Oedipus Complex Revealed Within Kafka Tamura in Haruki Murakami’S Kafka on the Shore

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OEDIPUS COMPLEX REVEALED WITHIN KAFKA TAMURA IN HARUKI MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

SATYA WASTU WINDRIYA

Student Number: 134214143

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

OEDIPUS COMPLEX REVEALED WITHIN KAFKA TAMURA IN HARUKI MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

SATYA WASTU WINDRIYA

Student Number: 134214143

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis

Yogyakarta, January 6, 2018

Satya Wastu Windriya

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Satya Wastu Windriya Nomor Mahasiswa : 134214143

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul

OEDIPUS COMPLEX REVEALED WITHIN KAFKA TAMURA IN HARUKI MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 6 Januari 2018

Yang menyatakan,

Satya Wastu Windriya

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I THINK IT WAS JOHN LENNON WHO SAID “LIFE IS

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU’RE MAKING OTHER

PLANS.” AND THAT’S HOW I FEEL

ALTHOUGH HE ALSO SAID “I AM THE WALRUS, I AM

THE EGGMAN” SO I DON’T KNOW WHAT TO BELIEVE

MARTIN FREEMAN

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For my infinity tenderness in May

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to state my gratefulness towards Allah SWT for the blessing and grace so that I am able to finish my thesis. I want to state my gratitude to my father, my mother, and my little sister who always be there to support me. I want to thank all my friends for all the special support.

I would like to thank Mrs. Th. Enny Anggraini, Ph.D. as my thesis advisor. I thank you for the guidance, support, and patience so that I can finish my thesis in time. I would also like to thank Ms. Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my co-advisor. I thank you for the helpful advices.

Satya Wastu Windriya

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xi ABSTRAK ...... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 6 C. Objective of the Study ...... 6 D. Definition of Terms...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 13 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 13 2. Theory of Defense Mechanism: Denial ...... 15 3. Theory of Interpretation of Dream ...... 19 4. Theory of Oedipus Complex ...... 21 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 23

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 25 A. Object of the Study ...... 25 B. Approach of the Study ...... 26 C. Method of the Study...... 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 29 A. Defense Mechanism: Denial Experienced by Kafka Tamura ...... 29 B. Interpreting Kafka Tamura‟s Dream ...... 37 C. Kafka Tamura and the Oedipus Complex ...... 42

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 53

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ABSTRACT

WINDRIYA, SATYA WASTU. OEDIPUS COMPLEX REVEALED WITHIN KAFKA TAMURA IN HARUKI MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018.

Haruki Murakami‟s Kafka on the Shore contains so many surreal and magical incidents. The readers of the novel may be confused by the story since there are many riddles found in the story. This study is specifically discussing about the main character of the novel, Kafka Tamura, who has experienced the Oedipus complex. The novel has two different points of view that connect to each other. In order to reveal the Oedipus complex within Kafka Tamura, it is necessary to discuss the denial defense mechanism experienced by Kafka Tamura, and also interpreting his dream. There are three objectives of the study. First of all, this study analyses the denial defense mechanism experienced by the main character of the novel, Kafka Tamura. Second of all, Kafka Tamura‟s dream is interpreted in order to reveal the meaning behind his dream. Lastly, this study relates the denial defense mechanism and the interpretation of dream of Kafka Tamura in order to reveal the Oedipus complex. Library research method is conducted in order to find the proper theories and the related studies. Moreover, theories from reliable websites are also collected to support the discussion of this study. The approach used in this study is psychoanalysis. The theory is mostly quoted from Freud‟s theories of psychoanalysis. Oedipus complex is the condition of young child that has sexual attraction towards his mother, and puts his father as his rival so he needs to be eradicated. It is proven that Kafka Tamura has murdered his own father by connecting his point of view to the second point of view, which is Satoru Nakata‟s point of view. Satoru Nakata is the one who physically murdered Kafka‟s father, yet spiritually, Kafka is the one who truly killed his own father. The discussion of denial defense mechanism has revealed that Kafka denies his desire of murdering his father, yet the defense seems to be failed. Kafka‟s murderous act is triggered by his jealousy of his father right after he meets a woman that has features that are similar to his mother. The woman known as miss Saeki is the one who takes part as Kafka‟s mother. It is proven that Kafka is in love with miss Saeki by interpreting his dream. Eventually, the Oedipus complex is revealed since Kafka is in love with a woman who takes part as his mother, and murdering his own father based on the jealousy of him.

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ABSTRAK

Novel Kafka on the Shore karya Haruki Murakami berisikan banyak kejadian yang tak nyata dan gaib. Para pembaca novel tersebut dapat dibuat bingung karena banyak teka-teki yang ditemukan di dalamnya. Skripsi ini secara terperinci membahas tentang tokoh utama dalam novel, Kafka Tamura, yang mengalami kompleks Oedipus. Novelnya memiliki dua sudut pandang berbeda yang saling terkait satu sama lain. Untuk menunjukkan kompleks Oedipus yang dialami Kafka Tamura, mekanisme pertahanan penolakan dan interpretasi mimpi Kafka Tamura perlu dibahas. Pada skripsi ini, terdapat tiga tujuan yang dicapai. Pertama, skripsi ini menganalisa mekanisme pertahanan penolakan yang dialami oleh karakter utama pada novel ini, Kafka Tamura. Kedua, mimpi Kafka Tamura diinterpretasikan untuk menunjukan maksud dibalik mimpi tersebut. Terakhir, skripsi ini merelasikan mekanisme pertahanan penolakan dan interpretasi mimpi Kafka Tamura untuk menunjukan kompleks Oedipus. Studi pustaka dilakukan untuk mendapatkan teori dan penelitian terkait yang sesuai. Terlebih lagi, pengumpulan teori melalui situs yang terpercaya juga dilakukan untuk mendukung pembahasan pada skripsi. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada skripsi ini adalah pendekatan psikoanalisis. Kebanyakan teori merupakan kutipan dari teori psikoanalisis Freud. Kompleks Oedipus adalah sebuah kondisi pada anak yang memiliki ketertarikan seksual pada ibunya, dan memosisikan ayahnya sebagai saingan yang perlu disingkirkan. Kafka Tamura terbukti membunuh ayahnya sendiri dengan merelasikan sudut pandangnya pada sudut pandang yang kedua, yaitu Satoru Nakata. Satoru Nakata adalah orang yang membunuh ayah Kafka secara fisik, namun secara mental, Kafka sendiri yang membunuh ayahnya. Pada diskusi mekanisme pertahanan penolakan menunjukan bahwa Kafka menyangkal hasrat untuk membunuh ayahnya, namun gagal. Tindakan kejam Kafka dipicu oleh kecemburuan oleh ayahnya setelah ia bertemu dengan wanita yang bercorak seperti ibunya. Bu Saeki adalah wanita yang berperan sebagai ibu Kafka. Ini bisa dibuktikan dengan menginterpretasikan mimpi Kafka. Pada akhirnya, kompleks Oedipus dapat terlihat dengan kesimpulan bahwa Kafka mencintai wanita yang mirip dengan ibunya, dan membunuh ayahnya karena cemburu.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Dreams, desires, and feelings are some cases of human‟s experience that are somehow intangible and hard to understand. In literature, the characters within the story are the portrayal of real beings. The author of the story put some characters within the story and they can be treated as real human beings. Thus, it is possible for the characters in the novel to have dreams, desires and feelings.

Each of the characters in the story has various emotions, thoughts, or desires that differ one another. Since there is no boundary for the author of a novel to create a character creatively, the readers often find an unusual character that has a unique personality.

Moreover, the idea of “interpreting dreams” mostly sounds childish and obscure. However, recognizing the situation happening in mind is actually critical and it is scientifically proven. Dealing with the idea of mindset and its obscurity buried inside human‟s thought, it is obvious to relate with the professional psychologist, or neurologist.

Sigmund Freud is an Austrian neurologist that is well known as the father and the founder of theories or techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud developed psychoanalysis, a method through which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the free associations, dreams and fantasies of the patient. His theories on

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child sexuality, libido and the ego, among other topics, were some of the most influential academic concepts of the 20th century (http://www.biography.com,

2016). The idea of psychoanalysis is the methodology of the analyst in order to reveal the cause of the conflict underneath the unconscious part of the patient. As

Storr said in his book, “Freud believed that all vital phenomena, including psychological phenomena like thoughts, feelings, and phantasies, are rigidly determined by the principle of cause and effect” (Storr, 2001: 3). Storr elaborates that the psychoanalysis is originally practiced by using free association with the person laid down, and couple of sessions. There is a communication between the patient and the psychologist which the patient tells his or her past experience, and present feelings, impressions, complain et cetera.

One of Freud‟s popular theories is somehow rooted from classical Greek‟s literary piece by Sophocles known as Oedipus the King. The name of the theory itself is widely known as Oedipus complex that explains about psychological issue of the patient which is the tendency of eliminating the father and having sexual activity with the mother. Freud‟s theory is apparently underlined on the sexuality as the cause of any behavior either unconscious or conscious.

One of the other branches of psychoanalysis includes the defense mechanism of human beings. The theory was also introduced by Sigmund Freud as the unconscious acts of individuals are processed due to their protection towards unacceptable thoughts or wishes. The examples of defense mechanism of human beings are denial, projection, reaction formation, displacement et cetera.

