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Multicultural Education and Cultural Competency Standards for Legal Professionals Stephanie Bono University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2019 Multicultural Education And Cultural Competency Standards For Legal Professionals Stephanie Bono Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Bono, Stephanie, "Multicultural Education And Cultural Competency Standards For Legal Professionals" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2547. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2547 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Multicultural Education and Cultural Competency Standards for Legal Professionals By Stephanie Bono Bachelor of Arts, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 2009 Master of Arts, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, 2013 Juris Doctorate, University of North Dakota, 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2019 PERMISSION Title Multicultural Education and Cultural Competency Standards for Legal Professionals Department Counseling Psychology and Community Services Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying or scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in her absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Stephanie Bono August 29th, 2019 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………… 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………. 6 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 7 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………….. 9 The Importance of Culturally Competent Legal Professionals ………………………………………………… 17 Defining Cultural Competency ……………………………... 22 Cultural Competency in the Legal Profession…………………….. 26 Cultural Competency in Applied Psychology…………………….. 30 Cultural Sensibility in the Medical Profession …………….... 33 Cultural Humility ……………………………………………. 35 Intercultural Competency and Multicultural Teacher Education ….. 36 The Legal System as a Culture …………………………………….. 39 The Role of Implicit Bias in the Legal System ……………………. 42 Purpose of the Study …………………………………………. 44 III. METHODS………………………………………………………. 46 Participant Selection …………………………………………. 48 Participants …………………………………………………… 49 Procedures ……………………………………………………. 53 Data Analysis ………………………………………………… 55 Round 1 Analysis …………………………………………….. 58 3 Round 2 Analysis ……………………………………………. 56 Round 3 Analysis ……………………………………………. 56 IV. RESULTS ……………………………………………………… 58 Round 1 Results ……………………………………………… 58 Round 2 Results ……………………………………………… 65 Round 3 Results ……………………………………………… 99 V. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………... 118 Importance …………………………………………………… 120 Key Components of Effective Multicultural Education ……… 122 Barriers and Facilitating Factors ……………………………… 126 Delivering Multicultural Education to Legal Professionals …… 127 Strengths and Limitations ……………………………………… 128 Future Directions ………………………………………………. 129 Conclusion ………………………………………………….…. 132 VI. APPENDICES …………………………………………..…….… 133 VII. REFERENCES ……………………………………………….…. 178 4 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Demographic information for all participants who participated in rounds 1-3 …………………………………………………………… 51 2. Round 1 Questions with Identified Critical Factors and Frequency …… 59 3. Round 2, Question 1 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance …………………………………….………….. 69 4. Round 2, Question 2 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 70 5. Round 2, Question 3 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 71 6. Round 2, Question 4(a) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 72 7. Round 2, Question 4(b) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 73 8. Round 2, Question 5 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard 5 Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 74 9. Round 2, Question 6(a) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 75 10. Round 2, Question 6(b) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 75 11. Round 2, Question 7 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 76 12. Round 2 Questions with Level of Agreement Responses and Frequency to Evaluate Consensus……………………………………… 77 13. Round 3, Question 1 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 99 14. Round 3, Question 2 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………….…….. 100 15. Round 3, Question 3 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 101 16. Round 3, Question 4(a) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 6 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 102 17. Round 3, Question 4(b) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 103 18. Round 3, Question 5 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 104 19. Round 3, Question 6(a) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 105 20. Round 3, Question 6(a) Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 105 21. Round 3, Question 7 Level of Agreement to Critical Factors from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) with Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance ……………………………………………….. 106 22. Round 3 Questions with Level of Agreement Responses and Frequency to Evaluate Consensus……………………………………… 107 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my support system, because without you I would not be where I am today. To my mom - from the very beginning you told me I could be anything I wanted to be, and I guess I believed you. Your constant words of encouragement mean more than you know, and I am resilient beyond belief because of you. To my partner, Josh - I could not have finished this journey without your infinite patience, kindness, and wisdom. You are a true partner in every sense of the word, and I am so thankful for all of your sacrifices. And to Randy and Diane, you have welcomed me into your family with open arms, and I am beyond blessed to be a part of it. I would also like to thank my advisor and Chair, Dr. Kara Wettersten. It has not always been an easy road, but I am a better person for knowing you and working with you over the past six years. I am so appreciative of your time and efforts in helping me through this process. To my panelists, thank you for your participation in this study. A special thank you to Sabrina Balgamwalla for her guidance as I imagined this study, and for her recruitment efforts. To all of the wonderful, amazing, supportive individuals I met during internship year - thank you for cheering me on and encouraging me to “just get it done.” Finally, I would like to thank my three fur babies for their unconditional love and endless cuddles. Tupelo, June, and Georgia - you provided me with the emotional support needed to see this through. 8 ABSTRACT The development of multicultural education and cultural competency standards for legal professionals is an important topic within the legal field (Bryant, 2001; Weng, 2005; Curcio, Ward, & Dogra, 2013). The legal profession plays a major role in American society, with legal professionals working in prominent positions within the government, financial sector, and business,
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