessel, Sir Herbert 268 plot 176–7; the Garibaldi Jesuits 89–90, 105, 140 Riots 143–5 Jewish People’s Council Against Irish Home Rule 145 Fascism 308–9 Irish National Liberation Army 249 Jews 21–2, 322–37, 355; the 43 Irish Republican Brotherhood 240–2 Group 331–2; caricature 22; Irons, Jeremy xxii conspiracy theories 324–6, Islam, Umar 500 389–91; immigrants 323, 324–6; Islamic terrorism 483–91, massacre, 1189 22; MPs 327; 516–7; 7/7 aftermath 494–8; 7/7 population 322; Russian 324–6; attacks 490–4; 21/7 attack 495–6; shechita 328; stereotypes 323 bomb making equipment 489; Jew-Wise 389–91 British bombers 500–1; conspiracy John, King 19 theories 502, 503–5; John Bull 279 enquiries 502–3; Heathrow John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster conspiracy 499–500; jihad 488; 23, 24 London Underground gas attack Johnson, Boris xxiv, 498 489; proscribed groups 484; Johnson, John 109 radicalisation 489–90, 501–2, 503, Joint Intelligence Committee 501 505; recruitment 487–8; stops Joint Terrorist Analysis Centre 494 and searches 499, 505; threat Jones, Ernest 196, 199–200, 202–3 of xxvii–xxviii, xxx–xxxi, 486–7 Jonson, Ben 15 Israel 332 Jordan, Colin 329, 386 Italian clubs 530 Jordan, Pat 422 Italians 26–7, 529–30 Joseph, George 375 Joseph, Michael 23 J18 442 Joyce, William 296, 297–8, 300, Jack the Ripper 323 314–5, 318–21, 330, 334, 335–6, Jackson, Angela 394 337 Jackson, Glenda 517–8 Joynson-Hicks, Sir William 285 Jackson, James 126 Justice, Ann 241 Jacobites and the Jacobite Justice not Vengeance group, Rebellions 114–7, 148, 164 the xxvi Jalloh, Nenneh 364 Jamal, Abdullah Shaheed 492 Kane, George 247 James II, King 82, 86, 87, 90, Keeler, Sulayman 485 100–4, 141, 528 Keens, John 182–4 James VI and I, King of Scots and Kell, Vernon 145, 319 King of England 32, 457; the Kelley, Edward 42, 43 Gunpowder Plot 48–54; the Kelly, Colonel T. J. 240, 241 inheritance plot 44–7 Kenney, Annie 256, 257 Jarrett, Cynthia 364, 409 Kensington Common 214; Chartist Jarrett, Floyd 409–10 rally 195–7 Jebb, John 161 Kent, Tyler 318 Jeffreys, Sir George 87, 88, 89–90, Kentish Independent 276 90–2, 100 Kenwood House 460 Index 565

Kenya 356 Langden, Captain 68 Kenyatta, Jomo 356 Lansbury, George 262, 453 Kenyon, John 90, 106 Latin 13 Kerneys, John Gardner 347 Laud, William 37, 62, 65, 66, 83 Kesey, Ken 465–6 Lawrence, John 453, 455 Ketch, Jack 100 Lawrence, Stephen 364, 406, Keyes, Robert 51 415–7 Khatib, Adam 500 Lawson, Nigel 379 Kifﬁ n, ‘Dolly’ 409–10, 412–3, 414 Layﬁ eld, Sir Frank 463 Kilburn, William 197 League of Ex-Servicemen 331 Killing of Justice Godfrey, The League of Protestant Associations (Knight) 106, 108, 110 118–9 King, Cecil 381–2 Leather Lane 227 King, Oona 491 Lecomber, Tony 389 King’s Bench Prison 159 Lee, Ronnie 437–8 King’s Cross Station 246 Leese, Arnold 297, 328–30, 329, King’s Thursday 263 336–7, 386, 389–91 Kingsley, Charles 141 Leicester 246 Kinnock, Neil 445 Leicester, Earl of 39 Kitz, Frank 229, 232–3 Leicester Fields 109, 111, 126, 214 Kneweth, Sir Thomas 53 Leicester Square 246 Knight, Charles Maxwell 296, Lenartavicius, Mindaugas 510 319–21 Lenin, V. I. 107, 228, 281, 288–9 Knight, Christopher xxiv, 507 Lepidus, Jacob 235–6 Knight, Stephen 106, 108, 110 Levellers, the 57–8, 60, 66–7, 68, Knollys, Sir Thomas 45 69, 95, 100 Kollerstrom, Nick 502 Levenson, Sir John 45 Krishnavarna, Shyamaji 341 Lewis, Ted 300 Kropotkin, Peter 228 Lewisham 264, 266–7 Lewisham race riots 372–5 La Rose, John 394 Lewisham Way National Front Labour League of Youth 310 march 393–4 Labour Party 204, 211, 227, 286, Liberal Party 227 287, 344, 424, 453; conference, liberty boys 131 1930 299–300; racism 359–60 Liberty Restoration League 315 Lambeth Baths 298 lifestyle, right to xx–xxi Lambeth Council 396–7 Lilburne, Elizabeth 69 Lambeth Palace 23 Lilburne, John 60–7, 69, 95 Lammy, David 505 Limehouse 152, 271 Lancashire 43 Lincoln, John 27–9 Land Nationalization Society 460 Lincoln’s Inn Fields 121 Lane, Allen 340 Linnell, Alfred 225 Lane, David 370 Lintorn Orman, Rotha 297 Lane, Joseph 229–30, 230–1 literacy rates 208 Langdale, Thomas 127 Little Germany 272 Langdale’s Distillery, burning Litvinenko, Alexander, murder of 127–8, 130 of xxx 566 Index

