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Los Efectos De Las Normas Privadas Relativas a La Inocuidad Alimentaria En La Cadena Alimentaria Y En Los Procesos Normativos Públicos

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Los Efectos De Las Normas Privadas Relativas a La Inocuidad Alimentaria En La Cadena Alimentaria Y En Los Procesos Normativos Públicos COVER_ALL:Layout 1 22-02-2010 8:23 Pagina 3 Los efectos de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria en la cadena alimentaria y en los procesos normativos públicos Documento elaborado para la FAO y la OMS Spencer Henson1 y John Humphrey2 Mayo de 2009 Las designaciones empleadas y la presentación del material que figura en esta publicación no entrañan la manifestación de opinión alguna por parte de la Organización Mundial de la Salud ni de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación sobre la situación jurídica o de desarrollo de cualquier país, territorio, ciudad o zona o sobre sus autoridades o sobre la delimitación de sus fronteras. Las opiniones expresadas pertenecen a sus autores y no reflejan necesariamente la posición de la Organización Mundial de la Salud ni de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación o de sus organizaciones afiliadas. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación no garantizan que la información contenida en esta publicación sea completa y no serán responsables de los daños que puedan resultar de su uso. Todos los derechos reservados. Las solicitudes de autorización para reproducir o traducir el material contenido en esta publicación —ya sea para la venta o para la distribución sin fines comerciales— deben dirigirse al Servicio de Gestión de las Publicaciones, Dirección de información, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Roma, Italia, o por correo electrónico a [email protected], o a Publicaciones, Comercialización y Difusión, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Ginebra 27, Suiza, o por fax a +41 22 791 4806 o por correo electrónico a [email protected]. © FAO y OMS 2009 1 Profesor asociado del Instituto de Estudios sobre Desarrollo, Universidad de Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE (Reino Unido); Profesor del Departamento de Economía Alimentaria, Agrícola y de Recursos, Universidad de Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1 (Canadá) ([email protected]/[email protected]). 2 Profesor del Instituto de Estudios sobre Desarrollo, Universidad de Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE (Reino Unido) ([email protected]). ii Índice Resumen ............................................................................................................…………………………………….iii-ix 1 Antecedentes.............................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Objetivos y alcance del presente documento............................................................................................. 2 3 Naturaleza de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria.................................................... 3 3.1 Panorama general de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria ............................. 3 3.2 Una tipología de las normas privadas ............................................................................................... 5 4 Tendencias en el desarrollo de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria ......................... 9 4.1 Causas del incremento del número de controles realizados en las cadenas de valor alimentarias .. 9 4.2 Las normas privadas como respuesta a las preocupaciones regulatorias y de los consumidores sobre los alimentos....................................................................................................................................... 13 5 Gobernanza de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria en relación con el Codex....... 17 5.1 Estructura y proceso de toma de decisiones del Codex Alimentarius.............................................. 17 5.2 La Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO)................................................................. 19 5.3 La gobernanza de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria ................................. 21 5.4 Mecanismos de establecimiento de algunas de las normas privadas alimentarias más importantes23 5.5 La Iniciativa mundial sobre inocuidad de los alimentos y los procesos de equiparación de las normas privadas ........................................................................................................................................... 27 6 La legitimidad de las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria ........................................... 27 7 Efectos del cumplimiento de las normas privadas a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria........................... 31 7.1 Efectos en los productores................................................................................................................ 31 7.2 Elaboración y manipulación de alimentos ....................................................................................... 37 7.3 El bienestar de los consumidores nacionales................................................................................... 37 8 Las normas alimentarias privadas y el comercio..................................................................................... 38 8.1 ¿Qué efectos tienen las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria en el comercio? .... 38 8.2 Alternativas para hacer frente a las normas privadas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria........... 40 9 Implicaciones para el proceso de establecimiento de normas del Codex................................................ 42 9.1 ¿Qué labor realiza el Codex?........................................................................................................... 42 9.2 ¿Son las normas privadas una amenaza para el trabajo del Codex? .............................................. 44 9.3 Desafíos y oportunidades para el Codex..........................................................................................46 9.4 Las normas privadas y la OMC........................................................................................................ 47 10 ¿Cómo debería responder el Codex?.................................................................................................. 49 10.1 Debate informado............................................................................................................................. 49 10.2 Colaboración con las organizaciones encargadas de la elaboración de normas privadas............. 49 10.3 Procedimientos operativos, actividades y prioridades..................................................................... 50 10.4 Refuerzo de la Secretaría del Codex ................................................................................................ 51 11 Ampliación de las cuestiones normativas FAO/OMS........................................................................ 51 12 Conclusiones ...................................................................................................................................... 52 13 Bibliografía......................................................................................................................................... 53 iii Resumen 1. En los últimos 10 o 15 años las normas privadas se han convertido en una parte mucho más importante de la gobernanza de las cadenas de valor agroalimentarias mundiales. Las entidades privadas y las coaliciones encargadas del establecimiento de normas, incluidas las empresas y las ONG, han creado y adoptado normas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria, así como a la calidad de los alimentos y a los aspectos ambientales y sociales de la producción agroalimentaria. El seguimiento y la aplicación de tales normas se realiza cada vez más mediante la certificación por parte de terceros. Esto ha planteado serias dudas sobre el papel de las instituciones públicas y privadas en el establecimiento y la aplicación de normas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria. 2. En el presente documento se ofrece un análisis de cómo y por qué han evolucionado las normas privadas. Se presta especial atención a las normas relativas a la inocuidad alimentaria. Se identifican los vínculos existentes entre el establecimiento de reglamentos públicos y de normas privadas, y se incide en algunos de los efectos de estas normas privadas en las cadenas de valor agroalimentarias en los países en desarrollo. Se consideran asimismo las implicaciones para el trabajo de la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius (CAC) y, de manera más general, para los reglamentos públicos. 3. La importancia de las normas privadas en las cadenas de valor agroalimentarias mundiales se ha incrementado gradualmente y, así, han conseguido dominar progresivamente el comercio tanto nacional como el internacional. Estas normas se pueden referir a la inocuidad alimentaria y a la integridad de los sistemas relativos a ella, pero también se pueden referir a aspectos de los alimentos como su procedencia, los efectos ambientales, el bienestar animal, etc. Una de las características definitorias de las normas privadas, especialmente al estar relacionadas con la inocuidad alimentaria, es que se centran cada vez más en los procesos con los que se producen los alimentos. En este sentido, reflejan la creciente importancia de las normas procesales en los reglamentos públicos, como queda de manifiesto con la aplicación cada vez mayor del análisis de peligros y de puntos críticos de control (HACCP) en los reglamentos relativos a cuestiones como la higiene de los alimentos. 4. Si bien los términos “normas privadas” y “normas voluntarias” se suelen usar indistintamente,
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