This study focuses on one defense mechanism of human being which is the denial

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in which according to David Barone, Hersen and Hasselt is, “the blocking of external stimuli from entering into awareness” (David F Barone et al, 1998: 32).

Denial refuses to aware of the truth and keeps it away temporarily since the truth considers as unacceptable to the person.

The fact that psychological theory is based on real case illness does not close the possibility of its application towards certain characters in the literary works. The characters inside the literary works are clearly made up based on the author‟s imagination. Once a certain character appears in the novel, for example, the author tries to describe its behavior, the way of thinking, and its reaction towards a certain condition from the storyline of the novel, the characterizations for every character definitely match to the object of analysis in psychological matter. Psychoanalysis tries to reveal what is beneath the surface of the human, or in this case, character‟s mind.

The characteristic of fictional characters in a novel are usually affected by the author‟s background. It is also possible that the characters in the novel are genuine manifestation of author‟s imagination in order to put the authenticity of the author. Haruki Murakami is the ideal author for an example of putting his fictional characters to be very unique in a novel. Every character in Murakami‟s novel has his or her own specific characteristic, yet it is quite predictable that one character is made by Haruki Murakami.

Haruki Murakami is a Japanese novelist and translator. Murakami has received several noted awards for his fiction and non-fiction works. He was also referred to as one of the world‟s greatest living novelists by The Guardian

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(http://www.famousauthor.org, 2016). In Haruki Murakami‟s Kafka on the Shore, most of the plots contain riddles. Then in the following plot, there will be another riddle, not to cover what has been said before, but to complete what has been started. The main character of the novel, Kafka Tamura, is a 15 year old boy that runs away from his house in order to avoid the oedipal prophecy (Oedipus complex) that was predicted by his father. The adventure of Kafka Tamura, however, leads himself to his omen. In a way that is so tricky, the oedipal prophecy reveals its truth.

The novel Kafka on the Shore is somehow related to the story of which the theory of Oedipus complex was taken. The similarity is taken upon the issue of the Oedipus complex and the oedipal prophecy written in the story. Oedipus complex is one of the psychological issues that are used in this study. However, in order to reach the final condition of the character, which is the Oedipus complex, it is necessary to discuss about the denial and also interpreting his dream.

The reason of this research is to prove that the main character known as

Kafka Tamura is oppressed by the Oedipus complex. Kafka is a fifteen year old boy who lives with his father. Right after he turns fifteen, he decides to run away from home, and leave his father to become the toughest fifteen year old boy.

Kafka‟s mother, on the other hand, left him when he was four years old. There is no explanation about the existence of Kafka‟s mother until the end of the story.

The Oedipus complex can be proven through the assistance of two other psychoanalysis branches, which are the denial and the interpretation of dream.

Both materials lead us to the fact that the 15 year old boy is oppressed by the

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Oedipus complex. The denial needs to be discussed in order to reveal Kafka‟s reason on avoiding his father. The interpretation of dream also needs to be discussed in order to reveal the meaning behind his dream. The theory of Oedipus complex has mentioned that there are two ideas in order to reveal that someone has such oppression. Firstly, the boy has a sexual attraction towards his mother.

Secondly, the boy is jealous of his father and puts him as the boy‟s rival since his father is the one who owns his mother. The discussion of Kafka‟s denial assists to reveal the condition of Kafka jealousy towards his father. Moreover, the interpretation of Kafka‟s dream assists his sexual attraction towards his mother.

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B. Problem Formulation

Based on the previous background of the study, three questions are formulated in order to answer the problems:

1. How does the character Kafka Tamura experience the denial?

2. What is the meaning of Kafka Tamura‟s dream?

3. How do Kafka‟s denial and dreams reveal his Oedipus complex?

C. Objectives of the Study

The first objective is to reveal the way Kafka Tamura is oppressed by denial defense mechanism in some occasions of the story. The second objective is to interpret Kafka Tamura‟s dream and to show the meaning behind the surface of his dream. The third objective is to relate both the denial and the interpretation of dream resulting Kafka Tamura to be oppressed by Oedipus complex.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to understand more about what is being discussed in this study, some terms should be defined:

1. Oedipus Complex

A central Freudian doctrine the Oedipus complex, the view that all males unconsciously wish to displace their fathers and sleep with their mothers.

According to Freud, hatred for the father and love of the mother, normally repressed, may appear disguised in dreams. Work of art, like dreams, are

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disguised versions of repressed wishes (Barnet, 1973).The theory was found and developed by Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud and it adapted from classical

Greek‟s play, Oedipus the King.

2. Interpretation of Dream

Practice of psychoanalysis by studying the dreamer‟s dream and life in order to reveal the conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dream‟s evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting it

(Freud, 1920: 8).

3. The Denial

The denial is one of the examples of defense mechanism of human being.

The aim of the defense mechanism is to help one gets rid of unpleasant feeling inside his or her mind unconsciously. In the context of the denial, “the blocking of threatening external stimuli from entering into awareness” (David F. Barone et al,

1998: 32)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There are three parts in this chapter. The first part is the review of the study, which covers the study that has done by previous researcher relating to this topic. The second part is the review of related theory. It presents the application of the theories that are applied in order to answer the problem formulations of this topic. The third part is the theoretical framework. This is the part that explains the way the writer uses the reviews in order to solve the problems.

A. Review of Related Studies

The first related study is based on the undergraduate thesis titled Noboru‟s

Oedipus complex as seen in Mishima‟s The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the

Sea by Budi Rianto. The story of which tells us about adolescent son named

Noboru that feels jealous of his step father named Ryuji whom he idolized right before he noticed that Ryuji is falling in love with his mother. From Budi‟s study, he explains that the figure of mother has a very big impact to the sexual activity of the mother‟s son. First of all, Budi describes the unusual behavior of Noboru towards his mother. Noboru‟s mother is the closest opposite sex in his life that gives him love and affection, and Noboru has special interest towards his mother.

It is proven from his behavior of watching his mother‟s naked body:

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complex. First, Noboru has an abnormal interest towards his mother. Second, he has a feeling of hatred by the figure of a father, and jealously that he has towards his step father. Both proofs have completed the idea of Oedipus complex.

The next study is taken from undergraduate thesis done by Yonathan

Tarigan. His study titled Ethan‟s Motivation in Loving Woman Representing

Oedipus Complex Syndrome in Edith Wharton‟s Ethan Frome. The Oedipus complex syndrome is what so called as the pre-Oedipal development phase, which in this case is referred to the mother-loving phase. What he explains in his study focuses on the motivation of the character Ethan chooses the love of his life, and how the figure of his mother takes part on it.

Ethan is a common and passionate young man who lives with his father and his mother in a small town. Everything goes perfectly fine, up until the point where his father, who affords Ethan‟s life financially, is having a mental trouble and spending the whole family‟s money into nonsense necessity before he dies.

The death of his father drags Ethan into despair in order to fulfill his passion to be an engineer. Ethan‟s mother is the only person in the house who is able to support

Ethan psychologically to reach his delayed dream. Working his own family‟s land, the existence of Ethan‟s mother is crucial in this point. The trouble soon to come right after Ethan‟s mother suffers into deep sickness. The disease of his mother keeps her resting in bed and causes her to be unable to speak. This is the part where Ethan thinks that he is totally losing in hope. “He feels lonely because of his mother sickness. His mother is too sick to talk with him like usual. Ethan, like many other people, feels lonely in his life. This is caused by the psychological

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factor which says that mother is warmth, love and care. Losing this figure means losing of hope in life” (Tarigan, 2006: 27).

Not long after Ethan‟s mother death, Ethan is visited by his cousin named

Zeena. Ethan‟s hope increases again right after Zeena‟s arrival. Soon, they both married and live together in the house. The reason of choosing Zeena as Ethan‟s wife is the first object of what is being analyzed in order to reveal the Oedipus complex syndrome. The demand of whom to replace the figure of his mother portrayed:

The motivation to find another figure to communicate and to share his entire problem with brings him to a decision to get someone to life with him. He needs someone to accompany him so that he can share everything in his life. After the death of his mother the motivation to have another figure grows stronger. The one who he thinks can fulfill his need is Zeena, a woman who fills his emptiness during his mother‟s illness. She is the woman who makes Ethan to make a decision to marry her without thinking further. The fear of silence he will face if Zeena is leaving motivates her as his wife (Tarigan, 2006: 33).

From the statement preceded, Zeena is the figure who able to replace

Ethan‟s mother. Ethan‟s depression on losing his parents is cured by the time

Ethan and Zeena live together. In other word, Zeena is the one who can support

Ethan psychologically. The motivation of having the figure to replace Ethan‟s mother is revealed since Zeena is able to help and accompany Ethan.

However, soon after they both married, Zeena suffers the same disease as

Ethan‟s mother had. Ethan‟s fear of loneliness returns as his wife unable to communicate with Ethan as usual. Once again, it gives a certain pressure to

Ethan‟s mind. Then, the position of Ethan‟s wife is replaced by Zeena‟s cousin that soon to come to their house. Zeena‟s cousin, named Mattie, comes in order to

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help Ethan takes care his wife. From the first time Ethan sees Mattie, he looks at her as a cheerful lady. The appearance of Mattie is a rebound of his wife Zeena to overcome the loneliness and sorrow of Ethan. In this condition, Ethan is having a forbidden love with his wife‟s cousin.

