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oi.uchicago.edu OLD AKKADIAN WRITING AND GRAMMAR oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu MATERIALS FOR THE ASSYRIAN DICTIONARY NO. 2 OLD AKKADIAN WRITING AND GRAMMAR BY I. J.-GE LB SECOND EDITION, REVISED and ENLARGED THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu InternationalStandard Book Number: 0-226-62304-1 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1952 and 1961 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition Published 1961. Second Impression 1973. Printed by Cushing-Malloy, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS pages I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF OLD AKKADIAN 1-19 A. Definition of Old Akkadian 1 B. Pre-Sargonic Sources 1 C. Sargonic Sources 6 D. Ur III Sources 16 II. OLD AKKADIAN WRITING 20-118 A. Logograms 20 B. Syllabograms 23 1. Writing of Vowels, "Weak" Consonants, and the Like 24 2. Writing of Stops and Sibilants 28 3. General Remarks 40 C. Auxiliary Marks 43 D. Signs 45 E. Syllabary 46 III. GRAMMAR OF OLD AKKADIAN 119-192 A. Phonology 119 1. Consonants 119 2. Semi-vowels 122 3. Vowels and Diphthongs 123 B. Pronouns 127 1. Personal Pronouns 127 a. Independent 127 b. Suffixal 128 i. With Nouns 128 ii. With Verbs 130 2. Demonstrative Pronouns 132 3. Determinative-Relative-Indefinite Pronouns 133 4. Comparative Discussion 134 5. Possessive Pronoun 136 6. Interrogative Pronouns 136 7. Indefinite Pronoun 137 oi.uchicago.edu pages C. Nouns 137 1. Declension 137 a. Gender 137 b. Number 138 c. Case Endings 139 d. Mimation 145 2. Construct State 145 3. Predicate State 146 4. Indeterminate State 153 5. Nouns before Pronominal Suffixes 153 6. Adjectives and Participles 154 7. Formation 155 D. Verbs 156 1. Conjugation 157 a. Preterit and Present-Future 157 i. Stems I and IV 157 (a.) Prefixes before Consonants Other than 1-7 157 (b.) Prefixes with Verbs Primae -2 160 (c.) Prefixes with Verbs Primae 33-5 5 161 162 (d.) Prefixes with Verbs Primae 6 (e.) Prefixes with Verbs Primae 7 163 ii. Stems II and III 163 b. Imperative 166 c. Stative 166 2. Verbal Nouns 167 a. Active Participle 167 b. Passive Participle 168 c. Infinitive 169 3. Moods 169 a. Indicative 169 b. Allative 169 -vi- oi.uchicago.edu pages c. Subjunctive 169 d. Imperative 171 e. Precative 172 f. Prohibitive 173 4. Stems 174 5. Classes 175 a. Strong Verbs 175 b. Geminates 178 c. Verbs Primae n 179 d. Quadriconsonantals 181 e. Weak Verbs 181 i. Verbs Primae -2 181 ii. Verbs Primae 5 182 iii. Verbs Primae 183 iv. Verbs Primae ' 185 v. Verbs Primae 7 185 vi. Verbs Secundae12 185 vii. Verbs Secundae 2186 vii. Verbs Secundae 6 187 ixv . Verbs Secundae 188 ix. Verbs Secundae 7 188 x. Verbs Secundae ' 189 xi. Verbs Tertiae -2 189 xii. Verbs Tertiae 3-5 190 xiii. Verbs Tertiae 6 190 xiv. Verbs Tertiae 7 191 xv. Verbs Tertiae x 192 IV. APPENDICES 193-235 A. Bibliography of Sargonic Royal Inscriptions 193 B. Additions and Corrections 208 C. Sign List of the Sargonic Period 218 -vii- oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The present study of Old Akkadian writing and grammar is based on sources fully listed and discussed in the Glossary of Old Akkadian published in 1957 as MAD III. The sources are quoted in the measure of their relevance. Thus, under Writing, only the typical examples -ma-tum, ma-na-ma, Ma-al-kum are listed for the use of the common syllabic value ma (p. 93), but all the known examples are quoted for the use of the rare syllabic value Ja (pp. 88f.). Similarly, under Grammar, only the typical examples be-li, a-bi are found under the discus- sion of the common pronominal suffix of the first person Sg. (p. 128), but all sources are listed under the discussion of the various forms of the pronominal suffix of the first person P1. (p. 129). References to sources, published and unpublished, as well as a list of abbreviations, are to be found in MAD III. Refer- ences are quoted in this study only for occurrences which became available to me since the publication of MAD III and for non- Semitic proper names not listed in MAD III. In MAD III will be found acknowledgments of the generous permission given me to quote unpublished sources, as well as of the help received from various scholars in the interpretation of many difficult expressions. I am very happy to thank especially Messrs. Edmond Sollberger and William Hallo for suggestions and corrections received during the preparation of this edition. Immediately after the first edition of the Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar was sold out, soon after its publication in 1952, the necessity to prepare a new, revised