Liverpool 246, 292, 294, 400, 407, Ludgate 45 445 Ludgate Hill 11, 114 Liverpool, Lord 179 Lumley, Joanna xxi livery companies 112 Lusitania, sinking of 274, 279 Livingstone, Ken 292–3, 354, 472, Luther, Martin 30 502, 515–6, 516 Luttrell, Narcissus 100–1 Lloyd George, David 302 Loach, Ken 472 M11 protest 14, 461, 466–70 loafers 220 MacBride, Sean 245 Lockhart, Alf 330 McCarthy, Stephen 408 Lockhart, Robert Bruce 320 McConnell, John 534–5 Lockier, Robert 69 MacDonald, Ramsay 224, 299, 334 Loewe, Jens xx McDonald’s 474–5, 476–7 Lollards, the 20, 55–6 McGovern, John 305 Lombards 22, 27–9 McGuirk Hughes, J. 294 Londinium: foundation of 5–6; McIntosh, Andrew 292 rebuilt 12; sack of (AD 60) 1, McKilliam, Kenneth 391 10–1, 519–27 MacLane, Donald 159 London: growth of xvii, 31; McLaren, Malcolm 432 rebuilding after the Great MacLean, Roderick 531 Fire 111–3; seventeenth McMahon, George Andrew 532–4 century 60–2, 63; McManus, Arthur 281, 284, 285 Victorian 289–90 McPherson, James 14 London, University of, School for MacPherson Report 416–7 Oriental and African Studies McWhirter, Ross 250, 387 (SOAS) xxvii Madrid station bombing 500, 501 London Bombings: An Independent Magee, Patrick 251–2 Inquiry, The (Ahmed) 503–4 Magna Carta 19, 66 London Chronicle 345 Maiden Lane 289 London Community Planning Major, John 252, 448 Directory 463 Majority 387 London Corresponding Makgill, Sir George 319, 320 Society 176, 348 Malik, S. K. 488 London County Council 290–1, Mallik, Nanmath 340 452, 460 Malo, Mr 122–5 London Fields 199 Malski, Tony 418–9 London Government Act 291 Manchester 179, 246, 290, 400 London Patriotic Society 227–8 Manhood Suffrage League 229 London School of Economics 424 Manifesto of the Socialist League, The London Underground: 7/7 (Morris) 231–2 attacks 490–4; gas attack 489 Manningham-Buller, Elizabeth 496 London Underground Network Mansﬁ eld, Michael 450 Operations Centre 492 Mansion House 11 London United Workers’ Marble Arch 247 Committee 218 March for Liberty and L’Ouverture, Toussaint 348 Livelihood 480 Lowe, Joshua 188 Margiotta, Stephen 397 Index 567

Mark, Sir Robert 194, 251 millenarianism 71 Marlowe, Christopher 39, 40 Miller, Joan 319; fascist 317 Marr, Andrew xix Millwall football fans xxxiv Married Women’s Property Act 255 Milton, John 15, 70 Marshall, Alan 110 Miners’ strike, 1984 379 Marshall, Sir Frank 291 Miraz, Amer 483 Marshalsea prison 25 Mirror, the 475–6 martial law 153–4 Mitchell, John 200 Marx, Eleanor 231 Mohammed, Omar Bakri 484–5, Marx, Karl 107, 206, 207, 227, 231 485 Mary, Queen of Scots 40, 41–2 Mohocks 151 Mary Tudor, Queen 32, 34, 35, Mohun, Lord 151 56–7 Mona (Anglesey) 7, 8 Mason, John 96–7 monarchical legitimacy 146–9, 172 mass picketing 367 Monmouth, Duke of 98, 99, 100–1 Maude, Barnard 41–2 Monro, James 243–4 May Day, 2000 riot 471–7, 479 Montague, Magdalen, Viscountess Mayfair 111 49 Mayhew, Henry 220 Monteagle, William Parker, Lord Mayne, Richard 144, 196, 210, 52 211, 241, 242 Montford, Simon de 19–20 Mayor 19, 135 Moody, Michael 43 Meal Tub Plot 108 Moon at the Monarchy 434–6, Meantys, John 28 435, 440 Meinhof, Ulrike 8 Moorﬁ elds, Rope Maker’s Alley 122 Mellish, Bob 359 moral agenda xix, xxvii Mellitus, Bishop 18 More, Sir Thomas 28 Melville, Inspector 233 Morgan, Thomas 40, 41 Mendelson, Anna 426–31 Morning Post 347 Mendoza, Don Bernadino de 41 Morning Star 288 Menon, Krishna 340–1 Morris, David 474 Men’s Political Union 261 Morris, William 223, 225, 231, Merlin 13 231–2, 233 Merry, Douglas 395 Mosley, Oswald 294, 298–307, 308, Metropolitan Board of Works 290, 313–4, 316, 317, 318, 320, 330–7, 460, 481 386, 391–2 Metropolitan Commons Act 458 Most, Johann 229, 233 Meyers, David 483 motorways 461–70 MI5 284, 319, 320, 344, 383, 489, Mountbatten, Lord 381 499 Movement against the Monarchy MI6 383 434–6, 440 Middlesex Justices Act 86 Muhammed-Said, Muktar 496 Mikardo, Ian 359–60 mujahedeen, the 488 Militant 443–5, 448 murder, judicial 87 military: and Chartist rallies 202; Murphy, Jack 283, 285 role 166; use of force 154–5, Murray, Sir John 28 222, 224 Murray, John 115 568 Index