From the previous discussion, Ethan shows a motivation in deciding his lover. Psychologically, Ethan‟s mother takes an important role for him as a figure of a woman he interested in. Unconsciously, his mother‟s characteristic is buried in his mind. The death of his mother, who able to support him in order to reach his dream, is causing Ethan to crave a replacement for her figure. Zeena and Mattie are unconsciously chosen to replace the figure of his mother. Both of them are reflecting Ethan‟s mother characteristics in term of conquering his despair and loneliness.

The previous related studies shall assist the analysis of this study since the basic concept of Oedipus complex is the same, yet revealed in different condition.

Murakami‟s Kafka on the Shore has taken the Oedipus complex into different level. In order to analyze that the main character of this novel is oppressed by the

Oedipus complex, it needs some assistance of any other psychological approach.

Murakami‟s works, as discussed in the related studies, commonly serve magical mystery storyline that often confuse the readers. This study provides the combination of psychological fields which, in the end, shall end up in the Oedipus complex. Finally, it helps the readers to have better understanding towards the novel.

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B. Review of Related Theories

In this part of the study, there are some theories invented by some literary scholars. The theories are aimed to assist the study in analyzing the object of the study.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Characters in the novel are apparently essential element in every novel.

Before analyzing one character‟s psychological issues in this study, the theory of character and characterization is applicable in order to gain more understanding towards one‟s personality. The methods of understanding character‟s personality in the novel are quite similar with the methods on how people get to know about other people in real life. Mainly, a person can get to know other person by having a personal contact. According to Murphy, there is one method that separates authors of the novel to know one character‟s personality which is the “eye of-

God” method. “A writer using the „eye-of-god‟ method or any method that involves the „stream of consciousness‟, can lay bare the innermost thoughts of the characters that people his books” (Murphy, 1972: 161). There are some examples of the ways in which the author tries to make his characters understandable according to Murphy: Personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts and mannerisms (Murphy, 1972: 161-173).

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a. Personal description

The author helps the readers understand the character by describing personal appearance of the character. For example, the description of his or her face, body, and clothes. b. Character as seen by another

The author describes a character through the opinion of other character.

The character who is being described get the reflected image by the help from another characters. c. Speech

The author gives the idea about a certain character through what he or she says such as, their conversation with other character, and their opinion about something. d. Past life

Such characteristic can be seen by direct comment by the author, the person‟s thoughts, or through the description of another person. e. Conversation of others

A character‟s characteristics can be seen through the conversation of other characters by the idea they say about him or her. f. Reaction

The author can give the readers a clue about a character by telling the readers about his or her reaction towards some situations in the story. g. Direct comment

The author describes a character directly in the story.

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h. Thoughts

The author reveals what the character is thinking. It is the idea of the „eye-of- god‟ method. The author tells the reader about what a certain character is thinking by telling directly from inside his or her mind. i. Mannerisms

The author describes a character‟s mannerisms, or habits which may tell the reader about a character‟s characteristics.

According to Kennedy and Gioia as they borrowed the useful terms of the

English novelist E.M Forster, there are two kinds of characters in the novel,

“Characters may seem flat or round. A flat character has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at most a few distinguishing marks. Round characters, however, present us with more facets – that is their authors portray them in greater depth and in more generous detail” (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999: 61). The flat characters tend to be more static in the story, while the round characters tend to be more dynamic. In this case they learn something, they are enlighten, or grow.

2. Theory of Defense Mechanism: Denial

The theory of denial is one of the examples of the defense mechanism of human being. The defense mechanism theory was found by Sigmund Freud and developed by his daughter Anna Freud. Defense mechanism is a strategy of mind that appears to protect one‟s anxiety towards a certain condition. It appears unconsciously and automatically. As Cramer says quoted from Gill and

Wallerstein, “To say that a defense is unconscious may mean (a) the person is

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unaware of the actual behavior that constitutes the defense (e.g., is unaware of a thought); or (b) the person, while aware of the behavior, is unaware that it is serving a defensive purpose; or (c) the person is unaware of the impulse or affect that prompted the defense” (Cramer, 1991: 4).

Defense mechanism may appear in many conditions. An action that someone serves in order to protect her or his anxiety can be referred as one specific defense. First example of defense mechanism is the projection. As

McLeod mentioned quoted from Anna Freud, “This involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling, and motives to another person. Thoughts most commonly projected onto another are the ones that would cause guilt such as aggresive and sexual fantasies or thoughts” (http://www.simplypsychology.org,

2018). McLeod stated, an example for projection is when a person hates someone, but such hatred is unacceptable, that person can solve the problem by believing that she or he hates you instead.

The second example of defense mechanism is displacement. As McLeod mentioned quoted from Anna Freud, “Displacement is the redirection of an impulse (usually aggresion) onto a powerless subtitute target”

(http://www.simplypsychology.org, 2018). McLeod also added that the target can be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute. An example for the displacement is when someone who is frustrated by his or her superiors may go home and kick the dog, beat up family member, or engage in cross burnings.

In the case if the denial defense mechanism, Freud argues that it is the simplest, and early defense mechanism and easy to conceptualize. An easy

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description of denial is advised in “Just ignore it, and it will disappear”. As

Cramer says quoted from Freud, “Theoretically, denial in this form refers to a mental operation in which attention is withdrawn from external stimuli that, if recognized would caused psychological pain or upset” (Cramer, 1991: 36-37).

The explanation continues since the concept of denial is expanded to include a warding off of certain internal stimuli, accompanied by a covering over, or

“screen”, which substitutes for the painful thoughts.

There are some components of denial. The most primitive one is the failure to see what exists in reality. Denial also can be manifested through a less physical or psychological withdrawal from the painful situation; reality may be ignored. According to Cramer, there are two broad categories of denial. First, there are those operations that are closely tied with perceptual system. They ward off reality through not seeing, through avoiding, or to distorting what is perceived.

Second, is a form of denial occurs more on the cognitive level, and involves the construction of a personal fantasy. The individual‟s involvement in this fantasy rivals the perception of reality and replaces it in significant portions of the person‟s experience (Cramer, 1991: 38).

Denial is common defense mechanism that happens for all human beings.

Since the idea of defense mechanism is to get rid of anxiety happening in mind, denial tries to “not see” the facts that one may encounter or what is there. In order to examine the denial that is experienced by someone, it is necessary to see the mental processes involved in its operation and the ways in which it may be manifest

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Moreover, defense mechanism also can be called as the ego defense. It relates to Freud‟s idea on human psyche id, ego and superego. The following statements are the theory of three-part model of psyche taken from http://www.verywell.com as Cherry said quoted from Freud‟s theory:

The id is the component of personality that is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id‟s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of the internalized moral standards and ideals that acquire from both parents and society – the sense of right and wrong. Moreover, Freud believes that an imbalance between these elements would lead to a maladaptive personality. An individual with an overly dominant id, for example, might become impulsive, uncontrollable, or even criminal (http://www.verywell.com, 2017).

In addition, McLeod explains that the defense mechanism, or what so called as the ego defense, occurs when ego fails in its attempt to use the reality principle. “If the ego fails in its attempt to use the reality principle, and anxiety is experienced, unconscious defense mechanisms are employed, to help ward off unpleasant feelings or make things feel better for the individual”

(www.simplypsychology.org, 2018). Furthermore, Cramer also mentioned the concept of ego defense, “It was suggested that various defense mechanisms may carry out this ego function, the purpose of which was always to protect the ego against instinctual demands” (Cramer, 1991: 5). The ego always tries to pleasure the id through reality principal. The condition of id dominating the ego may happen to a person and it often causes criminality.

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3. Theory of Interpretation of Dream

In this part of the study, the theory used is based upon psychological context of dream rather than biological context. More specifically, the interpretation of dream is taken from Freud‟s theory. Freud explains that all dreams are wish-fulfillment dreams. Moreover, Hadfield explains in his book

Dream and Nightmares, “Freud goes further: he says all dreams are not merely wish-fulfillment but fulfillment of sexual wishes. Dreams are the language of the unconscious: and since, according to Freud, the unconscious consists entirely of sexual wishes, dreams relate to such repressed wishes” (Hadfield, 2004: 18). The theory is taken upon Freud‟s theory since his theory is suitable compare to, for example, Jung‟s theory of dreams.

The explication towards the interpretation of dream will be taken out from

Freud‟s Dream Psychology. First of all, Freud emphasized that dream has meaning. Freud quoted from Scherner‟s Dream Phantasies, “dreams have their origin in real spiritual excitations, and are the outward manifestations of spiritual powers whose free movements have been hampered during the day” (Freud, 1920:

9). Dreams that people experience during sleep are altered condition towards what they experienced. The idea of understanding the meaning of the dream is particularly replacing the events on the dream to the other events that have relation towards them.

Moreover, Freud explains that a dream is the manifestation of the unrealized wishes. By dreaming, the mind of the people will get satisfaction of what they wish for. Freud gave an easy example of this theory, “A boy of eight

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dreamt that he was being driven with Achilles in a war-chariot, guided by

Diomedes. The day before, he was assiduously reading about great heroes. It is easy to show that he took these heroes as his models, and regretted that he was not living in those days.” (Freud, 1920: 17). The example of which is taken upon child‟s dream that is connected to his daily life experience. Moreover, the dream may also be interpreted for adults who have more complex experiences yet the idea of interpreting dream is similar.

