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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Language Cited: Hamito-Semitic xv Language Cited: Indo-European xv Abbreviations for some Dictionaries and References xvi Grammatical Terminology and Other Abbreviations and Symbols xvii PREFACE 1 CHAPTER ONE HAMITO-SEMITIC LANGUAGE FAMILY 5 1.1 Hamito-Semitic languages 5 1.1.1 Semitic languages 6 1.1.1.1 Acadian 6 1.1.1.2 Canaanite 6 1.1.1.3 Aramaic 7 1.1.1.4 Classical Arabic 7 1.1.1.5 South Arabic 8 1.1.1.6 Ethiopie or Gefez 8 1.1.2 Hamitic languages 8 1.1.2.1 Egyptian 8 1.1.2.2 Berber 8 1.1.2.3 Cushitic 9 1.1.2.4 Chadic 9 1.2 Late PHS sound system 10 1.2.1 Sound correspondences between Semitic and Egyptian 11 1.2.1.1 Stops 18 1.2.1.2 Fricatives 20 1.2.1.3 Nasals 24 1.2.1.4 Laterals 24 1.2.1.5 R-sound 24 1.2.1.6 Glides 25 1.2.1.7 Consonants /s/, /h/ and ImJ 26 1.2.2 Vowels 29 1.2.3 Diphthongs 33 1.3 Hamito-Semitic grammatical system 34 1.3.1 stem I 35 1.3.2 stem II 35 1.3.3 stem III 35 1.3.4 stem IV 36 1.3.4.1 Other HS causative prefixes 36 1.3.4.2 Hamito-Semitic causative affixes and world’s languages 38 1.3.5 stem V 38 1.3.6 stem VI 39 1.3.7 stem VII 39 1.3.8 stem VIII 40 1.3.9 stem IX 40 1.3.10 stemX 41 1.3.11 stem XI 41 1.3.12 stem XII 41 1.3.13 Some other stems 41 CHAPTER TWO SUMERIAN 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.1.1 Sumerian dialects: Emegir and Emesal 44 2.1.2 Sumerian and other languages 48 2.1.3 Typological classification of Sumerian 51 2.1.3.1 Typology and stages of language development 52 2.1.4 Sumerian writing system 54 CHAPTER THREE SUMERIAN AND HAMITO-SEMITIC: SOUNDS AND LEXICONS 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.1.1 Technique employed in the current study 58 3.1.2 Sumerian sound system 61 3.1.3 Methodological procedures 62 3.2 Sumerian Stops 64 3.2.1 Sumerian and Hamito-Semitic cognates with /p ~ b/ 67 3.2.1.1 Sumerian bar^ 7)vb "to shine, be bright; etc.” 67 3.2.1.2 Sumerian bar “outside”; vb "to open, see, etc.” 68 3.2.1.2.1 Sumerian bar “outside” 68 3.2.1.2.2 Sumerian bar "soul, innards” 68 3.2.1.2.3 Sumerian bar "to open” 68 3.2.1.2.4 Sumerian bar "to see” 69 3.2.1.2.5 Sumerian bar “to divide, to split; to distribute, to select” 70 3.2.1.2.6 Sumerian bar adj. "foreign” 71 3.2.1.3 Sumerian pana, pan, ban “bow” 71 3.2.1.4 Sumerian bi "this (one), that (one)” 72 3.2.4.1 Sumerian bi ‘a possessive suffix -its' 73 3.2.1.5 Sumerian bi, bé “to speak, say” 73 3.2.1.6 Sumerian bir "team o f donkeys/animals” 75 3.2.1.6.1 Sumerian bir “team of donkeys/animals” 76 3.2.1.7 Sumerian ba "portion; rations”; vb "to give; pay; divide, etc.” 76 3.2.1.8 Sumerianpa^)} pab, pap "father; brother; man; leader” 77 3.2.1.9 Sumeriana-bala "drawing o f water” 83 3.2.1.10 Sumerian aba, ab “sea, lake” 84 3.2.1.11 Sumerianpes "womb; palm frond; three”; vb “to expand; wide” 84 3.2.1.12 Sumerian pes-pes "very wide, spacious; physically handicapped” 85 3.2.1.13 Sumerian buru^4), Z>«r(i4)"harvest; hot season, harvest