Murray, Leo xxxiv–xxxv New Left, the 424–5 Myatt, David 419 New Model Army 67, 68, 71 New Party, the 300, 334 Naoroji, Dadabhai 339–40 Newbury bypass, the 465–6 Nash, John 215 Newgate Prison 126–7 National Anti-Vivisection Newham, Sir Kenneth 392–3 Society 268 Newport 195, 197 National Association for News Chronicle 455 Freedom 387–8 News of the World 209, 246 National Council for Civil newspapers, growth of Liberties 401–2 readership 208–9 National Democratic Party 327 Nicholl, David 233–4, 440 National Fascisti 295–6 9/11 terrorist attacks 483, 484–5 National Front xxxiii, 328, 358, Nordic League, the 315–6, 317, 336 361, 369–71, 375, 386–7, 388, Norfolk, Duke of 40 393–4, 396, 399, 418–9 North, Lord 121, 161–2 National Government 300 North Walsham 24 National Labour Party 352, 371 Northern Ireland: Bloody Sunday National Party 327 249; Stormont talks 253–4; the National Political Union, march, Troubles 248–9, 383–4 1833 192–3 Northern Star 144 National Propaganda Front 294 Northumberland, Duke of 32, 34 National Reporting Centre 378–9 Northumberland, Alan Percy, Duke National Secular Society 230 of 295, 296 national security xxv Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl National Security Union 296 of 42, 48, 53 National Socialist League 337 Not in My Name rally xxii, xxiii, National Socialist Movement 419 480 National Union of Fascists 396 Notting Hill Carnival 353–4, 419 National Union of Notting Hill race riots 352–3, 354 Mineworkers 292, 379 Nottingham, Earl of 46 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Nufﬁ eld, Lord 300 Societies 258, 261 National War Aims Committee Oates, Thomas 95 296 Oates, Titus 85–7, 90–2, 100, nationalism xxxv 105–6, 107 Nazism 388–9 O’Brien, Joseph 244 Nehru, Jawaharlal 340–1 O’Connell, Martin Joseph 250–1 Nelson, Horatio 215–7 O’Connor, Fergus 196 Nelson’s Column 217 O’Donovan, Jim 245 Nelthorpe, John 75 Offences Against the State Act 246, Nesbit, Edith 224 247 Neville, Richard 425 Olaf Haraldson 18 New, Edith 258–9, 264, 264–5 Oldham 420 A New and More Exact Map Oliver, William 183 (Cary) 68 Olympia rally, 1934 300–3 New Cross ﬁ re 394–5 Olympic Games, 2012 xxxiv Index 569

