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Interactive Problem Solving: Negotiating Identity Aspects of the Irsaeli-Palestinian Conflict : a Study on the Dialogue Methodology of Professor Herbert C

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Interactive Problem Solving: Negotiating Identity Aspects of the Irsaeli-Palestinian Conflict : a Study on the Dialogue Methodology of Professor Herbert C Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Interactive problem solving: negotiating identity aspects of the Irsaeli-Palestinian conflict : a study on the dialogue methodology of Professor Herbert C. Kelman Kollars, Nicole D Abstract: The aim of the present study is to understand how the social-psychological method Interactive Problem Solving (IPS), developed by Herbert C. Kelman, can contribute to the resolution of conflict. The study looks at the application of the method in dialogue workshops to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Its leading argument holds that identity is not only a possible conflict cause but could also work towards finding conflict solutions. The study describes processes that form our identity and explores howaspects of our identity can be discussed and changed. By retracing a set of consecutive workshop discussions held during the Peace Process between 1990 and 2000, the study reveals instances, where Israeli and Pales- tinian participants were able to negotiate identity changes. The nature and quality of the traced identity changes are then evaluated based on 13 interviews, held with former workshop participants. By generat- ing a good understanding of how identity formation processes can be engaged in conflict resolution, this study seeks to strengthen the case for methods like IPS, which employ social- psychological concepts to address identity aspects. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, zu verstehen, wie die sozialpsychologische Meth- ode Interactive Problem Solving (IPS) von Herbert C. Kelman zu Konfliktresolutionen beitragen kann. Die Studie untersucht die Anwendung der Methode in Dialog-Workshops am Israel-Palästina Konflikt. Die Leitthese beinhaltet, dass Identität nicht nur eine mögliche Ursache für Konflikte darstellt, sondern auch zur Lösung von Konflikten beitragen kann. Die Studie beschreibt Prozesse, die unsere Identität formen und untersucht, wie Identitätsaspekte diskutiert und verändert werden können. Die Studie zeich- net Diskussionen einer Workshop-Serie nach, welche zwischen 1990 und 2000 abgehalten worden waren. Dabei zeigt die Studie Momente auf, in welchen Israelische und Palästinensische Teilnehmenden Verän- derungen in ihren Identitätsaspekten verhandeln konnten. In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Art und die Qualität der aufgezeigten Identitätsveränderungen evaluiert. Dies geschieht an Hand von 13 Inter- views, welche die Autorin mit ehemaligen Workshop-Teilnehmenden geführt hat. Die Studie fördert das Verständnis davon, wie Identitätsprozesse für die Konfliktresolution eingesetzt werden können und stärkt damit die Position von Methoden wie IPS, welche Identitätsaspekte mit Hilfe von sozialpsychologische Konzepten bearbeiten. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-164282 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Kollars, Nicole D. Interactive problem solving: negotiating identity aspects of the Irsaeli-Palestinian conflict : a study on the dialogue methodology of Professor Herbert C. Kelman. 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. 2 Interactive Problem Solving: Negotiating Identity Aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A study on the dialogue methodology of Professor Herbert C. Kelman Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nicole D. Kollars of Zurich, ZH Accepted in the fall semester 2010 on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Kurt R. Spillmann and Prof. Dr. Urs Bitterli (Zurich, 2013) CONTENTS Illustrations V Charts V Bibliography V Acknowledgements VIII Introduction 2 PART I – THEORY 1 Identity Management 8 Conflict Resolution and Track Two Diplomacy 9 Negotiating National Identity 11 Interactive Problem Solving 13 Identity-Based Training and Identity Reconstruction 15 Exploring the Implementation of Identity Management 16 2 The Identity Factor 20 Individual Identity 21 Getting to Know Our "Self" 22 Emotional Development 25 Social-Cognitive Development 30 Social Identity and Group Membership 35 National Identity 38 Israeli National Identity 39 Palestinian National Identity 42 I 3 The Identity Factor and Conflict Resolution 50 Impact of the Identity Factor on Conflict Escalation 52 Developing a Method to De-Escalate Conflict 58 Controlled Communication 59 The Fermeda Workshop 62 The Evolution of Interactive Problem Solving 65 Structural Elements of Interactive Problem Solving 68 Conceptual Elements of Interactive Problem Solving 72 Negotiable Elements of Israeli and Palestinian National Identity 79 