time” 85 3.2.1.14 Sumerian pa-sa-lal-a "a bundle o f brushwood” 86 3.2.1.15 Sumerian pa-tar "cut-off branches/twigs” 86 3.2.1.16 Sumerian pah "leg” 86 3.2.1.17 Sumerian bala "to pour, as a libation” 86 3.2.1.18 Sumerian bala-bala "speech” 86 3.2.1.19 Sumerian bala “to uproot, transgress” 87 3.2.1.20 Sumerian dab(2,4, sydib(2> "fetter”; vb "to hold; to take, seize” 87 3.2.1.21 Sumerian pad^ "to show, reveal, choose, call, remember, etc.” 87 3.2.1.22 Sumerian barag, bara^ 5,6), paramo), “seat of honor, chamber, etc.” 88 3.2.1.22.1 Sumerian par(6), paramo), etc. "seat o f honor, king; dwelling” . 88 3.2.1.22.2 Sumerian par^ para(10), etc. "box, sack” 88 3.2.1.22.3 Sumerianpar^),paramo), etc. "penitential robe; comb” 88 3.2.1.23 Sumerian pa “leaf; bud” 88 3.2.1.24 Sumerian abzu "sea, abyss” 89 3.2.2 Sumerian and Hamito-Semitic cognates with /t ~ d/ 89 3.2.2.1 Sumerian di-di "to play” 89 3.2.2.2 Sumerian tu^5) “wind” 89 3.2.2.3 Sumerian ada, ad “father; shout; song” 89 3.2.2.4 Sumerian ta, dâ “characteristic, nature” 89 3.2.2.5 Sumerian da “arm; side” 90 3.2.2.5.1 Sumerian da “be near, nearness” 90 3.2.2.6 Sumerian taka, taga, tak, tag, “to touch;tà handle; strike, hunt, etc.” 90 3.2.2.6.1 Sumerian taka, taga “to touch, approach” 91 3.2.2.6.2 Sumerian taka, taga “to strike, hit, push” 91 3.2.2.6.3 Sumerian taka, taga “to hunt, to fish” 91 3.2.2.6.4 Sumerian taka, taga “to start a fire” 91 3.2.2.6.5 Sumerian te “to approach” 91 3.2.2.7 Sumerian tus “home”; vb “to (cause to) dwell” 92 3.2.2.8 Sumerian tur “child; young” 92 3.2.2.8.1 Sumerian tur “child, young” 92 3.2.2.8.2 Sumerian tur “second in rank” 92 3.2.2.9 Sumerian tur, turi5) “birth-hut; byre; sheepfold” 92 3.2.2.10 Sumerian tur^5), tu “newborn; weakness” 93 3.2.2.10.1 Sumerian tu “be bom, newborn” 93 3.2.2.10.2 Sumerian tur^, tu “be sick; weakness; sickness; weak” 93 3.2.2.11 Sumerian ad^ “lame, cripple” 93 3.2.2.12 Sumerian a-diig “freshwater” 93 3.2.2.12.1 Sumerian dug “gladness, sweetness; sweet, beautiful” 93 3.2.2.12.2 Sumerian dug “vagina” 93 3.2.2.13 Sumerian dug “to do” 93 3.2.2.14 Sumerian dumu “child; son; daughter” 94 3.2.2.15 Sumerian dû “to bear, give birth” 94 3.2.2.16 Sumerian dam “spouse (husband or wife)” 94 3.2.2.17 Sumerian dim “bond, tie; rope” 96 3.2.2.18 Sumerian dub “tablet; document”; vb “to move, heap, etc.” 96 3.2.2.18.1 Sumerian dub “to move in a circle; heap up, etc.” 96 3.2.2.18.2 Sumerian dub “to heap up, store” 96 3.2.2.18.3 Sumerian dub “to pour out” 97 3.2.2.18.4 Sumerian dub “to strew” 97 3.2.2.18.5 Sumerian dub “to dye (fabrics)” 97 3.2.2.18.6 Sumerian dub “(clay) tablet; document” 97 3.2.2.19 Sumerian dulbu “a kind o f tree” 97 3.2.2.20 Sumerian ada, ad “song; shout” 98 3.2.2.21 Sumerian dar “francolin, pheasant” 98 3.2.2.22 Sumerian duly) “mound, heap, ruins, tell” 98 3.2.2.23 Sumerian duru(5), dur{5) “irrigated, moist” 98 3.2.2.24 Sumerian dumdam-zQ “to grumble, rumble” 99 3.2.3.1.1 Sumerian gal “big, great, large, mighty” 99 3.2.3.1.2 Sumerian gal “a