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E the Russian Federation, Central Asia, and the Caucasus CHAPTER 2 JAPAN‘S REGIONAL DIPLOMACY E The Russian Federation, Central Asia, and the Caucasus The year 2005 marked the 150th anniversary of the Overview establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and In the Russian Federation, President Vladimir Putin has Russia. At the Japan-Russia Summit Meeting held in been sustaining a stable political footing during his second November during President Putin’s official visit to Japan, term, against a backdrop of favorable conditions such as a an agreement was made to find a solution to the issue of a robust economic outlook. In the area of diplomatic rela- peace treaty that is acceptable to both countries. It was also tions, developments such as sustained cooperative relations agreed upon by both sides to further strengthen coopera- with Western countries, a movement toward the strength- tion in a wide range of areas in accordance with the “Japan- ening of influence over countries of the Commonwealth of Russia Action Plan” through such steps as the signing of 12 Independent States (CIS), and a stance of placing emphasis documents on issues including terrorism and energy. on the Asia-Pacific region have been witnessed. In the 14 years since their independence, political and economic diversification among the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus1 has progressed, although the economic disparity between countries that have leveraged their abundant energy resources to achieve economic success and those that do not have the resources has widened. From the perspective that the stability and devel- opment of these countries is of vital importance for the stability of the entire region of Eurasia including East Asia, Japan has been actively involved in supporting nation- building efforts based on the principles of democratization and market-oriented economic reforms. For Central Asia Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and Russian President Vladimir in particular, Japan has also been engaged in dialogue and Putin signing the Action Program on Cooperation in the Area of cooperation with the entire region through the framework the Fight Against Terrorism (November 21 at the Prime Minister’s Official Residence. Photo: Cabinet Public Relations Office, Cabinet of the “Central Asia plus Japan” dialogue initiative that Secretariat) was established in August 2004. 1 The Russian Federation In the year 2005, reciprocal visits, namely Minister (a) Japan-Russia Relations for Foreign Affairs Nobutaka Machimura’s visit to Russia (1) The Northern Territories Issue and in January and Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs Sergei Peace Treaty Negotiations Lavrov’s visit to Japan in May, were conducted as a Regarding the issue of the Northern Territories, which is precursor to President Putin’s visit in November. Earnest the biggest outstanding issue between Japan and Russia, discussions were carried out with the intent to fill the gap there still remains a gap between the stances adopted by the between the two countries over the territorial issue. Talks two countries even after 60 years since the end of World were also continued at the summit and foreign-minister War II. The Government of Japan maintains a consistent levels at such occasions as the G8 Gleneagles Summit, the policy of seeking to fully normalize relations between Japan United Nations (UN) General Assembly, and the Asia- and Russia through the conclusion of a peace treaty by Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings. On the resolving the issue of which country the Four Northern other hand, a hard-line attitude was witnessed regarding Islands, which are inherently Japanese, belong to, and has the territorial issue prior to President Putin’s visit to been tenaciously engaged in negotiations with Russia. Japan, marked by a series of visits by key figures from the 1. “Central Asia” denotes the five nations of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. “Caucasus” denotes the three nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. 