Omagh 254 Paulinus, Suetonius 7, 8, 9, 10, Omond, Tasmin xxxiv–xxxv, 11–2, 521, 523, 523–4, 524–5 517–8 Pax Britannica 15 One Tree Hill 459–60 peace and bread rally, Copenhagen Operation Carnaby 446 Fields 176 Operation Conquest 501 Peace Women 69–70 Operation Griffi n 493 Peach, Blair, death of 401, 402, 408 Operation Kratos 498 Pearce, Joe 418–9 Operation Overt 499 Peasants’ Revolt, the 22–6, 94, 451 Operation Swamp 397–8, 406 Peck, Sir Henry 459 opium 271 Peel, Sir Robert 191, 531, 532 Ormonde, James Butler, 1st Duke Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of 97 of 109–10 Orwell, George xxxiii Pendarves, John 95 Osamor, Martha 414 Pendragon, Arthur 465–6 Osman, Hussain 496 Pennsylvania Magazine 170–1 Ossian 14 Pepys, Samuel 97, 106, 180 Overton, Mary 69 Percy, Thomas 46, 51 Overton, Richard 66, 67 personal security and privacy Owen, Hugh 42, 52 xxxi–xxxiii Oxford, Edward 187–8 Persons, Robert 42, 48 Oxford laws, the 19 Peter the Painter 239 Oxford Street 111, 247, 253, 261 Peterloo Massacre, the 179, 181 Pethick Lawrence, Emmeline 256, Paddick, Brian 498 257, 258, 263 Paine, Thomas 132, 137–8, 139, petrol bombs 398, 399, 403, 410–1 170–4 Peyton, Robert 107–8, 109 Pakistani community 352, 369–71 Philip II, King of Spain 34, 42–3 Palace Yard cow scare 96 Philip III, King of Spain 48 Palmerston, Lord 15 Phillips, Thomas 40, 41 Pankhurst, Adela 258 Philpott, John 416 Pankhurst, Christabel 256, 258, Piccadilly 261 260, 264, 266 Piers Plowman 25 Pankhurst, Emmeline 255–6, 258, Pilger, John 472 260–1, 262, 263 Pilgrimage of Grace 47 Pankhurst, Dr Richard 255 Piratin, Phil 288, 308, 308–12 Pankhurst, Sylvia 256, 258, 263, Pirow, Oswald 334 264, 277, 281 Pitt, David 396 Papists (Removal and Disarming) Pitt, William 135, 141, 156, 175 Bill 89 Pius V, Pope 48 Papists (Removal from London) Plane Stupid xxxiv–xxxv Bill 89 planning protests 457–70 paranoia xxxiii Plautius, Aulus 4, 7 Paris, Matthew 26 Player, Sir John 87 Parliament 19, 20–1, 65–6 Plowman, Jeremy 398 Paul, Alice 260 Plug Riots, the 195 Paulet, Sir Amias 41 Poley, Robert 40, 41 570 Index police: allowable homicide population 21, 24, 60 guidelines 498; and the Battle Porteous, Captain John 166 of Cable Street 311–2; and Post Offi ce, the 78 Broadwater Farm riots 409, post-modern protests xxxvi 410–2; brutality 401–2; changing Potter, Beatrice 224 perception of xix; CO19 495; Powell, Enoch 354–9, 374, 405 Criminal Investigations Praed Street Station 242 Department (CID) 243; deaths Prague 43 in custody 363–4, 408, 409–10; Prasutagus 9, 521, 522 District Support Units 407; Preen, John 332 expansion 220–1; fi rst to die in Presbyterians 37–8, 66 a riot 193; formation of 191–2; Prescott, Jake 426, 429 G20 summit protest, 2009 508, press, freedom of the 66 511–5; Instant Response Units Preston, Thomas 182–4 407; intelligence gathering 178; PREVENT programme 503 Irish Branch 243; national 244; Prevention of Terrorism Act, 1939 need for 154; new departments 246 242–4; Police Support Units 378, Prevention of Terrorism Act, 446–7; public loss of confi dence 2000 483–5 in xxiii–xxiv; race relations priest takers 89 372–6, 392–5, 407–8; racism primitivism 14 415–8; response to anti-hunting Primrose Hill 105, 109, 143 bill protest xxii, xxiii–xxiv; role Primrose League 327 194, 222; Scarman’s criticism of Prince, Mary 69 406; and the SDF Black Monday prison hulks 167, 168 rally 219–20; SO19 373–4; Prophitt, Benjamin 349 Special Branch 243–4, 284, 379; Protectorate, the 82 Special Patrol Group 376, 377, Protestant Association, the 118, 397, 401–2; stops and searches 155 417–8, 499, 505; Territorial Protestantism 84, 528–9; and the Support Group 511–2, 513; third Gordon Riots 118–21 forces 378; use of force 511–5; Protestants 30, 32, 37–8, 48, 55–7, weapons 377–8, 380; weapons 59–60, 95; burning of 56–7; training 221, 241–2 demonology 78 Police Act, 1839 206 Protestation, the 84 Police Federation 376 Protocols fo the Elders of Zion, political extremism, snuffed out 204 The 325–6 political prisoners 202–3, 414–5 Provisional Cavalry 174 Polkinghorne, Frederick 460 Provisions of Westminster 19 poll tax riot 443–5 Prynne, William 62, 66 Pollitt, Harry 281, 285 public houses 107 Ponsonby, Sir Henry 531–2 Public Order Act xxiv, 313, 446 Poor Law 203–4 public order crisis 381–95, 392 Pope-burning processions 108 public realm, the 83 Popham, Sir John 45, 46 Pudding Lane 78, 80–1 Popish Plot, the 84–92, 99, 104–6, Purdie, Ian 426, 427, 429 141 Puritans 37–8 Index 571

Puritans and puritanism 55–9, Rent Acts 452–3 84–5 Rent and Repairs Act 453 Putney 67 rent strikes 451–6 Pym, John 69–70 Report into the London Terrorist Attacks on 7th July 2005 502–3 Qatada, Abu 503 Report of the Offi cial Account of the Quakerism 71, 83 bombings in London on 7 July Quelch, Harry 228 2005 502–3 Question Time (TV republicanism 94, 97–100, 104, programme) xxix 139 Quick, Sheik Abdullah Hakim xxvii RESPECT 516 Restoration, the 82, 96 Race Relations Act 371 Revolutionary Warfare (Most) 233 Race Relations Bill 356–9 Reynolds, Frederick 120–1, 127 racism xxviii, 333, 339–40, 351–64, Reynolds, G. W. M. 217 365–6, 369–71, 415–8, 420–1 Rheims, Catholic English radical clubs 136 College 39, 40 Radical Student Alliance 424 Rhodesia 424 radicalism, eighteenth Ribbentrop, Joachim von 248 century 135–6 Ricant, Philip 109 Radio Frequency Identifi cation Richard I, King 19, 22 (RFID) xxxi–xxxii Richard II, King 23–4, 25 Rai, Milan xxv–xxvi Richards, James 247 Raleigh, Sir Walter 46, 50 Rider, Sir William 45 Ramsay, Archibald 336, 337 Ridolfi plot, the 39, 47 Ramsay, Captain 315, 316–7, 318 Right Club, the 315–6, 336 Ranters 71, 73, 95 Right to be Naked in Public Raper, Alfred 327 campaign 434 Rathbone, John 104 Rights of Man, The (Paine) 137–8, Rauf, Raschid 499–500 173 Read, Nigel 251 Riot Act 122, 133, 159, 164–6 Reading, Hugo 409 riots: eighteenth century 146–68; Real IRA 254 Parliamentary debates on 403–5; Reay, Colonel W. T. 279, 280 working class 209–11 Rebecca Riots, the 195 Rippon, Geoffrey 383 Reclaim the Streets 441–2 Rippon Seymour, H. 295 Red Lion Square riot 402 Rivers, John 116 Redgrave, Vanessa 422 Rivers of Blood speech Redvers, David xxiii (Powell) 357–9 Refl ections on the French Revolution Roach, Colin 364, 407 (Burke) 173 road building protests 461–70 Reform Acts 1837 and 1867 187 roads 190, 215 Reform Bills 190–1 Robert III, King of Scots 13 Reform League 210 Robert Peyton Gang, the 107–8 reformism 228–9 Robin Hood 25–6 Reid, Richard 490, 500, 501 Robinson, Sir John 107–8 Reilly, Sidney 284 Rochester 35–6 572 Index