Freud discussed about the wish in dreams that said there are threefold possibility for the origin of a wish.

Firstly, it may have been incited during the day, and owing to external circumstances failed to find gratification, there is thus left for the night an acknowledged but unfulfilled wish. Secondly, it may come to the surface during the day but be rejected, leaving an unfulfilled but suppressed wish. Or, thirdly, it may have no relation to daily life, and belong to those wishes that originate during the night from the suppression. (Freud, 1920: 74).

From the preceding statements, wishes in dream are able to see from many conditions. It is related to the experience of the dreamer. The absurd content of the dream which can be remembered by the dreamers is the manifest content of the dream. Freud argues that the form of it is pictured as to disguise the latent content of the dreams which containing of wishes.

As Easthope says in his book the Unconscious, there are two main procedures to interpreting dreams and look for the desire hidden in the narrative:

One is to consider the dream in the context of dreamer‟s own life, using for example the method of free association to suggest what it might mean to them. If someone else had a dream „A whole of children‟ it would have different meaning. Second, dreams have typical form and take part in that shared system of images and meanings Freud points to in fairytales, myths, jokes, and so on (Easthope, 2003: 11).

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Moreover, Freud says that dreams are the manifestation of unrealized sexual wishes. However, as Hadfield says quoting from Freud, a typical case of a dream is not manifestly sexual, but more to be symbolized.

Freud has thus worked out many of these symbols and their corresponding meanings, all of which of course have reference to sex: a snake, a dagger, or anything long represents the male sex organ; anything like a box, a room, or anything which contains things represents the female uterus; a king represents the father; a queen, the mother (as sexually desired), and so on (Hadfield, 1973: 20).

In relation towards character in the novel, the preceding theory will be applicable since the condition of the character is broadly described. Furthermore, the manifest of the dreams of the character is clearly explained.

4. Theory of Oedipus Complex

As the previous discussion that has generally explained about the Oedipus complex, it is the condition of young child (in this context the child is a male) is having special attraction towards the mother and put the father as his rival so that he needs to be eradicated. However, the Oedipus complex itself is originated from sexual development of children. The so called libido development begins since the birth of the children. This following theory is taken from Freud's Psychosexual

Stages of Development written by David B. Stevenson. The discussion is mostly taken from its founder Sigmund Freud.

The first phase is called the oral stage. It is the phase when the children start to feel the pleasure of having something inside their mouth. Freud as quoted by Stevenson said that, “The stage culminates in the primary conflict of weaning, which deprive the child of the sensory pleasures of nursing and of the

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psychological pleasure of being cared for, mothered, and held”

(http://www.victorianweb.org, 2016). This phase indicates the first attraction towards the mother since she is the one who responsible in nursing the children.

The second phase is called the anal stage. It is the next stage of the sexual development of the children after the oral stage. By the growth of the children, they indicate the obsession of having erogenous zone of the anus. As Stevenson said quoting from Freud:

This represents a classic conflict between the id, which derives pleasure from expulsion of bodily wastes, and the ego and superego, which represent the practical and societal pressures to control the bodily functions. The child meets the conflict between the parent's demands and the child's desires and physical capabilities in one of two ways: Either he puts up a fight or he simply refuses to go. The child who wants to fight takes pleasure in excreting maliciously, perhaps just before or just after being placed on the toilet. (http://www.victorianweb.org, 2016).

The idea of this phase depends on the decision of the children whether they want to be obedient towards their mother or not. Either way will lead them into different result which is anal expulsive character or anal retentive character.

As Stevenson said, “the anal expulsive character children are generally messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant. While the anal retentive character are neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous, and passive-aggressive” (http://www.victorianweb.org, 2016).

The third phase is called the phallic stage. This is the stage where the idea of

Oedipus complex (Electra complex for the female child) is revealed. It indicates the phase where the children start to have interest in their own genital and other‟s genital. In another word, the children start to have interest in their opposite sex.

The Oedipus complex appears as the natural love towards the mother turns into

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more sexual. The libidal energy of the son is transferred from the anal region into genital. Moreover, the present of the father turns to be the rival of the son since the father is the one who owned the mother. Since it is almost impossible to replace the position of the father, Freud as quoted from Stevenson, explains:

The boy sees that though he cannot posses his mother, because his father does, he can posses her vicariously by identifying with his father and becoming as much like him as possible: this identification indoctrinates the boy into his appropriate sexual role in life. A lasting trace of the Oedipal conflict is the superego, the voice of the father within the boy (http://www.victorianweb.org, 2016).

As the owner of the mother, the father becomes the role model for the son.

The standard of morality, or what so called as the superego, within the boy is rooted upon the father. The primary goal of having an identical characteristic of the father is to get the mother‟s love.

According to Bressler‟s Literary Criticism , “The Oedipus Complex senses appear unconsciously in human life. The sense of wanting of a mother or someone who has the similar characteristic of his mother appears in all men. A love that a boy gets in the childhood unconsciously recorded and influences him in the adulthood. Wanted or not, as the first love of the boy, mother has a special role in the boy‟s memory” (Bressler, 1994: 152).

C. Theoretical Framework

The first problem is mentioned in order to reveal that the character Kafka

Tamura is oppressed by the denial defense mechanism. It indicates the first psychological issue that is experienced by Kafka Tamura. The denial defense mechanism is chosen in order to reveal what is beneath the character‟s mind

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truthfully. In this case, Kafka Tamura has a desire to murder his father. By concerning the act that the character is decided to perform, this study is able to reveal that it indicates the defense mechanism.

The second problem is mentioned in order to crack the meaning behind

Kafka Tamura‟s dream. The theory used is the theory developed by Sigmund

Freud known as the interpretation of dream. By conducting the theory of interpretation of dream, this study reveals that Kafka Tamura is experiencing the pre-Oedipal complex. In this case, Kafka Tamura‟s dream indicates his sexual desire towards his mother.

The third problem is summed up the first and the second problem. Kafka

Tamura is oppressed by the Oedipus complex and able to identify by the assistance of the denial defense mechanism and the interpretation of dream. The core of Kafka‟s psychological problem lies in here. Every action that is performed by Kafka Tamura, including those, the denial and the dream, leads him into psychological problem the Oedipus complex.

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Noboru‟s room is placed side by side with his mother‟s. Unintentionally, there is a little hole on the wall between both of their rooms and he likes to peep through the hole in order that he can watch his mother‟s habit sitting in front of the mirror in naked condition. It is the beginning Noboru feels happy and satisfied watching to such condition (Rianto, 2004: 35). The statements above explain that Noboru has psychological issue relating to his sexual behavior. The sexual obsession towards his mother indicates one of the criteria of the Oedipus complex. Moreover, Noboru‟s obsession, as the son, towards his mother follows an impact. Noboru‟s father died a long ago when he was just a baby, and soon Ryuji comes with intention to own Ryuji‟s mother. Ever since Noboru realizes that Ryuji, whom Noboru used to idolize, loves his mother, his feeling towards Ryuji turns to be a hatred and jealousness (Rianto, 2004: 38).

Noboru is afraid that someone will take his mother‟s affection and love from him.

Noboru is described as a good youngster that has no record of bad behavior (besides his acts of seeing his mother naked). He does not even able to be mad at someone. However, his madness and jealous towards Ryuji is transferred by his habit of writing in his diary. Noboru whom cannot be mad at someone spills out all of his feeling in his diary where nobody knows about it

(Rianto, 2004: 39). Moreover, Noboru has a thought that a father is an evil figure who should not be existed in this world. Noboru‟s perception towards the figure of a father came from his father‟s companion that told the whole story about

Noboru‟s father who had treated him badly. Hearing this story, Noboru even recommended him to kill his father back then.

From the preceding image of the story, Rianto proves that Noboru, the adolescent youngster in the story, is oppressed by psychological issue Oedipus

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a Japanese novel translated by Phillip Gabriel into English entitled Kafka on the Shore first vintage international open-market edition written by Haruki Murakami published in 2005. Murakami is considered as the one of the greatest novelist in the world for him has received a several awards of his works. His novels, including Kafka on the Shore, have been translated into 50 languages. Most of the readers are pleased by Murakami‟s work for its story contains many magical, surrealist plot that triggers curiosity for them.

Many critics found that Murakami‟s works consider as the product of pop-culture that related to postmodernism literature.

The novel Kafka on the Shore considered as the 10 Best Books of 2005 according to the New York Times. The novel itself is also received the World

Fantasy Award which is an annual award given by the World Fantasy Convention in 2006. The novel Kafka on the Shore, unlike Murakami‟s previous novels which the protagonists are used to be a guy on his 20s or 30s, put a 15 year old boy as a

Murakami‟s hero. However, the adventure of the 15 year old boy, known as Kafka

Tamura, is linked with another character which is told in another plot known as

Satoru Nakata, a man on his 50s. It considers as a significant departure of

Murakami‟s typical protagonist.