95 DIPLOMATIC BLUEBOOK 2006 Trends in the Japan-USSR/Russia Trade (¥100 million) (US$1 million) 11,775 10,740 Exports to USSR/Russia Imports from USSR/Russia Total volume of trade Total volume of trade 11,000 (¥100 million) (¥100 million) (US$1 million) (¥100 million) 10,000 10,000 8,850 9,000 9,582 9,000 8,000 8,362 8,539 8,000 7,000 7,567 7,326 6,935 7,000 7,127 5,898 5,879 6,000 5,905 6,061 6,058 5,957 5,151 6,000 5,530 5,397 5,554 5,438 5,280 6,822 4,927 5,052 6,166 5,000 4,961 5,007 4,832 5,552 5,000 4,407 4,739 4,755 4,592 4,242 4,204 4,829 4,652 4,897 4,000 4,262 3,859 4,000 4,476 4,938 3,480 4,285 4,684 4,133 4,448 4,284 4,831 4,098 3,552 3,553 3,777 4,953 3,000 3,000 3,408 3,047 3,072 3,416 2,000 2,000 4,230 3,710 4,015 2,038 2,850 1,667 1,000 1,000 3,720 1,360 1,202 1,082 1,114 1,227 1,276 1,182 547 614 870 0 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (Year) • Japan’s trade with Russia surpassed ¥1 trillion in 2005, an unprecedented figure including the Soviet period. • Total volume of trade in 2005 rose by 23% over the previous year. (In US-dollar terms, total trade was US$10.74 billion, an increase of 22% over the previous year.) Note: Figures for the total volume of trade are rounded off, due to which they may not necessarily match with the total figures for export and import. Source: Ministry of Finance, Trade Statistics. Russian government to the Four Northern Islands, and Putin visited Japan after nearly five years, Prime Minister President Putin’s remarks during an appearance on a Junichiro Koizumi once again laid stress on the crucial Russian television program in September to the effect importance and validity of the various agreements and that the sovereignty of the Four Islands lying with Russia documents signed to date, such as the Japan-Soviet Joint is confirmed by international law and is an outcome of Declaration,3 Tokyo Declaration,4 and the “Japan-Russia World War II, and that Russia has no intention to engage Action Plan,5” and the need to continue with negotiations in discussions regarding this issue.2 The Government of regarding the conclusion of a peace treaty based on these Japan countered this with a repeated assertion of the various documents. Prime Minister Koizumi also declared consistent position adopted by Japan. the shared understanding of both countries that the issue At the summit meeting in November when President of the attribution of the Four Islands ought to be resolved 2. In the television address, President Putin also stated that “in case of good intentions, and Russia has the best intentions in mind, I expect us all to be able to always draw out an option (translator’s note: option for the resolution of the territorial issue) that satisfies both parties, and which furthermore is satisfactory to the residents of the said region and in the best interests of all citizens of Russia as well as Japan, and I am convinced that this is possible. As long as we are willing to work together, I believe it is possible to come upon such an option.” 3. After the Soviet Union refused to sign the San Francisco Peace Treaty, negotiations for the conclusion of a separate peace treaty were conducted between Japan and the Soviet Union from June 1955 to October 1956. However, there was no progress on an agreement between the two sides over the territorial issue except in regard to the islands of Habomai and Shikotan. Due to this, the two countries signed the Japan-Soviet Joint Declaration on October 19, 1956 instead of a peace treaty, declaring an end of the state of war and restoring diplomatic and consular relations between the two nations (the agreement was ratified by the parliaments of both countries). Article 9 of the declara- tion states the agreement to the effect that the parties will continue negotiations for the conclusion of a peace treaty, and that the islands of Habomai and Shikotan will be handed over to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty. 4. The Tokyo Declaration was signed by Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa and Russian President Boris Yeltsin in October 1993 during the visit of President Yeltsin to Japan. Article 2 of the declaration defines the territorial issue as referring to the attribution of the Four Northern Islands and clearly states that the attribution of the Four Islands will be resolved, a peace treaty concluded, and bilateral relations fully normal- ized, in this order. It also set down clear negotiation guidelines, namely that the Northern Territories issue will be resolved: (a) on the basis of historical and legal facts; (b) based on documents produced with the two countries’ agreement; as well as (c) on the principles of law and justice. 5. The Japan-Russia Action Plan was adopted between Prime Minister Koizumi and President Putin during Prime Minister Koizumi’s visit to Russia in January 2003. It consists of the six pillars to deepen political dialogue; peace treaty negotiations; cooperation in the international arena; trade and economic cooperation; development of relations in the areas of defense and security; and enhancement of cultural and people-to-people exchange. 96 CHAPTER 2 JAPAN‘S REGIONAL DIPLOMACY and a peace treaty concluded at the earliest possible stage, During the visit to Japan by President Putin in and asserted the intention to continue efforts in searching November, the “Japan-Russia Economic Cooperation out a solution that is acceptable to both parties.
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