Rohmer, Sax 271–2 St. Paul’s church (Saxon) 17, 18 Roman, administration 5–7 Saklatvala, Shapurji 343–4 Roman period 1–13; Boudiccan Salisbury, Lord 339 rebellion 8–12, 519–27; conquest Salisbury Court 114 of Britain 1–5; legacy 3, 13; Salvation Army 204–6 rebellions 7–8; Romanization Samuels, H. B. 234–5 12; withdrawal 17 Sanchez, Ignatius 130–2 Romano-British period 17 Sanders, William 222 Romantics, the 14 Sands, Bobby 249 Rothermere, Lord 300 sanitation 21 Rothstein, Andrew 283–4 Sarwar, Assad 499–500 Rowe, Arthur 453–5 SAS 380 Roy, Rajah Rammohan 338 satellite villages 111 Royal family, assassination Savage, John 41–2 attempts 203, 531–5 Savarkar, Vinayak 341–2 Royal Irish Constabulary 243 Savoy palace, the 24–5 royal lands 74–5 Saxons 17–8 Royal Ulster Constabulary 248 Scargill, Arthur 292, 367, 379 RSPCA 438 Scarman, Lord Justice 368, 400 Ruddock, James 364 Scarman Report 405–7, 416–7 Ruddock, Yvonne 394 School for Oriental and African Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 43 Studies (SOAS), University of Ruff, Philip 239 London xxvii Rumbold, Richard 97–8, 100 school strikes 211–3 Russell, Bertrand 423–4 Scotland 32, 95, 118, 213, 353, Russell, Ronald 534–5 447 Russell, Sean 245, 247, 248 Scott, John 109, 110 Russia 238, 324–6 Scroggs, Sir William 87, 88, 96 Russian Civil War 284 Scruton, Roger 421 Russian Revolution 324–6 Seattle 442, 472 Russian terrorists 235 Second Coming, the 94–5 Rust, William 285 Second World War 288, 314–5, Rye House Plot 97–8, 104, 107 316, 316–7, 330, 334, 530 Secret Agent, The (Conrad) 235 Sacheverell, Henry 146, 149–50 Sedgemoor, Battle of 100 Sacheverell riots, the 150–1 Seeberg, Wolf 429 Said, Hussein 379 Seething Lane 41 St. Albans 11, 24, 520 Self-Help 387 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 40 Sell, Ronnie 310 St. George’s Fields 120, 214 Serious Organized Crime and Police St. George’s Fields massacre 159 Act (2005) xxiv–xxvi St. George’s Hill, Weybridge 74 7/7 terrorist attacks 490–4; St. Giles’ Fields 42 aftermath 494–8; conspiracy St. John the Baptist, chapel of 24 theories 502, 503–5; enquiries St. Olave’s Street 18 502–3 St. Pancras rent strike 452–6 Sexby, Edward 67 St. Paul’s Cathedral 111 Seymour, Henry 232 Index 573