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Kafka Tamura runs away from home to avoid an oedipal prophecy that was verdict by his own father. The boy‟s attempt, actually, does not help him to dodge his fate since the prophecy of his father somehow finds its way to finally happen in a tricky way. In this case, Kafka Tamura does not physically kill his father and sleep with his mother (Kafka‟s mother has left home since he was four year old). The adventure of Kafka leads himself to meet new relatives, and experience incident that soon point out that Kafka Tamura is oppressed by the

Oedipus complex as his father predicted.

B. Approach of the Study

An approach that is suitable to be conducted to this story is a psychoanalysis approach. As Peter Barry said about psychoanalysis, “It is a form of literary criticism that uses the technique of psychoanalysis, which is the practice used by psychologist in order to get the patient to talk freely in such a way that the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problems are brought into the conscious mind and openly faced, rather than remaining 'buried' in the unconscious” (Barry, 2002: 96). In other words, it will drive us to pay attention on the unconscious mind which is a part of the mind where somehow buried inside our consciousness.

The psychoanalysis is based on the notion of how the mind, instincts and sexuality work. This theory is developed by Sigmund Freud. As Peter Barry quoted about Freud‟s major ideas about psychoanalysis:

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All of Freud's work depends upon the notion of the unconscious, which is the part of the mind beyond consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon our actions. Freud was not the discoverer of the unconscious: his uniqueness lies in his attributing to it such a decisive role in our lives. Linked with this is the idea of repression, which is the 'forgetting' or ignoring (Barry, 2002: 97)

The reason of choosing psychoanalysis is because by using psychoanalytic criticism, this study is able to find out the meaning behind every action of the character. Actions that are consciously committed by character in literary work may be the result of unconscious desire. The unconscious desire is buried inside one character‟s mind. Moreover, psychoanalytic drives us to Freud‟s concept that is related to sexuality as Barry said:

Many of Freud's ideas concern aspects of sexuality. Infantile sexuality, for instance, is the notion that sexuality begins not at puberty, with physical maturing, but in infancy, especially through the infant's relationship with the mother. Connected with this is the Oedipus complex, whereby, says Freud, the male infant conceives the desire to eliminate the father and become the sexual partner of the mother (Barry, 2002: 97).

From the quotation above, it is clear that psychoanalysis assists this study in order to reveal the Oedipus complex. All of these concepts of psychoanalysis are necessarily applied in order to reveal the unconscious desire of the character in the novel which leads one to the Oedipus complex.

C. Method of the Study

The primary source of this study is the novel itself entitled Kafka on the

Shore written by Haruki Murakami. It is a novel of 489 pages, published by

Vintage International in 2005, and translated by Phillip Gabriel. The primary source of this study is used to collect data and evidence to answer the problem

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formulation provided. In order to analyze this novel, library research is conducted.

The secondary sources of this study are, first, taken from Freud and Eder‟s Dream

Psychology;Psychoanalysis for Beginners. Second, Stevenson‟s Freud’s

Psychosexual Stages of Development. Third, Cramer‟s The Development of

Denfense Mechanisms Theory, Research, and Assessment. The secondary sources are used in order to strengthen the answer of the problem formulation.

There are some steps to examine this novel. The first was reading the novel several times in order to gain the better understanding towards the whole story. The problems were formulated after reading throughout the novel while observing references from books, journals, and websites. The third step was collecting the supporting data and evidences from the novel. The fourth step was analyzing the problems using psychological approach. Finally, the conclusion was made in the end of this study.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The novel Kafka on the Shore is presented to have two different point of views which connect to each other. The first point of view of the story is led by the character Kafka Tamura, fifteen year old runaways. The second point of view is led by Satoru Nakata, an old man on his seventies that suffers amnesia and lost most of his smartness since the World War II. Mainly the whole novel is focusing on the young Kafka Tamura, the character in this study who soon to be analyzed through psychoanalysis.

On the first part, the discussion focuses on the denial experienced by

Kafka Tamura. The second, the discussion focuses on interpreting Kafka

Tamura‟s dream. The last part of this chapter discusses about the Oedipus complex revealed within Kafka Tamura.

A. Defense Mechanism: The Denial Experienced by Kafka Tamura

It all started when Kafka Tamura finds a condition that upsets him. Kafka unconsciously wants to kill his own father. It is the condition that he somehow wants to deny since he slightly realizes his desire to kill his father. Kafka‟s murderous act has been predicted by his father since Kafka was in the elementary school. “Someday you will murder your father and be with your mother”

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(Murakami, 2005: 212). It is more like a curse rather than prophecy that looks similar to an oedipal prophecy. At the end, the truth about the curse is revealed.

Kafka has been living with his father since he was born. During the time they live together, Kafka and his father do not socialize as a normal relationship between father and son. They barely talk to each other. Up until the age of fifteen,

Kafka decides to leave the house as well as his father behind. The story tells that the reason of Kafka leaving his house is to become the world‟s toughest fifteen year old boy. As a fifteen year old boy, there are a lot of things that he had never experienced before. Kafka thinks that leaving his house alone without any specific plan ahead will make him learn a lot of new lessons.

It is personally described that Kafka is rarely talk to anyone even to his own father.

Other than the trainers at the gym and the housekeeper to our house every other day – and of course the bare minimum required to get by at school – I barely talk to anyone. For a long time my father and I have avoided seeing each other. We live under the same roof, but our schedule are totally different. He spends most of his time in his studio, far away, and I do my best to avoid him (Murakami, 2005: 9).

Moreover, Kakfa himself admits that he builds his own social condition considering his companions are somehow does not match him.

All the students dress neatly, have nice straight teeth, and are boring as hell. Naturally I have zero friends. I‟ve built a wall around me, never letting anybody inside and trying not to venture outside myself. Who could like somebody like that? (Murakami, 2005: 9)

As fifteen year old boy, his condition may be considered as a unique behavior.

Unlike his companions who are as young as him, Kafka fond of spending time

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devouring books in the school library. Moreover, his introversion is also realized by other character in the story, as follows:

“Maybe you don‟t like talking?” she says, resting her head in one hand and giving me a serious look. I shake my head. “No, that‟s not it.” “You think it‟s a pain to talk to people?” One more shake of my head. She picks up her other sandwich with strawberry jam instead of ham, then frowns and gives me this look of disbelief (Murakami, 2005: 23). Kafka does not seem to be fond of talking nor socializing. It is proven by both personal description and other character‟s point of view. However, it does not mean that he cannot socialize with other person. Yet, Kafka decides not to have a lot of contact with other person. One reason that makes his present condition is his hobby to spend a lot of time reading books. Kafka admits during his arrival in Komamura Library reading room that it is a perfect place that he has been looking for in his life. “This is exactly the place I‟ve been looking for forever. A little hideaway in some sinkhole somewhere. I‟d always thought of it as a secret, imaginary place, and can barely believe that it actually exists”

(Murakami, 2005: 41). It proves that his hobby limits himself in having actual interaction with people.

Furthermore, Kafka‟s reason on leaving his house and his father behind does not seem to be reasonable and satisfying. As one of the discussed theories before, Cramer as quoted from Gill and Wallerstein say that a defense is unconscious, may mean the person while aware of the behavior, is unaware that it is serving a defensive purpose. From this theory, Kafka is aware of the behavior but not aware that he serves a defensive purpose since Kafka himself admits that he somehow slightly aware that he has a desire to kill his own father. Oshima,

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Kafka‟s new friend during his adventure, is the one who asks whether or not

Kafka killed his father. Yet, Kafka hesitates and answers “I‟m not sure of that”

(Murakami, 2005: 214).

This is actually the condition of Kafka protecting himself from disturbing thought by having a denial defense mechanism. The purpose of his leaving is his defense of meeting with his father and trying to deny that he wants to murder his own father. Kafka‟s father has had a prophecy about the murderous act that Kafka will be committed and Kafka knows that clearly more than anyone else. “My father told me this over and over. Like he was chiseling each word into my brain”

(Murakami, 2005: 212).

Kafka is described as a smart boy. Kafka fond of reading book so much and he would spend much time in the library. It clearly is affecting his way of thinking and his knowledge. Kafka‟s smartness is able to be seen by looking at his speech together with his conversation with other character. As explained at the theory of characterization, by looking at the speech, the reader can understand the characteristic of a certain character, so does the response of another character.

During his conversation with Oshima, the librarian in Komamura Library,

Kafka admits that the novel “In the Penal Colony” is his favorite Franz Kafka‟s work. It is quite obvious as it is written in the story that Oshima the librarian, who is way older than Kafka, seems to be disbelief in Kafka‟s statement to be fond of

“In the Penal Colony” and tests Kafka by asking, “Why is that?” Without any hesitation, Kafka explains his reason on liking Franz Kafka‟s work.

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“I think what Kafka does is give a purely mechanical explanation of that complex machine in the story, as sort of a substitute for explaining the situation we‟re in. What I mean is...” I have to give it some more thought (Murakami, 2005: 61)

The explanation that Kafka gives is obviously astonishing Oshima as he reacts “I imagine Franz Kafka would agree with you” and instantly believe that

Kafka is telling the truth. From the preceding Kafka‟s speech, it is quite obvious that Kafka is a bright kid.

Instead of taking the prophecy as a non-sense old Greek fantasy, Kafka decides to react on it by leaving his father. The denial is able to be seen through his ignorance of the reality. According to Cramer, there are two broad categories of denial. First, there are those operations that are closely tied with perceptual system. They ward off reality through not seeing, through avoiding, or to distorting what is perceived. Second, is a form of denial occurs more on the cognitive level, and involves the construction of a personal fantasy. The individual‟s involvement in this fantasy rivals the perception of reality and replaces it in significant portions of the person‟s experience.