large cup” 99 3.2.3.1.3 Sumerian gal “ch ief’ 99 3.2.3.1.4 Sumerian gal “eldest son” 100 3.2.3.2 Sumerian ab-gal “sage, wise man, wizard” 100 3.2.3.3 Sumerian lugal “king, master, owner” 101 3.2.3.4 Sumerian a-gal “overflow of flood waters” 101 3.2.3.5 Sumerian a “water” 102 3.23.6 Proto-World *Wa- “water” 103 3.2.3.6.1 Proto-World compound of {prefixed proot + *-Wa-} 105 3.2.3.6.1.1 Proto-World *na-Wa- 105 3.2.3.6.1.2 Proto-World *sa’-Wa- 108 3.2.3.6.1.3 Proto-World *da'-Wa- ~ *ta'-Wa- 110 3.2.3.6.1.4 Proto-World *ma-Wa- 111 3.2.3.6.2 Proto-World compound of {* Wa- + suffixed proot} 113 3.2.3.6.2.1 Proto-World *Wa-r- 113 323.62.2 Proto-World *Wa-d/-t- 114 3.2.3.6.2.3 Proto-World *Wa-b/-p- 116 3.23.6.2.4 Proto-World *Wa-k/-g-(-k-) 118 3.23.63 Proto-World complex word: *da-(n)-naw- ~ *ta-(n)-naW- 120 3.23.6.4 Proto-World complex word: *na-W- plus *-d-/-t- 121 3.23.6.5 Proto-World complex word: *Wa + a liquid 122 3.23.6.6 Proto-World complex word: *na + *Wa- + -b/p- 123 3.2.3.7 Sumerian gabari “to confront” 123 3.23.7.1 Sumerian gaba “breast, chest” 123 3.23.7.2 Sumerian gabari “to confront” 124 3.2.3.73 Sumerian gabazi “to retreat” 124 3.23.8 Sumerian gub-bu “left arm” 125 3.23.9 Sumerian gii “voice, noise, sound” 126 3.2.3.10 Sumerian igi “face, aspect, eye(s)” 127 3.2.3.10.1 Sumerian igi “face” 127 3.2.3.10.2 Sumerian igi “eye(s), glance, looks; front” 127 3.2.3.10.3 Sumerian igi “before, in front” 129 3.2.3.10.4 Sumerian ig “door” 129 3.2.3.11 Sumerian gü, gid “to stretch the neck; side, edge; front; district” 129 3.23.11.1 Sumerian gü, gid “to stretch the neck” 129 3.2.3.11.2 Sumerian gü “river bank, side, edge” 129 3.2.3.11.3 Sumerian gü “front” 129 3.2.3.11.4 Sumerian gü “land, district” 130 3.23.12 Sumerian gun, gun, gü “back o f a man's neck” 130 3.23.13 Sumerian gu-mar “to pile up” 130 3.23.14 Sumerian ki “earth; place; area” 130 3.2.3.14.1 Sumerian ki-ri “to scratch the ground” 131 3.2.3.14.2 Sumerian Ur “a large vessel; beer keg” 131 3.2.3.14.3 Sumerian ki-sum-ma “onion-growing land” 131 3.2.3.14.4 Sumerian ki-iir “territory; living grounds” 131 3.2.3.14.5 Sumerian ki-za “to bow down, submit” 131 3.2.3.14.6 Sumerian kir, gir “cow or mare” 131 3.2.3.15 Sumerian kur “mountain; highland” 132 3.2.3.15.1 Sumerian kür “stranger; enemy; hostility” 132 3.2.3.16 Sumerian kungal, gukkal “fat-tailed sheep” 133 3.2.3.17 Sumerian kir{n) “female lamb” 133 3.2.3.18 Sumerian kâb “flaxen measuring string” 133 3.2.3.19 Sumerian g/r(4), kir{U) “oven, kiln” 133 3.2.3.20 Sumerian gig “pain” 133 3.2.3.21 Sumerian g/(4), ge(4) “to return; send; reject; restore; answer” 134 3.2.3.21.1 Sumerian g/(4), ge{4) “to return, come back” 134 3.2.3.21.2 Sumerian g/(4), ge(4) “to reject, dislike” 134 3.2.3.21.3 Sumerian g/w, ge(4) “to to restore” 134 3.2.3.21.4 Sumerian g/>4), ge(4) “to answer” 134 3.2.3.22 Sumerian gir(l0), gz(9), ge{9) “anger, fury” 134 3.2.3.23 Sumerian hum “heat; summer; fever”; vb “to heat”; adj.
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