Shaftesbury, Ashley Cooper, Earl socialism 228–32, 281, 294 of 98–100, 106–7 Socialist Labour Party 281, 287 Sharia Law xxviii Socialist League 231 Sharp, Granville 346 Socialist Workers Party 384–6, Sharpe, Alexander 203 443–5 Shaw, George Bernard 224, 257, Soho 111 268 Somerset, James 345 Shaw, William Stanley 323 Somerset House 86 Shaw-Lefevre, Charles 460 Sons of Africa 346–7 Sheffi eld 348 Southall disturbances 400–3, 407 Shegoe, John 183 Southwark 72–3, 112, 152, 181 Sheridan, Tommy 445–6 Soviet Union 282–3, 286 Sheriffs 19 Soyinka, Wole 505 Sherlock, William 147–8 Spaghetti House Siege 251 Ship Money 59 Spain 42–3, 49 Shipton, Mother 78 Spanish Armada, the 43 Sidique Khan, Muhammed 491–2, special constables 198 494 Special Constables 277, 279–80 Sidney Street, siege of 226–7, Special Reconnaissance 236–8, 237 Regiment 497 Silcott, Winston 412, 414, 414 Spenser, Edmund 15 Simms, Aseta 364 Spies; Elizabethan 40, Soviet Simon, Sir John 311 282–4, 286 Simpson, John 68 Spitalfi elds 152 single-issue politics xxi–xxii Sri Lanka xxvi–xxvii Sinn Fein 253–4 Stafford, John 182 Sisson Papers, the 284 Staley, William 89 Situationists, the 426 Stalin, Joseph 286 Six Acts, the 179 Stane Street 5 Skidelsky, Robert 302–3 Stanley, Sir William 42, 50 slaves and slavery 345–9; Stead, W. T. 222 abolition 348–9; Steel, Helen 474 insurrections 348–9 Steen, Anthony 404 Smith, Daniel 116 Stephenson, Sir Paul 505, 513 Smith, Ian 424 Stepney 31 Smith, Jackie 507–8 Sternberg, Rudy 381 Smith, Olivia 258–9 Stevens, Alfred 459 Smith, Richard 276 Stevens, Sir John 436 Smithfi eld 31–2, 33, 56–7, 82 Stevenson, Flora 255 Smythe, Sir Thomas 44–7 Stewart, Ben xx Social Democratic Club 229 Stock Exchange 112 Social Democratic Federation Stoke Newington police 218–20, 228, 231–3, 268, 281, 287 station 364, 407 Social Democratic Party 292–3 Stone, Michael 293 social deprivation 220 Stonehenge 14 Social Revolutionary and Anarchist Stop the Islamifi cation of Europe Congress, 1881 229–30 (SOE) xxix 574 Index

Stop the War Coalition xxvi, 213, Tavistock Square 493 486, 515–6 Taylor, Damilola 420 Strachey, John 303 Taylor, George Ledwell 215 Strand Magazine 209 tear gas 377 Strange, Lord (Ferninando Tebbit, Norman 421 Stanley) 42, 43 Thames, River 60, 481–3; bridges Strasser, Otto 419 190; Docks 189–90; Roman Stratford upon Avon xxxiii period 6; trade 21 Straw, Jack 213, 416 Thatcher, Margaret xxxiii, 249, Streatham Common 460 251–2, 291, 293, 358, 379, 386–8, street demonstrations, 2010 xx 440, 449, 461, 478 Street Parties, RTS 441 Third World Debt 442, 478 Strygia 235–6 Thistlewood, Arthur 182–4, Stuart, Charles 129 186–7 Stuart, Charles Edward (the Young Thomas, Mark xxv Pretender) 115 Thomas, Morgan 375 Stuart, James Edward (the Old Thomas, William 35, 36–7 Pretender) 114, 115 Thomkins, Thomas 56 Stuart, Peter 247 Thompkinson, John 195 Sturmer, Keir xxxi Thompson, Graham xxxiv–xxxv Subramaniyan, Thomson, Sir Basil 285 Parameswaram xxvi–xxvii Thomson, James 240–1 Suffolk, Duke of 35 Thomson, Raven 330 Suffragettes 255–70, 259 Thornycroft, Thomas 15–6 Sun, the 476–7, 504 Thrale, Hester 132 Sunday Observer 186 Thurloe, John 68 Sunday Trading Bill, 1855 206–7 Tidd, Richard 184–7 Supremacy, Act of 48 Tierney, George 141 Supremacy, Oath of 49–50 The Times xxxiii, 15–6, 201, 203, surveillance xxxi–xxxiii, xxxvi 207, 208, 217–8, 218, 222, 244, Svaars, Fritz 237–8 268, 301, 325, 349 Svein Forkbeard 18 Todmorden 194 Swampy (Daniel Hooper) 466 Togodumnus 4, 7 Swift, Jonathan 151 Tomlinson, Ian xxiv, 511–5 Swing riots 195 Tomlinson, Luke xxiii Syrian Embassy, car bombing 379 Tone, Theobald Wolfe 175 Tonge, Israel 85–6, 92, 105 Tacitus 6, 8, 9, 10, 11–2, 519–21, Tooley Street 18 523, 524, 526 Topcliffe, Robert 40–1 Takerﬁ eld, George 56 Tories 112–3 Talbot, Peter 87 Tottenham 276–7, 407 Tamils xxvi–xxvii Tottenham Court Road 246, 261 Tamin, Azzam xxvii Tottenham Outrage, the 235–6, Tanweer, Sheehzad 492, 494 238 tariff disputes 152 Tower, Gladys 454 Tatchell, Peter xxxvi, 292–3 Tower Hamlets 31 Tate Britain xxv Tower of London 19, 29 Index 575