Kafka experiences the one that is closely tied with perceptual system. He or she is warding off reality through not seeing, through avoiding, or to distorting what is perceived. Kafka does not admit that he wants to leave the house avoiding his father, yet he admits that he wants to be the world‟s toughest fifteen year old boy and learn a lot from the outside world. As written in the beginning of the novel, Kafka‟s alter ego known as Crow convinces Kafka, “From now on – no matter what – you‟ve got to be the world‟s toughest fifteen-year-old. That‟s the

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only way you‟re going to survive” (Murakami, 2005: 5). Kafka distorts what he truly desires by making an excuse to leave his father.

The failure of Kafka‟s intention to deny his true desire of killing his father turns out at this point. Soon after he runs away from his home in Tokyo and live his new life in a town named Takamatsu, he experiences an odd incident: Kafka wakes up after losing consciousness in the middle of the place he does not familiar with. Once he gets his consciousness back, he realizes that his shirt is stained in fresh blood. One that can be assured, Kafka has no idea what happened during his unconsciousness.

I notice something dark on the front of my white T-shirt, shaped sort of like a huge butterfly with wings spread. I try brushing it away, but it won‟t come off. I touch it and my hands come away all sticky. I need to calm down, so consciously taking my time I slowly take off both my shirts. Under the flickering fluorescent light I realize what this is – darkish blood that‟s seeped into the fabric. The blood‟s still fresh, wet, and there‟s lots of it (Murakami, 2005: 75).

The discussion continues by the help of the second point of view, which is the point of view of the old man Satoru Nakata. The blood in Kafka‟s shirts is actually the blood caused by Nakata over his murderous act to a man that soon will be revealed as Kafka‟s father. In this case, Kafka‟s true desire of killing his father is spiritually replaced through Nakata‟s body. Kafka‟s spirit has transferred to Nakata‟s body that has no obligation to reject the murder.

Without a word, Nakata stood up. No one, not even Nakata himself, could stop him. With long strides he walked over to the desk and grabbed what looked like a steak knife. Grasping the wooden handle firmly, he plunged the blade into Johnnie Walker‟s stomach, piercing the black vest, then stabbed again in another spot (Murakami, 2005: 157).

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The tricky proof is that, right after Nakata‟s murderous act, he also lost himself under unconsciousness. What he had right after he woke up from his unconsciousness was the same confusion as Kafka has. He had no idea where he was, but unlike Kafka‟s experience, there was no blood left on his body. “But how did he get back here? He didn‟t even know the road back. And his clothes had no blood on them at all” (Murakami, 2005: 173).

The Johnnie Walker in this context represents the existence of Kafka‟s father. Right after Nakata murdered Johnnie Walker, there is news published reporting that a man named Koichi Tamura was found killed at the same exact time Nakata murdered Johnnie Walker. In addition, the murder has done in the same way as well which is the stab from the sharp steak knife.

SCULPTOR KOICHI TAMURA STABBED TO DEATH

Found in Study, Floor a Sea of Blood

The police estimate the time of death as the evening of the 28th, and since Mr. Tamura lived alone the body was only discovered two days later. Mr. Tamura suffered several deep stab wounds to the chest from the sharp steak knife – (Murakami, 2005: 206)

Koichi Tamura is the name of Kafka Tamura‟s father. Oshima is the one who tells the news of Koichi Tamura‟s death to Kafka. “ „This paper‟s from two days ago. The article came out while you were up in the mountain. When I saw it

I thought maybe this Koichi Tamura might be your father. A lot of details fit. I should‟ve shown it to you yesterday, but I wanted to wait until you got settled in.‟

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I nod, still pressing my eyes. Oshima doesn‟t say anything more” (Murakami,

2005: 208).

This condition needs to be taken back on Freud‟s idea on human‟s psyche.

All Freud‟s theory is relied under the unconsciousness including the denial defense mechanism. Kafka‟s condition that leads him into denial mechanism is able to be explained by applying Freud‟s theory of the three-part model of the psyche (id, ego, superego). The following statements are the theory of three-part model of psyche taken from http://www.verywell.com as Cherry said quoted from

Freud‟s theory:

The discussion has revealed that Kafka unconsciously wants to murder his father. It represents the id of Kafka Tamura. His morality clearly says that killing his own father is not acceptable, in which represents his superego. His ego brought him into a decision of leaving his father which also represents his ego defense denial. In this situation, Kafka has experienced id domination defense mechanism since he fails to cover his true desire and eventually commits a crime by murdering his own father.

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Kafka Tamura protects himself from unpleasant thought by having a denial. However, his act is seemed to be failed by the dominance of id psyche. In result, his true desire is revealed by his act of killing his own father. Kafka has murdered his own father by the assistance of the second point of view of the novel. Physically, Satoru Nakata is the one who murdered Kafka‟s father.

However, Kafka is the mastermind of this murderous act.

Kafka‟s pattern on experiencing the defense mechanism can be seen by the fact that he wants to avoid his father. The excuse he made in order to be the toughest fifteen year old boy in the world is him trying to cover what he really desires. As the theory of denial has mentioned, the condition he wants to ignore is his desire on murdering his own father. Kafka‟s avoidance and ignorance match the theory of denial compare to any other defense mechanism.

B. Interpreting Kafka Tamura’s Dream

In this part of analysis, the study focuses on the condition of Kafka

Tamura during his sleep. The story gives the reader an obvious picture of what

Kafka is having during his sleep and, moreover, this study has revealed the meaning behind the picture of his dream. As mentioned by the theory, the idea of understanding the meaning of a dream is particularly replacing the events on the dream to the other events that have relation towards them. According to Freud, a dream is the manifestation of unrealized wish, and there are threefold possibilities for the origin of wish. One of them says that dream may have been incited during

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the day, and owning to external circumstances failed to find gratification, there is thus left for the night an acknowledge but unfulfilled wish.

In a one part of the story, it is told that Kafka sees a beautiful girl ghost during his sleep.

“She‟s got to be a ghost. First of all, she‟s just too beautiful. Her features are so gorgeous, but it‟s not only that. She‟s so perfect I know she can‟t be real. She‟s like a person who stepped right out of a dream” (Murakami, 2005: 228).

The preceding statements are the description of Kafka‟s dream. Kafka admits that he has never met such girl in his life. In the next day, Kafka has the girl inside his dream again.

“The girl is seated at the desk, head in her hands, gazing at the painting. She‟s wearing the same clothes as last night. Even if I squint and look hard, this time it‟s too dark to make out her face. Strangely enough, though, her body and silhouette stand out, floating there clearly in the darkness” (Murakami, 2005: 251).

Since the first dream he had, it is true that Kafka hopes for having the same dream every time he is going to sleep. In order to interpret Kafka‟s dream, it is important to relate his experience beforehand.

Later on, Kafka has an assumption that the girl in his dream must be a young version of a woman known as Miss Saeki. Earlier, Kafka meets Miss Saeki for the first time in Komamura library, the place where Kafka stays during his journey. Miss Saeki is a lady who works in Komamura Library as the manager.

Oshima the librarian is Kafka‟s first friend in Takamatsu. He is the one who introduces Kafka to Miss Saeki. Kafka joins Miss Saeki to do the library tour that is held once a week. The story gives the reader a rather strong first impression of

Miss Saeki from Kafka‟s perspective:

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Miss Saeki, leading the tour, is a slim woman I‟d guess is in her mid- forties. She‟s a little on the tall side for someone of her generation. She‟s wearing a blue half-sleeved dress and a cream-colored cardigan, and has excellent posture. Her long hair is loosely tied back, her face very refined and intelligent looking, with beautiful eyes and shadowy smile playing over her lips, a smile whose sense of completeness is indescribable. It reminds me of a small, sunny spot, the special patch of sunlight you find only in some remote, secluded place. My house back in Tokyo has one just like that in the garden, and ever since I was little I loved that bright little spot (Murakami, 2005, 42).

From the quotation of Kafka‟s impression above, it is clear to see that

Kafka puts an interest in Miss Saeki. Furthermore, during his time living in

Komamura library, Kafka also works there as an assistance. During the afternoon,

Kafka used to serve coffee for Miss Saeki. Another proof that showing Kafka puts an interest in Miss Saeki revealed in the incident where Kafka flirts her.

“Thank you,” she says when I put the coffee cup on her desk. “You look a little tired.” She nods. “I imagine I look a lot older when I get tired.” “Not at all. You look wonderful, like always.” She smiles. “For someone so young, you certainly know how to flatter a woman.” My face reddens (Murakami, 2005: 279).

In this point, Kafka‟s smartness is revealed once again in order to attract

Miss Saeki. In another point, Kafka uses a term that somehow rare to be used by a person at his age. It somehow amazes Miss Saeki:

“I felt like if I stayed there I‟d be damaged beyond repair,” I say. “Damaged?” Miss Saeki says, narrowing her eyes. “Yes,” I say. After a pause she says, “It sounds strange for a boy your age to use a word like damaged, though I must say I‟m intrigued. What exactly do you mean by damaged?” (Murakami, 2005: 259).