and much enlarged edition became apparent. The opportunity to publish a new edition was all the more welcome since the older edition con- tained a number of misreadings and inconsistencies which had crept into the manuscript when it was recopied, during my ab- sence from Chicago and without my knowledge, because the original stencils had been spoiled as a result of the intense summer heat in Chicago. The new edition differs in several aspects from the first -ix- oi.uchicago.edu edition. While the bulk of the materials discussed and the order of presentation remains the same in the two editions, the second edition contains a large number of corrections and additions. The additions consist of new materials made available to me since the publication of the first edition, much enlarged attestation of evidence (especially in the case of the verb), and three new appendices. Since the manuscript of this edition was completed in the main about two years ago, further additions and correc- tions were collected in Appendix B (pp. 208-217). The cross ref- erences to Appendix B are marked by an asterisk * in the main part of the book. Even though the two editions of the Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar contain practically the same number of pages, the second edition is two-thirds larger in terms of contents than the first edition. This was accomplished by having the manuscript of the second edition typed on pages much larger than those of the first edition and then having them re- duced photomechanically to the present size. The dates quoted in this as in the former edition are those of T. Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List (AS XI) minus 276 years. The resulting dates correspond with the chronology proposed by Sidney Smith, yielding the dates 1792-1749 B. C. for Hammurapi. For additional prefatory remarks, see pp. 46f. (preface to the Syllabary) and pp. 218f. (preface to the Sign List of the Sargonic Period). oi.uchicago.edu I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF OLD AKKADIAN A. DEFINITION" ' --: - ,, ,"-OF OLD-:-• - AKKADIAN:.•• , , . - •T Under the term "Old Akkadian" we include the written remains of the Akkadian language from the oldest periods of Mesopotamian his- tory down to the end of the 3rd Dynasty of Ur. From the linguistic and epigraphic points of view Old Akkadian can be subdivided into three periods: 1. The Pre-Sargonic Period, from the oldest times down to Lugalzagesi. 2. The Sargonic Period, including the period of the kings of the Akkad Dynasty. 3. The Ur III Period, including the period from the end of the Akkad Dynasty to the end of the Ur III Dynasty. B. PRE-SARGONIC SOURCES The Akkadian sources of the Pre-Sargonic Period are limited in size and number. We can distinguish: 1. Primary sources, consisting of inscriptions written in the Akkadian language. 2. Secondary sources, such as Akkadian proper names and loan words appearing in Sumerian inscriptions. The Pre-Sargonic inscriptions written in Akkadian are: 1. One inscription of Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk (about 2352- 2327 B.C.), copied in the Old Babylonian Period. The in- scription was found at Nippur and was subsequently pub- lished in PBS V 3h x. Its first 5 lines are written with signs which can be read in either Sumerian or Akkadian; the rest of the inscription, reproducing the standard curse for- mula of the Old Akkadian Period, is written in Akkadian. Since Uruk lies outside of the Akkadian area, and since oi.uchicago.edu Lugalzagesi's other inscription (published in BE I 87) is written in Sumerian, it is possible that the inscription published in PBS V 34, too, is to be read in Sumerian, and that the Akkadian curse formula was added when the original inscription was set up or copied in Nippur. Hallo, Early Mesopotamian Royal Titles p. 28, recently suggested that the inscription PBS V 34 is not a copy of an inscription of Lugalzagesi but that it was copied from a monument of Sargon on which figured a representation of the defeated king Lugalzagesi. 2. Four votive inscriptions from Mari, dated epigraphically to the period just before Sargon of Akkad, These are the in- scriptions of the kings Ikun?-Samas (CT V 2) and Lamgi-Mari (Thureau-Dangin, RA XXXI 140) and of the officials Iddin- Narum and Apib-Il (RA XXXI 142f.). A distinguishing charac- teristic of all four inscriptions is the writing SAG.gUB.DU for "he offered ex-voto"; that of the two royal inscrip- tions is the spelling DOL-su(d) /qalamsu/ for "his statue." Many more Pre-Sargonic inscriptions on statues were dis- covered recently at Mari. They are to be published soon by Dossin. Cf.