Town and Country Planning Tyler, Wat 23–4, 451 Act 461 Tyndale, William 56 Townley, Francis 53, 116–7 Tyndall, John 358, 371, 386, 388, Toxteth riots 400, 403, 407 393–4 trade 21, 189 trade unions 211, 227–8, 287 Ubaldini, Pietro 15 Trafalgar, Battle of 215 Uddin, Shamin 500 Trafalgar Square 210, 309, 376; UKIP 518 Al-Muhajiroun rally 485; Bloody Ulster Volunteer Force 248, 294, 383 Sunday, 1887 222–4; design Uniformity, Act of 48 and construction 214–7; Linnell Union Movement 303, 331, 332, killed in 225; observation post 333, 334, 352, 358, 372, 392 225; poll tax riot 443–5; poll tax United Britons 176 riots 448; SDF Black Monday United Irish 176 rally 218–20; tax protests, United Scots 176 1848 217–8 United States of America 77, Trafalgar Square Defendants 170–3, 500 Campaign 446–7, 448 United Tenants’ Association 453–6 transport infrastructure 461–70 transportation 167–9, 200, 531 Vandenberghe, Lana 497 Trapnel, Anna 68 Vassilleva, Nina 238 Trawley, Lord 153–4 Vaughan, Kevin 470 Treacy, Mick 421 Vaux, Anne 50 treason 146–7 Venice, Declaration of 333 Treason of the Bye, the 50 Venner, Thomas 92–6 Treason of the Main, the 50 Vergil, Polydore 15 Trenchard, Lord 301, 303, 305 Vernon, William 203 Trendall, John 62 Victoria, Queen 187–8, 196, 461; Tresham, Francis 46 assassination attempts 203, Trevor, Sir Thomas 56 531–2 trials, political 87 Victoria Park 214 Trinobantes, the 2, 9, 521–2, 523, Vietnam Solidarity Campaign 524 422–3 Triplet, Robert 59–60 Vietnam War 422–5 Trotsky, Leon 326–7 vigilante groups 136–7 Trotter, Andy 485–6, 494 Viking raids 17–8 Tucker, Barbara xxiv Vincent, Thomas 79 Turkish Communist Party/Marxist Vindolanda 4 Leninist Group 477 violence, increase in xix Turkish Revolutionary Communist virtual protest xxxvi Party 477 Turner, William 52 Wade, Christopher 56 turnpikes, attacks on 451 wages 152, 155 Twentieth Century Press 228 Wagner, Philip 313 21/7 terrorist attack 495–6 Walbrook 5–6 Twyford Down 464–5 Walbrook Stream 5, 11, 17, 481 Tyburn gallows 180 Wales 43, 141, 195, 197 576 Index

Walker, Robert 219 Westminster Palace Hotel 231 Walker, Sir Walter 387–8 Wharton, John 64 Wallace, William 32 Whereat, Alan 396 Waller, William 105 Whigs 112–3, 149 Wallis, John 370 White, John 67 Walpole, Horace 118 White Active Resistance 365–6 Walpole, Robert 107 White City 303 Walpole, Spencer 210 White Defence League 352, 371, Walsingham, Sir Francis 39–41, 43 386 Walter, Joseph 247 White Knights of Britain 315 Waltham Black Act 166–7 Whitechapel 31, 272 Walwyn, William 66 Whitehall Palace 62 Wandsworth 460, 529 Whitehead, Alfred 242 Wanstead 467 Whitehouse, Mary 376 Wanstonia, Republic of 469–70 Whitelaw, William 403 war on terror 488, 505 Whynniard, John 51 Ward, Arthur Sarsﬁ eld 271–2 Wilkes, John 118, 127, 134–5, 136, wards 112 139, 155–60 Ware, Richard de 20 Wilkinson, George Theodore Warp, The 473 186–7 Warren, Sir Charles 219–20, 222–4, William, Jane 496 224–5 William I, the Conqueror 19 Washington, George 160–1 William III, King 91, 92, 101–4, Waterloo Station 214 146–7 Watling Street 5 William IV, King 191 Watson, Greg 354 Williams, John 218 Watson, James 182–4 Williams, Roger 66 Watson, Jem 182–4 Williamson, Adolphus 243 Watson, Robert 120 Williamson, John 183 Watts, Charlie 316 Williamson, Sir Joseph 107 weaver riots 154–5 Willingdale, Tom 460, 461 weavers, attacks on Flemish 26 Wilson, Harold 381–2 Webb, Sidney 224 Wilson, Henry 242, 244 Webster, Martin 371, 388 Wilson, Sir Robert 181 Wedderburn, Robert 348 Wilson-Patten Act 206 Wellington, Duke of 140–1, 190, Wilton, Robert 325 196, 201, 216 Wimbledon Common 458–9 Wells, Richard 374 Wimbourne, John 332 Wesley, John 118 Winchester 19 Westminster 93, 117, 121; Palace Winchilsea, Earl of 141–2 Yard 96; security 482 Winstanley, Gerrard 74 Westminster Abbey 18 Winter, Thomas 46 Westminster Abbey gatehouse Wintour, Thomas 50–1, 53 prison 25 Wiseman, William 56 Westminster Bridge 16 Wolkoff, Anna 317–8 Westminster gravel banks 7 Wolsey, Thomas 28 Westminster Hall 115, 150 Wolverhampton 400, 452 Index 577 women: health 266; refuse to stay Wright, Martin 440 silent 67–70, 70; suffrage Wright, Peter 382 255–70, 259 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 35–7 Women’s Health Society 266–7 Wycliffe, William 55–6 Women’s Social and Political Union Wyllie, Sir William Curzon, murder (WPSU) 255–70 of 341–2 Wood, William 216 Wood Green 489 xenophobia xxxv Woolich 168–9, 275 Wootton Bassett xxviii Yellow Peril, the 271–2 Worcester, Edward Somerset, Earl Yeomanry, the 174 of 45 Yiddish 327 Wordsworth, William 189 York 24 Workers’ Socialist Federation 281 Yorke Talbot judgement 345 Workers’ Weekly 285 Young Communist League 285 working class, riots 209–11 World Trade Center, New York al-Zawahiri, Ayman 487 484–5; 9/11 terrorist attacks 483 Zeppelin raids 280 Worsthorne, Peregrine 384 Zhaklis, Janis 239 Wright, Ada 261 Zinoviev letter 284, 298 Wright, John and Christopher 46, Zuckeman, Solly 381 51 Zwingli, Ulrich 30 The aftermath of Boudicca’s attack on London: three skulls found in the Walbrook Stream bed. (Courtesy of The Museum of London)