He explains about what he meant as he is blushing into confusion of the question. At the end, Miss Saeki knows that Kafka is a smart boy as she says,

“For a fifteen-year-old, you make a lot sense.”

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As Easthope says in his book the Unconscious, there are two main procedures to interpret dreams and look for the desire hidden in the narrative:

In relating to the theory and the story, Kafka‟s unrealized wish is to own

Miss Saeki. The method of free association can be related to the fact that Kafka loves Miss Saeki and wishes to own her. However, owning a mid forties lady is somehow unaccepted. Kafka‟s wish to own Miss Saeki is transferred in his dream.

In this term, Miss Saeki is altered to be her young version that is somehow more acceptable for Kafka. This dream helps Kafka to have a satisfaction of what he wishes for, which is to own Miss Saeki.

Moreover, Freud explains that there are absurd and latent content of dreams. The absurd content of the dream which can be remembered by the dreamers is the manifestation of the dream. Freud argues that the form of it is pictured as to disguise the latent content of the dreams which containing of wishes.

The absurd content of Kafka dream may be referred as the young version of Miss Saeki, which Kafka describes as “too perfect to be real”. While on the other hand, the latent content of Kafka‟s dream is that he loves the real Miss Saeki who is far older than him.

However, there is one occasion where Kafka admits that he loves the young version of Miss Saeki, not the one in the real world.

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And there‟s another important fact: I‟m drawn to that ghost, attracted to her. Not to the Miss Saeki who‟s here right now, but to the fifteen-year-old who isn‟t. Very attracted, a feeling so strong I can‟t explain it. And no matter what anybody says, this is real. Maybe she doesn‟t really exist, but just thinking about her makes my heart – my flesh and blood, my real heart – thump like mad. These feelings are as real as the blood all over my chest that awful night (Murakami, 2005: 234).

In this occasion, Kafka has not realized his own feeling of loving the real

Miss Saeki. In the end, there is a proof when Kafka finally admits that he really desires Miss Saeki when Kafka tells her about the prophecy that Kafka‟s father has.

She lifts the coffee cup again and takes a tiny sip, as if it has no taste. “Why did your father put your father under that curse?” “He must‟ve wanted me to take over his will,” I say “To desire me, you mean?” “That‟s right,” I say. Miss Saeki stares into the cup in her hand, then looks up again. “So do you – desire me?” I give one clear nod (Murakami, 2005: 305).

The dream that Kafka has is a portrayal of what he experienced in real life.

During his meeting with Miss Saeki, Kafka had a feeling towards her. From this discussion, it has been proven that Kafka‟s feeling towards Miss Saeki is an authentic feeling. Thus, Kafka dream tells that he is in love with Miss Saeki.

Moreover as Freud says, all dreams are the wish-fulfillment of sexual wishes. In this context, Kafka‟s wish to be with Miss Saeki is repressed and manifested in his dream. As Freud explains that the dream is not merely sexual yet symbolized, the appearance of young Miss Saeki is the symbol of what

Kafka‟s sexual wish.

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C. Kafka Tamura and the Oedipus Complex

In this part of the discussion, the Oedipus complex is revealed by connecting the two previous discussions, which are the denial and the interpretation of dream. The fundamental theory is still taken from Freud‟s theory of Oedipus complex.

As the previous discussion has explained that the Oedipus complex is the condition of young child (in this context the child is a male) is having special attraction towards the mother and put the father as his rival so that he needs to be eradicated. The theory mentioned that the Oedipus complex is originated from sexual development of the children which is started at oral stage, anal stage, and ended at phallic stage. The last phase, which is the phallic stage, is the stage that indicates the phase where the children start to have interest in their opposite sex.

This is the phase where the idea of Oedipus complex is revealed. This stage begins when the children are at the age of 3 to 5 or 6.

Referring to the story, it tells that Kafka had lived with both his father and his mother before his mother decided to leave the house. The proof can be found on the dialog between Kafka and Sakura. “So your mother left home with your older sister when you were just four. Leaving you and your mother behind”

(Murakami, 2005: 92). Kafka‟s mother left when he was 4 years old. From the theory that has been discussed, Kafka was at the phallic stage when his mother left. Moreover, he had experienced oral and anal stage. It can be concluded that

Kafka had experienced not only breast feeding by his mother, which refers to the very first experience of oral pleasure, but also had the experience of the expulsion

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of bodily wastes which is the pleasure of defecating. These experiences were affecting his feeling towards his mother. Although Kafka admits that he does not remember anything about his mother appearance and there is no photograph of his mother left, it is a fact that Kafka had his mother‟s affection until he was 4 years old.

At the age of four, the children do not only start to have an interest to the opposite gender, but also the feeling jealousy, rivalry, and erotic attraction. The story describes that Kafka and his father do not have a good relationship. They live in the same house but do not meet each other regularly until Kafka decides to leave him behind. It actually indicates the rivalry feeling that Kafka got from his father. As the theory says, “The present of the father turns to be the rival of the son since the father is the one who owned the mother”

(http://www.victorianweb.com).

Kafka does not want to admit his true feelings at first since he denies the fact that he wants to eradicate his father and leaves his father. The discussion continues by the theory that explains how the boy fails to posses his mother, so he puts his father as a role model.

The story does not provide nor imply the condition of Kafka trying to copy his father in some ways. However, the role of his father that Kafka tries to copy is

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the condition of owning his mother, or in this cases his father‟s wife. Moreover,

Kafka wants his father to be dead long before he decides to leave the house.

I gaze carefully at my face in the mirror. Genes I‟d gotten from my father and mother – not that I have any recollection of what she looked like – created this face. I can do my best to let any emotions show, keep my eyes from revealing anything, bulk up my muscles, but there‟s not much I can do about my looks. I‟m stuck with my father‟s long, thick eyebrows and the deep lines between them. I could probably kill him if I wanted to – I‟m sure strong enough (Murakami, 2005: 11).

The quotation shows that Kafka realizes that his appearance and his father‟s appearance are similar, yet there is nothing he can do about it. It is actually Kafka‟s first tendency on having denial defense mechanism. He denies the fact that he copies his own father. It continues up until the point that the existence of his father blocks his chance of owning his mother so that he needs to eradicate his father. The quotation above also shows that early before he left the house, the desire of killing his father is already appear since he realizes that he is strong enough now to kill his father.

Relating to the discussion on Kafka‟s denial mechanism, it is all clear now that the peak of Kafka‟s desire to kill his father appears when he eventually kills his father through the body of Satoru Nakata. His admission, that he does not want to kill his father and decision to leave the house, is actually showing his denial defense mechanism. However, his id is dominating his ego in which resulting the murderous act he has done. Kafka himself is not aware of the condition that he has killed his own father. It all happened under his unconsciousness. His denial defense mechanism is still trying to convince himself that he does not want to kill

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his father. However, this following quotation is taken from the story telling that

Kafka finally admits that he is not sure whether or not he has killed his father.

“But your father‟s prophecy didn‟t come true, did it? You didn‟t murder him. You were here in Takamatsu when it happened. Somebody else killed him in Tokyo.” Silently I spread my hands out in front of me and stare at them. Those hands that, in the darkness of night, had been covered with blood. “I‟m not so sure of that,” I tell him. And I proceed to tell him everything. About how that night, on my way back to the hotel, I‟d lost consciousness for a few hours (Murakami, 2005: 214).

The previous quotation shows that Kafka slightly realizes that he had done something during the night he shred in blood. It is the peak where Kafka finally able to see his desire and put his denial aside. Moreover, Oshima also realizes that

Kafka somehow does not react normally as a person who just lost his father.

“Correct me if I‟m wrong,” Oshima says, “but you don‟t seem too sad your father was murdered.” “No, I do feel sad. He‟s my father, after all. But what I really regret is that he didn‟t die sooner. I know that‟s a terrible thing to say...” (Murakami, 2005: 209).

The quotation above shows us that Kafka‟s jealously has appeared earlier before he committed the murder.

The crime that Kafka had committed finds its peak during the night of the murderous incident. It is triggered by the fact that he met Miss Saeki prior to the occasion. According to Bressler‟s Literary Criticism, “The Oedipus Complex senses appear unconsciously in human life. The sense of wanting of a mother or someone who has the similar characteristic of his mother appears in all men. A love that a boy gets in the childhood unconsciously recorded and influences him

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in the adulthood. Wanted or not, as the first love of the boy, mother has a special role in the boy‟s memory” (Bressler, 1994: 152).

In relation to the story, it is a fact that Miss Saeki is not a common woman for Kafka. Kafka admits that he has special attraction towards her. The first impression towards Miss Saeki somehow brings him into a nostalgic feeling. “She makes a strong impression on me, making me feel wistful and nostalgic. Wouldn‟t it be great if this were my mother?” (Murakami, 2005: 43). The theory of sexual development has provided the idea that the mother of the child is the first figure that gives attention and affection. It is unconsciously felt by the child that his mother is the perfect role for a woman.

Kafka‟s mother gives an influence to Kafka and it is unconsciously felt by him. Kafka feels that Miss Saeki is a suitable role to replace his mother.

Moreover, there are some coincidences that remind Kafka towards his mother.

First of all, he begins to tell his thought to Oshima.