The Sustainability of Negotiated Identity Changes 83 PART II – PRACTICE 4 Historical Context of the Peace Process 88 Intifada 89 Palestinian Declaration of Independence 91 US Diplomatic Relations with the PLO and Israel 92 End of the Cold War 94 The Gulf Crisis 96 The Madrid Conference 97 The Norway Channel 99 The Oslo Accords 101 5 Interactive Problem Solving during Pre-negotiation 105 The Continuing Workshop 105 First Meeting of the Continuing Workshop in November 1990 106 Pre-workshop Sessions with Palestinian Participants 107 Pre-workshop Sessions with Israeli Participants 111 II Joint Workshop Sessions 116 Second Meeting of the Continuing Workshop in June 1991 142 Pre-workshop Sessions with the Palestinian Group 143 Pre-workshop Sessions with the Israeli Group 146 Joint Workshop Sessions 147 Third Meeting of the Continuing Workshop in August 1991 166 Subgroup Discussions 190 Plenary Sessions 196 6 Interactive Problem Solving during Official Negotiations 205 A Three-Tier Process 206 Intermediary Consultation Meetings of the Continuing Group 212 Fourth Meeting of the Continuing Workshop in July 1992 213 Fifth Meeting of the Continuing Workshop in 1993 224 Secret Negotiations 225 Declaration of Principles 231 Establishment of the Joint Working Group 235 Concept Paper on the Refugee Problem and Right of Return 237 Concept Paper on the Future Israeli-Palestinian Relationship 241 PART III – ANALYSIS 7 Influence of the Identity Factor on the Peace Process 250 Long Term Impact of Interactive Problem Solving 251 Developing Cadres 253 Training Negotiation Skills 254 Creating a Favorable Atmosphere for Negotiations 255 Generating New Ideas 255 Transfer to the Policy-Making Process 256 The Method’s Limitations 257 III 8 Achievements of Identity Management 262 Israeli and Palestinian Experience of Identity Negotiation 266 National Narratives 269 Exclusive Identity Perception 272 National Existence 273 Monolithic Identity Perception 274 9 Limitations of the Identity Factor 278 Changes in National Identity at the Macro-Level 280 Identity Changes at the Micro-Level 283 Conditions for Sustainable Identity Changes 285 ANNEX – INTERVIEWS Interview with Yezid Sayigh 290 Interview with Joseph Alpher 295 Interview with a Palestinian Civil Engineer 302 Interview with Moshe Ma’oz 307 Interview with Gabriel Ben-Dor 314 Interview with Yuli Tamir 319 Interview with Ze’ev Schiff 323 Interview with Harold Saunders 328 Interview with an Israeli MD 332 Interview with a Palestinian Architect and Author 335 Interview with Shimon Shamir 349 Interview with Shlomo Gazit 354 Interview with a Palestinian Political Scientist 357 Interview with Herbert C. Kelman 362 IV Illustrations Development of the Self 23 Emotional Development in Four Stages 27 Five Levels of Social-Cognitive Development 32 Conflict Escalation 52 Burton’s Conflict Resolution Method 60 Methodology of the Fermeda Workshop 64 Emerging Methodology of Interactive Problem Solving 66 Ground Rules of Problem-Solving Workshops 69 Five Discussion Stages of Interactive Problem Solving 71 Six Psychological Requirements for Identity Negotiation 74 Core Elements of National Identity 78 Negotiating Identity Elements 80 De-escalatory Impact of Identity Changes 87 Charts Long-Term Impact of Interactive Problem Solving 252 Negotiated Identity Elements 266 National Narratives 270 Exclusive National Identity 272 National Existence 274 Monolithic Identity Perception 275 V Bibliography Introduction 374 1 Identity Management 374 2 The Identity Factor 376 3 The Identity Factor and Conflict Resolution 381 4 Historical Context of the Peace Process 384 5 Interactive Problem Solving during Pre-negotiation 387 6 Interactive Problem Solving during Official Negotiations 389 7 Influence of the Identity Factor on the Peace Process 391 VI Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The idea for this study emerged during a lecture on Conflict and Peace Studies in the course of my Master Program at the London School of Economics, when I first learnt about a method of dialogue workshops, which had been initiated by John W. Burton nearly fifty years ago, and developed by Herbert C. Kelman into what is known today as Interactive Problem Solving. The method has fascinated me with its employment of social-psychological processes for the purposes of understanding the impetus for conflict behavior, and of making conflict resolution tools available. My motivation to engage in a study of Interactive Problem Solving has been to pin-point the social-psychological processes that are active during the application of the method. The study focuses on making hidden processes tangible with the aim of showing the efficiency of the method and to strengthening the stand of scholars that are taking into consideration the indispensable and challenging psychological factor of conflict. My gratitude for being able to conduct this study goes to my doctoral tutor Professor
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