Wat Tyler is killed by Sir William Walworth in the presence of Richard II. (Engraving by Harris from Froissart’s Chronicles, courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library)

The racking of Protestant martyr Cut[h]bert Simson in Queen Mary’s reign. (A woodcut from Foxe, Acts and Monuments, II, 1576. Author’s Collection) The conspirators in the infamous Gunpowder Plot. (Author’s collection)

The House of Commons as John Lilburne in 1641. (From it was in 1624. (Contemporary an engraving by George Glover. engraving) Author’s collection)

The Golden Boy memorial, now on Cock Street. (Courtesy of Debra Kacher) Titus Oates. (Contemporary engraving)

Judge Jeffreys, Lord Chief Justice. (Engraved from a portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller. Author’s collection)

A contemporary illustra- tion of the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey and the assault on John Arnold. (Contemporary cut in Ussher’s Protestant School) Egan the thieftaker is pilloried at Smithfield, and stoned to death. (From the Newgate Calendar. Author’s collection)

An eighteenth-century hanging at Tyburn, from a contemporary print entitled The Execution of Thomas Idle. (Author’s collection) The burning and plundering of Newgate during the Gordon Riots, 7 June 1780. (Unnamed artist, published by Fielding and Walker 1 July 1780, courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library)

A contemporary caricature of the eighteenth-century Charles James Fox. (An engraving politician John Wilkes. from a picture by Sir Joshua (Author’s collection) Reynolds. Author’s collection) Arthur Thistlewood, leader of the Cato Street conspirators, at his trial. (Author’s collection)

‘Black Monday’ – the break up of the Social Democratic Federation meeting in Trafalgar Square, 1886. (From the Illustrated London News, 13 February 1886. Author’s collection) Henry Hyndman, founder of John Burns, founder of the the SDF. (From the Illustrated Battersea branch of the SDF. London News, 13 February 1886. (From the Illustrated London News, Author’s collection) 13 February 1886. Author’s collection)

The police observation post in Trafalgar Square, built in the late nineteenth century. (Courtesy of Debra Kacher) Anarchist meeting as imagined by Illustrated News in the nineteenth century. (Author’s collection)

‘X’ marks the spot: cottage in Chingford where ‘Jacob Lepidus’ died during the events of the Tottenham Outrage in 1909. (Courtesy of Vestry House Museum, Walthamstow) Winston Churchill attends the Sidney Street siege in 1911. (Courtesy of Hulton Getty)

Mrs Pankhurst is arrested outside Buckingham Palace, 21 May 1914. (Courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library) An anti-German mob attacks a shop in the East End in 1915. (Courtesy of Hulton Getty)

The Indian MP Shapurji Saklatvala, from Punch. Anti-Jewish propaganda published by Arnold (Punch, 14 June 1926. Leese. (Author’s collection) Author’s collection) A pre-war Mosley rally – the black shirts had been banned by this time. (Courtesy of Searchlight)

Geoffrey Hamm leaving court William Joyce, 13 March 1940. after being arrested for rioting. (Courtesy of Searchlight) (Courtesy of Searchlight) Arnold Leese of the Imperial Fascist League. (Courtesy of Searchlight)

Police disperse a ‘Keep Britain White’ demonstration at Waterloo, 1 September 1960. (Courtesy of Searchlight) A camping trip for British fascists, 1962. (Courtesy of Searchlight)

Hitler’s birthday is celebrated in Lewisham in the 1970s. (Courtesy of Searchlight)

A clash between police and demonstrators in Red Lion Square. (Courtesy of Searchlight) Tariq Ali and Ted Knight speaking at an anti-Fascism demonstration at Wood Green. (Courtesy of Searchlight)

The IRA bomb the Palace of Westminster in 1970 (Courtesy of Hulton Getty) The monument to the victims of the 7 July 2005 bombing attack in Hyde A leaflet advertising the Guerilla Park. (Author’s collection) Gardening May Day 2000 event. (Author’s collection)

G20 protester in ubiquitous ‘V for Vendetta’ mask symbolic of ‘Eat the bankers’: an effigy, later set on fire everything anti governmental. in front of Mansion House. (Courtesy of (Courtesy of Jonathan Bloom) Jonathan Bloom) Bishopsgate Climate Camp. (Courtesy of Jonathan Bloom)

2010: Anti-capitalist protest at empty property in Bedford Square, Bloomsbury, (Author’s collection)