“I can‟t believe I‟m actually saying this to somebody.” Oshima tilts his head ever so slightly, waiting for me to go on. “Is it possible that Miss Saeki... is my mother?” (Murakami, 2005: 256)

By telling his thought to someone, it is obvious that his thought is genuine and somehow too difficult to keep. Moreover, Kafka elaborates:

“There are an amazing amount of coincidences between me and Miss Saeki,” I say. “They‟re like pieces of puzzle that fit together. I understood this when I listened to „Kafka on the Shore.‟ First off is the fact that I was drawn to this library, like fate reeling me in. A straight line from Nakano to Takamatsu. Very strange, when you think about it” (Murakami, 2005: 257).

By paying attention to the story, there are some coincidences that can be related to Kafka‟s Oedipus complex. Miss Saeki was a musician back when she

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was young and created a song entitled “Kafka on the Shore”. The name Kafka is nothing to do with Kafka Tamura, yet it is just a random name that Miss Saeki accidentally picked for her song. Kafka got the song from Oshima and had some opinions about the song.

I listen to the record three times. First of all, I‟m wondering how a record with lyrics like this could sell over a million copies. I‟m not saying they‟re totally obscure, just kind of abstract and surreal. Not exactly catchy lyrics. But if you listen to them a few times they begin to sound familiar. One by one the words find a home in my heart. It‟s a weird feeling. Images beyond any meaning arise like cutout figures and stand alone, just like when I‟m in the middle of a deep dream (Murakami, 2005: 238)

After listening to the record of Kafka on the Shore, it is a fact that Kafka is really into it. Moreover, the more Kafka listens to the record, the more he understands about the lyric, and he gets an important fact about the lyric: it is a song that was written for a boy that Miss Saeki loved before.

The more I listen to the record, the more I‟m sure that this Kafka on the Shore is the young boy in the painting on the wall. I sit at the desk and, like she did last night, hold my chin in my hands and gaze at the same angle at the painting right in front of me, I‟m positive now, this had to be where she wrote it (Murakami, 2005: 239).

The boy in the painting of the wall was, in fact, Miss Saeki‟s fiancé who had died from accident. Furthermore, the fact that Miss Saeki was in love with another boy affecting Kafka‟s mind. Kafka admits that he is jealous of the boy in the painting.

All of sudden I realize – I‟m jealous of the boy in the painting. “You‟re jealous of the boy in the painting,” the boy called Crow whispers in my ear. You’re jealous of that pitiful, twenty-year-old boy mistaken for someone else and pointlessly murdered – what is it, thirty years ago? So insanely jealous it hurts. This is the first time you’ve ever been jealous in your life (Murakami, 2005: 253).

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In relation to the theory of Oedipus complex, Miss Saeki plays an important role for Kafka which is the role of his mother. Kafka falls in love with

Miss Saeki since she reminds him as his mother. On the other hand, Miss Saeki‟s fiancé, who had died from the accident, plays the role as if he is his real father.

The previous discussion has revealed that Kafka‟s father had been murdered by

Kafka. There is no chance for Miss Saeki‟s fiancé is Kafka‟s father. However, there is another coincidence that makes Kafka thinks that Miss Saeki‟s fiancé might be his father. Miss Saeki tells Kafka that she wrote a book about people who survived lightning strikes.

“I went all over Japan interviewing people who‟d survived lightning strikes. A small publisher put it out, but it barely sold. The book didn‟t come to any conclusion, and nobody wants to read book that doesn‟t have one. For me, though, having no conclusion seemed perfectly fine.” A tiny hammer in my head is pounding on a drawer somewhere, persistently. I‟m trying to remember something, something very important – but I don‟t know what it is (Murakami, 2005: 261).

Kafka tries to figure what comes in his mind after knowing such information. After some gaps, Kafka remembers a fact that he knew from a long time ago. His father had been struck by lightning once.

Suddenly, completely out of nowhere, I remember my father talking about how he‟d once been struck by lightning. He didn‟t tell me himself – I‟d read it in an interview in a magazine (Murakami, 2005: 263).

This coincidence puts Kafka into some thought – Miss Saeki probably met his father by chance. Although there is no proof to tell that Kafka‟s thought to be true, he eventually tells his speculative theory to Miss Saeki as follows:

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“My father was in love with you, but couldn‟t get you back. Or maybe from the very beginning he couldn‟t make you his. He knew that, and that‟s why he wanted to die. And that‟s also why he wanted his son – your son, too – to murder him. Me, in other words. He wanted me to sleep with you and my older sister, too. That was his prophecy, his curse. He programmed all this inside me” (Murakami, 2005: 304).

Kafka‟s theory remains obscure until the end of the novel. However, the idea of Kafka experiences the Oedipus Complex is fulfilled by connecting his denial mechanism and dream interpretation. Miss Saeki is a perfect role to be

Kafka‟s mother. There are some coincidence and features that help Kafka remembers his mother who left since he was four year old. Kafka falls in love with Miss Saeki who has the features of his mother. It is proven by the fact that he had a dream about young Miss Saeki, and he deeply in love with her. Moreover, the fact that he is jealous of the boy of the painting is the symbol of his jealously towards his real father who owned his mother, which in this case is Miss Saeki. At first, Kafka denied that he wanted to kill his father. It is his denial defense mechanism who worked as a shield to cover his desire. In the end, the id dominance of his defense mechanism puts him into a final act, which is to eradicate his father.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Kafka on the Shore is a novel that contains surreal and magical story that may bring amazement to the readers. However, it also opens the chance to bring some questions to the readers. Kafka on the Shore has brought the Oedipus complex into different level, and Murakami has succeeded to make it possible.

After being discussed, it is proven that the character Kafka Tamura in the novel

Kafka on the Shore is oppressed by Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is revealed after discussing the denial defense mechanism and the interpretation of dream.

Denial is one of the examples of defense mechanism that is experienced by

Kafka. Denial serves the strategy of mind that appears to protect one‟s anxiety towards a person‟s certain condition. The condition might appear variously, and it depends on what upsets the person. The person who experiences denial tends to put a screen in his or her mind in order to ward off the reality that is upsetting. In the case of Kafka Tamura, the reality he wants to ward off is the fact that he wants to kill his own father. Kafka knows that murdering his own father is inappropriate, so he denies his desire by covering it under the screen of denial defense mechanism. Denial defense mechanism may cause a person to do a certain act in order to protect him or her from the upsetting condition. In this case, Kafka tries to deny his desire to murder his father by avoiding him. However, his attempt

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seems to be failed in the end. The denial defense mechanism may fail if the condition that the person tries to cover up has bigger opportunity to appear. In this condition, Kafka‟s desire to murder his father is dominating his feeling. As Freud explains, it is the example of id domination. Thus, Kafka‟s denial fails to protect him from murdering his father.

After discussing denial defense mechanism, Kafka‟s dream needs to be interpreted. Kafka‟s dream is an important feature to analyze in order to reveal the repressed wish he has. As Freud says, dream is the manifestation of unrealized sexual wish. Moreover, the dream that appears during the sleep is the repression of wish that the dreamer experienced. The dream does not merely appear to be sexual dream, yet it is manifested in symbols. The absurd content of the dream, as

Freud says, is called the manifest content. In the other hand, the meaning behind the manifest content is called the latent content. Freud argues that the form of the manifest content is pictured as to disguise the latent content of the dream which containing of wishes. In the case of Kafka Tamura, he has a young beautiful girl in his dream. It reveals that Kafka is in love with her. Prior to his dream, Kafka worked with a forty year old lady known as Miss Saeki during his adventure and seemed to have a strong feeling towards her. It is proven that Kafka is actually in love with Miss Saeki and wishes to own her. Kafka is fifteen year old, and it is somehow impossible to own a mid-forties lady. It is in fact becoming Kafka‟s repressed wish, and it appears on his dream as the young version of Miss Saeki.

The beautiful girl that appeared in Kafka‟s dream is the manifest content of the

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dream. Meanwhile, the latent content of Kafka‟s dream is actually the repressed sexual wish towards Miss Saeki.

At the end, both Kafka‟s denial and dream have led to the final analysis which is Kafka‟s Oedipus complex. Oedipus complex is the condition of a young boy having special attraction towards his mother and put his father as his rival that needs to be eradicated. The Oedipus complex may be seen when the children is at the age of 3 to 5 or 6. As the story tells, Kafka has been living with his mother and father. Yet, when Kafka is at the age of 4, his mother leaves him and his father behind. Moreover, Miss Saeki is the one who reminds Kafka about his mother.

Kafka falls in love with Miss Saeki since Kafka thought that she was the perfect role for his mother. Kafka‟s desire to own Miss Saeki, who is also symbolizing his mother, is helped by the interpretation of Kafka‟s dream. The manifestation of young Miss Saeki in Kafka‟s dream has proven that Kafka wishes to own Miss

Saeki, which is also his mother. Furthermore, the murderous act that Kafka has done to his father represents his jealous and rivalry towards the figure of the father who owns his mother. It is proven after the discussion of Kafka‟s denial defense mechanism. Kafka denies the fact that he wants to murder his father, yet it is failed since his jealous is dominating his feeling.

At the end, this research has revealed that Kafka Tamura is experiencing

Oedipus complex. Kafka‟s love towards Miss Saeki represents his love towards his mother, and the murderous act he has done represents his jealous towards his father who owns his mother.

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